Recent Advances in Anticancer Activities and Drug Delivery Systems of Tannins

Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro study on Aspilia pluriseta against prostate cancer

BACKGROUND

Current prostate cancer treatments are associated with life-threatening side effects, prompting the search for effective and safer alternatives. Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf. ex Engl. has previously shown anticancer activity in lung and liver cancer cell lines. This study investigated its potential for prostate cancer.

METHODS

A crude extract of A. pluriseta root was prepared using dichloromethane/methanol (1:1 v/v) and partitioned into hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions. The MTT assay was used to assess the antiproliferative activity of the fractions. The active fractions were tested at 6.25-200 µg/ml on human prostate cancer DU-145 cells and non-cancerous Vero E6 cells. Qualitative phytochemical and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were conducted to identify chemical compounds. Network pharmacology was employed to predict molecular targets and modes of action of the identified chemical compounds, with subsequent validation through molecular docking and real-time PCR.

RESULTS

Active extracts included crude dichloromethane/methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions, inhibiting DU-145 cell proliferation with IC50 values of 16.94, 20.06, and 24.14 µg/ml, respectively. Selectivity indices were determined to be 6.04 (crude), 3.62 (hexane), and 6.68 (ethyl acetate). Identified phytochemicals comprised phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and saponins. GC-MS analysis revealed seventy-nine (79) compounds, with seven (7) meeting ideal drug candidate parameters; their hub gene targets included MAPK3, MAPK1, IL6, TP53, ESR1, PTGS2, MMP9, MDM2, AR, and MAP2K1, implicating regulation of PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and p53 signaling pathways as potential modes of action. Core compounds such as 1-heneicosanol, lanosterol, andrographolide, and retinoic acid exhibited strong binding activities, particularly lanosterol with MAPK21 (-9.7 kcal/mol), ESR1 (-8.9 kcal/mol), and MAPK3 (-8.8 kcal/mol). Treatment with A. pluriseta downregulated AR expression and upregulated p53, while also downregulating CDK1 and BCL-2 and upregulating caspase-3.

CONCLUSIONS

A. pluriseta extracts inhibited DU-145 cell growth without causing cellular toxicity, suggesting great potential for development as an anti-prostate cancer agent. However, further in vitro and in vivo experiments are recommended.

Condensed tannins-Their content in plant foods, changes during processing, antioxidant and biological activities

Condensed tannins are considered nutritionally undesirable, because they precipitate proteins, inhibit digestive enzymes, and can affect the absorption of vitamins and minerals. From the consumer's point of view, they impart astringency to foods. Yet, they are viewed as a double-edged sword, since they possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Intake of a small quantity of the right kind of tannins may in fact be beneficial to human health. This chapter reports on the chemical structure of condensed tannins, their content in plants and food of plant origin, how they are extracted, and methods for their determination. A description of the effects of processing on condensed tannins is discussed and includes soaking, dehulling, thermal processing (i.e., cooking, boiling, autoclaving, extrusion), and germination. The astringency of condensed tannins is described in relation to their interactions with proteins. Finally, details about the biological properties of condensed tannins, including their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity activities, are reviewed.

Beneficial Effects of Castanea sativa Wood Extract on the Human Body and Possible Food and Pharmaceutical Applications

The aim of this review was to investigate the potential use of Castanea sativa wood extract as a food supplement and to evaluate its beneficial properties for human health. The results of the limited amount of studies suggest promising properties, including potential anti-inflammatory effects. The literature indicates that the extract, which is rich in bioactive compounds such as tannins, offers promising therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of conditions associated with chronic inflammation. Consequently, interest in its use in food and pharmaceuticals is growing. Phytochemical studies have reported antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and neuroprotective activities. A suitable extraction method and solvent is crucial for the isolation of bioactive compounds, being green extraction technologies outstanding for the industrial recovery of chestnut wood's bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize the importance of adhering to regulatory guidelines and obtaining the necessary approvals from regulatory authorities to ensure product safety and compliance. The regulation of herbal medicinal products with proven efficacy and traditional herbal medicinal products is well defined, monitored by authorized bodies, and subject to strict control measures. It is noteworthy that medicinal products are subject to stringent quality testing to ensure safety and efficacy in use, whereas there are no comparable regulatory standards and specific labeling requirements for dietary supplements. When using herbal products, compliance with established standards in health research is essential.

Developing a rapid analytical method for simultaneous determination of apigenin and gallic acid: validation and application in a nanoliposomal formulation

OBJECTIVE

Apigenin and gallic acid are natural compounds that are useful as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents, especially when used together in combination. Therefore, the development and validation of a simultaneous method of analysis for both compounds in pure form and when encapsulated in an advanced delivery system such as liposomes would be useful.

METHODS

Analysis was performed using C18 column under isocratic conditions. The mobile phase was acetonitrile: water containing 0.2% orthophosphoric acid at a ratio of 67:33, flow rate 1 ml/min, and detection wavelength 334 nm for apigenin and 271 nm for gallic acid.

RESULTS

The assay method was linear at the concentration range (5-600 µg/mL) with R2 of 1 for both drugs. The method was also shown to be precise and robust with RSD less than 2% with LOD (0.12, 0.1 µg/mL) and LOQ (4.14, 3.58 µg/mL) for apigenin and gallic acid respectively. The method was also applicable for the determination of the entrapment efficiency of both drugs when co-loaded in a nanoliposomal formulation.

CONCLUSION

The described HPLC method was shown to be suitable, sensitive, and reproducible for the simultaneous identification and quantification of apigenin and gallic acid. The analytical results were accurate and precise, with good recovery, low limit of detection, and the chromatographic assay was accomplished in less than 3 min, suggesting the suitability of the method for routine analysis of both drugs in pharmaceutical formulations.

Microencapsulated polyphenol extracts from Georgia-grown pomegranate peels delay lipid oxidation in salad dressing during accelerated and ambient storage conditions

Lipid oxidation is a major cause of quality deterioration in salad dressings. This study evaluated the effect of incorporating microencapsulated polyphenol extracts via spray drying from pomegranate peels (MPP) to delay lipid oxidation in Italian-style salad dressings (ISD) during accelerated (55°C) and ambient (25°C) storage conditions. ISDs, prepared at high (5000 rpm) and low (250 rpm) shear rates conditions, were formulated with unencapsulated polyphenol extracts from pomegranate peels (PPP), MPP, and/or grape seed extract (GSE). Lipid oxidation in ISDs was evaluated by measuring peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), and TBARS, stored in accelerated and ambient conditions for 21 days and 8 weeks, respectively. Tannis in extracts were measured via HPLC-DAD and the total hydrolyzable tannin content of PPP and MPP was 283.09 and 427.74 (mg/g extract), respectively. Condensed tannins were not detected in PPP and MPP but were found in GSE (348.53 mg/g extract). Salad dressings prepared at high shear rates had significantly (p < .05) higher emulsion stability than those homogenized at low shear rates. Mixing conditions did not affect the lipid oxidative stability of IDSs. Salad dressing stored under accelerated storage had higher lipid oxidation (higher PV, lower IV, and higher TBARS) after 21 days than IDSs stored under ambient conditions for 8 weeks. ISDs prepared with MPPP showed significantly (p < .05) lower lipid oxidation than the other ISDs at the end of the shelf life studies. Results from the accelerated storage suggested that incorporating MPP could have extended the shelf life of IDSs by 20% compared to using unencapsulated polyphenol extracts. The study demonstrated that MPP delays lipid oxidation in ISDs during storage more effectively than unencapsulated extracts. MPP may serve as a natural and effective functional food ingredient for controlling lipid oxidation in high-lipid and acidified foods.

Possible Beneficial Effects of Hydrolyzable Tannins Deriving from Castanea sativa L. in Internal Medicine

Hydrolyzable tannins (HTs) deriving from chestnuts have demonstrated, through numerous studies, the ability to exert multiple beneficial effects, including antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, on the lipid metabolism and cancer cells. The latter effect is very fascinating, since different polyphenols deriving from chestnuts were able to synergistically induce the inhibition of cancerous cells through multiple pathways. Moreover, the main mechanisms by which tannins induce antioxidant functions include: the reduction in oxidative stress, the ability to scavenge free radicals, and the modulation of specific enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase. HTs have also been shown to exert significant antimicrobial activity by suppressing microbial growth. The actions on the lipid metabolism are several, among which is the inhibition of lipid accumulation. Thus, tannins seem to induce a cardioprotective effect. In fact, through various mechanisms, such as the relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle, HTs were proven to be efficient against arterial hypertension. Therefore, the great number of studies in this field prove the growing interest on the utilization of natural bioactive compounds, such as HTs deriving from natural sources or obtained by circular economy models, as potential nutraceuticals or adjuvants therapies.

Anti-Proliferative and Apoptotic Activities of Rumex crispus

Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death and the third most common cancer diagnosed in the United States. Several anticancer compounds from natural products have been of great interest in cancer chemotherapy and are currently in clinical trials. Natural products that present the targeted killing of cancerous cell and are soluble in water with minimal side effects are ideal candidates. In this study, water-soluble compounds from Rumex crispus plants were screened for anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity against human colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cells. The most potent fraction with the highest cell killing and caspase fold change rates was selected for further experiments. The observed changes were further validated by measuring the caspase fold change using RT-qPCR. Furthermore, gene transcript levels were evaluated using an RT2 Profiler assay and a microarray experiment. Our results showed that the most potent L19 fraction exhibits anti-proliferative activity in a dose-dependent manner. The L19 fraction was found to induce apoptotic pathways by triggering different caspases and inflammatory pathways through the activation of non-apoptotic genes. Our study identified and validated the anticancer property of the L19 fraction, which can serve as a strong lead compound for the synthesis of other novel potent analogues.

Tannins in cancer prevention and therapy

Tannins are a heterogenous class of polyphenolic natural products with promising cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic potential. Studies undertaken over the last 30 years have demonstrated their capacity to target many cellular pathways and molecules important in the development of cancer. Recently, new mechanisms that might be important in anti-carcinogenic activity, such as inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, reduction of cancer stem cell creation, and modulation of cancer cells metabolism have been described. Along with the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer activity of tannins, this review focuses on their possible application as chemosensitizers in adjuvant therapy and countering multidrug resistance. Furthermore, characteristic physicochemical properties of some tannins, particularly tannic acid, are useful in the formation of nanovehicles for anticancer drugs or the isolation of circulating cancer cells. These new potential applications of tannins deserve further studies. Well-designed clinical trials, which are scarce, are needed to assess the therapeutic effects of tannins themselves or as adjuvants in cancer treatment.

Inhibition of AGEs formation, antioxidative, and cytoprotective activity of Sumac (Rhus typhina L.) tannin under hyperglycemia: molecular and cellular study

It is well known that accumulation of advanced glycation ends products (AGEs) lead to various diseases such as diabetes and diabetic complications. In this study we showed that hydrolysable tannin from Sumac (Rhus typhina L.)-3,6-bis-O-di-O-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (C₅₅H₄₀O₃₄) inhibited generation of glycation markers in bovine serum albumin such as AGEs, dityrosine, N'-formylkynurenine and kynurenine under high glucose treatment. This effect was accompanied by stabilization of the protein structure, as was shown using ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy and fluorescence methods. C₅₅H₄₀O₃₄ exhibited also a neuroprotective effect in high glucose-exposed Neuro2A cells suppressing ROS formation and expression of phospho NF-κβ and iNOS. At the same time C₅₅H₄₀O₃₄ increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase and mitochondrial complex I and V activities. Results from this study demonstrates a potent antiglycation activity of C₅₅H₄₀O₃₄ in vitro and indicates its possible therapeutic application in glycation related diseases.

Research progress regarding the effect and mechanism of dietary phenolic acids for improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via gut microbiota

Phenolic acids (PAs), a class of small bioactive molecules widely distributed in food and mainly found as secondary plant metabolites, present significant advantages such as antioxidant activity and other health benefits. The global epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a serious public health problem. Existing studies showed that gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis is highly associated with the occurrence and development of NAFLD. In recent years, progress has been made in the study of the relationship among PA compounds, GM, and NAFLD. PAs can regulate the composition and functions of the GM to promote human health, while GM can increase the dietary sources of PAs and improve its bioavailability. This paper discussed PAs, GM, and their interrelationship while introducing several representative dietary PA sources and examining the absorption and metabolism of PAs mediated by GM. It also summarizes the effect and mechanisms of PAs in improving and regulating NAFLD via GM and their metabolites. This helps to better evaluate the potential preventive effect of PAs on NAFLD via the regulation of GM and expands the utilization of PAs and PA-rich food resources.

Fabrication and characterization of gelatin-EGCG-pectin ternary complex: formation mechanism, emulsion stability, and structure

BACKGROUND

Protein-polyphenol-polysaccharide ternary complex particles have better emulsion interfacial stability compared to protein-polysaccharide binary complexes. However, knowledge is scarce when it comes to the fabrication of protein-polyphenol-polysaccharide ternary complexes as interfacial stabilizers and the interactions between the three substances. In the present work, ternary complexes were prepared using gelatin, high methoxyl pectin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as raw materials. The effect of different influencing factors on the formation process of ternary complexes was investigated by varying different parameters. physicochemical stability, emulsifying properties, and structural characteristics were analyzed.

RESULTS

The ternary complex had a smaller particle size (275 nm) and polydispersity index (0.112) when the mass concentration ratio of gelatin to high methoxyl pectin was 9:1, addition of EGCG was 0.05%, pH value was 3.0, and ionic strength was 10 mmol L^-1 . Meanwhile, the complex had the highest emulsifying stability index (691.75 min) and emulsifying activity index (22.96 m²  g^-1 ). Scanning electron microscopical observation demonstrated that the addition of EGCG promoted the dispersion of ternary complex more uniformly, and effectively reduced the agglomeration phenomenon. The discrepancy in fluorescence intensity suggested that interactions between EGCG and gelatin occurred, which altered the protein spatial conformation of gelatin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis elucidated that hydrogen bond interaction was the primary non-covalent interaction between EGCG and gelatin-high methoxyl pectin binary complex.

CONCLUSION

The aforementioned results purposed to provide some theoretical reference and basis for the rational design of stable protein-polyphenol-polysaccharide ternary complexes. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Impact of Ellagitannins and Their Metabolites through Gut Microbiome on the Gut Health and Brain Wellness within the Gut-Brain Axis

Ellagitannins (ETs) are a large group of bioactive compounds found in plant-source foods, such as pomegranates, berries, and nuts. The consumption of ETs has often been associated with positive effects on many pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative syndromes, and cancer. Although multiple biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive) have been discussed for ETs, their limited bioavailability prevents reaching significant concentrations in systemic circulation. Instead, urolithins, ET gut microbiota-derived metabolites, are better absorbed and could be the bioactive molecules responsible for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities or anti-tumor cell progression. In this review, we examined the dietary sources, metabolism, and bioavailability of ETs, and analyzed the last recent findings on ETs, ellagic acid, and urolithins, their intestinal and brain activities, the potential mechanisms of action, and the connection between the ET microbiota metabolism and the consequences detected on the gut-brain axis. The current in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies indicate that ET-rich foods, individual gut microbiomes, or urolithin types could modulate signaling pathways and promote beneficial health effects. A better understanding of the role of these metabolites in disease pathogenesis may assist in the prevention or treatment of pathologies targeting the gut-brain axis.

Dietary Supplementation with a Blend of Hydrolyzable and Condensed Tannins Ameliorates Diet-Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The current study evaluated the effects of hydrolyzable and condensed tannins from chestnut and quebracho wood, respectively (TSP, Silvafeed^®), on zebrafish with intestinal inflammation induced by a plant-based diet (basal diet). Four experimental diets were prepared as follows: the basal diet + 0 TSP, the basal diet + TSP at 0.9 g/kg of feed, the basal diet + TSP at 1.7 g/kg of feed, and the basal diet + TSP at 3.4 g/kg of feed. Eighty-four zebrafish (Danio rerio) were fed for 12 days with the experimental diets. In zebrafish fed the basal diet, intestine integrity appeared to be altered, with damaged intestinal villi, high immunoexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and high expression of the cox2, interleukin 1 (il-1b), interleukin 8 (cxcl8-l1), and tnfα genes. The tannin treatment partially restored intestinal morphology and downregulated the expression of cytokines. The best activity was detected with 1.7 and 3.4 g/kg of feed. In the guts of all groups, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the most represented phyla. The most represented genera were Plesiomonas and Sphingomonas, belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum; Cetobacterium, belonging to the Fusobacteria phylum; and Lactobacillus, belonging to the Firmicutes phylum. No significant differences were detected among groups, except for a slight decrease in the Fusobacteria phylum and slight increases in the Shewanella and Bacteroides genera with TSP. In conclusion, these results suggest that tannins can improve the zebrafish intestinal inflammation caused by a terrestrial-plant-based diet in a dose-dependent manner.

In-vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Abrus precatorius seed extracts on cervical carcinoma

Abrus precatorius is a tropical medicinal plant with multiple medicinal benefits whose seeds have not yet been studied against cervical cancer. Herein, we have assessed the antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of seed extracts (ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol) prepared from Soxhlet and Maceration extraction methods against Hep2C and HeLa Cells. We observed that the APE (Sox) extract had a significantly higher total flavonoid content, APA (Mac) extract had a high total phenolic content, and APA (Sox) extract had a high total tannin content. Further, HPLC analysis of extracts revealed the presence of tannic acid and rutin. Moreover, APA (Sox) exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity. APE (Mac) had the best antiproliferative activity against Hep2C cells, while APA (Sox) had the best antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells. In Hep2C cells, APE (Mac) extract revealed the highest SOD, catalase activity, GSH content, and the lowest MDA content, whereas APA (Mac) extract demonstrated the highest GST activity. In HeLa cells, APA (Sox) extract showed the highest SOD, GST activity, GSH content, and the least MDA content, whereas APA (Mac) extract showed the highest catalase activity. Lastly, docking results suggested maximum binding affinity of tannic acid with HER2 and GCR receptors. This study provides evidence that A. precatorius seed extracts possess promising bioactive compounds with probable anticancer and antioxidant properties against cervical cancer for restricting tumor growth.

Origanum Sipyleum Methanol Extract in Combination with Ponatinib Shows Synergistic anti-Leukemic Activities on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Origanum sipyleum is used in folk medicine due to its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Ponatinib, an effective tyrosine kinase inhibitor in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), has severe side effects. Thus, we aimed to determine a novel herbal combination therapy that might not only increase the anti-leukemic efficacy but also reduce the dose of ponatinib in targeting CML cells. Origanum sipyleum was extracted with methanol (OSM), and secondary metabolites were determined by phytochemical screening tests. The cytotoxic effects of OSM on K562 cells were measured by WST-1 assay. Median-effect equation was used to analyze the combination of ponatinib and OSM (p-OSM). Apoptosis, proliferation, and cell-cycle were investigated by flow-cytometry. Cell-cycle-related gene expressions were evaluated by qRT-PCR. OSM that contains terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and anthracenes exhibited cytotoxic effects on K562 cells. The median-effect of p-OSM was found as synergistic; OSM reduced the ponatinib dose ∼5-fold. p-OSM elevated the apoptotic and anti-proliferative activity of ponatinib. Consistently, p-OSM blocked cell-cycle progression in G₀/G₁, S phases accompanied by regulations in TGFB2, ATR, PP2A, p18, CCND1, CCND2, and CCNA1 expressions. OSM enhanced the anti-leukemic activity of ponatinib synergistically via inducing apoptosis, suppressing proliferation, and cell-cycle. As a result, OSM might offer a potential strategy for treating patients with CML.

Encapsulation of tannins and tannin-rich plant extracts by complex coacervation to improve their physicochemical properties and biological activities: A review

As a major class of dietary polyphenols, tannins are demonstrated to have various health-promoting properties. Although tannins have been widely utilized in food, pharmaceutical and many other industries, the applications of tannins are quite limited due to their poor stability, sensory attributes and bioavailability. Encapsulation helps improve all of these properties. Complex coacervation, one of the most effective encapsulation techniques, is known for its simplicity, low cost, scalability and reproducibility in encapsulation of functional components. In recent years, complex coacervation has been successfully used for encapsulation of tannins and tannin-rich plant extracts. In this article, the research progress in encapsulating tannins and tannin-rich plant extracts by complex coacervation to improve their physicochemical properties and biological activities is critically reviewed for the first time. Encapsulation of tannins and tannin-rich plant extracts can effectively improve their sensory characteristics, stabilities, bioavailability, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. In particular, the enhancement of biological activities of tannins and tannin-rich plant extracts is usually correlated to their improved physicochemical properties imparted by the encapsulation technique. Moreover, we introduce the issues that need to be further resolved in future studies on encapsulation of tannins and tannin-rich plant extracts by complex coacervation.

Insight about the biochemical composition, postharvest processing, therapeutic potential of Indian gooseberry (amla), and its utilization in development of functional foods-A comprehensive review

Indian gooseberry/Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn. syn. Phyllanthus emblica L) has an amazing nutritional profile and is a reservoir of biologically active compounds which have potential health benefits and are regarded as a remedy for lethal diseases. The unique features of amla, conferred by their bioactive components, have extended future prospects about their usage for useful effects on human nutrition and health globally. With the rapidly growing popularity of this unique therapeutic fruit, it is important to have comprehensive knowledge of this fruit. The current review article presents the nutritional profile, bioactive components, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and postharvest processing of amla fruit. Moreover, studies related to therapeutic properties of amla and its utilization in development of functional foods have been presented in this review. E. officinalis is a promising source of bioactive compounds which showed varied potential in the management of a number of human ailments which has been proven through various studies. Therefore, amla should be taken in the regular diet, thereby utilizing its potential health benefits. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Amla (Indian gooseberry), as source of natural bioactive compounds, has a great potential application in improving the status of human nutrition and health. The utilization of amla extract has various biological effects, like antimicrobial, antioxidant, gastroprotective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, radioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory effect, owing to its bioactive components. The use of amla extract has recently increased in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products to replace synthetic antioxidants which have inherent harmful health effects. The review report will provide information on bioactive components, therapeutic properties, utilization of amla in the development of future functional foods, and postharvest processing of amla, which will provide critical information to researchers all over the world.

Assessment of Systemic Toxicity, Genotoxicity, and Early Phase Hepatocarcinogenicity of Iron (III)-Tannic Acid Nanoparticles in Rats

Iron-tannic acid nanoparticles (Fe-TA NPs) presented MRI contrast enhancement in both liver cancer cells and preneoplastic rat livers, while also exhibiting an anti-proliferative effect via enhanced autophagic death of liver cancer cells. Hence, a toxicity assessment of Fe-TA NPs was carried out in the present study. Acute and systemic toxicity of intraperitoneal Fe-TA NPs administration was investigated via a single dose of 55 mg/kg body weight (bw). Doses were then repeated 10 times within a range of 0.22 to 5.5 mg/kg bw every 3 days in rats. Furthermore, clastogenicity was assessed by rat liver micronucleus assay. Carcinogenicity was evaluated by medium-term carcinogenicity assay using glutathione S-transferase placental form positive foci as a preneoplastic marker, while three doses ranging from 0.55 to 17.5 mg/kg bw were administered 10 times weekly via intraperitoneum. Our study found that the LD50 value of Fe-TA NPs was greater than 55 mg/kg bw. Repeated dose administration of Fe-TA NPs over a period of 28 days and 10 weeks revealed no obvious signs of systemic toxicity, clastogenicity, and hepatocarcinogenicity. Furthermore, Fe-TA NPs did not alter liver function or serum iron status, however, increased liver iron content at certain dose in rats. Notably, antioxidant response was observed when a dose of 17.5 mg/kg bw was given to rats. Accordingly, our study found no signs of toxicity, genotoxicity, and early phase hepatocarcinogenicity of Fe-TA NPs in rats.

Self-Assembly of Naturally Small Molecules into Supramolecular Fibrillar Networks for Wound Healing

Self-assemblies of bioactively natural compounds into supramolecular hydrogels without structural modifications are of interest to improve their sustained releases and bioavailabilities in vivo. However, it is still a formidable challenge to dig out such a naturally small molecule with a meticulous structure which can be self-assembled to form a hydrogel for biomedical applications. Here, a new hydrogel consisting only of gallic acid (GA) via π-π stacking and hydrogen bond interactions, whereas none of GA analogues can form the similar supramolecular hydrogels, is reported. This interesting phenomenon is intriguing to further investigate the potential applications of GA hydrogels in wound healing. Notably, this GA hydrogel has rod-like structures with lengths varying from 10 to 100 µm. The biocompatibility and antibacterial tests prove that this well-assembled GA hydrogel has no cytotoxicity and excellent antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the GA hydrogel can significantly accelerate the process of wound healing with or without bacterial infections by mediation of inflammation signaling pathways. It is believed that the current study may shed a new light on the design of a supramolecular hydrogel based on self-assemblies of naturally small molecules to improve their bioavailabilities and diversify their uses in biomedical applications.

Pharmacological Role of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles in Disease Applications

Gold has always been regarded as a symbol of nobility, and its shiny golden appearance has always attracted the attention of many people. Gold has good ductility, molecular recognition properties, and good biocompatibility. At present, gold is being used in many fields. When gold particles are as small as several nanometers, their physical and chemical properties vary with their size in nanometers. The surface area of a nano-sized gold surface has a special effect. Therefore, gold nanoparticles can, directly and indirectly, give rise to different biological activities. For example, if the surface of the gold is sulfided. Various substances have a strong chemical reactivity and are easy to combine with sulfhydryl groups; hence, nanogold is often used in biomedical testing, disease diagnosis, and gene detection. Nanogold is easy to bind to proteins, such as antibodies, enzymes, or cytokines. In fact, scientists use nanogold to bind special antibodies, as a tool for targeting cancer cells. Gold nanoparticles are also directly cytotoxic to cancer cells. For diseases caused by inflammation and oxidative damage, gold nanoparticles also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Based on these unique properties, gold nanoparticles have become the most widely studied metal nanomaterials. Many recent studies have further demonstrated that gold nanoparticles are beneficial for humans, due to their functional pharmacological properties in a variety of diseases. The content of this review will be the application of gold nanoparticles in treating or diagnosing pressing diseases, such as cancers, retinopathy, neurological diseases, skin disorders, bowel diseases, bone cartilage disorders, cardiovascular diseases, infections, and metabolic syndrome. Gold nanoparticles have shown very obvious therapeutic and application potential.

The effects of ellagic acid and other pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) derivatives on human gastric cancer AGS cells

Although surgery with or without (neo)adjuvant chemo/radiotherapy, as the standard treatments, can be suitable therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer, side effects and drug resistance are two main treatment obstacles. It has been discovered that pomegranate and its natural derivatives, especially ellagic acid (EA), offer significant anti-cancer effects while causing trivial side effects. In this study, we aimed to explore the anti-cancer effects of EA on a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS) as well as in immunocompromised mice bearing human gastric tumors, for the first time. HPLC was used for determining EA in samples. MTT assay, apoptosis and scratch assay, gelatin zymography, and quantitative RT-PCR were used to determine the anti-cancer properties of different concentrations of pomegranate fruit juice, pomegranate peel extract, and EA. Furthermore, the effects of these compounds were investigated on immunosuppressed C57BL/6 mice carrying human gastric cancer tumors. EA could inhibit the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells. It also had significant effects on reducing both expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Further, it was demonstrated that with alterations in the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and inflammation including P53, BAX, APAF1, BCL2, iNOS, NF-κB, IL-8, and TNF-α, EA treatment led to increased cancer cell death and reduced inflammation. Furthermore, its use in mice bearing gastric tumors resulted in a significant reduction in tumor volume without any obvious side effects. Ellagic acid exhibited anti-cancer effects on gastric adenocarcinoma, and can be considered as a safe anti-cancer agent for further preclinical studies on this cancer.

Expanding the Repertoire of Electrospinning: New and Emerging Biopolymers, Techniques, and Applications

Electrospinning has emerged as a versatile and accessible technology for fabricating polymer fibers, particularly for biological applications. Natural polymers or biopolymers (including synthetically derivatized natural polymers) represent a promising alternative to synthetic polymers, as materials for electrospinning. Many biopolymers are obtained from abundant renewable sources, are biodegradable, and possess inherent biological functions. This review surveys recent literature reporting new fibers produced from emerging biopolymers, highlighting recent developments in the use of sulfated polymers (including carrageenans and glycosaminoglycans), tannin derivatives (condensed and hydrolyzed tannins, tannic acid), modified collagen, and extracellular matrix extracts. The proposed advantages of these biopolymer-based fibers, focusing on their biomedical applications, are also discussed to highlight the use of new and emerging biopolymers (or new modifications to well-established ones) to enhance or achieve new properties for electrospun fiber materials.

Biomedical applications of tannic acid

Tannic Acid (TA) is a naturally occurring antioxidant polyphenol that has gained popularity over the past decade in the field of biomedical research for its unique biochemical properties. Tannic acid, typically extracted from oak tree galls, has been used in many important historical applications. TA is a key component in vegetable tanning of leather, iron gall ink, red wines, and as a traditional medicine to treat a variety of maladies. The basis of TA utility is derived from its many hydroxyl groups and its affinity for forming hydrogen bonds with proteins and other biomolecules. Today, the study of TA has led to the development of many new pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. TA has been shown to reduce inflammation as an antioxidant, act as an antibiotic in common pathogenic bacterium, and induce apoptosis in several cancer types. TA has also displayed antiviral and antifungal activity. At certain concentrations, TA can be used to treat gastrointestinal disorders such as hemorrhoids and diarrhea, severe burns, and protect against neurodegenerative diseases. TA has also been utilized in biomaterials research as a natural crosslinking agent to improve mechanical properties of natural and synthetic hydrogels and polymers, while also imparting anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer activity to the materials. TA has also been used to develop thin film coatings and nanoparticles for drug delivery. In all, TA is fascinating molecule with a wide variety of potential uses in pharmaceuticals, biomaterials applications, and drug delivery strategies.

Bio-Based Polyurethane Resins Derived from Tannin: Source, Synthesis, Characterisation, and Application

Tannins are soluble, astringent secondary phenolic metabolites generally obtained from renewable natural resources, and can be found in many plant parts, such as fruits, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, buds, and tree barks, where they have a protective function against bacterial, fungal, and insect attacks. In general, tannins can be extracted using hot water or organic solvents from the bark, leaves, and stems of plants. Industrially, tannins are applied to produce adhesives, wood coatings, and other applications in the wood and polymer industries. In addition, tannins can also be used as a renewable and environmentally friendly material to manufacture bio-based polyurethanes (bio-PUs) to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of isocyanates used in their manufacture. Tannin-based bio-PUs can improve the mechanical and thermal properties of polymers used in the automotive, wood, and construction industries. The various uses of tannins need to be put into perspective with regards to possible further advances and future potential for value-added applications. Tannins are employed in a wide range of industrial applications, including the production of leather and wood adhesives, accounting for almost 90% of the global commercial tannin output. The shortage of natural resources, as well as the growing environmental concerns related to the reduction of harmful emissions of formaldehyde or isocyanates used in the production of polyurethanes, have driven the industrial and academic interest towards the development of tannin-based bio-PUs as sustainable alternative materials with satisfactory characteristics. The aim of the present review is to comprehensively summarize the current state of research in the field of development, characterization, and application of tannin-derived, bio-based polyurethane resins. The successful synthesis process of the tannin-based bio-PUs was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses.

Galla Chinensis, a Traditional Chinese Medicine: Comprehensive review of botany, traditional uses, chemical composition, pharmacology and toxicology

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Galla chinensis (GC), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has a wide range of pharmacological properties which have been widely used for more than 1400 years. Based on shape, GC is divided into two groups: jiaobei and dubei. It is a bitter, sour, cold and astringent substance which is usually used for treating diarrhea, constipation, bleeding, cough, vomiting, sweating, hemorrhoids, and anal and uterine prolapse. It is distributed in Japan, North Korea, and all parts of China.

AIM OF STUDY

This study was aimed at carrying out a comprehensive overview of the current status of research on Galla chinensis (GC) for better understanding of it characteristics, while providing a clear direction for future studies. It has aroused the interest of researchers, leading to development of medicinal value, expansion of its application, and provision of wider and more effective drug choices. This study was focused on the traditional uses, botany, chemical composition, pharmacology and toxicology of GC. Finally, the study focused on possible future research directions for GC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A comprehensive analysis was done based on academic papers, pharmaceutical monographs, ancient medicinal works, and drug standards of China. This review used Galla and Galla chinensis as keywords for retrieval of information on GC from online databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, CNKI, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SCI hub, and Baidu academic.

RESULTS

It was found that the chemical constituents of GC included tannins, phenolic acid, amino acids and fatty acid, with polyphenol compounds (especially tannins and gallic acid) as the distinct components. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that GC exerted numerous biological effects such as anti-caries, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. The therapeutic effect of GC was attributed mainly to the biological properties of its bioactive components.

CONCLUSIONS

GC is an important TCM which has potential benefit in the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, the relationship amongst the structure and biological activity of GC and its components, mechanism of action, toxicity, pharmacokinetics and target organs need to be further studied. Quality control and quality assurance programs for GC need to be further developed. There is need to study the dynamics associated with the accumulation of chemical compounds in GC as well as the original plants and aphid that form GC.

Assessment of the Cytotoxic Activity of Triphala: A Semisolid Traditional Formulation on HepG2 Cancer Cell Line

Cancer chemotherapies may result in resistance, and therefore, contemporary treatments including natural products may find an increasing consideration. As per Persian medicine (PM), many natural products have been used for malignant and chronic diseases. Triphala, with a combination of Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia bellirica Retz., Phyllanthus emblica L., and honey, is a multi-ingredient traditional formulation attributed to anticancer activities in PM. This study is aimed at evaluating the cytotoxic activity of this preparation on HepG₂, the human liver cancer cell line. Hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from the formulation and its components. Compared with the control and Cisplatin, the extracts were tested using MTT assay at different concentrations. All concentrations of the preparation, as well as Cisplatin, were effective significantly against HepG₂ cells. All extract preparations at multiple concentrations were significantly effective as evidenced by MTT assay when compared to the control group. The IC₅₀ level for Triphala extract was 77.63 ± 4.3 μg/ml. Based on the results, Triphala and its components have cytotoxic activity on the HepG₂ cancer cell line and they can reduce the survival rate significantly.

Multifaceted role of phyto-derived polyphenols in nanodrug delivery systems

As naturally occurring bioactive products, several lines of evidence have shown the potential of polyphenols in the medical intervention of various diseases, including tumors, inflammatory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Notably, owing to the particular molecular structure, polyphenols can combine with proteins, metal ions, polymers, and nucleic acids providing better strategies for polyphenol-delivery strategies. This contributes to the inherent advantages of polyphenols as important functional components for other drug delivery strategies, e.g., protecting nanodrugs from oxidation as a protective layer, improving the physicochemical properties of carbohydrate polymer carriers, or being used to synthesize innovative functional delivery vehicles. Polyphenols have emerged as a multifaceted player in novel drug delivery systems, both as therapeutic agents delivered to intervene in disease progression and as essential components of drug carriers. Although an increasing number of studies have focused on polyphenol-based nanodrug delivery including epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin, resveratrol, tannic acid, and polyphenol-related innovative preparations, these molecules are not without inherent shortcomings. The active biochemical characteristics of polyphenols constitute a prerequisite to their high-frequency use in drug delivery systems and likewise to provoke new challenges for the design and development of novel polyphenol drug delivery systems of improved efficacies. In this review, we focus on both the targeted delivery of polyphenols and the application of polyphenols as components of drug delivery carriers, and comprehensively elaborate on the application of polyphenols in new types of drug delivery systems. According to the different roles played by polyphenols in innovative drug delivery strategies, potential limitations and risks are discussed in detail including the influences on the physical and chemical properties of nanodrug delivery systems, and their influence on normal physiological functions inside the organism.

Variation of the Polyphenolic Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Freshly Prepared Pomegranate Leaf Infusions over One-Day Storage

In recent decades, an intensive search for natural and novel types of antioxidant polyphenolics has been carried out on numerous plant materials. However, the current literature has very little information on their storage stability in the form of freshly prepared infusions. This study aims to characterize the polyphenolic composition and the antioxidant capacity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) leaf infusions over one-day storage (analyzed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h). Spectrophotometric evaluation demonstrated that the infusion presented no significant changes in the content of total phenols (131.40–133.47 mg gallic acid g⁻¹) and ortho-diphenols (239.91–244.25 mg gallic acid g⁻¹). The infusion also maintained high stability (over 98% and 82%, respectively) for flavonoids (53.30–55.84 mg rutin g⁻¹) and condensed tannins (102.15–124.20 mg epicatechin g⁻¹), with stable (>90%) potent antioxidant capacity (1.5–2.2 mmol Trolox g⁻¹) throughout 0–24 h storage. The main decrease was observed during 0–2 h storage of flavonoids, 8–24 h storage of tannins, and 0–4 h storage of antioxidant capacity. Chromatographic analysis further revealed that 7 decreased and 11 increased compounds were found within 0–24 h storage. The good stability of the total polyphenolics and antioxidant properties might be related to the complex conversion and activity compensation among these compounds. The findings suggest that pomegranate leaf infusion could be of great interest in the valorization of high added-value by-products and in the application of green and functional alternatives in the food-pharma and nutraceutical industries.

Tannins in Terminalia bellirica inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth by regulating EGFR-signaling and tumor immunity

The fruits of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (TB) are used as a multi-use therapeutic herbal product in the Tibetan medicinal system and are prescribed as a general health tonic in the traditional Ayurvedic medicinal system. It has been demonstrated that these fruits have a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and immunoregulatory effects, etc. However, the therapeutic effects of tannins in TB on HCC and the underlying mechanisms remain uncharacterized. In the current study, we aimed to identify the anti-tumor effect of tannins in TB by employing a H22 xenograft mouse model and by performing cell-based in vitro studies with the assistance of the network pharmacology analysis. The crude extract of TB was purified to yield total tannin fraction (TB-TF), and our results found that TB-TF significantly inhibited the tumor growth of H22 xenografts in mice by inducing apoptosis and reducing angiogenesis. A total of 90 compounds were then identified in TB-TF by UPLC-MS/MS, and 27 were found in serum after oral administration of TB-TF in mice. The network pharmacology analysis based on these absorbed components was performed and, along with experimental evidence, it revealed that the ERBB, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways may be involved in the anti-tumor effect of TB-TF on HCC. Furthermore, we suggested that TB-TF effectively modulated the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in H22 xenograft mice. In summary, our study demonstrated that TB-TF could be developed as a functional food, which is not only a promising anti-cancer reagent but also a potential candidate with bright prospects for the emerging trends of immunotherapy for HCC.

Selective Anticancer Properties, Proapoptotic and Antibacterial Potential of Three Asplenium Species

The ferns Asplenium ceterach L., Asplenium scolopendrium L. and Asplenium trichomanes L. have wide application in traditional medicine worldwide. However, the scientific research on their anticancer and antibacterial properties is insufficient. The present article aims to provide more information on this topic. Extracts derived from the aerial parts of A. ceterach, A. scolopendrium and A. trichomanes were examined using a panel of in vitro assays with different bacterial and mammalian cells. The cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of the samples were analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Trypan blue assays with three human (A549, FL, HeLa) and three murine (3T3, TIB-71, LS48) cell lines. Inhibitory effects on the growth of Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were determined by the agar diffusion assay. Apoptosis-inducing properties of the extracts were analyzed by flow cytometry. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in extract-treated cells was investigated by ELISA. The obtained results demonstrate selective anticancer activity of all three Asplenium species. The extract from A. ceterach displayed the strongest inhibitory properties against human cervical cancer cells and bacterial cells. It induced a lower level of cytotoxicity against mouse cell lines, indicating a species-specific effect. The extract from A. trichomanes demonstrated better anticancer and antibacterial properties than the sample from A. scolopendrium. Further experiments linked the mechanism of action of A. ceterach extract with oxidative stress-inducing potential and strong proapoptotic potential against the cervical cancer cell line HeLa. A. trichomanes and A. scolopendrium extracts appeared to be potent inducers of necrotic cell death.

Natural Compounds in Glioblastoma Therapy: Preclinical Insights, Mechanistic Pathways, and Outlook

Simple Summary

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a tumor of the brain or spinal cord with poor clinical prognosis. Current interventions, such as chemotherapy and surgical tumor resection, are constrained by tumor invasion and cancer drug resistance. Dietary natural substances are therefore evaluated for their potential as agents in GBM treatment. Various substances found in fruits, vegetables, and other natural products restrict tumor growth and induce GBM cell death. These preclinical effects are promising but remain constrained by natural substances’ varying pharmacological properties. While many of the reviewed substances are available as over-the-counter supplements, their anti-GBM efficacy should be corroborated by clinical trials moving forward.

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive, often fatal astrocyte-derived tumor of the central nervous system. Conventional medical and surgical interventions have greatly improved survival rates; however, tumor heterogeneity, invasiveness, and chemotherapeutic resistance continue to pose clinical challenges. As such, dietary natural substances—an integral component of the lifestyle medicine approach to chronic diseases—are examined as potential chemotherapeutic agents. These heterogenous substances exert anti-GBM effects by upregulating apoptosis and autophagy, inducing cell cycle arrest, interfering with tumor metabolism, and inhibiting proliferation, neuroinflammation, chemoresistance, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Although these beneficial effects are promising, natural substances’ efficacy in GBM is constrained by their bioavailability and blood–brain barrier permeability; various chemical formulations are proposed to improve their pharmacological properties. Many of the reviewed substances are available as over-the-counter dietary supplements, underscoring their viability as lifestyle interventions. However, clinical trials remain necessary to substantiate the in vitro and in vivo properties of natural substances.

Phytochemicals toward Green (Bio)sensing

Because of numerous inherent and unique characteristics of phytochemicals as bioactive compounds derived from plants, they have been widely used as one of the most interesting nature-based compounds in a myriad of fields. Moreover, a wide variety of phytochemicals offer a plethora of fascinating optical and electrochemical features that pave the way toward their development as optical and electrochemical (bio)sensors for clinical/health diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food quality control, and bioimaging. In the current review, we highlight how phytochemicals have been tailored and used for a wide variety of optical and electrochemical (bio)sensing and bioimaging applications, after classifying and introducing them according to their chemical structures. Finally, the current challenges and future directions/perspective on the optical and electrochemical (bio)sensing applications of phytochemicals are discussed with the goal of further expanding their potential applications in (bio)sensing technology. Regarding the advantageous features of phytochemicals as highly promising and potential biomaterials, we envisage that many of the existing chemical-based (bio)sensors will be replaced by phytochemical-based ones in the near future.

Elephantopus mollis Kunth extracts induce antiproliferation and apoptosis in human lung cancer and myeloid leukemia cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Elephantopus mollis Kunth (EM), which belongs to Asteraceae family, has been used as a folk medicine with diverse therapeutic properties. Previous studies reported that crude extracts of this plant could inhibit several cancer cell lines, including breast carcinoma MCF-7, liver carcinoma HepG2, colorectal carcinoma DLD-1, lung carcinoma NCI-H23, etc. AIM: In this study, the anticancer activity and associated molecular mechanism of EM which is distributed in Vietnam were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cytotoxicity of various EM extracts was evaluated on different cell lines by MTT assay. In addition, the effects of EM extracts on cell growth, cell morphology, nuclear morphology, caspase-3 activation, and mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related genes were also examined.

RESULTS

Our results demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract (EM-EA) caused proliferative inhibition and apoptotic induction towards A549 lung cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 18.66 μg/ml, SI = 5.8) and HL60 leukemia cells (IC₅₀ = 7.45 μg/ml, SI = 14.5) while petroleum ether extract (EM-PE) showed high toxicity to HL60 cell line (IC₅₀ = 11.14 μg/ml, SI = 6.7). Notably, Raji lymphoma cells were also affected by these extracts (IC₅₀ < 20 μg/ml, SI > 4), which has not been reported yet. Furthermore, mechanisms of EM extracts were elucidated. The significant downregulation of PCNA mRNA level induced by EM-EA/PE extracts contributed to the cell-growth restraint. EM-EA extract might activate apoptosis in A549 cells through both extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways by causing a 1.55-fold increase in BID, 3.65-fold increase in BAK and 3.11-fold decrease in BCL-2 expression level. Meanwhile, with EM-EA-extract treatment, HL60 cells might encounter P53-dependent apoptotic deaths.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of antiproliferation and apoptosis activation contributed to the high efficacy of EM extracts. These findings not only proved the anticancer potential of EM but also provided further insights into the mechanisms of EM extracts.

A cocktail of betulinic acid, parthenolide, honokiol and ginsenoside Rh2 in liposome systems for lung cancer treatment

Aim: Lung cancer has a very high incidence rate, and thus, there is an urgent need for novel and effective therapies. Materials & methods: In this study, we proposed a potential treatment option by combining four natural products in liposome systems. Results: In vitro studies indicated that the combination of betulinic acid, parthenolide, honokiol and ginsenoside Rh2 exhibited a synergistic action. When these four natural products were loaded into liposome systems, we observed an increased effect. The relative action was also observed in vivo. The cisplatin group presented obvious kidney damage, whereas both cocktail therapy and cocktail liposome therapy were safer. Conclusion: Therefore, we propose cocktail liposome systems may provide a more efficient and safer treatment for lung cancer.

Antioxidant activity, phytochemical composition of Andricus tomentosus and its antiproliferative effect on Mia-Paca2 cell line

Plant derived products are widely used in cancer treatment. Gall species has been preferred for treatment various diseases in folk medicine, but there are few studies on the anticancer effects of gall species. The present study reports the antioxidant activity and total secondary metabolites of extracts of A. tomentosus galls. The antioxidant potency of galls was carried out using different in-vitro model systems. Their cytotoxic efficacy on Mia-Paca cell line was also explored. Gall extract was found to contain a large amount of phenolic acids. The extract potently scavenged free radicals including DPPH (IC₅₀ 9.56 ± 1.08 µg/mL), ABTS (IC₅₀ 18.51 ± 0.25 µg/mL). It can be seen as a potential source of antioxidants according to β-carotene/linoleic acid method (%92.58 ± 0.92) and Phosphomolybdenum assays (104.36 ± 4.95 mgAE/g). Gall extract also posses ability of metal chelating (%40.07 ± 2.30) and Fe³⁺ (184.01 ± 2.83 mgTE/g) and Cu²⁺ (89.81 ± 0.96 mgTE/g) reducing activity. According to total secondary metabolites tests, gall extract showed high total phenolic, total flavonoid and total tannin amount. HPLC analysis of the extract suggested it to contain caffeic acid (424.068.479 µg/g), ellagic acid (187.696.132 µg/g). XTT assay revealed gall extract to enhance percent survival of Mia-Paca2 cell line exposed A. tomentosus extracts. The best cytotoxic effect was determined in acetone extracts (IC₅₀: 124.7 µM). Expression of some genes (Bax, Bcl-2, FAS, BID, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-10, FADD, TRADD) in the apoptosis pathway was determined to invastigate apoptosis inducing activity. These results indicate that A. tomentosus galls possess potent antioxidant activity, when tested both in chemical as well as biological models.

Small molecules regulating reactive oxygen species homeostasis for cancer therapy

Elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems have been recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Compared with normal cells, cancer cells exhibit increased ROS to maintain their malignant phenotypes and are more dependent on the "redox adaptation" mechanism. Thus, there are two apparently contradictory but virtually complementary therapeutic strategies for the regulation of ROS to prevent or treat cancer. The first strategy, that is, chemoprevention, is to prevent or reduce intracellular ROS either by suppressing ROS production pathways or by employing antioxidants to enhance ROS clearance, which protects normal cells from malignant transformation and inhibits the early stage of tumorigenesis. The second strategy is the ROS-mediated anticancer therapy, which stimulates intracellular ROS to a toxicity threshold to activate ROS-induced cell death pathways. Therefore, targeting the regulation of intracellular ROS-related pathways by small-molecule candidates is considered to be a promising treatment for tumors. We herein first briefly introduce the source and regulation of ROS, and then focus on small molecules that regulate ROS-related pathways and show efficacy in cancer therapy from the perspective of pharmacophores. Finally, we discuss several challenges in developing cancer therapeutic agents based on ROS regulation and propose the direction of future development.

Impact of Gallic Acid on Gut Health: Focus on the Gut Microbiome, Immune Response, and Mechanisms of Action

Gallic acid (GA) is a naturally occurring polyphenol compound present in fruits, vegetables, and herbal medicines. According to previous studies, GA has many biological properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. GA and its derivatives have multiple industrial uses, such as food supplements or additives. Additionally, recent studies have shown that GA and its derivatives not only enhance gut microbiome (GM) activities, but also modulate immune responses. Thus, GA has great potential to facilitate natural defense against microbial infections and modulate the immune response. However, the exact mechanisms of GA acts on the GM and immune system remain unclear. In this review, first the physicochemical properties, bioavailability, absorption, and metabolism of GA are introduced, and then we summarize recent findings concerning its roles in gastrointestinal health. Furthermore, the present review attempts to explain how GA influences the GM and modulates the immune response to maintain intestinal health.

Natural Compounds for Wood Protection against Fungi-A Review

Wood is a renewable, versatile material with multiple applications and the largest terrestrial pool of sequestered carbon. However, it is susceptible to degradation, mainly caused by wood-decaying fungi. Since several traditional wood preservatives have been banned owing to their detrimental effects on humans and the environment, extending the lifespan of wood products using new generation natural preservatives is an imperative from the perspectives of human health and environmental protection. Several natural compounds of plant and animal origin have been tested for their fungicidal properties, including essential oils, tannins, wood extractives, alkaloids, propolis or chitosan; and their enormous potential in wood protection has been shown. Although they are not free of limitations, the potential methods to overcome their drawbacks and enhance their bioactivity already exist, such as co-impregnation with different polymers, cross-linkers, metal chelators or antioxidants. The presence of the discrepancies between laboratory tests and the field performance, as well as legislation-related problems resulting from the lack of standards defining the quality and performance of natural protective formulations, however, create an urgent need for further thorough research and arrangements. The collaboration with other industries interested in the utilisation of natural active compounds will reduce the associated costs, thus, will facilitate the successful implementation of alternative antifungal agents.

Formulation Strategies to Improve Oral Bioavailability of Ellagic Acid

Ellagic acid, a polyphenolic compound present in fruit and berries, has recently been the object of extensive research for its antioxidant activity, which might be useful for the prevention and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular pathologies, and neurodegenerative disorders. Its protective role justifies numerous attempts to include it in functional food preparations and in dietary supplements, and not only to limit the unpleasant collateral effects of chemotherapy. However, ellagic acid use as a chemopreventive agent has been debated because of its poor bioavailability associated with low solubility, limited permeability, first pass effect, and interindividual variability in gut microbial transformations. To overcome these drawbacks, various strategies for oral administration including solid dispersions, micro and nanoparticles, inclusion complexes, self-emulsifying systems, and polymorphs were proposed. Here, we listed an updated description of pursued micro and nanotechnological approaches focusing on the fabrication processes and the features of the obtained products, as well as on the positive results yielded by in vitro and in vivo studies in comparison to the raw material. The micro and nanosized formulations here described might be exploited for pharmaceutical delivery of this active, as well as for the production of nutritional supplements or for the enrichment of novel foods.

A review of Penthorum chinense Pursh for hepatoprotection: Traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and clinical trials

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In China, Penthorum chinense Pursh (P. chinense) has been used for hundreds of years traditionally for alleviating symptoms by excessive intake of alcohol as well as in the treatment of traumatic injury, edema and liver diseases. Recently, P. chinense and its extract have been developed into tea, drinks or medicines for treatment of liver diseases, including hepatic virus infections, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fibrosis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this review is to provide a critical appraisal of the existing knowledge on the phytochemical data, quality control aspect, pharmacological, as well as toxicological and clinical studies performed on P. chinense, including the identification of scientific gaps.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A detailed literature search was conducted using various online search engines, such as Pubmed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Mendeley, Web of Science as well as China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database.

RESULTS

In the pharmacological studies, there clearly are links between local/traditional uses and the biomedical investigations. Most pharmacological studies indicated potential liver protective effects in experimental models of chemicals-induced liver injury, acute and chronic alcoholic liver injury, NAFLD, liver fibrosis and viral infection, potentially through antioxidant effects, balancing key liver enzyme levels, inhibition of hepatic virus DNA replication, inhibition of hepatic stellate cells activation and inflammation either in vitro or in vivo. In some models, the effects of P. chinense is comparable with the one of silymarin. Clinical studies have suggested that P. chinense is safe and effective in treating several liver diseases, although most of them are not double-blinded and placebo-controlled studies. Toxicology studies show that P. chinense has no obvious toxicity or side effects in animals or human. Flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, polyphenols and organic acids have been identified. However, only a few studies have investigated the active compounds (mainly flavonoids and lignans) and molecular mechanisms of P. chinense.

CONCLUSION

P. chinense seems to be safe and shows relevant liver protecting effects. Therefore, it might be a promising candidate for developing as new hepatoprotective agents. However, a lack of understanding of the active compounds and mechanisms of action needs further attention.

Pectin-Tannic Acid Nano-Complexes Promote the Delivery and Bioactivity of Drugs in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Pancreatic cancer (PanCa) is a lethal disease. Conventional chemotherapies for PanCa offer severe systemic toxicities. Thus, the development of a successful nanomedicine-based therapeutic regimen with augmented therapeutic efficacy is highly sought. Naturally occurring pectin and modified pectin-based drug delivery systems exhibit remarkable self-targeting ability via galactose residues to various cancer cells. Herein, we developed and used an innovative approach of highly stable nanocomplexes based on modified pectin and tannic acid (MPT-NCs). The nanocomplex formation was enabled by strong intermolecular interactions between pectin and tannic acid under very mild conditions. These nanocomplexes were characterized by particle size and morphology (DLS, TEM, and SEM), FT-IR spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurements. Additionally, MPT-NCs were capable of encapsulating anticancer drugs (5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, and irinotecan) through tannic acid binding. The in vitro bioactivity of these drug MPT-NCs were evaluated in pancreatic cancer adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines (HPAF-II and PANC-1). A dose-dependent internalization of nanocomplexes was evident from microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. Both proliferation and colony formation assays indicated the anticancer potential of pectin drug nanocomplexes against PDAC cells compared to that of free drug treatments. Together, the pectin-based nanocomplexes could be a reliable and efficient drug delivery strategy for cancer therapy.

Antioxidant, antiproliferative and healing properties of araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) peel and seed

Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) is a native fruit from Brazilian Cerrado widely used by folk medicine. Nevertheless, the biological effects of its seeds and peel have not been extensively evaluated. We evaluate herein the antioxidant, antiproliferative and healing potential of araticum peel and seeds extracts. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis showed flavonoids, namely epicatechin and quercetin, as the main compounds in peel and seeds extracts, respectively. These extracts showed high content of phenolic compounds (7254.46 and 97.74 µg/g extract) and, as consequence, high antioxidant capacity. Interesting, the seeds extract was more effective than peel extract against all tested cancer cells, especially on NCI-ADR/RES (multidrug resistant ovary adenocarcinoma) cell line. In the cell migration assay by using HaCaT (keratinocyte), the seeds extract induced migration, while the peel extract showed an inhibitory effect. In this way, phenolic content could be related to antioxidant capacity, but it was not related to antiproliferative and healing effect. The araticum seeds extract showed an interesting response to in vitro biological assay although of its low content of phenolic compounds. Unidentified compounds, such as alkaloids and annonaceous acetogenins could be related to it. Araticum has potential to be used as therapeutic plant especially as antiproliferative and healing drug.

Herbal Active Ingredients: An Emerging Potential for the Prevention and Treatment of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common subtype of differentiated thyroid cancers in Asian coastal cities, where the patients have increased risk of potentially high or excessive iodine intake. Given the high metastasis and recurrence of patients with BRAF^V600E mutation, the mortality rate of thyroid cancer has recently shown an upward trend. A variety of therapies, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, have been used to treat thyroid cancer, but these therapies still have limitations, including postoperative complications, drug resistance, poor efficacy, or serious side effects. Recent studies have shown the potential of active ingredients derived from herbal medicine in inhibiting PTC via various cell signaling pathways. Some plant-derived compounds, such as apigenin, genistein, and curcumin, are also known to prevent and treat PTC. This article summarizes the recent advances in the structure-functional impact of anti-PTC active ingredients and their effects on PTC cells and tumor microenvironments with an emphasis on their challenges from basic research to clinical practice.

Preclinical Pharmacological Activities of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in Signaling Pathways: An Update on Cancer

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the main bioactive component of catechins predominantly present in svarious types of teas. EGCG is well known for a wide spectrum of biological activity as an anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor agent. The effect of EGCG on cell death mechanisms via the induction of apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy has been documented. Moreover, its anti-proliferative and chemopreventive action has been demonstrated in many cancer cell lines. It was also involved in the modulation of cyclooxygenase-2, in oxidative stress and inflammation of different cell processes. EGCG has been reported as a promising target for plasma membrane proteins, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In addition, it has been demonstrated a mechanism of action relying on the inhibition of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). EGCG and its derivatives were used in proteasome inhibition and they were involved in epigenetic mechanisms. In summary, EGCG is the most predominant and bioactive constituent of teas and it has a pivotal role in cancer prevention. Its preclinical pharmacological activities are associated with complex molecular mechanisms that involve numerous signaling pathways.

2-O-digalloyl-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose isolated from Galla Rhois suppresses osteoclast differentiation and function by inhibiting NF-κB signaling

Natural compounds isolated from medicinal herbs and plants have immense significance in maintaining bone health. Hydrolysable tannins have been shown to possess a variety of medicinal properties including antiviral, anticancer, and anti-osteoclastogenic activities. As a part of a study on the discovery of alternative agent against skeletal diseases, we isolated a hydrolysable tannin, 2-O-digalloyl-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl- β-D-glucose (DTOGG), from Galla Rhois and examined the effect on osteoclast formation and function. We found that DTOGG significantly inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation by downregulating the expression of the key regulator in osteoclastogenesis as well as osteoclast-related genes. Analysis of RANKL/RANK signaling revealed that DTOGG impaired activation of IκBα and p65 in the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain- enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Furthermore, DTOGG reduced bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts, compared to the vehicle-treated control. These results suggest that DTOGG could be a useful natural compound to manage osteoclast-mediated skeletal diseases.

Vietnamese coriander inhibits cell proliferation, survival and migration via suppression of Akt/mTOR pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background According to GLOBOCAN 2018, oral cancer was reported as the second highest cancer prevalent in India. Despite the several therapies available for oral cancer treatment, tumor recurrence and distant metastasis persist. This study investigates the anticancer potential of Persicaria odorata, commonly known as Vietnamese coriander, used widely in traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of inflammation, stomach ailments, tumors, etc. Methods The crude methanolic extract of P. odorata (MPo) was prepared. The anticancer properties of MPo on SAS cells and other human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line were evaluated using in vitro experimental conditions. The phytochemical constituents present in the MPo were also determined. Results Persicaria odorata possesses antiproliferative, antisurvival, antimetastatic activities, and induced cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase. It inhibited Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and also downregulated the expression of essential proteins that are involved in tumorigenesis such as cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), survivin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). Moreover, the presence of flavonoids and quinones also revealed the anticancer activity of the plant. Conclusion Overall, our study concludes that P. odorata exhibits its anticancer properties through the downregulation of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner.