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Concerted phenotypic flexibility of avian erythrocyte size and number in response to dietary anthocyanin supplementation. Front Zool 2023; 20:9. [PMID: 36829190 PMCID: PMC9951440 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance flight impose substantial oxidative costs on the avian oxygen delivery system. In particular, the accumulation of irreversible damage in red blood cells can reduce the capacity of blood to transport oxygen and limit aerobic performance. Many songbirds consume large amounts of anthocyanin-rich fruit, which is hypothesized to reduce oxidative costs, enhance post-flight regeneration, and enable greater aerobic capacity. While their antioxidant benefits appear most straightforward, the effects of anthocyanins on blood composition remain so far unknown. We fed thirty hand-raised European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) two semisynthetic diets (with or without anthocyanin supplement) and manipulated the extent of flight activity in a wind tunnel (daily flying or non-flying for over two weeks) to test for their interactive effects on functionally important haematological variables. RESULTS Supplemented birds had on average 15% more and 4% smaller red blood cells compared to non-supplemented individuals and these diet effects were independent of flight manipulation. Haemoglobin content was 7% higher in non-supplemented flying birds compared to non-flying birds, while similar haemoglobin content was observed among supplemented birds that were flown or not. Neither diet nor flight activity influenced haematocrit. CONCLUSION The concerted adjustments suggest that supplementation generally improved antioxidant protection in blood, which could prevent the excess removal of cells from the bloodstream and may have several implications on the oxygen delivery system, including improved gas exchange and blood flow. The flexible haematological response to dietary anthocyanins may also suggest that free-ranging species preferentially consume anthocyanin-rich fruits for their natural blood doping, oxygen delivery-enhancement effects.
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Gu YY, Tan XH, Song WP, Song WD, Yuan YM, Xin ZC, Wang JD, Fang D, Guan RL. Icariside Ⅱ Attenuates Palmitic Acid-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction Through SRPK1-Akt-eNOS Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:920601. [PMID: 35846993 PMCID: PMC9280058 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.920601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endothelial dysfunction is commonly accompanied by a reduced capacity for nitric oxide (NO) production and decreased NO sensitivity, playing a central role in numerous vascular diseases. Saturated free fatty acids are known to reduce NO production and then induce endothelial dysfunction. Alternative splicing participates in the regulation of cellular and tissular homeostasis and is highly regulated by serine-arginine protein kinase (SRPK1). The role of SRPK1 in the biology of endothelial cells remains elusive. Icariside Ⅱ (ICA Ⅱ) has been reported to have protective effects on endothelial function. However, the specific molecular mechanisms are still unknown. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of SRPK1 in the biology of endothelial cells and the underlying mechanism of ICA Ⅱ on palmitic acid (PA) induced endothelial dysfunction. Methods: Endothelial dysfunction was induced using PA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The expression and phosphorylation of related proteins in the SRPK1-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway were detected by Western Blot. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and Ki-67 immunofluorescence were used to estimate cell viability. Endothelial cell function was assessed by detecting NO production using DAF-FM DA. Interaction between ICA Ⅱ and SRPK1 was demonstrated by a biotinylated protein interaction pull-down assay. Results: The expressions of eNOS, Akt, and SRPK1 were down-regulated in the endothelial dysfunction stimulated by PA. SRPK1 inhibitor SPHINX31 restrained endothelial cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, inhibition of SRPK1 using SPHINX31 and knockdown of SRPK1 by shRNA also showed a down-regulation of the proteins associated with the SRPK1-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway. Biotinylated protein interaction pull-down assay revealed that ICA Ⅱ could be directly bound with SRPK1. On the other hand, ICA Ⅱ could attenuate the PA-induced endothelial dysfunction and restore cell viability through the SRPK1-Akt-eNOS pathway. Conclusions: ICA Ⅱ, bound with SRPK1, could attenuate the endothelial dysfunction induced by the PA in HUVECs via the SRPK1-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Gu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Tan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Peng Song
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Dong Song
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ming Yuan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Xin
- Male Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia-Dong Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Rui-Li Guan, ; Dong Fang, ; Jia-Dong Wang,
| | - Dong Fang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Rui-Li Guan, ; Dong Fang, ; Jia-Dong Wang,
| | - Rui-Li Guan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Rui-Li Guan, ; Dong Fang, ; Jia-Dong Wang,
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Phenolic Compounds Exerting Lipid-Regulatory, Anti-Inflammatory and Epigenetic Effects as Complementary Treatments in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040641. [PMID: 32326376 PMCID: PMC7226566 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main process behind cardiovascular diseases (CVD), maladies which continue to be responsible for up to 70% of death worldwide. Despite the ongoing development of new and potent drugs, their incomplete efficacy, partial intolerance and numerous side effects make the search for new alternatives worthwhile. The focus of the scientific world turned to the potential of natural active compounds to prevent and treat CVD. Essential for effective prevention or treatment based on phytochemicals is to know their mechanisms of action according to their bioavailability and dosage. The present review is focused on the latest data about phenolic compounds and aims to collect and correlate the reliable existing knowledge concerning their molecular mechanisms of action to counteract important risk factors that contribute to the initiation and development of atherosclerosis: dyslipidemia, and oxidative and inflammatory-stress. The selection of phenolic compounds was made to prove their multiple benefic effects and endorse them as CVD remedies, complementary to allopathic drugs. The review also highlights some aspects that still need clear scientific explanations and draws up some new molecular approaches to validate phenolic compounds for CVD complementary therapy in the near future.
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Inhibition of Endothelial Dysfunction by Dietary Flavonoids and Preventive Effects Against Cardiovascular Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 75:1-9. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Effects of dietary cyanidin-3-diglucoside-5-glucoside complexes with rutin/Mg(II) against H2O2-induced cellular oxidative stress. Food Res Int 2019; 126:108591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Kashi DS, Shabir A, Da Boit M, Bailey SJ, Higgins MF. The Efficacy of Administering Fruit-Derived Polyphenols to Improve Health Biomarkers, Exercise Performance and Related Physiological Responses. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102389. [PMID: 31591287 PMCID: PMC6836214 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites involved in a myriad of critical processes in plants. Over recent decades, special attention has been paid to the anti-oxidative role of fruit-derived polyphenols in the human diet, with evidence supporting the contribution of polyphenols in the prevention of numerous non-communicable disease outcomes. However, due to the low concentration in biological fluids in vivo, the antioxidant properties of polyphenols seem to be related to an enhanced endogenous antioxidant capacity induced via signaling through the nuclear respiratory factor 2 pathway. Polyphenols also seem to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and have been shown to enhance vascular function via nitric oxide mediated mechanisms. Consequently, there is rationale to support fruit-derived polyphenol supplementation to enhance exercise performance, possibly via improved muscle perfusion. Fruit-derived polyphenol supplementation in exercise studies have included a variety of fruits, e.g., New Zealand blackcurrant, pomegranate, and cherry, in the form of extracts (multicomponent or purified), juices and infusions to varying degrees of benefit. For example, research has yet to link the health-related benefits of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) ingestion to exercise performance in spite of the purported health benefits associated with black elderberry provision in vitro and in vivo models, which has been attributed to their high antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content. This review summarizes the existing evidence supporting a beneficial effect of fruit-derived polyphenols on various biological processes and outlines the potential for black elderberry ingestion to improve nitric oxide production, exercise performance, and the associated physiological responses before-, during- and post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Kashi
- School of Human Sciences, Derby University, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK.
| | - Akbar Shabir
- School of Human Sciences, Derby University, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK.
| | - Mariasole Da Boit
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Matthew F Higgins
- School of Human Sciences, Derby University, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK.
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Krga I, Milenkovic D. Anthocyanins: From Sources and Bioavailability to Cardiovascular-Health Benefits and Molecular Mechanisms of Action. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1771-1783. [PMID: 30698008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are phytochemicals widely found in plant foods, with berries and fruit-derived beverages as the main dietary sources. Accumulating evidence suggests the positive role of anthocyanins in preserving cardiovascular health. Epidemiological data show an association between anthocyanin intake and lower risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular-disease-related mortality. Clinical studies report the beneficial effects of the consumption of different anthocyanin-rich sources on surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk. Animal and in vitro evidence suggest the protective role of anthocyanins in dysfunctions related to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Still, the underlying molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin action seem complex and are not entirely clear. This review aims to give a comprehensive update on anthocyanins and their cardioprotective properties. It provides information on their sources; quantities consumed through diet; absorption; bioavailability; cardiovascular properties; and underlying mechanisms of action, including their effects on gene and protein expression and their interactions with cell-signaling pathways and miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Krga
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research , University of Belgrade , 11000 Belgrade , Serbia
- INRA, UNH, CRNH Auvergne , Université Clermont Auvergne , F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- INRA, UNH, CRNH Auvergne , Université Clermont Auvergne , F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine , University of California Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Dietary Anthocyanins: A Review of the Exercise Performance Effects and Related Physiological Responses. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 29:322-330. [PMID: 30160565 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Foods and supplements high in anthocyanins are gaining popularity within sports nutrition. Anthocyanins are pigments within berries and other colorful fruits and vegetables. They have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions that improve recovery from exercise. Furthermore, anthocyanins can also affect vasoactive properties, including decreasing mean arterial blood pressure and increasing vasodilation during exercise. In vitro observations have shown anthocyanin- and metabolite-induced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and human vascular cell migration. However, effects of anthocyanins on exercise performance without a prior muscle-damaging or metabolically demanding bout of exercise are less clear. For example, exercise performance effects have been observed for blackcurrant but are less apparent for cherry, therefore indicating that the benefits could be due to the specific source-dependent anthocyanins. The mechanisms by which anthocyanin intake can enhance exercise performance may include effects on blood flow, metabolic pathways, and peripheral muscle fatigue, or a combination of all three. This narrative review focuses on the experimental evidence for anthocyanins to improve exercise performance in humans.
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Bankoglu EE, Broscheit J, Arnaudov T, Roewer N, Stopper H. Protective effects of tricetinidin against oxidative stress inducers in rat kidney cells: A comparison with delphinidin and standard antioxidants. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:549-557. [PMID: 30266311 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential protective effect of tricetinidin as novel antioxidant is investigated and compared with selected known antioxidant substances in vitro. Dihydroethidium staining was performed to detect intracellular ROS formation and the protective effect of the antioxidant substances in combination with the superoxide-inducer antimycin a (AMA). Glutathione level, mitochondrial membrane potential and HO-1 expression were analysed for further characterization of the cellular response. The cytokinesis block micronucleus test was applied to investigate the anti-genotoxic effect of the substances against insulin induced genomic damage. AMA treatment caused a significant increase in intracellular ROS formation and insulin treatment induced a significant micronucleus induction in NRK cells. Combination of the antioxidant substances with AMA or insulin protected from the oxidative stress and the micronucleus-induction. All analysed antioxidants showed comparable effects on GSH production and mitochondrial membrane potential. Only delphinidin and tricetinidin caused an increase in HO-1 expression. Tricetinidin and delphinidin might be good candidates for development as an antioxidant supplement. Further research is necessary to show possible therapeutic and preventive effects of tricetinidin and delphinidin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Broscheit
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Arnaudov
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Roewer
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Williamson G, Kay CD, Crozier A. The Bioavailability, Transport, and Bioactivity of Dietary Flavonoids: A Review from a Historical Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1054-1112. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Inst. North Carolina State Univ. North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis NC 28081 U.S.A
| | - Alan Crozier
- Dept. of Nutrition Univ. of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, Univ. Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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Zhang D, Du M, Wei Y, Wang C, Shen L. A review on the structure-activity relationship of dietary flavonoids for protecting vascular endothelial function: Current understanding and future issues. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Mingzhao Du
- Department of Cardiology; Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Ying Wei
- Chinese National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries; Beijing China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives; Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU); Beijing China
| | - Lingqin Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
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Reis JF, Monteiro VVS, de Souza Gomes R, do Carmo MM, da Costa GV, Ribera PC, Monteiro MC. Action mechanism and cardiovascular effect of anthocyanins: a systematic review of animal and human studies. J Transl Med 2016; 14:315. [PMID: 27846846 PMCID: PMC5111351 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are an important cause of death worldwide. Anthocyanins are a subgroup of flavonoids found in berries, flowers, fruits and leaves. In epidemiological and clinical studies, these polyphenols have been associated with improved cardiovascular risk profiles as well as decreased comorbidities. Human intervention studies using berries, vegetables, parts of plants and cereals (either fresh or as juice) or purified anthocyanin-rich extracts have demonstrated significant improvements in low density lipoproteins oxidation, lipid peroxidation, total plasma antioxidant capacity, and dyslipidemia as well as reduced levels of CVD molecular biomarkers. This review discusses the use of anthocyanins in animal models and their applications in human medicine, as dietary supplements or as new potent drugs against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordano Ferreira Reis
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, PA, 66075900, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaelli de Souza Gomes
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-Graduation Program, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, PA, 66075900, Brazil
| | - Matheus Moraes do Carmo
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, PA, 66075900, Brazil
| | - Glauber Vilhena da Costa
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-Graduation Program, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, PA, 66075900, Brazil
| | - Paula Cardoso Ribera
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, PA, 66075900, Brazil
| | - Marta Chagas Monteiro
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-Graduation Program, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, PA, 66075900, Brazil.
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Del Bo' C, Roursgaard M, Porrini M, Loft S, Møller P, Riso P. Different effects of anthocyanins and phenolic acids from wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) on monocytes adhesion to endothelial cells in a TNF-α stimulated proinflammatory environment. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2355-2366. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Del Bo'
- Department of Food; Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Department of Food; Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Department of Food; Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
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Smeriglio A, Barreca D, Bellocco E, Trombetta D. Chemistry, Pharmacology and Health Benefits of Anthocyanins. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1265-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Smeriglio
- University of Messina; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- University of Messina; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Ersilia Bellocco
- University of Messina; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- University of Messina; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
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Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Regulates PPAR's Levels in Stem Cells-Derived Adipocytes. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:7359521. [PMID: 26904104 PMCID: PMC4745343 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7359521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic obesity inhibits activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), considered the key mediator of the fully differentiated and insulin sensitive adipocyte phenotype. We examined the effects of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (Cape), isolated from propolis, a honeybee hive product, on Adipose Stem Cells (ASCs) differentiation to the adipocyte lineage. Finally we tested the effects of Cape on insulin-resistant adipocytes. Quantification of Oil Red O-stained cells showed that lipid droplets decreased following Cape treatment as well as radical oxygen species formation. Additionally, exposure of ASC to high glucose levels decreased adiponectin and increased proinflammatory cytokines mRNA levels, which were reversed by Cape-mediated increase of insulin sensitivity. Cape treatment resulted in decreased triglycerides synthesis and increased beta-oxidation. Exposure of ASCs to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a reduction of PPARγ, an increase of IL-6 levels associated with a well-known stimulation of lipolysis; Cape partially attenuated the LPS-mediated effects. These observations reveal the main role of PPARγ in the adipocyte function and during ASC differentiation. As there is now substantial interest in functional food and nutraceutical products, the observed therapeutic value of Cape in insulin-resistance related diseases should be taken into consideration.
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Parzonko A, Oświt A, Bazylko A, Naruszewicz M. Anthocyans-rich Aronia melanocarpa extract possesses ability to protect endothelial progenitor cells against angiotensin II induced dysfunction. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1238-1246. [PMID: 26655406 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) may provide protection against atherosclerosis and plaque rupture by their innate ability to replace dysfunctional or damaged endothelial cells in plaque microvessels. There is evidence that angiotensin II may impair the angiogenic functions of EPCs in the atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating senescence and inhibiting their proliferation through oxidative stress induction. PURPOSE In this study, we examined whether chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) fruit extract, containing mainly anthocyanins with potent antioxidative properties, could protect EPCs against angiotensin-induced oxidative stress. METHODS EPCs were isolated from peripheral blood of young healthy volunteers and cultivated on fibronectin-coated plates in the presence or absence of angiotensin II (1 µM) and chokeberry extract (1-25 µg/ml). RESULTS EPCs exposed to chokeberry extract prior to angiotensin II showed a significant increase of proliferation and telomerase activity, and a decrease in the percentage of senescent cells and intracellular ROS formation in comparison to angiotensin II treated cells. Furthermore, extract increased migration ability, adhesion to fibronectin and the angiogenic potential of EPC in vitro diminished by angiotensin II in a concentration-dependent manner. That effect was related to the activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor and the increase of HO-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that chokeberry extract may protect EPCs against angiotensin II-induced dysfunction and could play a potential role in the prevention of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Parzonko
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Oświt
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bazylko
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Naruszewicz
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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Sun GY, Chen Z, Jasmer KJ, Chuang DY, Gu Z, Hannink M, Simonyi A. Quercetin Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in BV-2 Microglial Cells: Role of MAPKs on the Nrf2 Pathway and Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141509. [PMID: 26505893 PMCID: PMC4624710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A large group of flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables have been suggested to elicit health benefits due mainly to their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies with immune cells have demonstrated inhibition of these inflammatory responses through down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory pathway involving NF-κB and up-regulation of the anti-oxidative pathway involving Nrf2. In the present study, the murine BV-2 microglial cells were used to compare anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin and cyanidin, two flavonoids differing by their alpha, beta keto carbonyl group. Quercetin was 10 folds more potent than cyanidin in inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production as well as stimulation of Nrf2-induced heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression. In addition, quercetin demonstrated enhanced ability to stimulate HO-1 protein expression when cells were treated with LPS. In an attempt to unveil mechanism(s) for quercetin to enhance Nrf2/HO-1 activity under endotoxic stress, results pointed to an increase in phospho-p38MAPK expression upon addition of quercetin to LPS. In addition, pharmacological inhibitors for phospho-p38MAPK and MEK1/2 for ERK1/2 further showed that these MAPKs target different sites of the Nrf2 pathway that regulates HO-1 expression. However, inhibition of LPS-induced NO by quercetin was not fully reversed by TinPPIX, a specific inhibitor for HO-1 activity. Taken together, results suggest an important role of quercetin to regulate inflammatory responses in microglial cells and its ability to upregulate HO-1 against endotoxic stress through involvement of MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y. Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zihong Chen
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kimberly J. Jasmer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dennis Y. Chuang
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zezong Gu
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark Hannink
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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Matusiewicz M, Kosieradzka I, Zuk M, Szopa J. Effect of Dose and Administration Period of Seed Cake of Genetically Modified and Non-Modified Flax on Selected Antioxidative Activities in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14259-75. [PMID: 26110393 PMCID: PMC4490551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed cake containing antioxidants is a valuable dietary component. Its nutritional effect may be diminished by the presence of anti-nutrients. The work was aimed at determining the effect of different contents of flaxseed cake in diets and their administration period on the development of rats and selected parameters of their health status. Diets with 15% and 30% addition of genetically modified (GM) flax seed cake with enhanced synthesis of polyphenols, as well as Linola non-GM flax were administered in short-term (33 days) and long-term (90 days) experiments. The 30% addition of flaxseed cake reduced digestibility of dietary nutrients, GM flaxseed cake lowered body weight gains. The relative weight of selected organs, hematological blood markers and serum activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST, ALT) were not affected. Flaxseed cake consumption reduced serum concentration of albumins and increased globulins. Administration of 30% flaxseed cake improved plasma total antioxidant status and 30% GM flaxseed cake lowered liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The activities of superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes, glutathione peroxidase in plasma and the liver concentration of 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine were not changed. Most morphometric parameters of the small intestine did not differ between feeding groups. The administration of diets with 30% addition of flaxseed cake for 90 days improved the antioxidant status in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Matusiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Iwona Kosieradzka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Zuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jan Szopa
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
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Edwards M, Czank C, Woodward GM, Cassidy A, Kay CD. Phenolic metabolites of anthocyanins modulate mechanisms of endothelial function. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2423-2431. [PMID: 25686009 DOI: 10.1021/jf5041993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are reported to have vascular bioactivity, however their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Evidence suggests that anthocyanins modulate endothelial function, potentially by increasing nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, or enhancing NO bioavailability. This study compared the activity of cyanidin-3-glucoside, its degradation product protocatechuic acid, and phase II metabolite, vanillic acid. Production of NO and superoxide and expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), NADPH oxidase (NOX), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were established in human vascular cell models. Nitric oxide levels were not modulated by the treatments, although eNOS was upregulated by cyanidin-3-glucoside, and superoxide production was decreased by both phenolic acids. Vanillic acid upregulated p22(phox) mRNA but did not alter NOX protein expression, although trends were observed for p47(phox) downregulation and HO-1 upregulation. Anthocyanin metabolites may therefore modulate vascular reactivity by inducing HO-1 and modulating NOX activity, resulting in reduced superoxide production and improved NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Edwards
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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20
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Roveri G, Nascimbeni F, Rocchi E, Ventura P. Drugs and acute porphyrias: reasons for a hazardous relationship. Postgrad Med 2015; 126:108-20. [PMID: 25387219 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.11.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The porphyrias are a group of metabolic diseases caused by inherited or acquired enzymatic deficiency in the metabolic pathway of heme biosynthesis. Simplistically, they can be considered as storage diseases, because the partial enzymatic defect gives rise to a metabolic "bottleneck" in the biosynthetic pathway and hence to an accumulation of different metabolic intermediates, potentially toxic and responsible for the various (cutaneous or neurovisceral) clinical manifestations observed in these diseases. In the acute porphyrias (acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, variegate porphyria, and the very rare delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase ALAD-d porphyria), the characteristic severe neurovisceral involvement is mainly ascribed to a tissue accumulation of delta-aminolevulinic acid, a neurotoxic nonporphyrin precursor. Many different factors, both endogenous and exogenous, may favor the accumulation of this precursor in patients who are carriers of an enzymatic defect consistent with an acute porphyria, thus contributing to trigger the serious (and potentially fatal) clinical manifestations of the disease (acute porphyric attacks). To date, many different drugs are known to be able to precipitate an acute porphyric attack, so that the acute porphyrias are also considered as pharmacogenetic or toxygenetic diseases. This article reviews the different biochemical mechanisms underlying the capacity of many drugs to precipitate a porphyric acute attack (drug porphyrogenicity) in carriers of genetic mutations responsible for acute porphyrias, and addresses the issue of prescribing drugs for patients affected by these rare, but extremely complex, diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Roveri
- Centre for Porphyrias and Diseases from Disturbances of Amino Acid Metabolism, Division of Internal Medicine II, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Rücker H, Amslinger S. Identification of heme oxygenase-1 stimulators by a convenient ELISA-based bilirubin quantification assay. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:135-46. [PMID: 25462643 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has proven to be a useful tool for fighting inflammation. In order to identify new HO-1 inducers, an efficient screening method was developed which can provide new lead structures for drug research. We designed a simple ELISA-based HO-1 enzyme activity assay, which allows for the screening of 12 compounds in parallel in the setting of a 96-well plate. The well-established murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 is used and only about 26µg of protein from whole cell lysates is needed for the analysis of HO-1 activity. The quantification of HO-1 activity is based on an indirect ELISA using the specific anti-bilirubin antibody 24G7 to quantify directly bilirubin in the whole cell lysate, applying a horseradish peroxidase-tagged antibody together with ortho-phenylenediamine and H2O2 for detection. The bilirubin is produced on the action of HO enzymes by converting their substrate heme to biliverdin and additional recombinant biliverdin reductase together with NADPH at pH 7.4 in buffer. This sensitive assay allows for the detection of 0.57-82pmol bilirubin per sample in whole cell lysates. Twenty-three small molecules, mainly natural products with an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl unit such as polyphenols, including flavonoids and chalcones, terpenes, an isothiocyanate, and the drug oltipraz were tested at typically 6 or 24h incubation with RAW264.7 cells. The activity of known HO-1 inducers was confirmed, while the chalcones cardamonin, flavokawain A, calythropsin, 2',3,4'-trihydroxy-4-methoxychalcone (THMC), and 2',4'-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxychalcone (DHDMC) were identified as new potent HO-1 inducers. The highest inductive power after 6h incubation was found at 10µM for DHDMC (6.1-fold), carnosol (3.9-fold), butein (3.1-fold), THMC (2.9-fold), and zerumbone (2.5-fold). Moreover, the time dependence of HO-1 protein production for DHDMC was compared to its enzyme activity, which was further evaluated in the presence of lipopolysaccharide and the specific HO-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX. Taken together, we developed a convenient and highly sensitive ELISA-based HO-1 enzyme activity assay, allowing the identification and characterization of molecules potentially useful for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Rücker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Amslinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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22
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Jin X, Chen M, Yi L, Chang H, Zhang T, Wang L, Ma W, Peng X, Zhou Y, Mi M. Delphinidin-3-glucoside protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced injury by autophagy upregulation via the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1941-51. [PMID: 25047736 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) induced vascular endothelial cell injury is a key event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). In our previous studies, we showed that delphinidin-3-glucoside (Dp), a natural anthocyanin, attenuated oxLDL-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), indicating its potential role in preventing AS. However, the involved mechanism is not fully understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Via methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and flow cytometry assay, we found that Dp-attenuated oxLDL-induced cell viability decrease and apoptosis in HUVECs. Depending on confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot assay, we found that Dp-induced autophagy in HUVECs, whereas suppression of autophagy significantly abolished the protective role of Dp against oxLDL-induced endothelial cell injury. Furthermore, Dp upregulated sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression and SIRT1 knockdown notably suppressed Dp-induced autophagy in HUVECs. Dp also increased the expression of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, while adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) knockdown remarkably abolished Dp-induced SIRT1 expression and subsequent autophagy. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that Dp protected HUVECs against oxLDL-induced injury by inducing autophagy via the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/SIRT1 signaling pathway. This new finding might shed light to the prevention and therapy of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Speciale A, Cimino F, Saija A, Canali R, Virgili F. Bioavailability and molecular activities of anthocyanins as modulators of endothelial function. GENES & NUTRITION 2014; 9:404. [PMID: 24838260 PMCID: PMC4169059 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins (AC) are water-soluble natural pigments found in various parts of higher plants. Despite their limited oral bioavailability and very low post-absorption plasma concentrations, the dietary consumption of these pigments has been proposed to be associated with a significant protection against several human pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. Many studies highlighted that some health benefits of AC localize in particular at endothelium level, contributing to vascular homeostasis and also to the control of angiogenesis, inflammation, and platelet aggregation. This review reports and comments on the large existing literature addressing the molecular mechanisms that, beyond the antioxidant properties, may have a significant role in the effects of AC and AC-rich foods on vessel endothelium. Among these, AC have been reported to prevent peroxynitrite-mediated endothelial dysfunction in endothelial cells (ECs), thanks to their capability to modulate the expression and activity of several enzymes involved in NO metabolism. Furthermore, evidence indicates that AC can prevent the expression of adhesion molecules and the adhesion of monocytes to ECs challenged by pro-inflammatory agents. Overall, the activity of AC could be associated with the ability to elicit cell adaptive responses involving the transcription factor Nrf2 by affecting the "nucleophilic tone" of the organism. This review confirms the importance of specific nutritional molecules for human health and suggests new avenues for nutrition-based interventions to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Speciale
- />Department Drug Sciences and Health Products, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- />Department Drug Sciences and Health Products, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Saija
- />Department Drug Sciences and Health Products, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Raffaella Canali
- />Agricultural Research Council - Food and Nutrition Research Centre (C.R.A.- NUT), Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Virgili
- />Agricultural Research Council - Food and Nutrition Research Centre (C.R.A.- NUT), Rome, Italy
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24
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Antioxidative and cardioprotective properties of anthocyanins from defatted dabai extracts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:434057. [PMID: 24368926 PMCID: PMC3867864 DOI: 10.1155/2013/434057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine anthocyanins and their antioxidative and cardioprotective properties in defatted dabai parts. Anthocyanins in crude extracts and extract fractions of defatted dabai peel and pericarp were quantified using UHPLC, while their antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress inhibition ability were evaluated by using DPPH and CUPRAC assays as well as linoleic acid oxidation system, hemoglobin oxidation, and PARP-1 inhibition ELISA. Cardioprotective effect of the defatted dabai peel extract was evaluated using hypercholesterolemic-induced New Zealand white rabbits. Six anthocyanins were detected in the defatted dabai peel, with the highest antioxidant capacities and oxidative stress inhibition effect compared to the other part. The defatted dabai peel extract has also inhibited lipid peroxidation (plasma MDA) and elevated cellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) in the tested animal model. Major anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) and other anthocyanins (pelargonidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, and peonidin-3-glucoside) detected in the defatted dabai peel are potential future nutraceuticals with promising medicinal properties.
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Woodcock ME, Hollands WJ, Konic-Ristic A, Glibetic M, Boyko N, Koçaoglu B, Kroon PA. Bioactive-rich extracts of persimmon, but not nettle, Sideritis, dill or kale, increase eNOS activation and NO bioavailability and decrease endothelin-1 secretion by human vascular endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:3574-3580. [PMID: 23744813 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that consumption of plant bioactives such as polyphenols and glucosinolates reduces cardiovascular disease risk and improves endothelial function. In the Black Sea area, a number of plants are consumed alone and as ingredients in traditional foods, and dill, nettle, kale, Sideritis and persimmon were identified as bioactive-rich traditional food plants. The present study investigated the effects of plant extracts on cellular markers of endothelial function (eNOS activation and expression and ET-1 secretion). RESULTS Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with persimmon extract significantly increased Akt and eNOS phosphorylation and nitric oxide metabolites and significantly decreased secretion of ET-1 to the media after 24 h compared with a vehicle control (all P < 0.01). None of the other plant extracts significantly altered any markers of endothelial function. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that persimmon fruit contains bioactives that can improve endothelial function via activation of eNOS and reduction in ET-1 secretion, but that dill, kale, Sideritis and nettle do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Woodcock
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
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26
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Red orange: experimental models and epidemiological evidence of its benefits on human health. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:157240. [PMID: 23738032 PMCID: PMC3659473 DOI: 10.1155/2013/157240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing public interest in plant antioxidants, thanks to the potential anticarcinogenic and cardioprotective actions mediated by their biochemical properties. The red (or blood) orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) is a pigmented sweet orange variety typical of eastern Sicily (southern Italy), California, and Spain. In this paper, we discuss the main health-related properties of the red orange that include anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular protection activities. Moreover, the effects on health of its main constituents (namely, flavonoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, hydroxycinnamic acids, and anthocyanins) are described. The red orange juice demonstrates an important antioxidant activity by modulating many antioxidant enzyme systems that efficiently counteract the oxidative damage which may play an important role in the etiology of numerous diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. The beneficial effects of this fruit may be mediated by the synergic effects of its compounds. Thus, the supply of natural antioxidant compounds through a balanced diet rich in red oranges might provide protection against oxidative damage under differing conditions and could be more effective than, the supplementation of an individual antioxidant.
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Barbagallo I, Galvano F, Frigiola A, Cappello F, Riccioni G, Murabito P, D'Orazio N, Torella M, Gazzolo D, Li Volti G. Potential therapeutic effects of natural heme oxygenase-1 inducers in cardiovascular diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:507-21. [PMID: 23025298 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Many physiological effects of natural antioxidants, their extracts or their major active components, have been reported in recent decades. Most of these compounds are characterized by a phenolic structure, similar to that of α-tocopherol, and present antioxidant properties that have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Polyphenols may increase the capacity of endogenous antioxidant defenses and modulate the cellular redox state. Such effects may have wide-ranging consequences for cellular growth and differentiation. CRITICAL ISSUES The majority of in vitro and in vivo studies conducted so far have attributed the protective effect of bioactive polyphenols to their chemical reactivity toward free radicals and their capacity to prevent the oxidation of important intracellular components. One possible protective molecular mechanism of polyphenols is nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) activation, which in turn regulates a number of detoxification enzymes. RECENT ADVANCES Among the latter, the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway is likely to contribute to the established and powerful antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties of polyphenols. In this context, it is interesting to note that induction of HO-1 expression by means of natural compounds contributes to prevention of cardiovascular diseases in various experimental models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The focus of this review is on the role of natural HO-1 inducers as a potential therapeutic strategy to protect the cardiovascular system against various stressors in several pathological conditions.
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Ziberna L, Tramer F, Moze S, Vrhovsek U, Mattivi F, Passamonti S. Transport and bioactivity of cyanidin 3-glucoside into the vascular endothelium. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1750-9. [PMID: 22387282 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are dietary components involved in decreasing oxidative stress in the vascular endothelium and thus the risk of endothelial dysfunction. However, their very low concentrations in plasma place this role in doubt. Thus, a relationship between the effective intracellular concentration of flavonoids and their bioactivity needs to be assessed. This study examined the uptake of physiological concentrations of cyanidin 3-glucoside, a widespread dietary flavonoid, into human vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, the involvement of the membrane transporter bilitranslocase (TC No. 2.A.65.1.1) as the key underlying molecular mechanism for membrane transport was investigated by using purified anti-sequence antibodies binding at the extracellular domain of the protein. The experimental observations were carried out in isolated plasma membrane vesicles and intact endothelial cells from human endothelial cells (EA.hy926) and on an ischemia-reperfusion model in isolated rat hearts. Cyanidin 3-glucoside was transported via bilitranslocase into endothelial cells, where it acted as a powerful intracellular antioxidant and a cardioprotective agent in the reperfusion phase after ischemia. These findings suggest that dietary flavonoids, despite their limited oral bioavailability and very low postabsorption plasma concentrations, may provide protection against oxidative stress-based cardiovascular diseases. Bilitranslocase, by mediating the cellular uptake of some flavonoids, is thus a key factor in their protective activity on endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovro Ziberna
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Inoue H, Maeda-Yamamoto M, Nesumi A, Murakami A. Delphinidin-3-O-galactoside protects mouse hepatocytes from (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate–induced cytotoxicity via up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 and heat shock protein 70. Nutr Res 2012; 32:357-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kil JS, Son Y, Cheong YK, Kim NH, Jeong HJ, Kwon JW, Lee EJ, Kwon TO, Chung HT, Pae HO. Okanin, a chalcone found in the genus Bidens, and 3-penten-2-one inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression via heme oxygenase-1 induction in RAW264.7 macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 50:53-8. [PMID: 22247601 PMCID: PMC3246183 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess production of nitric oxide by activated macrophages via inducible nitric oxide synthase leads to the development of various inflammatory diseases. Heme oxygenase-1 expression via activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 inhibits nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in activated macrophages. Okanin is one of the most abundant chalcones found in the genus Bidens (Asteraceae) that is used as various folk medications in Korea and China for treating inflammation. Here, we found that okanin (possessing the α-β unsaturated carbonyl group) induced heme oxygenase-1 expression via nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation in RAW264.7 macrophages. 3-Penten-2-one, of which structure, as in okanin, possesses the α-β unsaturated carbonyl group, also induced nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2-dependent heme oxygenase-1 expression, while both 2-pentanone (lacking a double bond) and 2-pentene (lacking a carbonyl group) were virtually inactive. In lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages, both okanin and 3-penten-2-one inhibited nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression via heme oxygenase-1 expression. Collectively, our findings suggest that by virtue of its α-β unsaturated carbonyl functional group, okanin can inhibit nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression via nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2-dependent heme oxygenase-1 expression in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sang Kil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 344-2 Shinyong-dong, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea
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González R, Ballester I, López-Posadas R, Suárez MD, Zarzuelo A, Martínez-Augustin O, Sánchez de Medina F. Effects of flavonoids and other polyphenols on inflammation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:331-62. [PMID: 21432698 DOI: 10.1080/10408390903584094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a family of polyphenolic compounds which are widespread in nature (vegetables) and are consumed as part of the human diet in significant amounts. There are other types of polyphenols, including, for example, tannins and resveratrol. Flavonoids and related polyphenolic compounds have significant antiinflammatory activity, among others. This short review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of flavonoids and related polyphenolic compounds on inflammation, with a focus on structural requirements, the mechanisms involved, and pharmacokinetic considerations. Different molecular (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase) and cellular targets (macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, endothelium) have been identified. In addition, many flavonoids display significant antioxidant/radical scavenging properties. There is substantial structural variation in these compounds, which is bound to have an impact on their biological profile, and specifically on their effects on inflammatory conditions. However, in general terms there is substantial consistency in the effects of these compounds despite considerable structural variations. The mechanisms have been studied mainly in myeloid cells, where the predominant effect is an inhibition of NF-κB signaling and the downregulation of the expression of proinflammatory markers. At present there is a gap in knowledge of in vitro and in vivo effects, although the pharmacokinetics of flavonoids has advanced considerably in the last decade. Many flavonoids have been studied for their intestinal antiinflammatory activity which is only logical, since the gastrointestinal tract is naturally exposed to them. However, their potential therapeutic application in inflammation is not restricted to this organ and extends to other sites and conditions, including arthritis, asthma, encephalomyelitis, and atherosclerosis, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- R González
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Zhang B, Kang M, Xie Q, Xu B, Sun C, Chen K, Wu Y. Anthocyanins from Chinese bayberry extract protect β cells from oxidative stress-mediated injury via HO-1 upregulation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:537-545. [PMID: 21166417 DOI: 10.1021/jf1035405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role during the islet transplantation procedure, and antioxidant supplementation may protect grafts against oxidative injury. Chinese bayberry is one of six Myrica species native to China, and we demonstrated here that anthocyanins from Chinese bayberry extract (CBE) protect pancreatic β cells (INS-1) against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced necrosis and apoptosis. Anthocyanins time- and dose-dependently upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression in β cells and primary islets. HO-1 knockdown increased H(2)O(2)-induced cell death and attenuated the cytoprotective effect of anthocyanins. Anthocyanin treatment activated ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling, and ERK1/2 and PI3K inhibitors partially attenuated anthocyanin-mediated induction of HO-1. Additionally, β cells pretreated with anthocyanins displayed a decreased extent of apoptosis after transplantation. In summary, these results suggest that anthocyanins in CBE protect β cells from H(2)O(2)-induced cell injury via ERK1/2- and PI3K/Akt-mediated HO-1 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Number 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, People's Republic of China
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Kim YM, Pae HO, Park JE, Lee YC, Woo JM, Kim NH, Choi YK, Lee BS, Kim SR, Chung HT. Heme oxygenase in the regulation of vascular biology: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:137-67. [PMID: 20624029 PMCID: PMC2988629 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenases (HOs) are the rate-limiting enzymes in the catabolism of heme into biliverdin, free iron, and carbon monoxide. Two genetically distinct isoforms of HO have been characterized: an inducible form, HO-1, and a constitutively expressed form, HO-2. HO-1 is a kind of stress protein, and thus regarded as a sensitive and reliable indicator of cellular oxidative stress. The HO system acts as potent antioxidants, protects endothelial cells from apoptosis, is involved in regulating vascular tone, attenuates inflammatory response in the vessel wall, and participates in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Endothelial integrity and activity are thought to occupy the central position in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease risk conditions converge in the contribution to oxidative stress. The oxidative stress leads to endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction with increases in vessel tone, cell growth, and gene expression that create a pro-thrombotic/pro-inflammatory environment. Subsequent formation, progression, and obstruction of atherosclerotic plaque may result in myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death. This background provides the rationale for exploring the potential therapeutic role for HO system in the amelioration of vascular inflammation and prevention of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Myeong Kim
- Vascular System Research Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, South Korea
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Kim YM, Pae HO, Park JE, Lee YC, Woo JM, Kim NH, Choi YK, Lee BS, Kim SR, Chung HT. Heme oxygenase in the regulation of vascular biology: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010. [PMID: 20624029 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.31532988629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenases (HOs) are the rate-limiting enzymes in the catabolism of heme into biliverdin, free iron, and carbon monoxide. Two genetically distinct isoforms of HO have been characterized: an inducible form, HO-1, and a constitutively expressed form, HO-2. HO-1 is a kind of stress protein, and thus regarded as a sensitive and reliable indicator of cellular oxidative stress. The HO system acts as potent antioxidants, protects endothelial cells from apoptosis, is involved in regulating vascular tone, attenuates inflammatory response in the vessel wall, and participates in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Endothelial integrity and activity are thought to occupy the central position in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease risk conditions converge in the contribution to oxidative stress. The oxidative stress leads to endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction with increases in vessel tone, cell growth, and gene expression that create a pro-thrombotic/pro-inflammatory environment. Subsequent formation, progression, and obstruction of atherosclerotic plaque may result in myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death. This background provides the rationale for exploring the potential therapeutic role for HO system in the amelioration of vascular inflammation and prevention of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Myeong Kim
- Vascular System Research Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, South Korea
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Urinary excretion of strawberry anthocyanins is dose dependent for physiological oral doses of fresh fruit. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:1097-105. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Anesthetics and Natural Heme Oxygenase-1 Inducers: Waiting for Carbon Monoxide? Ann Surg 2008; 247:712-3; author reply 713-4. [PMID: 18362637 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31816a505e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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