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Holthaus TA, Keye SA, Verma S, Cannavale CN, Burd NA, Holscher HD, Khan NA. Dietary patterns and carotenoid intake: Comparisons of MIND, Mediterranean, DASH, and Healthy Eating Index. Nutr Res 2024; 126:58-66. [PMID: 38615632 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) dietary pattern is associated with reduced cognitive decline and dementia risk. However, the nutrient features that distinguish the MIND from other patterns are unknown. We investigated the relationship between accordance to the MIND pattern and carotenoid intake (phytonutrients hypothesized to confer neuroprotection) relative to the Mediterranean, DASH, and Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2020). We hypothesized that MIND diet accordance would be a stronger predictor of carotenoid intake relative to other diet indices. A total of 396 adults (aged 19-82 years) completed the Dietary History Questionnaire to assess carotenoid intake and adherence to each diet index. Stepwise regressions with adjustment for covariates followed by the Meng's Z-test were used to compare correlation strength between each diet pattern and carotenoid. All diet patterns were positively associated with lutein and zeaxanthin, β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin (all βs ≥0.38, Ps <.01). Effect size comparisons revealed that MIND accordance predicted a greater proportion of variance in lutein and zeaxanthin (all Zs ≥ 3.3, Ps < .001) and β-carotene (all Zs ≥ 2.6, Ps < .01) relative to the Mediterranean, DASH, and HEI-2020. MIND accordance explained a greater proportion of variance in α-carotene (Z = 3.8, P < .001) and β-cryptoxanthin (Z = 3.6, P < .001) relative to the HEI-2020. MIND diet accordance was disproportionately related to carotenoid intake, indicating the MIND index places greater emphasis on carotenoid-rich foods, particularly those containing lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene, relative to other diet indices. Future research is needed to define the role of these carotenoids in nutritional interventions for cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori A Holthaus
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Louise Freer Hall, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shelby A Keye
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Louise Freer Hall, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shreya Verma
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Louise Freer Hall, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Corinne N Cannavale
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Louise Freer Hall, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Louise Freer Hall, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Reszczyńska E, Wiśniewska-Becker A, Duda M, Sęk A, Gruszecki WI, Hanaka A. The presence of free palmitic acid modulates the effects of lutein on structural and dynamic properties of lipid membranes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 752:109883. [PMID: 38211638 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Free fatty acids, like palmitic acid (PA), and xanthophyll pigments, like lutein (LUT) are the natural membrane compounds in plants. To study the effect of PA on LUT and their organization, a model membrane of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) enriched with 2 mol% PA and 1 mol% LUT was formed. Molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between these two compounds were examined with application of molecular spectroscopy techniques, e.g., visible spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared. We determined the monomeric/dimeric organization of LUT in the membrane. We proved that the presence of PA in the lipid phase facilitated and stabilized the formation of LUT structures in the membrane. Lutein with PA did not form strong molecular aggregates like H- and J-structures. We presented the simplified model membrane that could be a suitable representation of the physiological process of de-esterification of PA from LUT appearing in natural biomembranes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Reszczyńska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, W. Chodźki 1 Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland; Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Wiśniewska-Becker
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Duda
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alicja Sęk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, M. Curie-Skłodowska Square 1, 20-031, Lublin, Poland; The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3 Street, 96-100, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Wiesław I Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, M. Curie-Skłodowska Square 1, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Hanaka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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Li H, Chen L, Yuan C, Yang H, Ma Z, Zuo J. Diet-derived antioxidants and osteoporosis: A Mendelian randomization study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293145. [PMID: 38019728 PMCID: PMC10686434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antioxidants can prevent osteoporosis, but the association between serum antioxidants and the cause of osteoporosis remains unknown. We aimed to utilize Mendelian randomization (MR) to determine whether genetically predicted serum levels of diet-derived antioxidants can affect the risk of osteoporosis, to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of antioxidants. METHODS Genetic variants associated with diet-derived antioxidants were selected from the genome-wide association studies. A total of 12,946 osteoporosis cases and 506,624 healthy controls were obtained from UK Biobank (UKB) and Genetic Factors of Osteoporosis (GEFOS) consortia. We implemented a two-sample MR design and performed several sensitivity analyses to evaluate the causal relationship. RESULTS In UKB, the genetically predicted higher β-carotene (OR = 0.863, p = 7.37 × 10-6, power = 100%) and γ-tocopherol (OR = 0.701, p = 0.021, power = 5%) had an inverse relationship with osteoporosis. However, only the association of serum β-carotene passed FDR correction. In GEFOS, there were no significant diet-derived antioxidants. The direction of the association of β-carotene with osteoporosis (OR = 0.844, p = 0.106, power = 87%) was consistent with that in the UKB dataset. A fixed-effects meta-analysis confirmed that β-carotene (OR = 0.862, p = 2.21 × 10-6) and γ-tocopherol (OR = 0.701, p = 2.31 × 10-2) could decrease the risk of osteoporosis. To reduce exclusion limit bias, we used total body bone mineral density, lumbar spine bone mineral density and femoral neck bone mineral density as surrogates and found that the genetically elevated circulating β-carotene level could increase total body BMD (beta = 0.043, p-value = 8.26 x 10-5, power = 100%), lumbar spine BMD (beta = 0.226, p-value = 0.001, power = 100%) and femoral neck BMD(beta = 0.118, p-value = 0.016, power = 100%). CONCLUSIONS We observed that genetically predicted serum β-carotene could elevate BMD and prevent osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Li
- Department of Orthopeadics, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chaofeng Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal Surgery, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongqun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Ma
- Department of Orthopeadics, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianlin Zuo
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Zhao Z, Wu J, Liu Y, Zhuang Y, Yan H, Xiao M, Zhang L, An L. Dietary Canthaxanthin Supplementation Promotes the Laying Rate and Follicular Development of Huaixiang Hens. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1375. [PMID: 37997976 PMCID: PMC10669059 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Canthaxanthin(CX) is a ketocarotenoid, which is widely used in poultry production as a lipophilic antioxidant. Huaixiang chickens are a local breed in China famous for their excellent meat quality; improving their laying rate via nutritional regulation has attracted extensive attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary CX on the laying rate and follicular development in Huaixiang hens. A total of 180 Huaixiang hens were randomly divided into five groups with six replicates, and six chickens per replication. The control group (CON) were fed a basal diet, and the treatment group (NT) were fed a basal diet supplemented with 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/kg CX. All chickens were 26 weeks old, living at an average environmental temperature of 25 ± 2 °C with a relative humidity of 65-75%. The results showed that supplementing the CX improved the laying rate and large white follicles (LWF) number (p < 0.05) and increased the concentration of reproductive hormones (LH, FSH, E2 and Prog) (p < 0.05), and the basal diet supplemented with 6 mg/kg CX worked best. Moreover, CX could increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH-Px (p < 0.05) and reduce the content of the lipid peroxidation product MDA in Huaixiang chickens (p < 0.05); again, 6 mg/kg CX was best. In conclusion, dietary CX had positive effects on the laying rate, ovarian structure, reproductive hormone secretion, follicle development, and the antioxidant capacity of Huaixiang hens, and 6 mg/kg CX was recommended to be added to the diet of Huaixiang chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lilong An
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.Z.); (J.W.)
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Almaguer J, Hindle A, Lawrence JJ. The Contribution of Hippocampal All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) Deficiency to Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Overview of ATRA-Dependent Gene Expression in Post-Mortem Hippocampal Tissue. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1921. [PMID: 38001775 PMCID: PMC10669734 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that vitamin A (VA) deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a metabolite of VA in the brain, serves distinct roles in the human hippocampus. Agonists of retinoic acid receptors (RAR), including ATRA, promote activation of the non-amyloidogenic pathway by enhancing expression of α-secretases, providing a mechanistic basis for delaying/preventing amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity. However, whether ATRA is actually deficient in the hippocampi of patients with AD is not clear. Here, using a publicly available human transcriptomic dataset, we evaluated the extent to which ATRA-sensitive genes are dysregulated in hippocampal tissue from post-mortem AD brains, relative to age-matched controls. Consistent with ATRA deficiency, we found significant dysregulation of many ATRA-sensitive genes and significant upregulation of RAR co-repressors, supporting the idea of transcriptional repression of ATRA-mediated signaling. Consistent with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, Nrf2 and NfkB transcripts were upregulated, respectively. Interestingly, transcriptional targets of Nrf2 were not upregulated, accompanied by upregulation of several histone deacetylases. Overall, our investigation of ATRA-sensitive genes in the human hippocampus bolsters the scientific premise of ATRA depletion in AD and that epigenetic factors should be considered and addressed as part of VA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Almaguer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
| | - Ashly Hindle
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
| | - J. Josh Lawrence
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Garrison Institute on Aging, Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, and Center of Excellence for Integrated Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Nishida Y, Berg PC, Shakersain B, Hecht K, Takikawa A, Tao R, Kakuta Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Misawa N, Maoka T. Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:514. [PMID: 37888449 PMCID: PMC10608541 DOI: 10.3390/md21100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
| | | | - Behnaz Shakersain
- AstaReal AB, Signum, Forumvägen 14, Level 16, 131 53 Nacka, Sweden; (P.C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Ruohan Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Yumeka Kakuta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi 921-8836, Japan;
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
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Morilla MJ, Ghosal K, Romero EL. More Than Pigments: The Potential of Astaxanthin and Bacterioruberin-Based Nanomedicines. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1828. [PMID: 37514016 PMCID: PMC10385456 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural products regulated by the food sector, currently used as feed dyes and as antioxidants in dietary supplements and composing functional foods for human consumption. Of the nearly one thousand carotenoids described to date, only retinoids, derived from beta carotene, have the status of a drug and are regulated by the pharmaceutical sector. In this review, we address a novel field: the transformation of xanthophylls, particularly the highly marketed astaxanthin and the practically unknown bacterioruberin, in therapeutic agents by altering their pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and pharmacodynamics through their formulation as nanomedicines. The antioxidant activity of xanthophylls is mediated by routes different from those of the classical oral anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): remarkably, xanthophylls lack therapeutic activity but also lack toxicity. Formulated as nanomedicines, xanthophylls gain therapeutic activity by mechanisms other than increased bioavailability. Loaded into ad hoc tailored nanoparticles to protect their structure throughout storage and during gastrointestinal transit or skin penetration, xanthophylls can be targeted and delivered to selected inflamed cell groups, achieving a massive intracellular concentration after endocytosis of small doses of formulation. Most first reports showing the activities of oral and topical anti-inflammatory xanthophyll-based nanomedicines against chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and dry eye disease emerged between 2020 and 2023. Here we discuss in detail their preclinical performance, mostly targeted vesicular and polymeric nanoparticles, on cellular models and in vivo. The results, although preliminary, are auspicious enough to speculate upon their potential use for oral or topical administration in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina
| | - Kajal Ghosal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Rd., Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina
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Correlation between Blunted Nocturnal Decrease in Diastolic Blood Pressure and Oxidative Stress: An Observational Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122430. [PMID: 36552638 PMCID: PMC9774450 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An impaired nocturnal decrease in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increases the blood pressure (BP) load, which is a main factor in endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and arterial stiffness. We aimed to quantify some markers of oxidative stress in hypertensive patients, to compare their levels between individuals with dipper and non-dipper DBP profiles, and to assess their correlation with the nocturnal DBP (nDBP) dipping. It was an observational study that included patients older than 18 years with a diagnosis of essential hypertension who consented to participate. The collected variables were some indices of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, demographic, epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory variables. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced thiols, together with serum vitamin E, vitamin A, copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) levels were assessed as oxidative stress markers. We recruited 248 patients with a median age of 56 years (56% women). The percentage of nDBP dipping showed a weak positive correlation with reduced thiol, vitamin E, and vitamin A levels; and a weak negative correlation with Cu levels. We also found a negative correlation between nDBP dipping and the TBARS/Thiol, TBARS/Vitamin E, and TBARS/Vitamin A ratios. After multivariate analysis, we found that increased TBARS/Thiol ratio and serum Cu levels were associated with a higher risk of a non-dipper DBP profile. As in other situations of increased cardiovascular risk, an impaired nDBP decrease may coincide with abnormalities in redox status.
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Functional Ingredients and Food Preservative in Immature Persimmon “Tekka-Kaki”. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature persimmons are unripe fruits that are cut off during the persimmon cultivation process and immediately discarded, amounting to an annual fruit loss of approximately 100 to 400 kg per 1000 m2. The purpose of this study was to make effective use of unused resources, namely, immature persimmons, and attempt to use them as food additives. In this study, we studied the Tone Wase (fully astringent persimmon) and Fuyu (fully sweet persimmon) cultivars. As a result, we performed a component analysis of the immature persimmons, isolating 12 compounds, of which two were newly identified. Differences in the components and their contents were found between cultivars and between the peel and flesh. To effectively use immature persimmons as food for the elderly, we searched for active substances that inhibit AGE formation and found that extracts of immature persimmons and isolated compounds showed high activity. In particular, high activity was observed for catechin and its polymeric form, procyanidin. Regarding the inhibition of aroma deterioration, 5 mg/L of gallic acid in octadecane was found to be the optimal condition for the inhibition of citral deterioration. As for antimicrobial activity, we found that extracts at a concentration of 500 mg/L had no antimicrobial effect. Based on these findings, we made a microencapsulation process, and plan to advance to the clinical trial study in future. These findings confirmed the effectiveness of immature persimmons, which are an unused resource, and reveal their potential as a food for the elderly and as a food additive in other food products, which we hope will lead to new industrial innovations.
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Abstract
Vitamin A, acting through its metabolite, all-trans-retinoic acid, is a potent transcriptional regulator affecting expression levels of hundreds of genes through retinoic acid response elements present within these genes. However, the literature is replete with claims that consider vitamin A to be an antioxidant vitamin, like vitamins C and E. This apparent contradiction in the understanding of how vitamin A acts mechanistically within the body is a major focus of this review. Vitamin E, which is generally understood to act as a lipophilic antioxidant protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids present in membranes, is often proposed to be a transcriptional regulator. The evaluation of this claim is another focus of the review. We conclude that vitamin A is an indirect antioxidant, whose indirect function is to transcriptionally regulate a number of genes involved in mediating the body's canonical antioxidant responses. Vitamin E, in addition to being a direct antioxidant, prevents the increase of peroxidized lipids that alter both metabolic pathways and gene expression profiles within tissues and cells. However, there is little compelling evidence that vitamin E has a direct transcriptional mechanism like that of vitamin A. Thus, we propose that the term antioxidant not be applied to vitamin A, and we discourage the use of the term transcriptional mediator when discussing vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Igor O Shmarakov
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Abstract
Dietary intake and tissue levels of carotenoids have been associated with a reduced risk of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity, brain-related diseases and some types of cancer. However, intervention trials with isolated carotenoid supplements have mostly failed to confirm the postulated health benefits. It has thereby been speculated that dosing, matrix and synergistic effects, as well as underlying health and the individual nutritional status plus genetic background do play a role. It appears that our knowledge on carotenoid-mediated health benefits may still be incomplete, as the underlying mechanisms of action are poorly understood in relation to human relevance. Antioxidant mechanisms - direct or via transcription factors such as NRF2 and NF-κB - and activation of nuclear hormone receptor pathways such as of RAR, RXR or also PPARs, via carotenoid metabolites, are the basic principles which we try to connect with carotenoid-transmitted health benefits as exemplified with described common diseases including obesity/diabetes and cancer. Depending on the targeted diseases, single or multiple mechanisms of actions may play a role. In this review and position paper, we try to highlight our present knowledge on carotenoid metabolism and mechanisms translatable into health benefits related to several chronic diseases.
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Rocha ACL, Bortoletto MC, da Costa AC, Oyafuso LKM, Sanudo A, Tomita LY. Low serum lycopene, and adequate α-tocopherol levels in patients with psoriasis: A cross-sectional study. Nutr Health 2021; 28:239-248. [PMID: 33960217 DOI: 10.1177/02601060211014127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin disease. It affects skin and joints, characterized by abnormal hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. The worldwide prevalence of psoriasis ranges from 2% to 4%. Environmental factors as smoking, alcohol consumption obesity can also work as triggers. During the inflammatory process, there is an exacerbated formation of free radicals and antioxidants are required to maintain redox balance. AIM Assess antioxidant profiles. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between August/2012 and March/2014. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and biochemical measurements, dietary intake, serum lycopene and α-tocopherol, psoriasis severity according to Psoriasis Area and Severity Index were obtained. Comparisons between serum lycopene and α-tocopherol distributions according to variables were conducted using a one-way analysis of variance. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate factors associated with serum antioxidants. RESULTS 81 participants (56% female, 62% non-white), 34% without psoriatic lesions, 51% diagnosed with mild psoriasis, and 15% with moderate psoriasis. Median (IQR) age of 54 (41, 62) years, 10 (4, 11) years of education, 17% smokers, 46% overweight and 25% obesity. In total, 72% did not reach the daily recommendation of fruit and vegetable intake. Serum lycopene and α-tocopherol were 0.2 (0.1-0.3) µmol/L and 22.5 (18.5-25.6) µmol/L, respectively. Only 14% presented adequate concentration of lycopene, but adequate α-tocopherol level was observed among 88%. CONCLUSIONS Patients reported a diet low in vegetables and fruits and rich in ultra-processed foods and fatty acids. Adequate circulating α-tocopherol but low serum lycopene, was observed among patients. A linear trend was observed for lycopene according to the severity of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C L Rocha
- Departament of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Adriana Sanudo
- Departament of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Y Tomita
- Departament of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
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Ferreira LMDMC, Pereira RR, de Carvalho FB, Silva Santos A, Ribeiro-Costa RM, Carréra Silva Júnior JO. Green Extraction by Ultrasound, Microencapsulation by Spray Drying and Antioxidant Activity of the Tucuma Coproduct ( Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) Almonds. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040545. [PMID: 33917892 PMCID: PMC8068271 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The industrial processing amazon fruits, like tucuma, generates a large amount of coproducts with large nutritional potential. Thus, this work obtained the oily extract of the tucuma almonds coproducts by green extraction using palm oil by the ultrasound method and then microencapsulated by atomization and verification of its antioxidant activity. Thermogravimetric techniques, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, moisture content, water activity were applied to characterize the microparticles. Total carotenoids were determined by UV spectroscopy and antioxidant activity was measured by 2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid and co-oxidation in the system β-carotene/linoleic acid. The oily extract and microparticle had total carotenoid contents of 3.305 mg/100 g ± 0.01 and 2.559 mg/100 g ± 0.01, respectively. The antioxidant activity assessed through the 2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid value was 584.75 μM/trolox ± 0.01 (oily extract) and 537.12 μM/trolox ± 0.01 (microparticle) were determined. In the system β-carotene/linoleic acid showed oxidation of 49.9% ± 1.8 lipophilic extract and 43.3% ± 2.3 microparticle. The results showed that the oily extract of the tucuma almond coproduct can be used as a carotenoid-rich source and microencapsuled with possible application for functional foods production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rayanne Rocha Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic R&D, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (L.M.d.M.C.F.); (R.R.P.)
| | - Fernanda Brito de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Innovation and Development of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil;
| | - Alberdan Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Systematic Investigation in Biotechnology and Molecular Biodiversity, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | | | - José Otávio Carréra Silva Júnior
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic R&D, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (L.M.d.M.C.F.); (R.R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(91)-3201-8345
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14
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Clove Oil Protects β-Carotene in Oil-in-Water Emulsion against Photodegradation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
β-Carotene degrades rapidly in a 2% oil-in-water emulsion, made from food-grade soy oil with 7.4 mg β-carotene/mL oil, during storage and when exposed to light. Added clove oil (2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 µL/mL of emulsion) protects against the photodegradation of β-carotene, regardless of the ratio between clove oil and β-carotene in the concentration range studied, suggesting that the regeneration of β-carotene is caused by eugenol, the principal plant phenol of clove oil to occur in the oil-water interface. Therefore, clove oil in low concentrations may find use as a natural protectant of provitamin A in enriched foods during retail display.
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Structures of Astaxanthin and Their Consequences for Therapeutic Application. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2020; 2020:2156582. [PMID: 32775406 PMCID: PMC7391096 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2156582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated as a by-product of normal aerobic metabolism. Elevated ROS formation leads to potential damage of biological structures and is implicated in various diseases. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite responsible for the red-orange color of a number of marine animals and microorganisms. There is mounting evidence that astaxanthin has powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Hence, its consumption can result in various health benefits, with potential for therapeutic application. Astaxanthin contains both a hydroxyl and a keto group, and this unique structure plays important roles in neutralizing ROS. The molecule quenches harmful singlet oxygen, scavenges peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals and converts them into more stable compounds, prevents the formation of free radicals, and inhibits the autoxidation chain reaction. It also acts as a metal chelator and converts metal prooxidants into harmless molecules. However, like many other carotenoids, astaxanthin is affected by the environmental conditions, e.g., pH, heat, or exposure to light. It is hence susceptible to structural modification, i.e., via isomerization, aggregation, or esterification, which alters its physiochemical properties. Here, we provide a concise overview of the distribution of astaxanthin in tissues, and astaxanthin structures, and their role in tackling singlet oxygen and free radicals. We highlight the effect of structural modification of astaxanthin molecules on the bioavailability and biological activity. These studies suggested that astaxanthin would be a promising dietary supplement for health applications.
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Miyashita K, Beppu F, Hosokawa M, Liu X, Wang S. Bioactive significance of fucoxanthin and its effective extraction. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Boehm F, Edge R, Truscott TG. Anti- and pro-oxidative mechanisms comparing the macular carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein with other dietary carotenoids - a singlet oxygen, free-radical in vitro and ex vivo study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1001-1009. [PMID: 32589182 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of dietary carotenoids, and particularly the xanthophylls in the macula, with singlet oxygen and three different oxy-radicals, (hydroxyl radical, nitrogen dioxide and the superoxide radical anion) are compared using pulsed laser and γ-techniques. The results give possible molecular mechanisms for the switch from anti-oxidant (protection) by carotenoids to pro-oxidant (damage) by carotenoids. The participation of oxygen in radical mechanisms in the presence of different carotenoids is compared for the different radicals. It is shown that the mechanistic role of oxygen differs very significantly for anti-/pro-oxidation by hydroxyl radicals when compared to nitrogen dioxide. Lutein was found to be an extremely good cell protector against hydroxyl radicals at all oxygen concentrations, including under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Boehm
- Photobiology Research, Internationales Handelszentrum (IHZ), Friedrichstraße 95, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Edge
- Dalton Cumbrian Facility, Westlakes Science Park, The University of Manchester, CA24 3HA, Cumbria, UK
| | - T George Truscott
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK.
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18
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Tamura H, Ishikita H. Quenching of Singlet Oxygen by Carotenoids via Ultrafast Superexchange Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5081-5088. [PMID: 32482065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the quenching mechanism of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) by carotenoids, namely lycopene, β-carotene, astaxanthin, and lutein, by means of quantum dynamics calculations and ab initio calculations. The singlet carotenoid (1Car) and 1O2 molecules can form a weakly bound complex via donation of electron density from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the carotenoid to the πg* orbitals of 1O2. The Dexter-type superexchange via charge transfer states (Car•+/O2•-) governs the 1O2 quenching. The Car•+/O2•- states are substantially higher in energy (2-4 eV) than the initial 1Car/1O2 states. The quantum dynamics calculations indicate an ultrafast 1O2 quenching on a timescale of subpicosecond owing to the strong electronic couplings in the carotenoid/O2 complexes. The superexchange mechanism via the Car•+/O2•- states dominates the 1O2 quenching, although the direct two-electron coupling can also play a certain role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tamura
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishikita
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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Cartmel B, Anderson C, Irwin ML, Harrigan M, Sanft T, Li F, Gellermann W, Ermakov IV, Ferrucci LM. Skin carotenoids are inversely associated with adiposity in breast cancer survivors. Nutr Res 2020; 79:77-86. [PMID: 32650223 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are antioxidants which may mitigate some of the adverse effects of obesity, a condition associated with poor outcomes in breast cancer patients. We hypothesized that baseline skin carotenoids would be inversely associated with adiposity in breast cancer survivors and would increase with weight loss. Skin carotenoid score (SCS) was assessed by resonance Raman spectroscopy in breast cancer survivors (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) enrolled in a 6-month randomized controlled weight loss trial (n = 47). Measurements included total body fat using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, dietary intake, and serum biomarkers. Associations between SCS, adiposity measures, and serum biomarkers were assessed at baseline, as was the change in SCS from baseline to 6 months, in the intervention and usual care groups. At baseline, SCS was inversely correlated with all adiposity measures (P ≤ .05). In multivariate analyses, baseline percent body fat had the strongest association with baseline SCS (partial R2= 0.20). Baseline SCS was significantly inversely associated with log C-reactive protein levels (regression coefficient β ± SE: -0.051± 0.019; P = .011) and log leptin (β ± SE: -0.019± 0.009; P = .046), but the associations were no longer significant after adjustment for adiposity. Over the 6-month study, the intervention group had a 17.6% increase in SCS compared to a 1.5% decrease in the usual care group (P = .28). In our study of overweight and obese breast cancer survivors, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-measured body fat explained a large portion of the variation in skin carotenoids at baseline, suggesting a stronger association than that previously seen in studies using less accurate measures of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Cartmel
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06511; Yale Cancer Center, PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06519.
| | - Chelsea Anderson
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06511.
| | - Melinda L Irwin
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06511; Yale Cancer Center, PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06519.
| | - Maura Harrigan
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06511.
| | - Tara Sanft
- Yale Cancer Center, PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06519; Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06511.
| | - Fangyong Li
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06511.
| | - Werner Gellermann
- Longevity Link Corporation, 391 Chipeta Way, Suite E, Salt Lake City, UT 84108.
| | - Igor V Ermakov
- Longevity Link Corporation, 391 Chipeta Way, Suite E, Salt Lake City, UT 84108.
| | - Leah M Ferrucci
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06511; Yale Cancer Center, PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06519.
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20
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Serum carotenoid concentrations and their association with ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes within the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) study. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:1362-1371. [PMID: 32366346 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019004968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have reported an inverse association between a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but data on high-risk ethnic minority groups is limited. We investigated whether serum carotenoids, as biomarkers for fruit and vegetable intake, mediate ethnic differences in the prevalence of T2D. DESIGN Age-adjusted serum carotenoid concentrations were compared using ANCOVA. A cross-sectional analysis was performed using Cox regression to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95 % CI of the association between serum carotenoid concentrations and T2D. To study whether serum carotenoids potentially mediate the differences in the prevalence of T2D across ethnic groups, we compared PR of the model including known risk factors and the model additionally adjusted for serum carotenoid concentrations using the Dutch group as reference. SETTING A study among six ethnic groups living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS Data on 204 Dutch, 203 South Asian Surinamese, 204 African Surinamese, 203 Turkish and 200 Moroccan-origin participants from the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) study were used. RESULTS Serum carotenoid concentrations differed across ethnic groups. After adjusting for confounders, the serum concentrations of total carotenoids (PR 0·67, 95 % CI 0·54, 0·84), α-carotene (PR 0·57, 95 % CI 0·42, 0·77), β-carotene (PR 0·45, 95 % CI 0·32, 0·63) and β-cryptoxanthin (PR 0·73, 95 % CI 0·58, 0·92) were inversely associated with T2D. Despite the associations, serum carotenoids did not mediate the ethnic differences in the prevalence of T2D. CONCLUSIONS The limited contribution of serum carotenoids to ethnic differences in T2D suggests that a focus on increasing fruit and vegetable intake alone will not likely eliminate ethnic differences in T2D prevalence.
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21
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Miyashita K, Beppu F, Hosokawa M, Liu X, Wang S. Nutraceutical characteristics of the brown seaweed carotenoid fucoxanthin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 686:108364. [PMID: 32315653 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fucoxanthin (Fx), a major carotenoid found in brown seaweed, is known to show a unique and wide variety of biological activities. Upon absorption, Fx is metabolized to fucoxanthinol and amarouciaxanthin, and these metabolites mainly accumulate in visceral white adipose tissue (WAT). As seen in other carotenoids, Fx can quench singlet oxygen and scavenge a wide range of free radicals. The antioxidant activity is related to the neuroprotective, photoprotective, and hepatoprotective effects of Fx. Fx is also reported to show anti-cancer activity through the regulation of several biomolecules and signaling pathways that are involved in either cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, or metastasis suppression. Among the biological activities of Fx, anti-obesity is the most well-studied and most promising effect. This effect is primarily based on the upregulation of thermogenesis by uncoupling protein 1 expression and the increase in the metabolic rate induced by mitochondrial activation. In addition, Fx shows anti-diabetic effects by improving insulin resistance and promoting glucose utilization in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Miyashita
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Beppu
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Masashi Hosokawa
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Shandong Haizhibao Ocean Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Rongcheng City, 264300, China
| | - Shuzhou Wang
- Shandong Haizhibao Ocean Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Rongcheng City, 264300, China
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22
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Black HS, Boehm F, Edge R, Truscott TG. The Benefits and Risks of Certain Dietary Carotenoids that Exhibit both Anti- and Pro-Oxidative Mechanisms-A Comprehensive Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E264. [PMID: 32210038 PMCID: PMC7139534 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid pigments, particularly β-carotene and lycopene, are consumed in human foodstuffs and play a vital role in maintaining health. β-carotene is known to quench singlet oxygen and can have strong antioxidant activity. As such, it was proposed that β-carotene might reduce the risk of cancer. Epidemiological studies found inverse relationships between cancer risk and β-carotene intake or blood levels. However, clinical trials failed to support those findings and β-carotene supplementation actually increased lung cancer incidence in male smokers. Early experimental animal studies found dietary β-carotene inhibited UV-induced skin cancers. Later studies found that β-carotene supplementation exacerbated UV-carcinogenic expression. The discrepancies of these results were related to the type of diet the animals consumed. Lycopene has been associated with reduced risk of lethal stage prostate cancer. Other carotenoids, e.g., lutein and zeaxanthin, play a vital role in visual health. Numerous studies of molecular mechanisms to explain the carotenoids' mode of action have centered on singlet oxygen, as well as radical reactions. In cellular systems, singlet oxygen quenching by carotenoids has been reported but is more complex than in organic solvents. In dietary β-carotene supplement studies, damaging pro-oxidant reactivity can also arise. Reasons for this switch are likely due to the properties of the carotenoid radicals themselves. Understanding singlet oxygen reactions and the anti-/pro-oxidant roles of carotenoids are of importance to photosynthesis, vision and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homer S. Black
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fritz Boehm
- Photobiology Research, Internationales Handelszentrum (IHZ), Friedrichstraße 95, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ruth Edge
- Dalton Cumbrian Facility, Westlakes Science Park, The University of Manchester, Cumbria CA24 3HA, UK
| | - T. George Truscott
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
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23
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Heymann T, Schmitz LM, Lange J, Glomb MA. Influence of β-Carotene and Lycopene on Oxidation of Ethyl Linoleate in One- and Disperse-Phased Model Systems. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2747-2756. [PMID: 32028770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The induction period (IP) of ethyl linoleate stressed at 60 °C was monitored via the formation of hydroperoxides. The addition of lycopene (1% w/w) increased the IP from 7.0 to 10.0 h to prove the strong antioxidative potential in contrast to β-carotene with pro-oxidative effects (IP: 6.0 h), both showing strong scavenging activity under fast degradation. When peroxidation was induced by singlet oxygen, both carotenoids effectively inhibited the formation of hydroperoxides, with quenching activity only observed at low singlet oxygen concentrations, while scavenging still dominated. Thus, carotenoids did not interact with the introduced singlet oxygen but rather with the radical intermediates of fat oxidation. These experiments were then transferred to lecithin-based micelles more related to biological systems, where singlet oxygen was generated in the outer aqueous phase. Lycopene and β-carotene delayed or inhibited lipid peroxidation depending on concentration. In this setup, β-carotene showed exclusively quenching activity, while lycopene was additionally degraded to about 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heymann
- Institute of Chemistry-Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Lea M Schmitz
- Institute of Chemistry-Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Josefine Lange
- Institute of Chemistry-Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Marcus A Glomb
- Institute of Chemistry-Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Nekoval S, Belyaeva A, Maskalenko O, Sadovaya A, Churikova A. Prospects for the use of the tomato genetic collection of the FSBSI ARRIBPP to develop varieties with group resistance to Alternaria sp. and Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance of mutant tomato lines to the main diseases upon the provocative infectious background was assessed. We used as experimental material 22 lines of the tomato genetic collection of the FSBSI ARRIBPP, Krasnodar. According to the results of assessing the damage by Alternaria sp. in the field it was found that line 41 exhibitted high resistance, there were no signs of disease damage. Mutant lines 80, 387, 434, 568, 620 showed resistance, the degree of the disease development varied within 1–8 %. Lines 172, 467, 509, 518 with a degree of development of 12–23 % were characterized by semi-resistance. Lines 41, 387 showed high resistance to P. infestans. No visible signs of damage by P. infestans were detected in these genotypes. Lines 341, 509, 518, 568 had semi-resistance to the pathogen, the degree of development varied from 10 to 18 %. The genotypes Mo 41 and 387 that showed high and relatively high resistance to Alternaria sp. and P. infestans are of the greatest interest for breeding and genetic work as sources of group resistance.
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Sho M, Ichiyanagi N, Imaizumi K, Ishikawa M, Morimoto S, Watanabe H, Okano H. A combinational treatment of carotenoids decreases Aβ secretion in human neurons via β-secretase inhibition. Neurosci Res 2019; 158:47-55. [PMID: 31606373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized neuropathologically by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, major components of amyloid plaques and crucial pathogenic molecules in terms of the amyloid hypothesis, are derived from successive proteolytic processing of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP). In this study, we established a human neuronal culture system using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to evaluate the possible effects of natural compounds on the amyloid phenotype. Unexpectedly, we found that combinational treatment of carotenoids, but not docosahexaenoic acid, significantly decreased Aβ secretion from iPSC-derived human cortical neurons. Importantly, the effects of the carotenoids resulted from specific inhibition of BACE1 activity and not from expression changes in APP or BACE1. Therefore, these results indicate a novel beneficial function of carotenoids in the anti-amyloidogenic processing of APP. Collectively, this study will shed light on neuronal protection by a novel mechanism during the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Sho
- Department of Physiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Ichiyanagi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kent Imaizumi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ishikawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Morimoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watanabe
- Department of Physiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Balić A, Mokos M. Do We Utilize Our Knowledge of the Skin Protective Effects of Carotenoids Enough? Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E259. [PMID: 31370257 PMCID: PMC6719967 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their potential health-promoting effects, carotenoids have drawn both scientific and public attention in recent years. The primary source of carotenoids in the human skin is diet, mainly fruits, vegetables, and marine product, but they may originate from supplementation and topical application, too. In the skin, they accumulate mostly in the epidermis and act as a protective barrier to various environmental influences. Namely, the skin is exposed to numerous environmental factors, including ultraviolet radiation (UVR), air pollution, and smoking, that cause oxidative stress within the skin with consequent premature (extrinsic) aging. UVR, as the most prominent environmental factor, may cause additional detrimental skin effects, such as sunburn, DNA damage, and skin cancer. Therefore, photoprotection is the first line intervention in the prevention of premature aging and skin cancer. Numerous studies have demonstrated that carotenoids, particularly β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and astaxanthin, have photoprotective effects, not only through direct light-absorbing properties, but also through their antioxidant effects (scavenging reactive oxygen species), as well as by regulation of UV light-induced gene expression, modulation of stress-dependent signaling, and/or suppression of cellular and tissue responses like inflammation. Interventional studies in humans with carotenoid-rich diet have shown its photoprotective effects on the skin (mostly by decreasing the sensitivity to UVR-induced erythema) and its beneficial effects in prevention and improvement of skin aging (improved skin elasticity and hydration, skin texture, wrinkles, and age spots). Furthermore, carotenoids may be helpful in the prevention and treatment of some photodermatoses, including erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) and polymorphous light eruption (PMLE). Although UVR is recognized as the main etiopathogenetic factor in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and melanoma, and the photoprotective effects of carotenoids are certain, available studies still could not undoubtedly confirm the protective role of carotenoids in skin photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Balić
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Šalata 4, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mislav Mokos
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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27
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Przybylska S. Lycopene – a bioactive carotenoid offering multiple health benefits: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Przybylska
- Department Food Science and Technology Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries West Pomeranian University of Technology Papieża Pawła VI Str. No. 3 Szczecin 71‐459 Poland
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Sandmann G. Antioxidant Protection from UV- and Light-Stress Related to Carotenoid Structures. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070219. [PMID: 31336715 PMCID: PMC6680902 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes studies of protection against singlet oxygen and radical damage by carotenoids. The main focus is on how substitutions of the carotenoid molecules determine high antioxidant activities such as singlet oxygen quenching and radical scavenging. Applied assays were carried out either in vitro in solvents or with liposomes, and in a few cases with living organisms. In the latter, protection by carotenoids especially of photosynthesis against light- and UV-stress is of major importance, but also heterotrophic organisms suffer from high light and UV exposure which can be alleviated by carotenoids. Carotenoids to be compared include C30, C40 and C50 molecules either acyclic, monocyclic or bicyclic with different substitutions including sugar and fatty acid moieties. Although some studies are difficult to compare, there is a tendency towards mono and bicyclic carotenoids with keto groups at C-4/C-4’ and the longest possible polyene structure functions to act best in singlet oxygen quenching and radical scavenging. Size of the carotenoid and lipophilic substituents such as fatty acids seem to be of minor importance for their activity but hydroxyl groups at an acyclic end and especially glycosylation of these hydroxyl groups enhance carotenoid activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sandmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt/M, Max von Laue Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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29
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Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Stinco CM, Mapelli-Brahm P. Skin Carotenoids in Public Health and Nutricosmetics: The Emerging Roles and Applications of the UV Radiation-Absorbing Colourless Carotenoids Phytoene and Phytofluene. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051093. [PMID: 31100970 PMCID: PMC6566388 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the importance of dietary carotenoids in skin health and appearance is comprehensively reviewed and discussed. References are made to their applications in health-promoting and nutricosmetic products and the important public health implications that can be derived. Attention is focused on the colourless UV radiation (UVR)-absorbing dietary carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene, which are attracting increased interest in food science and technology, nutrition, health and cosmetics. These compounds are major dietary carotenoids, readily bioavailable, and have been shown to be involved in several health-promoting actions, as pinpointed in recent reviews. The growing evidence that these unique UVR-absorbing carotenoids with distinctive structures, properties (light absorption, susceptibility to oxidation, rigidity, tendency to aggregation, or even fluorescence, in the case of phytofluene) and activities can be beneficial in these contexts is highlighted. Additionally, the recommendation that the levels of these carotenoids are considered in properly assessing skin carotenoid status is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Colour & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Carla M Stinco
- Food Colour & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Paula Mapelli-Brahm
- Food Colour & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Van Gulick L, Saby C, Morjani H, Beljebbar A. Age-related changes in molecular organization of type I collagen in tendon as probed by polarized SHG and Raman microspectroscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7280. [PMID: 31086263 PMCID: PMC6513820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I Collagen is one of the most abundant proteins of the extracellular matrix of the most organs. During chronological aging or in diseases, type I collagen undergoes biochemical and structural changes which can impact biomechanical and physiological properties of organs. In this study, we have investigated the age-related changes in the molecular organization of type I collagen in rat tails tendon using polarized Raman spectroscopy. Our results show that Amide I, amide III as well as the bands related to proline and hydroxyproline are highly sensitive to polarization and age-related. On the other hand, 1453 and 1270 cm−1 do not show any preferential orientation. Depolarization and anisotropic ratios were used to provide information about the changes in orientation of collagen fibers with aging. The anisotropy degree of Raman bands increase from adult to old collagen, indicating a higher collagen fibers alignment to the fascicle backbone axis in old tendons, and consequently a higher straightness of collagen fibers. These data were correlated to those obtained using polarized second harmonic generation technique. Polarized Raman mapping showed a more homogeneous spatial distribution of collagen fibers alignment to the fascicle axis in old tendon. This confirms a higher straightness of collagen fiber with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Van Gulick
- BioSpectroscopie Translationnelle (BioSpecT), EA 7506, SFR CAP-Sante FED4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims, cedex, France
| | - Charles Saby
- BioSpectroscopie Translationnelle (BioSpecT), EA 7506, SFR CAP-Sante FED4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims, cedex, France
| | - Hamid Morjani
- BioSpectroscopie Translationnelle (BioSpecT), EA 7506, SFR CAP-Sante FED4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims, cedex, France
| | - Abdelilah Beljebbar
- BioSpectroscopie Translationnelle (BioSpecT), EA 7506, SFR CAP-Sante FED4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims, cedex, France.
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31
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de Oliveira VS, Ferreira FS, Cople MCR, Labre TDS, Augusta IM, Gamallo OD, Saldanha T. Use of Natural Antioxidants in the Inhibition of Cholesterol Oxidation: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1465-1483. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sales de Oliveira
- Dept. of Food Technology, Inst. of Technology; Univ. Federal Rural of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ); Rodovia Br 465, km 7 Seropédica RJ 23890-000 Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Ferreira
- Dept. of Food Technology, Inst. of Technology; Univ. Federal Rural of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ); Rodovia Br 465, km 7 Seropédica RJ 23890-000 Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Ramos Cople
- Dept. of Food Technology, Inst. of Technology; Univ. Federal Rural of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ); Rodovia Br 465, km 7 Seropédica RJ 23890-000 Brazil
| | - Tatiana da Silva Labre
- Dept. of Food Technology, Inst. of Technology; Univ. Federal Rural of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ); Rodovia Br 465, km 7 Seropédica RJ 23890-000 Brazil
| | - Ivanilda Maria Augusta
- Dept. of Food Technology, Inst. of Technology; Univ. Federal Rural of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ); Rodovia Br 465, km 7 Seropédica RJ 23890-000 Brazil
| | - Ormindo Domingues Gamallo
- Dept. of Food Technology, Inst. of Technology; Univ. Federal Rural of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ); Rodovia Br 465, km 7 Seropédica RJ 23890-000 Brazil
| | - Tatiana Saldanha
- Dept. of Food Technology, Inst. of Technology; Univ. Federal Rural of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ); Rodovia Br 465, km 7 Seropédica RJ 23890-000 Brazil
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32
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Moran NE, Mohn ES, Hason N, Erdman JW, Johnson EJ. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Impacting Absorption, Metabolism, and Health Effects of Dietary Carotenoids. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:465-492. [PMID: 30032230 PMCID: PMC6054194 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are orange, yellow, and red lipophilic pigments present in many fruit and vegetables, as well as other food groups. Some carotenoids contribute to vitamin A requirements. The consumption and blood concentrations of specific carotenoids have been associated with reduced risks of a number of chronic conditions. However, the interpretation of large, population-based observational and prospective clinical trials is often complicated by the many extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect the physiologic response to carotenoids. Extrinsic factors affecting carotenoid bioavailability include food-based factors, such as co-consumed lipid, food processing, and molecular structure, as well as environmental factors, such as interactions with prescription drugs, smoking, or alcohol consumption. Intrinsic, physiologic factors associated with blood and tissue carotenoid concentrations include age, body composition, hormonal fluctuations, and variation in genes associated with carotenoid absorption and metabolism. To most effectively investigate carotenoid bioactivity and to utilize blood or tissue carotenoid concentrations as biomarkers of intake, investigators should either experimentally or statistically control for confounding variables affecting the bioavailability, tissue distribution, and metabolism of carotene and xanthophyll species. Although much remains to be investigated, recent advances have highlighted that lipid co-consumption, baseline vitamin A status, smoking, body mass and body fat distribution, and genetics are relevant covariates for interpreting blood serum or plasma carotenoid responses. These and other intrinsic and extrinsic factors are discussed, highlighting remaining gaps in knowledge and opportunities for future research. To provide context, we review the state of knowledge with regard to the prominent health effects of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Moran
- USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emily S Mohn
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Noor Hason
- USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - John W Erdman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Elizabeth J Johnson
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
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Pibiri I, Buscemi S, Palumbo Piccionello A, Pace A. Photochemically Produced Singlet Oxygen: Applications and Perspectives. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Pibiri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche - STEBICEF; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17 - 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Silvestre Buscemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche - STEBICEF; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17 - 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Antonio Palumbo Piccionello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche - STEBICEF; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17 - 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Andrea Pace
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche - STEBICEF; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17 - 90128 Palermo Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze per l'Innovazione Tecnologica; Istituto EuroMediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia - IEMEST; Via Michele Miraglia, 20 - 90139 - Palermo Italy
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34
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Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L, Hornero-Mendez D, Limon MC, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Palou A, Ribot J, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L, Zhu C. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:62-93. [PMID: 29679619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and some non-photosynthetic prokaryotes and fungi. With some notable exceptions, animals (including humans) do not produce carotenoids de novo but take them in their diets. In photosynthetic systems carotenoids are essential for photoprotection against excess light and contribute to light harvesting, but perhaps they are best known for their properties as natural pigments in the yellow to red range. Carotenoids can be associated to fatty acids, sugars, proteins, or other compounds that can change their physical and chemical properties and influence their biological roles. Furthermore, oxidative cleavage of carotenoids produces smaller molecules such as apocarotenoids, some of which are important pigments and volatile (aroma) compounds. Enzymatic breakage of carotenoids can also produce biologically active molecules in both plants (hormones, retrograde signals) and animals (retinoids). Both carotenoids and their enzymatic cleavage products are associated with other processes positively impacting human health. Carotenoids are widely used in the industry as food ingredients, feed additives, and supplements. This review, contributed by scientists of complementary disciplines related to carotenoid research, covers recent advances and provides a perspective on future directions on the subjects of carotenoid metabolism, biotechnology, and nutritional and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - M Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gomez-Gomez
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Damaso Hornero-Mendez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limon
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Color & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Ribot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria J Rodrigo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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35
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Skibsted LH. Anthocyanidins regenerating xanthophylls: a quantum mechanical approach to eye health. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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36
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Edge R, Truscott TG. Singlet Oxygen and Free Radical Reactions of Retinoids and Carotenoids-A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7010005. [PMID: 29301252 PMCID: PMC5789315 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on studies of reactions of singlet oxygen with carotenoids and retinoids and a range of free radical studies on carotenoids and retinoids with emphasis on recent work, dietary carotenoids and the role of oxygen in biological processes. Many previous reviews are cited and updated together with new data not previously reviewed. The review does not deal with computational studies but the emphasis is on laboratory-based results. We contrast the ease of study of both singlet oxygen and polyene radical cations compared to neutral radicals. Of particular interest is the switch from anti- to pro-oxidant behavior of a carotenoid with change of oxygen concentration: results for lycopene in a cellular model system show total protection of the human cells studied at zero oxygen concentration, but zero protection at 100% oxygen concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Edge
- Dalton Cumbrian Facility, The University of Manchester, Westlakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, Cumbria CA24 3HA, UK.
| | - T George Truscott
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
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37
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Abu-Elsaoud AM, Nafady NA, Abdel-Azeem AM. Arbuscular mycorrhizal strategy for zinc mycoremediation and diminished translocation to shoots and grains in wheat. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188220. [PMID: 29145471 PMCID: PMC5690681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoremediation is an on-site remediation strategy, which employs fungi to degrade or sequester contaminants from the environment. The present work focused on the bioremediation of soils contaminated with zinc by the use of a native mycorrhizal fungi (AM) called Funneliformis geosporum (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Schüßler. Experiments were performed using Triticum aestivum L. cv. Gemmeza-10 at different concentrations of Zn (50, 100, 200 mg kg-1) and inoculated with or without F. geosporum. The results showed that the dry weight of mycorrhizal wheat increased at Zn stressed plants as compared to the non-Zn-stressed control plants. The concentrations of Zn also had an inhibitory effect on the yield of dry root and shoot of non-mycorrhizal wheat. The photosynthetic pigment fractions were significantly affected by Zn treatments and mycorrhizal inoculation, where in all treatments, the content of the photosynthetic pigment fractions decreased as the Zn concentration increased in the soil. However, the level of minerals of shoots, roots, and grains was greatly influenced by Zn-treatment and by inoculation with F. geosporum. Treatment with Zn in the soil increased Cu and Zn concentrations in the root, shoot and grains, however, other minerals (P, S, K, Ca and Fe) concentration was decreased. Inoculation of wheat with AM fungi significantly reduced the accumulation of Zn and depressed its translocation in shoots and grains of wheat. In conclusion, inoculation with a native F. geosporum-improves yields of wheat under higher levels of Zn and is possible to be applied for the improvement of zinc contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nivien A. Nafady
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Abdel-Azeem
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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38
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Adhikari P, Oh Y, Panthee DR. Current Status of Early Blight Resistance in Tomato: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2019. [PMID: 28934121 PMCID: PMC5666701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Early blight (EB) is one of the dreadful diseases of tomato caused by several species of Alternaria including Alternaria linariae (which includes A. solani and A. tomatophila), as well as A. alternata. In some instances, annual economic yield losses due to EB have been estimated at 79%. Alternaria are known only to reproduce asexually, but a highly-virulent isolate has the potential to overcome existing resistance genes. Currently, cultural practices and fungicide applications are employed for the management of EB due to the lack of strong resistant cultivars. Resistance sources have been identified in wild species of tomato; some breeding lines and cultivars with moderate resistance have been developed through conventional breeding methods. Polygenic inheritance of EB resistance, insufficient resistance in cultivated species and the association of EB resistance with undesirable horticultural traits have thwarted the effective breeding of EB resistance in tomato. Several quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring EB resistance have been detected in the populations derived from different wild species including Solanum habrochaites, Solanum arcanum and S. pimpinellifolium, but none of them could be used in EB resistance breeding due to low individual QTL effects. Pyramiding of those QTLs would provide strong resistance. More research is needed to identify additional sources of useful resistance, to incorporate resistant QTLs into breeding lines through marker-assisted selection (MAS) and to develop resistant cultivars with desirable horticultural traits including high yielding potential and early maturity. This paper will review the current understanding of causal agents of EB of tomato, resistance genetics and breeding, problems associated with breeding and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Adhikari
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, 455 Research Dr., Mills River, NC 28759, USA.
| | - Yeonyee Oh
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| | - Dilip R Panthee
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, 455 Research Dr., Mills River, NC 28759, USA.
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39
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Miyashita K, Hosokawa M. Fucoxanthin in the management of obesity and its related disorders. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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40
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Chang HT, Chang YQ, Han RM, Wang P, Zhang JP, Skibsted LH. Singlet Fission Reaction of Light-Exposed β-Carotene Bound to Bovine Serum Albumin. A Novel Mechanism in Protection of Light-Exposed Tissue by Dietary Carotenoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6058-6062. [PMID: 28669184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have attempted to investigate the role of carotenoids (Car) in protecting pigment-protein complexes against light-induced degradation. Upon direct photoexcitation of β-carotene (β-Car), nanosecond flash photolysis and femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy detected a substantial population of triplet states for β-Car aggregates associated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or dispersed in aqueous phase with 10% tetrahydrofuran (THF), but none were observed for monomeric β-Car in neat THF. The direct photogeneration of triplet states was on the time scale of <1 ps, indicating that the underlying reaction mechanism was singlet fission (SF). Efficient triplet-triplet annihilation in the time regime from picoseconds to microseconds resulted in a <1 μs triplet lifetime for β-Car aggregates, in contrast to a 20 μs lifetime for monomeric β-Car as determined by anthracene-sensitized flash photolysis. The short-lived triplet excitations of β-Car aggregates associated with BSA or dispersed in aqueous phase were found to be insensitive to the presence of oxygen, which are considered to be important for the protection of both protein and carotenoid against light-induced degradation via reaction with oxidative species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
| | - Rui-Min Han
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
| | - Leif H Skibsted
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C DK-1958, Denmark
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41
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Zaheer K. Hen egg carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) and nutritional impacts on human health: a review. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2016.1266033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Zaheer
- Health and Nutrition, Toronto, ON, Canada
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42
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Chang HT, Cheng H, Han RM, Wang P, Zhang JP, Skibsted LH. Regeneration of β-Carotene from Radical Cation by Eugenol, Isoeugenol, and Clove Oil in the Marcus Theory Inverted Region for Electron Transfer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:908-912. [PMID: 28061030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The rate of regeneration of β-carotene by eugenol from the β-carotene radical cation, an initial bleaching product of β-carotene, was found by laser flash photolysis and transient absorption spectroscopy to be close to the diffusion limit in chloroform/methanol (9:1, v/v), with a second-order rate constant (k2) of 4.3 × 109 L mol-1 s-1 at 23 °C. Isoeugenol, more reducing with a standard reduction potential of 100 mV lower than eugenol, was slower, with k2 = 7.2 × 108 L mol-1 s-1. Regeneration of β-carotene following photobleaching was found 50% more efficient by eugenol, indicating that, for the more reducing isoeugenol, the driving force exceeds the reorganization energy for electron transfer significantly in the Marcus theory inverted region. For eugenol/isoeugenol mixtures and clove oil, kinetic control by the faster eugenol determines the regeneration, with a thermodynamic backup of reduction equivalent through eugenol regeneration by the more reducing isoeugenol for the mixture. Clove oil, accordingly, is a potential protector of provitamin A for use in red palm oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Min Han
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Leif H Skibsted
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Barizão ÉO, Visentainer JV, de Cinque Almeida V, Ribeiro D, Chisté RC, Fernandes E. Citharexylum solanaceum fruit extracts: Profiles of phenolic compounds and carotenoids and their relation with ROS and RNS scavenging capacities. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chang HT, Cheng H, Han RM, Zhang JP, Skibsted LH. Binding to Bovine Serum Albumin Protects β-Carotene against Oxidative Degradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5951-5957. [PMID: 27399620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Binding to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was found to protect β-carotene (β-Car) dissolved in air-saturated phosphate buffer solution/tetrahydrofuran (9:1, v/v) efficiently against photobleaching resulting from laser flash excitation at 532 nm. From dependence of the relative photobleaching yield upon the BSA concentration, an association constant of Ka = 4.67 × 10(5) L mol(-1) for β-Car binding to BSA was determined at 25 °C. Transient absorption spectroscopy confirmed less bleaching of β-Car on the microsecond time scale in the presence of BSA, while kinetics of triplet-state β-Car was unaffected by the presence of oxygen. The protection of β-Car against this type of reaction seems accordingly to depend upon dissipation of excitation energy from an excited state into the protein matrix. Static quenching of BSA fluorescence by β-Car had a Stern-Volmer constant of Ksv = 2.67 × 10(4) L mol(-1), with ΔH = 17 kJ mol(-1) and ΔS = 142 J mol(-1) K(-1) at 25 °C. Quenching of tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence by β-Car suggests involvement of Trp in binding of β-Car to BSA through hydrophobic interaction, while the lower value for the Stern-Volmer constant Ksv compared to the binding constant, Ka, may indicate involvement of β-Car aggregates. Bound β-Car increased the random coil fraction of BSA at the expense of α-helix, as shown by circular dichroism, affecting the β-Car configuration, as shown by Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Min Han
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Leif H Skibsted
- Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Riboflavin and chlorophyll as photosensitizers in electroformed giant unilamellar vesicles as food models. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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46
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Boehm F, Edge R, Truscott TG, Witt C. A dramatic effect of oxygen on protection of human cells against γ-radiation by lycopene. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1086-93. [PMID: 26991327 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reducing radiation damage is important and dietary antioxidants that can protect cells from such damage are of value. Dietary lycopene, a carotenoid found in tomatoes, protects human lymphoid cell membranes from damage by γ-radiation. We report that such protective effects are remarkably reduced as the oxygen concentration increases - near zero at 100% oxygen from fivefold protection at 20% oxygen and, dramatically, from 50-fold protection at 0% oxygen. Such huge differences imply that under higher oxygen concentrations lycopene could lead to improved cancer therapy using γ-radiation. The cells are not efficiently protected from the superoxide radical by lycopene. Noncellular studies suggest molecular mechanisms for the oxygen effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Edge
- Dalton Cumbrian Facility, Westlakes Science & Technology Park, The University of Manchester, Cumbria, UK
| | - Terence George Truscott
- School of Physical and Geographical Sciences (Chemistry Section), Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Christian Witt
- Department of Pneumonology, Charité Hospital, University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Ren ZZ, Jiang SZ, Zeng QF, Ding XM, Bai SP, Wang JP, Luo YH, Su ZW, Xuan Y, Zhang KY. Effects of dietary canthaxanthin and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation on the antioxidant status and tibia quality of duck breeders and newly hatched ducklings. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2090-6. [PMID: 26994193 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of dietary canthaxanthin (CX) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) supplementation on the antioxidant status and tibia quality of duck breeders and newly hatched ducklings. In total, 780 female and 156 male duck breeders were randomly allotted to 2 treatments. Duck breeders were fed either a commercial diet (containing 3,000 IU/kg vitamin D3) or the same diet plus a mixture of CX (6 mg/kg) and 25-OH-D3 (0.069 mg/kg) for 40 wk. The antioxidant status of duck breeders, egg yolk, and ducklings; tibia quality of duck breeders and ducklings; and shell quality of breeder eggs were investigated. The total antioxidant capacity of breeder female liver (P = 0.028), breeder male testis (P = 0.049), egg yolk (P = 0.032), one-day-old duckling liver (P = 0.024), and one-day-old duckling yolk sac (P = 0.012) were increased by dietary supplementation of the mixture of CX and 25-OH-D3 The inclusion of CX and 25-OH-D3 decreased liver protein carbonyl of breeder females (P = 0.030), and liver malonaldehyde (P = 0.050) and protein carbonyl (P = 0.030) of breeder males. Yolk (P < 0.001), shank (P < 0.001), and yolk sac pigmentation (P < 0.001) of one-day-old ducklings were increased by the supplementation of the CX and 25-OH-D3 mixture. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in tibia quality or eggshell quality between treatments. In conclusion, the inclusion of the mixture of CX and 25-OH-D3 in a diet sufficient in vitamin D3 increased antioxidant status but not tibia quality of duck breeders and newly hatched ducklings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Z Ren
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130
| | - S Z Jiang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130
| | - Q F Zeng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130
| | - X M Ding
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130
| | - S P Bai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130
| | - J P Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130
| | - Y H Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130
| | - Z W Su
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130
| | - Y Xuan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130
| | - K Y Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130
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Widomska J, Zareba M, Subczynski WK. Can Xanthophyll-Membrane Interactions Explain Their Selective Presence in the Retina and Brain? Foods 2016; 5. [PMID: 27030822 PMCID: PMC4809277 DOI: 10.3390/foods5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrate that a high dietary intake of carotenoids may offer protection against age-related macular degeneration, cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Humans cannot synthesize carotenoids and depend on their dietary intake. Major carotenoids that have been found in human plasma can be divided into two groups, carotenes (nonpolar molecules, such as β-carotene, α-carotene or lycopene) and xanthophylls (polar carotenoids that include an oxygen atom in their structure, such as lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin). Only two dietary carotenoids, namely lutein and zeaxanthin (macular xanthophylls), are selectively accumulated in the human retina. A third carotenoid, meso-zeaxanthin, is formed directly in the human retina from lutein. Additionally, xanthophylls account for about 70% of total carotenoids in all brain regions. Some specific properties of these polar carotenoids must explain why they, among other available carotenoids, were selected during evolution to protect the retina and brain. It is also likely that the selective uptake and deposition of macular xanthophylls in the retina and brain are enhanced by specific xanthophyll-binding proteins. We hypothesize that the high membrane solubility and preferential transmembrane orientation of macular xanthophylls distinguish them from other dietary carotenoids, enhance their chemical and physical stability in retina and brain membranes and maximize their protective action in these organs. Most importantly, xanthophylls are selectively concentrated in the most vulnerable regions of lipid bilayer membranes enriched in polyunsaturated lipids. This localization is ideal if macular xanthophylls are to act as lipid-soluble antioxidants, which is the most accepted mechanism through which lutein and zeaxanthin protect neural tissue against degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Widomska
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-479-7169
| | - Mariusz Zareba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
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Cervantes-Paz B, Victoria-Campos CI, Ornelas-Paz JDJ. Absorption of Carotenoids and Mechanisms Involved in Their Health-Related Properties. Subcell Biochem 2016; 79:415-454. [PMID: 27485232 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39126-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids participate in the normal metabolism and function of the human body. They are involved in the prevention of several diseases, especially those related to the inflammation syndrome. Their main mechanisms of action are associated to their potent antioxidant activity and capacity to regulate the expression of specific genes and proteins. Recent findings suggest that carotenoid metabolites may explain several processes where the participation of their parent carotenoids was unclear. The health benefits of carotenoids strongly depend on their absorption and transformation during gastrointestinal digestion. The estimation of the 'bioaccessibility' of carotenoids through in vitro models have made possible the evaluation of the effect of a large number of factors on key stages of carotenoid digestion and intestinal absorption. The bioaccessibility of these compounds allows us to have a clear idea of their potential bioavailability, a term that implicitly involves the biological activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Cervantes-Paz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C.-Unidad Cuauhtémoc, Av. Río Conchos S/N, Parque Industrial, C.P. 31570, Cd. Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Claudia I Victoria-Campos
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C.-Unidad Cuauhtémoc, Av. Río Conchos S/N, Parque Industrial, C.P. 31570, Cd. Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - José de Jesús Ornelas-Paz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C.-Unidad Cuauhtémoc, Av. Río Conchos S/N, Parque Industrial, C.P. 31570, Cd. Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico.
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50
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Nimalaratne C, Wu J. Hen Egg as an Antioxidant Food Commodity: A Review. Nutrients 2015; 7:8274-93. [PMID: 26404361 PMCID: PMC4632414 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intake of antioxidants through diet is known to be important in reducing oxidative damage in cells and improving human health. Although eggs are known for their exceptional, nutritional quality, they are not generally considered as antioxidant foods. This review aims to establish the importance of eggs as an antioxidant food by summarizing the current knowledge on egg-derived antioxidants. Eggs have various natural occurring compounds including the proteins ovalbumin, ovotransferrin and lysozyme in egg white, as well as phosvitin, carotenoids and free aromatic amino acids in egg yolk. Some lipophilic antioxidants such as vitamin E, carotenoids, selenium, iodine and others can be transferred from feed into egg yolk to produce antioxidant-enriched eggs. The bioactivity of egg antioxidants can be affected by food processing, storage and gastrointestinal digestion. Generally thermal processing methods can promote loss of antioxidant properties in eggs due to oxidation and degradation, whereas gastrointestinal digestion enhances the antioxidant properties, due to the formation of new antioxidants (free amino acids and peptides). In summary, in addition to its well-known nutritional contribution to our diet, this review emphasizes the role of eggs as an important antioxidant food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamila Nimalaratne
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (AFNS), 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (AFNS), 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
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