Diet rich in high glucoraphanin broccoli reduces plasma LDL cholesterol: Evidence from randomised controlled trials

Simultaneous extraction and quantitative analysis of S-Methyl-l-Cysteine Sulfoxide, sulforaphane and glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

Sulfur containing compounds including glucosinolates (GLS), sulforaphane (SFN) and S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (SMCSO) have been proposed to be partly responsible for the beneficial health effects of cruciferous vegetables. As such, greater understanding of their measurements within foods is important to estimate intake in humans and to inform dietary intervention studies. Herein is described a simple and sensitive method for simultaneous analysis of 20 GLS, SFN and SMCSO by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Analytes were effectively retained and resolved on an Xbridge C18 column. Detection can be achieved using high resolution or unit resolution mass spectrometry; the latter making the method more applicable to large studies. Quantitative analysis using calibration standards was demonstrated for 10 GLS, SFN and SMCSO. A further 10 GLS were tentatively identified using high resolution mass spectrometry. The use of surrogate GLS standards was shown to be unreliable, with closely related GLS displaying significantly different ionisation efficiencies.

The Antioxidant Properties of Glucosinolates in Cardiac Cells Are Independent of H2S Signaling

The organic sulfur-containing compounds glucosinolates (GSLs) and the novel gasotransmitter H2S are known to have cardioprotective effects. This study investigated the antioxidant effects and H2S-releasing potential of three GSLs ((3E)-4-(methylsulfanyl)but-3-enyl GSL or glucoraphasatin, 4-hydroxybenzyl GSL or glucosinalbin, and (RS)-6-(methylsulfinyl)hexyl GSL or glucohesperin) in rat cardiac cells. It was found that all three GSLs had no effect on cardiac cell viability but were able to protect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and cell death. NaHS, a H2S donor, also protected the cells from H2O2-stimulated oxidative stress and cell death. The GSLs alone or mixed with cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, H2O2, iron and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, or mouse liver lysates did not induce H2S release. The addition of GSLs also did not alter endogenous H2S levels in cardiac cells. H2O2 significantly induced cysteine oxidation in the cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) protein and inhibited the H2S production rate. In conclusion, this study found that the three tested GSLs protect cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress and cell death but independently of H2S signaling.

Sulforaphane rewires central metabolism to support antioxidant response and achieve glucose homeostasis

Cruciferous-rich diets, particularly broccoli, have been associated with reduced risk of developing cancers of various sites, cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes. Sulforaphane (SF), a sulfur-containing broccoli-derived metabolite, has been identified as the major bioactive compound mediating these health benefits. Sulforaphane is a potent dietary activator of the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid-like 2 (NRF2), the master regulator of antioxidant cell capacity responsible for inducing cytoprotective genes, but its role in glucose homeostasis remains unclear. In this study, we set to test the hypothesis that SF regulates glucose metabolism and ameliorates glucose overload and its resulting oxidative stress by inducing NRF2 in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were exposed to varying glucose concentrations: basal (5.5 mM) and high glucose (25 mM), in the presence of physiological concentrations of SF (10 μM). SF upregulated the expression of glutathione (GSH) biosynthetic genes and significantly increased levels of reduced GSH. Labelled glucose and glutamine experiments to measure metabolic fluxes identified that SF increased intracellular utilisation of glycine and glutamate by redirecting the latter away from the TCA cycle and increased the import of cysteine from the media, likely to support glutathione synthesis. Furthermore, SF altered pathways generating NADPH, the necessary cofactor for oxidoreductase reactions, namely pentose phosphate pathway and 1C-metabolism, leading to the redirection of glucose away from glycolysis and towards PPP and of methionine towards methylation substrates. Finally, transcriptomic and targeted metabolomics LC-MS analysis of NRF2-KD HepG2 cells generated using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing revealed that the above metabolic effects are mediated through NRF2. These results suggest that the antioxidant properties of cruciferous diets are intricately connected to their metabolic benefits.

Evaluation of co-fermentation of L. plantarum and P. kluyveri of a plant-based fermented beverage: Physicochemical, functional, and sensory properties

In this study, Pichia kluyveri (P. kluyveri) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) were sequentially inoculated into a plant-based beverage consisting of bananas, broccoli, and wolfberries. The physicochemical characteristics, functional components, and taste of it at different stages were determined. After 8-d fermentation, the viable counts of P. kluyveri and L. plantarum were 6.50 log CFU/mL and 8.43 log CFU/mL, respectively. The ethanol was <0.5 % (v/v). Compared with control group, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased by 96.08 folds and total phenolics content increased by 1.09 folds. The contents of lactic acid, protocatechuic acid, and chlorogenic acid exhibited an upgrade trend, whereas the contents of caffeic acid and malic acid presented a downward tendency. Some organic acids had positive correlations with sensory quality, especially sourness. In addition, the γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) concentration and antioxidant activity were also improved during fermentation. Results showed the nutritional functional properties and sensory quality of this beverage could be improved through co-fermentation of P. kluyveri and L. plantarum.

Exploring the anti-inflammatory activity of sulforaphane

Dysregulation of innate immune responses can result in chronic inflammatory conditions. Glucocorticoids, the current frontline therapy, are effective immunosuppressive drugs but come with a trade-off of cumulative and serious side effects. Therefore, alternative drug options with improved safety profiles are urgently needed. Sulforaphane, a phytochemical derived from plants of the brassica family, is a potent inducer of phase II detoxification enzymes via nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling. Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests additional diverse anti-inflammatory properties of sulforaphane through interactions with mediators of key signaling pathways and inflammatory cytokines. Multiple studies support a role for sulforaphane as a negative regulator of nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation and subsequent cytokine release, inflammasome activation and direct regulation of the activity of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Significantly, studies have also highlighted potential steroid-sparing activity for sulforaphane, suggesting that it may have potential as an adjunctive therapy for some inflammatory conditions. This review discusses published research on sulforaphane, including proposed mechanisms of action, and poses questions for future studies that might help progress our understanding of the potential clinical applications of this intriguing molecule.

Preeclampsia to COVID-19: A journey towards improved placental and vascular function using sulforaphane

Excess inflammation and oxidative stress are common themes in many pathologies of pregnancy including preeclampsia and more recently severe COVID-19. The risk of preeclampsia increases following maternal infection with COVID-19, potentially relating to significant overlap in pathophysiology with endothelial, vascular and immunological dysfunction common to both. Identifying a therapy which addresses these injurious processes and stabilises the endothelial and vascular maternal system would help address the significant global burden of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality they cause. Sulforaphane is a naturally occurring phytonutrient found most densely within cruciferous vegetables. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune modulating properties via upregulation of phase-II detoxification enzymes. This review will cover the common pathways shared by COVID-19 and preeclampsia and offer a potential therapeutic target via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor upregulation in the form of sulforaphane.

Systematic Review on the Metabolic Interest of Glucosinolates and Their Bioactive Derivatives for Human Health

In the last decade, most of the evidence on the clinical benefits of including cruciferous foods in the diet has been focused on the content of glucosinolates (GSL) and their corresponding isothiocyanates (ITC), and mercapturic acid pathway metabolites, based on their capacity to modulate clinical, biochemical, and molecular parameters. The present systematic review summarizes findings of human studies regarding the metabolism and bioavailability of GSL and ITC, providing a comprehensive analysis that will help guide future research studies and facilitate the consultation of the latest advances in this booming and less profusely researched area of GSL for food and health. The literature search was carried out in Scopus, PubMed and the Web of Science, under the criteria of including publications centered on human subjects and the use of Brassicaceae foods in different formulations (including extracts, beverages, and tablets), as significant sources of bioactive compounds, in different types of subjects, and against certain diseases. Twenty-eight human intervention studies met inclusion criteria, which were classified into three groups depending on the dietary source. This review summarizes recent studies that provided interesting contributions, but also uncovered the many potential venues for future research on the benefits of consuming cruciferous foods in our health and well-being. The research will continue to support the inclusion of GSL-rich foods and products for multiple preventive and active programs in nutrition and well-being.

Identification and virtual screening of novel anti-inflammatory peptides from broccoli fermented by Lactobacillus strains

Lactobacillus strains fermentation of broccoli as a good source of bioactive peptides has not been fully elucidated. In this work, the peptide composition of broccoli fermented by L. plantarum A3 and L. rhamnosus ATCC7469 was analyzed by peptidomics to study the protein digestion patterns after fermentation by different strains. Results showed that water-soluble proteins such as rubisco were abundant sources of peptides, which triggered the sustained release of peptides as the main target of hydrolysis. In addition, 17 novel anti-inflammatory peptides were identified by virtual screening. Among them, SIWYGPDRP had the strongest ability to inhibit the release of NO from inflammatory cells at a concentration of 25 μM with an inhibition rate of 52.32 ± 1.48%. RFR and KASFAFAGL had the strongest inhibitory effects on the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6, respectively. At a concentration of 25 μM, the corresponding inhibition rates were 74.61 ± 1.68% and 29.84 ± 0.63%, respectively. Molecular docking results showed that 17 peptides formed hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). This study is conducive to the high-value utilization of broccoli and reduction of the antibiotic use.

Combined Straw and Plastic Film Mulching Can Increase the Yield and Quality of Open Field Loose-Curd Cauliflower

To evaluate the impact of straw mulching on the production of open field loose-curd cauliflower, this study analyzed the “Feicui No.9” cauliflower variety, grown in field trials in Northwest China, in 2019 and 2020. Plots in an open field were prepared without mulch (CK1) and with plastic film mulch (CK2), as experimental controls, along with three experimental mulching methods, including dual straw and plastic film mulch (T1), inter-row straw mulch (T2), and full straw mulch (T3). The effects of the different ground cover alternatives on loose-curd cauliflower's dry matter accumulation, yield, quality, and volatile compounds, were explored. The results showed that, compared with CK2 treatment, T1 treatment promoted the accumulation of dry matter, and increased the economic and biological yield, by 12.98 and 6.51%, respectively. The soluble sugar and vitamin C content in loose-curd cauliflower heads, subjected to T1 treatment, increased by 18.46 and 8.12%, respectively, and the nitrate content decreased by 25.57%. Moreover, the T1, T2, and T3 treatments significantly increased the levels of macro-, meso-, and microelements. Headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to determine the volatile substances in loose-curd cauliflower heads from the 2020 harvesting period. Detected compounds included 17 aldehydes, 15 ketones, 10 alcohols, 15 esters, 29 hydrocarbons, 12 nitrogen-containing compounds, and 17 other substances. T1, T2, and T3 treatments increased the volatile substance content, whereas T1 treatment increased the quantity of volatile substances. In summary, dual mulching with straw and plastic film could promote dry matter accumulation, significantly increase the yield and quality, and effectively improve the flavor of loose-curd cauliflower. This mulching technique can be applied to open field vegetable and corn production areas, providing technical and theoretical support for the realization of high-yield, high-quality production models and a new straw recycling method.

The effect of Brassica vegetables on blood glucose levels and lipid profiles in adults. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Previous studies on the effect of Brassica vegetables on blood glucose and lipid profile have reported inconclusive findings. Due to the high prevalence of glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and their importance as predictors of chronic diseases, the present meta-analysis was performed to clarify the effect of Brassica vegetables on blood glucose and lipid profile. A systematic search of the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochran Library was performed up to October 2020. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effect of Brassica vegetables on blood glucose and lipid profile were included in the study. The search results were limited to English-language publications. Finally, nine RCTs, including 548 participants, were selected for the present study. Pooled analysis indicated a significant reduction in total cholesterol (TC) (SMD = -0.28, 95%CI: 0.48 to 0.08; p = 0.005) following Brassica vegetables consumption. Overall, Brassica vegetables had no significant impact on serum levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood sugar, and glycated hemoglobin. Consumption of Brassica vegetables had a statistically significant effect on TC concentration. However, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of these plants.

The recent advances of glucosinolates and their metabolites: Metabolism, physiological functions and potential application strategies

Glucosinolates and their metabolites from Brassicaceae plants have received widespread attention due to their anti-inflammatory effects. Glucosinolates occurs an "enterohepatic circulation" in the body, and the glucosinolates metabolism mainly happens in the intestine. Glucosinolates can be converted into isothiocyanates by intestinal bacteria, which are active substances with remarkable anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity and neuroprotective properties. This biotransformation can greatly improve the bioactivities of glucosinolates. However, multiple factors in the environment can affect the biotransformation to isothiocyanates, including acidic pH, ferrous ions and thiocyanate-forming protein. The derivatives of glucosinolates under those conditions are usually nitriles and thiocyanates, which may impair the potential health benefits. In addition, isothiocyanates are extremely unstable because of an active sulfhydryl group, which limits their applications. This review mainly summarizes the classification, synthesis, absorption, metabolism, physiological functions and potential application strategies of glucosinolates and their metabolites.

Sulfur compounds: From plants to humans and their role in chronic disease prevention

Sulfur is essential for the health of plants and is an indispensable dietary component for human health and disease prevention. Its incorporation into our food supply is heavily reliant upon the uptake of sulfur into plant tissue and our subsequent intake. Dietary requirements for sulfur are largely calculated based upon requirements for the sulfur-containing amino acids (SAA), cysteine and methionine, to meet the demands for synthesis of proteins, enzymes, co-enzymes, vitamins, and hormones. SAA are found in abundance in animal sources and are relatively low in plants. However, some plants, particularly cruciferous and allium vegetables, produce many protective sulfur-containing secondary metabolites, such as glucosinolates and cysteine sulfoxides. The variety and quantity of these sulfur-containing metabolites are extensive and their effects on human health are wide-reaching. Many benefits appear to be related to sulfur's role in redox biochemistry, protecting against uncontrolled oxidative stress and inflammation; features consistent within cardiometabolic dysfunction and many chronic metabolic diseases of aging. This narrative explores the origins and importance of sulfur, its incorporation into our food supply and dietary sources. It also explores the overarching potential of sulfur for human health, particularly around the amelioration of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and subsequent chronic disease prevention.

Characterisation of the Introgression of Brassica villosa Genome Into Broccoli to Enhance Methionine-Derived Glucosinolates and Associated Health Benefits

Broccoli cultivars that have enhanced accumulation of methionine-derived glucosinolates have been developed through the introgression of a novel allele of the MYB28 transcription factor from the wild species Brassica villosa. Through a novel k-mer approach, we characterised the extent of the introgression of unique B. villosa genome sequences into high glucosinolate broccoli genotypes. RNAseq analyses indicated that the introgression of the B. villosa MYB28 C2 allele resulted in the enhanced expression of the MYB28 transcription factor, and modified expression of genes associated with sulphate absorption and reduction, and methionine and glucosinolate biosynthesis when compared to standard broccoli. A adenine-thymine (AT) short tandem repeat (STR) was identified within the 5' untranslated region (UTR) B. villosa MYB28 allele that was absent from two divergent cultivated forms of Brassica oleracea, which may underpin the enhanced expression of B. villosa MYB28.

The comparison of cytotoxic and genotoxic activities of glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and indoles

Chemopreventive properties of Brassica vegetables are attributed mainly to their characteristic compounds—glucosinolates (GLs) and their main hydrolysis products—isothiocyanates (ITCs) and indoles. In this study, we compared antiproliferative activity (MTT test in HT29 cells) and genotoxic effects (comet assay in HT29 cells and restriction analysis in a cell-free system) of three GLs (sinigrin (SIN), glucotropaeolin (GTL), and glucobrassicin (GLB)) with that of their major degradation products. Intact GLs did not exhibit cytotoxic activity, possibly due to their limited bioavailability. However, in the presence of myrosinase (MYR), GLs gained the ability to inhibit HT29 cells’ growth. The addition of MYR caused the hydrolysis of GLs to the corresponding ITCs or indoles, i.e. compounds that show stronger biological activity than parent GLs. Pure ITC/indole solutions showed the strongest antiproliferative activity. Based on the results of restriction analysis, it was found that GLs to a greater extent than ITCs caused DNA modification in a cell-free system. In the case of GLs, metabolic activation by the S9 fraction increased this effect, and at the same time changed the preferential binding site from the area of base pairs AT to GC base pairs. Of all compounds tested, only benzyl ITC caused DNA damage detectable in the comet assay, but it required relatively high concentrations.

Toxicological assessment of truebroc® glucoraphanin-rich broccoli seed extract

TrueBroc® Glucoraphanin-Rich Broccoli Seed Extract (TrueBroc®), is a hot water extract of Brassica oleracea var. Italica Plenck (Brassicaceae) seeds. The broccoli seeds are non-genetically modified and are tested and selected for their specific glucosinolate content. TrueBroc® contains greater than 99% of the aliphatic glucosinolate glucoraphanin and its precursor glucoerucin in the glucosinolate fraction. A battery of toxicology assays was conducted on TrueBroc® which includes in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies, an acute oral toxicity study in rats, a subchronic toxicology study in rats. The result from the subchronic rat study establishes a NOAEL of 1500 mg/kg/day.

Bioavailability Study of Isothiocyanates and Other Bioactive Compounds of Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica Boiled or Steamed: Functional Food or Dietary Supplement?

The levels of bioactive compounds in broccoli and their bioavailability following broccoli intake can be affected by the cooking procedures used for vegetable preparation. In the present pilot study, we compared the human plasma bioavailability of antioxidant compounds (β-carotene, lutein and isothiocyanate) and of phylloquinone (vitamin K) on seven volunteers before and after the administration of boiled and steamed broccoli. Moreover, plasma isothiocyanate (ITCs) levels were also evaluated after the administration of a single dose of BroccoMax^®, a dietary supplement containing GLSs with active myrosinase. Steam-cooking has been demonstrated to promote higher plasma bioavailability in ITCs than boiling (AUC_STEAMED = 417.4; AUC_BOILED = 175.3) and is comparable to that reached following the intake of BroccoMax^®, a supplement containing glucoraphanin and active myrosinase (AUC = 450.1). However, the impact of boiling and steaming treatment on plasma bioavailability of lipophilic antioxidants (lutein and β-carotene) and of phylloquinone was comparable. The lutein and β-carotene plasma levels did not change after administration of steamed or boiled broccoli. Conversely, both treatments led to a similar increase of phylloquinone plasma levels. Considering the antioxidant action and the potential chemopreventive activity of ITCs, steaming treatments can be considered the most suitable cooking method to promote the health benefits of broccoli in the diet.

Pre-diagnosis Cruciferous Vegetables and Isothiocyanates Intake and Ovarian Cancer Survival: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background: The associations of the consumption of cruciferous vegetables (CVs) and their bioactive components, isothiocyanates (ITCs), with ovarian cancer (OC) mortality have been unclear, owing to limited studies and inconsistent findings. To date, no studies have evaluated these associations among Chinese patients with OC. This study aims to provide more evidence indicating the relationships of pre-diagnosis CVs and ITC intake with OC survival.

Methods: We examined the associations of pre-diagnosis CV and ITC intake with OC mortality in a hospital-based cohort (n = 853) of Chinese patients with epithelial OC between 2015 and 2020. Pre-diagnosis dietary information was evaluated with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Deaths were ascertained until March 31, 2021 via medical records and active follow-up. The associations were examined with the Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted for potential confounders, and stratified by menopausal status, residual lesions, histological type, and body mass index (BMI).

Results: During a median follow-up of 37.2 months (interquartile: 24.7–50.2 months), we observed 130 deaths. The highest tertile of total CV intake was associated with better survival than the lowest tertile intake [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.33–0.98, p trend < 0.05]. In addition, higher intake of ITCs from CVs was associated with better survival (HR_T3VS.T1 = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.36–0.99, p trend = 0.06). Significant inverse associations were also observed for subgroup analyses stratified by menopausal status, residual lesions, histological type, and BMI, although not all associations showed statistical significance.

Conclusion: Increasing pre-diagnosis consumption of CVs and ITCs was strongly associated with better survival in patients with OC.

Glucosinolates From Cruciferous Vegetables and Their Potential Role in Chronic Disease: Investigating the Preclinical and Clinical Evidence

An increasing body of evidence highlights the strong potential for a diet rich in fruit and vegetables to delay, and often prevent, the onset of chronic diseases, including cardiometabolic, neurological, and musculoskeletal conditions, and certain cancers. A possible protective component, glucosinolates, which are phytochemicals found almost exclusively in cruciferous vegetables, have been identified from preclinical and clinical studies. Current research suggests that glucosinolates (and isothiocyanates) act via several mechanisms, ultimately exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemo-protective effects. This review summarizes the current knowledge surrounding cruciferous vegetables and their glucosinolates in relation to the specified health conditions. Although there is evidence that consumption of a high glucosinolate diet is linked with reduced incidence of chronic diseases, future large-scale placebo-controlled human trials including standardized glucosinolate supplements are needed.

Anti-obesity effect of sulforaphane in broccoli leaf extract on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and ob/ob mice

The present study evaluated the anti-obesity effect of sulforaphane (SFN) and glucoraphanin (GRN) in broccoli leaf extract (BLE) on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and ob/ob mice. Based on Oil Red O staining and triglyceride (TG) assay, SFN and BLE significantly reduced (P<.05) both lipid accumulation and TG content in the differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. SFN and BLE increased 2-NBDG uptake by 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis confirmed that SFN and BLE increased the phosphorylation levels of both AMPK (Thr172) and ACC (Ser79), and reduced the expression of HMGCR in liver and white adipose tissues of ob/ob mice. Histological analysis revealed that SFN and BLE ameliorated hepatic steatosis, and reduced the size of adipocyte in ob/ob mice. Treatment with SFN and BLE significantly reduced (P<.05) TG content, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), and glucose in the serum of ob/ob mice. RNA sequencing analysis showed that up- or down-regulation of 32 genes related to lipid metabolism was restored to control level in both SFN and BLE-treated ob/ob mice groups. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed via STRING analysis, and Srebf2, Pla2g2c, Elovl5, Plb1, Ctp1a, Lipin1, Fgfr1, and Plcg1 were located in the functional hubs of the PPI network of lipid metabolism. Overall results suggest that the SFN content in BLE exerts a potential anti-obesity effect by normalizing the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, which are up- or down-regulated in ob/ob mice.

The Effects of Aerobic-Resistance Training and Broccoli Supplementation on Plasma Dectin-1 and Insulin Resistance in Males with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combination of aerobic-resistance training (CARET) and broccoli supplementation on dectin-1 levels and insulin resistance in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Methods: Forty-four males with T2D were randomly allocated to four groups (n = 11 each group): CARET + broccoli supplement (TS), CARET + placebo (TP), control + broccoli supplement (S), and control + placebo (CP). CARET was performed three days per week for 12 weeks. TS and S groups received 10 g of broccoli supplement per day for 12 weeks. All variables were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Results: Plasma dectin-1 levels were decreased in TS and TP groups compared with the CP group (p < 0.05). Cardiometabolic risk factors showed significant reductions in TP and TS groups compared to S and CP groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of CARET and broccoli supplementation produced the largest improvements in insulin resistance and dectin-1 and other complications of T2D.

The pivotal role of Nrf2 activators in adipocyte biology

Adipose tissue is instrumental in maintaining metabolic homeostasis by regulating energy storage in the form of triglycerides. In the case of over-nutrition, adipocytes favorably regulate lipogenesis over lipolysis and accumulate excess triglycerides, resulting in increased adipose tissue mass. An abnormal increase in hypertrophic adipocytes is associated with chronic complications such as insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Experimental studies indicate the occurrence of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of obesity. A common underlying link between increasing adipose tissue mass and oxidative stress is the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling, which plays an indispensable role in metabolic homeostasis by regulating oxidative and inflammatory responses. Additionally, Nrf2 also activates CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, (C/EBP-α), C/EBP-β and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) the crucial pro-adipogenic factors that promote de novo adipogenesis. Hence, at the forefront of research is the quest for prospecting novel compounds to modulate Nrf2 activity in the context of adipogenesis and obesity. This review summarizes the molecular mechanism behind the activation of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling network and the role of Nrf2 activators in adipocyte pathophysiology.

Broccoli Florets Supplementation Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Alters Gut Microbiome Population-A Steatosis Mice Model Induced by High-Fat Diet

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and gut dysbiosis. Gut microbiota profoundly affects the host energy homeostasis, which, in turn, is affected by a high-fat diet (HFD) through the liver-gut axis, among others. Broccoli contains beneficial bioactive compounds and may protect against several diseases. This study aimed to determine the effects of broccoli supplementation to an HFD on metabolic parameters and gut microbiome in mice. Male (7–8 weeks old) C57BL/J6 mice were divided into four groups: normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet+10% broccoli florets (HFD + F), and high-fat diet + 10% broccoli stalks (HFD + S). Liver histology and serum biochemical factors were evaluated. Alterations in protein and gene expression of the key players in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as in gut microbiota alterations were also investigated. Broccoli florets addition to the HFD significantly reduced serum insulin levels, HOMA-IR index, and upregulated adiponectin receptor expression. Conversely, no significant difference was found in the group supplemented with broccoli stalks. Both broccoli stalks and florets did not affect fat accumulation, carbohydrate, or lipid metabolism-related parameters. Modifications in diversity and in microbial structure of proteobacteria strains, Akermansia muciniphila and Mucispirillum schaedleri were observed in the broccoli-supplemented HFD-fed mice. The present study suggests that dietary broccoli alters parameters related to insulin sensitivity and modulates the intestinal environment. More studies are needed to confirm the results of this study and to investigate the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects.

Phytochemicals as Therapeutic Interventions in Peripheral Artery Disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects over 200 million people worldwide, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality, yet treatment options remain limited. Among the manifestations of PAD is a severe functional disability and decline, which is thought to be the result of different pathophysiological mechanisms including oxidative stress, skeletal muscle pathology, and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. Thus, compounds that target these mechanisms may have a therapeutic effect on walking performance in PAD patients. Phytochemicals produced by plants have been widely studied for their potential health effects and role in various diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. In this review, we focus on PAD and discuss the evidence related to the clinical utility of different phytochemicals. We discuss phytochemical research in preclinical models of PAD, and we highlight the results of the available clinical trials that have assessed the effects of these compounds on PAD patient functional outcomes.

Sulforaphane ameliorates lipid profile in rodents: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Sulforaphane (SFN), a naturally-occurring isothiocyanate enriched in cabbage and broccoli, has been provided as food supplements to improve weight management and reduce lipid levels. However, its effects on serum lipid profiles are contradictory. In this review, a meta-analysis and systematic review of SFN on lipid reduction and weight control is assessed with mice and rats fed on high-fat diet. The effects of SFN supplementation were evaluated by weighted mean difference (WMD) in body weight (BW), liver weight (LW) and also by its effect on serum lipids. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the overall summary effect. SFN reduced BW (WMD: − 2.76 g, 95% CI: − 4.19, − 1.34) and LW (WMD: − 0.93 g, 95% CI: − 1.63, − 0.23) significantly in our ten trials. Its effects on serum total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: − 15.62 mg/dL, 95% CI: − 24.07, − 7.18), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD: − 8.35 mg/dL, 95% CI: − 15.47, − 1.24) and triglyceride (TG) (WMD: − 40.85 mg/dL, 95% CI: − 67.46, − 14.24) were significant except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) component (WMD: 1.05 mg/dL, 95% CI: − 3.44, 5.54). However, species, disease model, duration, SFN dosage as well as route of administration did not explain the heterogeneity among studies. In summary, these findings provide new insights concerning preclinical strategies for treating diseases including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as well as cardiovascular disease with SFN supplements.

Dietary broccoli improves markers associated with glucose and lipid metabolism through modulation of gut microbiota in mice

OBJECTIVE

Broccoli is a "functional food" that contains bioactive compounds and phytochemicals that have beneficial health-promoting effects. This study aimed at investigating the effects of broccoli consumption on lipid and glucose metabolism and gut microbiota.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6J mice (7-8 wk old) were fed ad libitum with a normal diet supplemented with or without 10% (w/w) broccoli florets or broccoli stalks. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed at week 15. After 17 wk, blood and tissues were collected. Serum parameters, histology, gene and protein expression, and intestinal microbiota composition were evaluated.

RESULTS

Stalk supplementation led to reductions in fasting glucose levels, serum insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Liver enzymes improved in both experimental groups, and broccoli florets decreased total triacylglycerols. The stalks group had elevated fatty acid oxidation-related genes and proteins (AMPK, PPARα, and CPT1). Diverse microbiota populations were observed in both broccoli groups. Broccoli stalks were found to be richer in Akkermansia muciniphila, while broccoli florets reduced Mucispirillum schaedleri abundance and increased bacterial richness.

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term whole broccoli supplementation decreased inflammation, improved lipid parameters and insulin sensitivity, and altered the gut microbiome in mice. Our data provide new information regarding the potential benefits of broccoli stalks in metabolic parameters.

Thermosonication for the Production of Sulforaphane Rich Broccoli Ingredients

A large proportion of broccoli biomass is lost during primary production, distribution, processing, and consumption. This biomass is rich in polyphenols and glucosinolates and can be used for the production of bioactive rich ingredients for food and nutraceutical applications. This study evaluated thermosonication (TS) (18 kHz, 0.6 W/g, 40–60 °C, 3–7 min) for the pre-treatment of broccoli florets to enhance enzymatic conversion of glucoraphanin into the bioactive sulforaphane. TS significantly increased sulforaphane yield, despite a decrease in myrosinase activity with increasing treatment intensity. The highest sulforaphane yield of ~2.9 times that of untreated broccoli was observed for broccoli thermosonicated for 7 min at 60 °C, which was 15.8% higher than the corresponding yield for thermal processing without sonication (TP) at the same condition. This was accompanied by increase in the residual level of glucoraphanin (~1.8 and 2.3 time respectively after TP and TS at 60 °C for 7 min compared to control samples) indicating that treatment-induced release of bound glucoraphanin from the cell wall matrix and improved accessibility could be at least partially responsible for the enhanced sulforaphane yield. The result indicates the potential of TS for the conversion of broccoli biomass into high sulforaphane broccoli-based ingredients.

Effect of watercress extract supplementation on lipid profile and oxidative stress markers in overweight people with physical disability: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial

Studies have demonstrated that diet rich in cruciferous vegetables of the Brassicaceae family can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and oxidative stress levels. Nasturtium officinale (Brassicaceae), commonly known as watercress is a perennial dicotyledonous plant usually found close to water. Although previous investigations have demonstrated the beneficial effects of watercress on hypercholesterolemia in animal studies, until now no such studies have been conducted with humans, up to this time. This study aimed to investigate whether overweight individuals were able to improve or maintain their serum lipid and oxidative stress markers when given standardized extract of Nasturtium officinale (SENO) as a supplement. This was a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial conducted over 5 weeks. Thirty-four overweight people with physical disabilities were selected randomly to participate in this study and then they were assigned randomly to two groups, one treated with 750 mg//kg/d of SENO and the other treated with 750 mg/kg/d of placebo. The results indicated that SENO caused a significant improvement in the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatinine, and lipid peroxidation. However, SENO did not cause a significant statistical change in total serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and high-density lipoprotein levels; catalase, superoxide dismutase, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea parameters. The present data might provide supportive evidence that SENO did not cause any harm and positively affected low-density lipoprotein cholesterol profile and creatinine as well as lipid peroxidation levels in the participants. Nevertheless, further studies are suggested to clarify the results presented in this clinical trial.

Discovering the Context of People With Disabilities: Semantic Categorization Test and Environmental Factors Mapping of Word Embeddings from Reddit

BACKGROUND

The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) conceptualizes disability not solely as a problem that resides in the individual, but as a health experience that occurs in a context. Word embeddings build on the idea that words that occur in similar contexts tend to have similar meanings. In spite of both sharing "context" as a key component, word embeddings have been scarcely applied in disability. In this work, we propose social media (particularly, Reddit) to link them.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of our study is to train a model for generating word associations using a small dataset (a subreddit on disability) able to retrieve meaningful content. This content will be formally validated and applied to the discovery of related terms in the corpus of the disability subreddit that represent the physical, social, and attitudinal environment (as defined by a formal framework like the ICF) of people with disabilities.

METHODS

Reddit data were collected from pushshift.io with the pushshiftr R package as a wrapper. A word2vec model was trained with the wordVectors R package using the disability subreddit comments, and a preliminary validation was performed using a subset of Mikolov analogies. We used Van Overschelde's updated and expanded version of the Battig and Montague norms to perform a semantic categories test. Silhouette coefficients were calculated using cosine distance from the wordVectors R package. For each of the 5 ICF environmental factors (EF), we selected representative subcategories addressing different aspects of daily living (ADLs); then, for each subcategory, we identified specific terms extracted from their formal ICF definition and ran the word2vec model to generate their nearest semantic terms, validating the obtained nearest semantic terms using public evidence. Finally, we applied the model to a specific subcategory of an EF involved in a relevant use case in the field of rehabilitation.

RESULTS

We analyzed 96,314 comments posted between February 2009 and December 2019, by 10,411 Redditors. We trained word2vec and identified more than 30 analogies (eg, breakfast - 8 am + 8 pm = dinner). The semantic categorization test showed promising results over 60 categories; for example, s(A relative)=0.562, s(A sport)=0.475 provided remarkable explanations for low s values. We mapped the representative subcategories of all EF chapters and obtained the closest terms for each, which we confirmed with publications. This allowed immediate access (≤ 2 seconds) to the terms related to ADLs, ranging from apps "to know accessibility before you go" to adapted sports (boccia). For example, for the support and relationships EF subcategory, the closest term discovered by our model was "resilience," recently regarded as a key feature of rehabilitation, not yet having one unified definition. Our model discovered 10 closest terms, which we validated with publications, contributing to the "resilience" definition.

CONCLUSIONS

This study opens up interesting opportunities for the exploration and discovery of the use of a word2vec model that has been trained with a small disability dataset, leading to immediate, accurate, and often unknown (for authors, in many cases) terms related to ADLs within the ICF framework.

Eruca sativa Mill. seed extract promotes anti-obesity and hypoglycemic effects in mice fed with a high-fat diet

Obesity is currently considered a major source of morbidity, with dramatic complications on health status and life expectancy. Several studies demonstrated the positive effects of Brassicaceae vegetables on obesity and related diseases, partially attributing these beneficial properties to glucosinolates and their derivatives isothiocyanates. Recently, isothiocyanates have been described as a hydrogen sulfide (H₂ S)-releasing moiety, suggesting that H₂ S may be at least in part responsible for the beneficial effects of Brassicaceae. In this work, the metabolic effects of an extract obtained from Eruca sativa Mill. seeds (E.S., Brassicaceae), containing high levels of glucoerucin, were evaluated in an experimental model of obesity. Male balb/c mice were fed for 10 weeks with standard (Std) diet or high fat (HF) diet supplemented with E.S. E.S. significantly contained the body weight gain in this obesity model, improving also glucose homeostasis. Interestingly, lower values of white adipose tissue mass and a significant reduction of adipocytes size were also observed. Moreover, E.S. enhanced the adipocytes metabolism, improving the citrate synthase activity and reduced triglyceride levels in mice fed with HF diet. Taken together, these results suggest that E.S. is endowed with an interesting translational and nutraceutical value in the prevention of metabolic disorders, suggesting that H₂ S could be a key player.

Comprehensive investigation on volatile and non-volatile metabolites in broccoli juices fermented by animal- and plant-derived Pediococcus pentosaceus

A metabolomics approach was employed to investigate differences and correlations among key odorants and non-volatile metabolites in broccoli juices fermented by plant- and animal-derived Pediococcus pentosaceus. Forty volatile metabolites were identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. According to orthogonal projections to latent structures-differential analysis, 24 and 21 differential volatiles were detected after fermentation by plant- and animal-derived P. pentosaceus, respectively. The concentrations of 10 odorants (OAV ≥ 1) detected by gas chromatography-olfactometry changed significantly after fermentation by P. pentosaceus. Using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 49.47% of the non-volatile metabolites were classified as lipids and lipid-like molecules. The relative expressions of five non-volatile metabolites that exhibited significant correlations with odorants using Spearman correlation analysis changed significantly after fermentation. Fermentation with animal- and plant-derived P. pentosaceus can therefore change key odorants and non-volatile metabolites in broccoli juice that contribute to the characteristic organoleptic properties of products.

A Metabolic Pathway for Activation of Dietary Glucosinolates by a Human Gut Symbiont

Consumption of glucosinolates, pro-drug-like metabolites abundant in Brassica vegetables, has been associated with decreased risk of certain cancers. Gut microbiota have the ability to metabolize glucosinolates, generating chemopreventive isothiocyanates. Here, we identify a genetic and biochemical basis for activation of glucosinolates to isothiocyanates by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a prominent gut commensal species. Using a genome-wide transposon insertion screen, we identified an operon required for glucosinolate metabolism in B. thetaiotaomicron. Expression of BT2159-BT2156 in a non-metabolizing relative, Bacteroides fragilis, resulted in gain of glucosinolate metabolism. We show that isothiocyanate formation requires the action of BT2158 and either BT2156 or BT2157 in vitro. Monocolonization of mice with mutant BtΔ2157 showed reduced isothiocyanate production in the gastrointestinal tract. These data provide insight into the mechanisms by which a common gut bacterium processes an important dietary nutrient.

Current Landscape of NRF2 Biomarkers in Clinical Trials

The transcription factor NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2; encoded by NFE2L2) plays a critical role in the maintenance of cellular redox and metabolic homeostasis, as well as the regulation of inflammation and cellular detoxication pathways. The contribution of the NRF2 pathway to organismal homeostasis is seen in many studies using cell lines and animal models, raising intense attention towards targeting its clinical promise. Over the last three decades, an expanding number of clinical studies have examined NRF2 inducers targeting an ever-widening range of diseases. Full understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drug candidates rely partly on the identification, validation, and use of biomarkers to optimize clinical applications. This review focuses on results from clinical trials with four agents known to target NRF2 signaling in preclinical studies (dimethyl fumarate, bardoxolone methyl, oltipraz, and sulforaphane), and evaluates the successes and limitations of biomarkers focused on expression of NRF2 target genes and others, inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers, carcinogen metabolism and adduct biomarkers in unavoidably exposed populations, and targeted and untargeted metabolomics. While no biomarkers excel at defining pharmacodynamic actions in this setting, it is clear that these four lead clinical compounds do touch the NRF2 pathway in humans.

Exploring glucosinolates diversity in Brassicaceae: a genomic and chemical assessment for deciphering abiotic stress tolerance

Brassica is one of the most economically important genus of the Brassicaceae family, encompassing several key crops like Brassica napus (cabbage) and broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica). This family is well known for their high content of characteristic secondary metabolites such as glucosinolates (GLS) compounds, recognize for their beneficial health properties and role in plants defense. In this work, we have looked through gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of GLS, by combining genomic analysis with biochemical pathways and chemical diversity assessment. A total of 101 Brassicaceae genes involved in GLS biosynthesis were identified, using a multi-database approach. Through a UPGMA and PCA analysis on the 101 GLS genes recorded, revealed a separation between the genes mainly involved in GLS core structure synthesis and genes belonging to the CYP450s and MYBs gene families. After, a detailed phylogenetic analysis was conducted to better understand the disjunction of the aliphatic and indolic genes, by focusing on CYP79F1-F2 and CYP81F1-F4, respectively. Our results point to a recent diversification of the aliphatic CYP79F1 and F2 genes in Brassica crops, while for indolic genes an earliest diversification is observed for CYP81F1-F4 genes. Chemical diversity revealed that Brassica crops have distinct GLS chemo-profiles from other Brassicaceae genera; being highlighted the high contents of GLS found among the Diplotaxis species. Also, we have explored GLS-rich species as a new source of taxa with great agronomic potential, particularly in abiotic stress tolerance, namely Diplotaxis, the closest wild relatives of Brassica crops.

Organic Isothiocyanates as Hydrogen Sulfide Donors

Significance: Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), the "new entry" in the series of endogenous gasotransmitters, plays a fundamental role in regulating the biological functions of various organs and systems. Consequently, the lack of adequate levels of H₂S may represent the etiopathogenetic factor of multiple pathological alterations. In these diseases, the use of H₂S donors represents a precious and innovative opportunity. Recent Advances: Natural isothiocyanates (ITCs), sulfur compounds typical of some botanical species, have long been investigated because of their intriguing pharmacological profile. Recently, the ITC moiety has been proposed as a new H₂S-donor chemotype (with a l-cysteine-mediated reaction). Based on this recent discovery, we can clearly observe that almost all the effects of natural ITCs can be explained by the H₂S release. Consistently, the ITC function was also used as an original H₂S-releasing moiety for the design of synthetic H₂S donors and original "pharmacological hybrids." Very recently, the chemical mechanism of H₂S release, resulting from the reaction between l-cysteine and some ITCs, has been elucidated. Critical Issues: Available literature gives convincing demonstration that H₂S is the real player in ITC pharmacology. Further, countless studies have been carried out on natural ITCs, but this versatile moiety has been used only rarely for the design of synthetic H₂S donors with optimal drug-like properties. Future Directions: The development of more ITC-based synthetic H₂S donors with optimal drug-like properties and selectivity toward specific tissues/pathologies seem to represent a stimulating and indispensable prospect of future experimental activities.

Natural Bioactive Compounds As Protectors Of Mitochondrial Dysfunction In Cardiovascular Diseases And Aging

Diet, particularly the Mediterranean diet, has been considered as a protective factor against the development of cardiovascular diseases, the main cause of death in the world. Aging is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, which have an oxidative pathophysiological component, being the mitochondria one of the key organelles in the regulation of oxidative stress. Certain natural bioactive compounds have the ability to regulate oxidative phosphorylation, the production of reactive oxygen species and the expression of mitochondrial proteins; but their efficacy within the mitochondrial physiopathology of cardiovascular diseases has not been clarified yet. The following review has the purpose of evaluating several natural compounds with evidence of mitochondrial effect in cardiovascular disease models, ascertaining the main cellular mechanisms and their potential use as functional foods for prevention of cardiovascular disease and healthy aging.

Broccoli or Sulforaphane: Is It the Source or Dose That Matters?

There is robust epidemiological evidence for the beneficial effects of broccoli consumption on health, many of them clearly mediated by the isothiocyanate sulforaphane. Present in the plant as its precursor, glucoraphanin, sulforaphane is formed through the actions of myrosinase, a β-thioglucosidase present in either the plant tissue or the mammalian microbiome. Since first isolated from broccoli and demonstrated to have cancer chemoprotective properties in rats in the early 1990s, over 3000 publications have described its efficacy in rodent disease models, underlying mechanisms of action or, to date, over 50 clinical trials examining pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and disease mitigation. This review evaluates the current state of knowledge regarding the relationships between formulation (e.g., plants, sprouts, beverages, supplements), bioavailability and efficacy, and the doses of glucoraphanin and/or sulforaphane that have been used in pre-clinical and clinical studies. We pay special attention to the challenges for better integration of animal model and clinical studies, particularly with regard to selection of dose and route of administration. More effort is required to elucidate underlying mechanisms of action and to develop and validate biomarkers of pharmacodynamic action in humans. A sobering lesson is that changes in approach will be required to implement a public health paradigm for dispensing benefit across all spectrums of the global population.

Relation of Fruits and Vegetables with Major Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Markers of Oxidation, and Inflammation

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are considered to be the leading cause of death worldwide. Inadequate fruit and vegetable intake have been recognized as a risk factor for almost all NCDs (type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases). The main aim of this review is to examine the possible protective effect that fruit and vegetable consumption or their bioactive compounds may have on the development of NCDs such as atherosclerosis. The accumulated evidence on the protective effects of adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables in some cases, or the lack of evidence in others, are summarized in the present review. The main conclusion of this review is that well-designed, large-scale, long-term studies are needed to truly understand the role fruit and vegetable consumption or their bioactive compounds have in atherosclerosis.

Planning, Development, and Implementation of a University-Led, Low-Cost Employee Wellness Program in a preK-12th-Grade Public School District

BACKGROUND

A healthy preK-12th-grade school environment is critical to student well-being and success. As role models, school employees play a significant part in creating a healthy environment. Research suggests that employee wellness programs (EWPs) may help school employees adopt healthier lifestyles and, therefore, be healthier, more productive, and serve as healthy role models for students. This article describes the process by which a school district in central Texas partnered with a local university to plan, develop, and implement an affordable EWP.

METHODS

A university-led leadership team sought input from employees, including administrators, and conducted a 4-week trial. These resulted in an EWP that provided health risk appraisals, fitness testing, group exercise classes, education seminars, online wellness resources, and blood draws/analysis.

RESULTS

During the first 4 years, membership ranged from 107 to 384 (10-37%), and the annual cost of the program ranged from $49 to $116 per participating employee.

CONCLUSIONS

University-led EWP programs can support, at a low cost, the health of school employees. Despite low employee engagement, need was demonstrated and feedback was positive. Challenges identified include time demands and lack of principals' support. Future considerations include targeting principals, utilizing the Human Resources Office, and strategically building a culture of health.

Biotechnological approaches in glucosinolate production

Glucosinolates (GLSs) are sulfur-rich, amino acid-derived defense compounds characteristic of the Brassicales order. In the past, GLSs were mostly known as anti-nutritional factors in fodder, biopesticides in agriculture, and flavors in condiments such as mustard. However, in recent times, GLSs have received increased attention as promoters of human health. This has spurred intensive research towards generating rich sources of health-promoting GLSs. We provide a comprehensive overview of the biotechnological approaches applied to reach this goal. This includes optimization of GLS production and composition in native, GLS-producing plants, including hairy root and cell cultures thereof, as well as synthetic biology approaches in heterologous hosts, such as tobacco and the microbial organisms Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The progress using these different approaches is discussed.

Evaluation of 2-Thiothiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid, a Common Metabolite of Isothiocyanates, as a Potential Biomarker of Cruciferous Vegetable Intake

SCOPE

Cruciferous vegetable consumption is associated with favorable health outcomes. Bioactive compounds arising in these, especially isothiocyanates, exert effects that contribute to prevention of disease, in large part through the attenuation of inflammation and oxidative stress. However, much about isothiocyanate metabolites and their role as biomarkers of crucifer intake remain unknown.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The utility and limitations of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) as a urinary biomarker of broccoli beverage intake are tested in a randomized crossover clinical trial where 50 participants consumed either a glucoraphanin-rich (GRR) or sulforaphane-rich (SFR) beverage. Compared to run-in and wash-out periods, significantly higher urinary TTCA is observed after broccoli beverage consumption. Measurements also show that TTCA is present in beverage powders and in all tested cruciferous vegetables. GRR results in excretion of ≈87% of the ingested TTCA while SFR results in excretion of ≈176%. Elevated urinary TTCA is observed in rats administered 100 µmol kg^-1 SFN. Unlike SFN, TTCA does not activate Nrf2-mediated cytoprotective signaling.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, TTCA appears to be a common isothiocyanate-derived metabolite that has the capacity to be utilized as a biomarker of cruciferous vegetables that would be beneficial for objective and quantitative tracking of intake in studies.

Characterization of Diversity and Probiotic Efficiency of the Autochthonous Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Fermentation of Selected Raw Fruit and Vegetable Juices

The diversity of indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fermented broccoli, cherry, ginger, white radish, and white-fleshed pitaya juices was analyzed using culture-independent and -dependent approaches. The major properties of selected probiotic strains, including dynamic variations in pH, viable cell counts, antibiotic resistance, bacterial adhesion to hydrophobic compounds, and survivability during simulated gastrointestinal transit, were investigated using broccoli as the fermentation substrate. In broccoli and ginger juices, the genus Lactobacillus occupied the dominant position (abundances of 79.0 and 30.3%, respectively); in cherry and radish juices, Weissella occupied the dominant position (abundances of 78.3 and 83.2%, respectively); and in pitaya juice, Streptococcus and Lactococcus occupied the dominant positions (52.2 and 37.0%, respectively). Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Weissella cibaria/soli/confusa, Enterococcus gallinarum/durans/hirae, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus coagulans, and Lactococcus garvieae/lactis subspecies were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In general, the selected autochthonous LAB isolates displayed no significant differences in comparison with commercial strains with regard to growth rates or acidification in fermented broccoli juice. Among all the isolates, L. mesenteroides B4-25 exhibited the highest antibiotic resistance profile (equal to that of L. plantarum CICC20265), and suitable adhesion properties (adhesion of 13.4 ± 5.2% ∼ 36.4 ± 3.2% and 21.6 ± 1.4% ∼ 69.6 ± 2.3% to ethyl acetate and xylene, respectively). Furthermore, P. pentosaceus Ca-4 and L. mesenteroides B-25 featured the highest survival rates (22.4 ± 2.6 and 21.2 ± 1.4%, respectively), after simulated gastrointestinal transit. These results indicated a high level of diversity among the autochthonous bacterial community in fermented fruit and vegetable juices, and demonstrated the potential of these candidate probiotics for applications in fermentation.

Isothiocyanates: Translating the Power of Plants to People

Isothiocyanates from cruciferous vegetables have been studied extensively in cells and in animals for their disease preventive and therapeutic effects. However, translating their utility to human populations has been both limited and challenging. Herein, clinical trials employing two isothiocyanates, sulforaphane (SFN; 1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl) butane) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC; 2-isothiocyanatoethylbenzene) that are isolated principally from broccoli and watercress, respectively, are summarized and discussed. Both of these compounds have been used in small human clinical trials, either within food matrices or as single agents, against a variety of diseases ranging from cancer to autism. Results suggest an opportunity to incorporate them, or more likely preparations derived from their source plants, into larger human disease mitigation efforts. The context for the applications of these compounds and plants in evidence-based food and nutritional policy is also evaluated.

Comparative bio-accessibility, bioavailability and bioequivalence of quercetin, apigenin, glucoraphanin and carotenoids from freeze-dried vegetables incorporated into a baked snack versus minimally processed vegetables: Evidence from in vitro models and a human bioavailability study

•

A process for incorporating phytochemical-rich vegetables into potato snacks was developed.

•

Highest phytochemical concentrations were achieved using freeze-dried vegetables.

•

There was excellent retention of flavonoids and glucosinolates in the final snack product.

•

Bioavailability of phytochemicals from the snack was similar to that of cooked vegetables.

The aim was to incorporate vegetables containing the phytochemicals quercetin, apigenin, glucoraphanin and carotenoids into a processed potato-based snack and assess their bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Three different processing routes were tested for incorporation and retention of phytochemicals in snacks using individually quick frozen or freeze-dried vegetables. No significant differences in the uptake or transport of quercetin or apigenin between a vegetable mix or snacks were observed using the CaCo-2 transwell model. Simulated in vitro digestions predicted a substantial release of quercetin and apigenin, some release of glucoraphanin but none for carotenes from either the snack or equivalent steamed vegetables. In humans, there were no significant differences in the bioavailability of quercetin, apigenin or glucoraphanin from the snack or equivalent steamed vegetables. We have shown that significant quantities of freeze-dried vegetables can be incorporated into snacks with good retention of phytochemicals and with similar bioavailability to equivalent steamed vegetables.

Co-administrating apigenin in a high-cholesterol diet prevents hypercholesterolaemia in golden hamsters

Objectives

Hypercholesterolaemia is a major risk factor for developing atherosclerosis. Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is recommended to hypercholesterolaemic patients. In this study, the hypocholesterolaemic effect of apigenin and luteolin was evaluated in a hamster model.

Methods

Hamsters were put on a high-cholesterol diet for 9 weeks, and apigenin or luteolin was administered in the diet at 60 and 300 ppm.

Key findings

Both apigenin and luteolin supplementations could attenuate the aorta plaque formation by 30% and 20%, respectively. Apigenin-fed hamsters at both dosages displayed a 1.5-fold increase in hepatic Ldlr expression and a 40% reduction in non-HDL cholesterol level as compared with those in the control fed a high-cholesterol (HC) diet. Besides, faecal elimination of cholesterol was facilitated by 20% in the hamsters with high apigenin consumption. Suppressing the expression of the cholesterol transporter ncp1l1 in the intestinal mucosa could block the cholesterol absorption and promote its elimination. The differential regulations of ncp1l1 and Ldlr appeared to be the underlying hypocholesterolaemic mechanism of apigenin in this model system. Luteolin supplementation, on the other hand, had no effect on the blood cholesterol.

Conclusions

This study illustrated that dietary administration of apigenin attenuated HC feeding-induced hypercholesterolemia in hamsters.

Supplementation of the Diet by Exogenous Myrosinase via Mustard Seeds to Increase the Bioavailability of Sulforaphane in Healthy Human Subjects after the Consumption of Cooked Broccoli

SCOPE

Broccoli contains glucosinolate glucoraphanin, which, in the presence of myrosinase, can hydrolyze to isothiocyanate sulforaphane, reported to have anticarcinogenic activity. However, the myrosinase enzyme is denatured on cooking. Addition of an active source of myrosinase, such as from powdered mustard seed, to cooked Brassica vegetables can increase the release of health beneficial isothiocyanates; however, this has not previously been proven in vivo.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The concentration of sulforaphane metabolite (sulforaphane N-acetyl-l-cysteine [SF-NAC]) in 12 healthy adults after the consumption of 200 g cooked broccoli, with and without 1 g powdered brown mustard, was studied in a randomized crossover design. During the 24-h period following the consumption of the study sample, all urine was collected. SF-NAC content was assayed by HPLC. When study subjects ingested cooked broccoli alone, mean urinary SF-NAC excreted was 9.8 ± 5.1 μmol per g creatinine, and when cooked broccoli was consumed with mustard powder, this increased significantly to 44.7 ± 33.9 μmol SF-NAC per gram creatinine.

CONCLUSION

These results conclude that when powdered brown mustard is added to cooked broccoli, the bioavailability of sulforaphane is over four times greater than that from cooked broccoli ingested alone.

Concerted redox modulation by sulforaphane alleviates diabetes and cardiometabolic syndrome

Diabetes and cardiometabolic disorders such as hypertension and obesity are major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease, with a wealth of evidence suggesting that oxidative stress is linked to the initiation and pathogenesis of these disease processes. With yearly increases in the global incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes, numerous studies have focused on characterizing whether upregulating antioxidant defenses through exogenous antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E, vitamin C) or activation of endogenous defenses (e.g. the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant defense pathway) may be of benefit. The dietary isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN) is currently the subject of several clinical trials for a variety of disease states, including the evaluation of its therapeutic potential to ameliorate diabetic and cardiometabolic complications. SFN is a well characterized and potent Nrf2 inducer, however recent studies suggest its protective actions may be in part mediated by its modulation of various pro-inflammatory (e.g. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB)) and metabolic (e.g. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activator Receptor Gamma (PPARγ)) signaling pathways. The focus of this review is to provide a detailed analysis of the known mechanisms by which SFN modulates Nrf2, NFκB and PPARγ signaling and crosstalk and to provide a critical evaluation of the evidence linking these transcriptional pathways with diabetic and cardiometabolic complications and SFN mediated cytoprotection. To allow comparison between rodent and human studies, we discuss the published bioavailability of SFN metabolites achieved in rodents and man in the context of Nrf2, NFκB and PPARγ signaling. Furthermore, we provide an update on the functional outcomes and implicated signaling pathways reported in recent clinical trials with SFN in Type 2 diabetic patients.

Intake of glucosinolates and risk of coronary heart disease in three large prospective cohorts of US men and women

Importance

Glucosinolates, a group of phytochemicals abundant in cruciferous vegetables, may have cardioprotective properties. However, no prospective study has evaluated the association of intake of glucosinolates with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).

Objective

The objective of the study was to evaluate the association between the intake of glucosinolates and incident CHD in US men and women.

Design

Prospective longitudinal cohort study.

Setting

Health professionals in the USA.

Participants

We followed 74,241 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; 1984–2012), 94,163 women in the NHSII (1991–2013), and 42,170 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986–2012), who were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline.

Exposure

Glucosinolate intake was assessed using validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires at baseline and updated every 2–4 years during follow-up.

Main outcome measures

Incident cases of CHD were confirmed by medical record review.

Results

During 4,824,001 person-years of follow-up, 8,010 cases of CHD were identified in the three cohorts. After adjustment for major lifestyle and dietary risk factors of CHD, weak but significantly positive associations were observed for glucosinolates with CHD risk when comparing the top with bottom quintiles (hazard ratio [HR]:1.09; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.17; P_trend<0.001). Higher intakes of three major subtypes of glucosinolates were consistently associated with a higher CHD risk, although the association for indolylglucosinolate did not achieve statistical significance. Regarding cruciferous vegetable intake, participants who consumed one or more servings per week of Brussels sprouts (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.26; P<0.001) and cabbage (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.17; P=0.009) had a significantly higher CHD risk than those who consumed these cruciferous vegetables less than once per month.

Conclusion and relevance

In these three prospective cohort studies, dietary glucosinolate intake was associated with a slightly higher risk of CHD in US adults. These results warrant replications in further studies including biomarker-based studies. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and elucidate mechanistic pathways that may underlie these associations.