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Study of the CRISPR/Cas3 System for Xenotransplantation. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:522-524. [PMID: 35031120 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas3 system, classified in class I system, was recently focused as a new technology. For application of this system to porcine cells, the plasmids of bpNLS-Cascade, BPNLS-hCas3, and pBS-U6icrRNA were prepared. Initially, 2 crRNAs were established in the exon 9 of pig Gal-T (GGTA1) as #45 and #86. Next, hCas3 + #45 + #86 (group 1, control), Cascade + hCas3 + #45 (group 2), Cascade + hCas3 + #86 (group 3), and Cascade + hCas3 + #45 + #86 (group 4) were set and transfected into pig fibroblasts. Transfected cells were analyzed for bulk expression of α1,3Gal epitope by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), using a GSI-B4 lectin 2 days after the transfection. As the results, changes of expression are observed in order of G4>G2>G3, indicating the effect of the Cas3 system. Therefore, the nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for target region of GGTA1 was performed. Next, the PCR products from each group were checked in blotting, and the products were placed into the cloning sit of TOPO vector and transformed into Escherichia coli. Sixteen colonies of each group were checked by PCR, and clones containing PCR product with slightly varying length were evaluated. The direct sequence of these PCR changes were demonstrated as 294 to 754 bp deletions. In conclusion, we confirmed the effect of the CRISPR/Cas3 system on pig cell, especially in xenotransplantation.
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Perota A, Lagutina I, Duchi R, Zanfrini E, Lazzari G, Judor JP, Conchon S, Bach JM, Bottio T, Gerosa G, Costa C, Galiñanes M, Roussel JC, Padler-Karavani V, Cozzi E, Soulillou JP, Galli C. Generation of cattle knockout for galactose-α1,3-galactose and N-glycolylneuraminic acid antigens. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12524. [PMID: 31115108 PMCID: PMC6852128 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two well‐characterized carbohydrate epitopes are absent in humans but present in other mammals. These are galactose‐α1,3‐galactose (αGal) and N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) which are introduced by the activities of two enzymes including α(1,3) galactosyltransferase (encoded by the GGTA1 gene) and CMP‐Neu5Gc hydroxylase (encoded by the CMAH gene) that are inactive in humans but present in cattle. Hence, bovine‐derived products are antigenic in humans who receive bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) or those that suffer from red meat syndrome. Using programmable nucleases, we disrupted (knockout, KO) GGTA1 and CMAH genes encoding for the enzymes that catalyse the synthesis of αGal and Neu5Gc, respectively, in both male and female bovine fibroblasts. The KO in clonally selected fibroblasts was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Selected fibroblasts colonies were used for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to produce cloned embryos that were implanted in surrogate recipient heifers. Fifty‐three embryos were implanted in 33 recipients heifers; 3 pregnancies were carried to term and delivered 3 live calves. Primary cell cultures were established from the 3 calves and following molecular analyses confirmed the genetic deletions. FACS analysis showed the double‐KO phenotype for both antigens confirming the mutated genotypes. Availability of such cattle double‐KO model lacking both αGal and Neu5Gc offers a unique opportunity to study the functionality of BHV manufactured with tissues of potentially lower immunogenicity, as well as a possible new clinical approaches to help patients with red meat allergy syndrome due to the presence of these xenoantigens in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perota
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy
| | - Irina Lagutina
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy
| | - Roberto Duchi
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy
| | - Elisa Zanfrini
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lazzari
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy.,Fondazione Avantea, Cremona, Italy
| | - Jean Paul Judor
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Conchon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean Marie Bach
- IECM, Immuno-endocrinology, EA4644 Oniris, University of Nantes, USC1383 INRA, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Tomaso Bottio
- Cardiac Surgery Unit - Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health - Padova University School of Medicine and CORIS, Padova, Italy
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Cardiac Surgery Unit - Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health - Padova University School of Medicine and CORIS, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Costa
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Galiñanes
- Reparative Therapy of the Heart, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona (AUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean Christian Roussel
- Department of Thoracic and CardioVascular Surgery, Nantes Hospital University, Nantes, France
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Padua General Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Jean Paul Soulillou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Cesare Galli
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy.,Fondazione Avantea, Cremona, Italy
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Kang JD, Kim H, Jin L, Guo Q, Cui CD, Li WX, Kim S, Kim JS, Yin XJ. Apancreatic pigs cloned using Pdx1-disrupted fibroblasts created via TALEN-mediated mutagenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:115480-115489. [PMID: 29383175 PMCID: PMC5777787 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) plays a crucial role in pancreas development, β-cell differentiation, and maintenance of mature β-cell function. In this study, we designed a strategy to produce PDX1-knockout (KO) pigs. A transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) pair targeting exon 1 of the swine PDX1 gene was constructed. Porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs) were transfected with the TALEN plasmids plus a surrogate reporter plasmid. PDX1-mutated PFFs were enriched by magnetic separation and used to produce homozygous PDX1-KO pigs via a two-step somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning process. In the first SCNT step, we obtained eight fetuses, established PFF cell lines, and analyzed PDX1 gene mutations by T7 endonuclease 1 assays and Sanger sequencing. Five fetuses showed mutations at the PDX1 loci with two biallelic mutations and three monoallelic mutations (mutation rate of 62.5%). In the second step, a PDX1 biallelic mutant PFF cell line with a 2 bp deletion in one allele and a 4 bp insertion in the other allele was used as a donor to generate cloned pigs via SCNT. From 462 cloned embryos transferred into two surrogates, nine live piglets were delivered. These piglets at birth were not clearly distinguishable phenotypically from wild-type piglets, but soon developed severe diarrhea and vomiting and all died within 2 days after birth. Dissection of PDX1-KO piglets revealed that the liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, common bile duct, and other viscera were present and normal, but the pancreas was absent in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Dan Kang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering and Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, South Korea.,Present/Current address: Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Long Jin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering and Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering and Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Cheng-Du Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering and Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Wen-Xue Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering and Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Seokjoong Kim
- ToolGen, Inc., Byucksan Kyoungin Digital Valley 2-Cha, Geumcheon-Gu, Seoul 153-023, South Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Xi-Jun Yin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering and Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
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Sato M, Miyoshi K, Nakamura S, Ohtsuka M, Sakurai T, Watanabe S, Kawaguchi H, Tanimoto A. Efficient Generation of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer-Competent Porcine Cells with Mutated Alleles at Multiple Target Loci by Using CRISPR/Cas9 Combined with Targeted Toxin-Based Selection System. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122610. [PMID: 29207527 PMCID: PMC5751213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent advancement in genome editing such a CRISPR/Cas9 system has enabled isolation of cells with knocked multiple alleles through a one-step transfection. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been frequently employed as one of the efficient tools for the production of genetically modified (GM) animals. To use GM cells as SCNT donor, efficient isolation of transfectants with mutations at multiple target loci is often required. The methods for the isolation of such GM cells largely rely on the use of drug selection-based approach using selectable genes; however, it is often difficult to isolate cells with mutations at multiple target loci. In this study, we used a novel approach for the efficient isolation of porcine cells with at least two target loci mutations by one-step introduction of CRISPR/Cas9-related components. A single guide (sg) RNA targeted to GGTA1 gene, involved in the synthesis of cell-surface α-Gal epitope (known as xenogenic antigen), is always a prerequisite. When the transfected cells were reacted with toxin-labeled BS-I-B4 isolectin for 2 h at 37 °C to eliminate α-Gal epitope-expressing cells, the surviving clones lacked α-Gal epitope expression and were highly expected to exhibit induced mutations at another target loci. Analysis of these α-Gal epitope-negative surviving cells demonstrated a 100% occurrence of genome editing at target loci. SCNT using these cells as donors resulted in the production of cloned blastocysts with the genotype similar to that of the donor cells used. Thus, this novel system will be useful for SCNT-mediated acquisition of GM cloned piglets, in which multiple target loci may be mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Kazuchika Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Basic Research Division for Next-Generation Disease Models and Fundamental Technology, Research Center for Next Generation Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Animal Genome Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Akihide Tanimoto
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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Lee SC, Lee H, Oh KB, Hwang IS, Yang H, Park MR, Ock SA, Woo JS, Im GS, Hwang S. Production and Breeding of Transgenic Cloned Pigs Expressing Human CD73. Dev Reprod 2017; 21:157-165. [PMID: 28785737 PMCID: PMC5532308 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.2.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the reasons to causing blood coagulation in the tissue of xenografted
organs was known to incompatibility of the blood coagulation and
anti-coagulation regulatory system between TG pigs and primates. Thus,
overexpression of human CD73 (hCD73) in the pig endothelial cells is considered
as a method to reduce coagulopathy after pig-to-non-human-primate
xenotransplantation. This study was performed to produce and breed transgenic
pigs expressing hCD73 for the studies immune rejection responses and could
provide a successful application of xenotransplantation. The transgenic cells
were constructed an hCD73 expression vector under control porcine Icam2 promoter
(pIcam2-hCD73) and established donor cell lines expressing hCD73. The numbers of
transferred reconstructed embryos were 127 ± 18.9. The pregnancy and delivery
rate of surrogates were 8/18 (44%) and 3/18 (16%). The total number of delivered
cloned pigs were 10 (2 alive, 7 mummy, and 1 died after birth). Among them,
three live hCD73-pigs were successfully delivered by Caesarean section, but one
was dead after birth. The two hCD73 TG cloned pigs had normal reproductive
ability. They mated with wild type (WT) MGH (Massachusetts General Hospital)
female sows and produced totally 16 piglets. Among them, 5 piglets were
identified as hCD73 TG pigs. In conclusion, we successfully generated the hCD73
transgenic cloned pigs and produced their litters by natural mating. It can be
possible to use a mate for the production of multiple transgenic pigs such as
α-1,3-galactosyltransferase knock-out /hCD46 for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chan Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesun Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Bong Oh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sul Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Yang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ryung Park
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Ock
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Woo
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Sun Im
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
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Lee SE, Hyun H, Park MR, Choi Y, Son YJ, Park YG, Jeong SG, Shin MY, Ha HJ, Hong HS, Choi MK, Im GS, Park EW, Kim YH, Park C, Kim EY, Park SP. Production of transgenic pig as an Alzheimer's disease model using a multi-cistronic vector system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177933. [PMID: 28586343 PMCID: PMC5460854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with memory loss and cognitive impairments. An AD transgenic (Tg) pig model would be useful for preclinical testing of therapeutic agents. We generated an AD Tg pig by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using a multi-cistronic vector that harbored three AD-related genes with a total of six well-characterized mutations: hAPP (K670N/M671L, I716V, and V717I), hTau (P301L), and hPS1 (M146V and L286P). Four AD Tg cell lines were established from Jeju black pig ear fibroblasts (JB-PEFs); the resultant JB-PEFAD cells harbored transgene integration, expressed transgene mRNAs, and had normal karyotypes. Tg line #2-1, which expressed high levels of the transgenes, was used for SCNT; cleavage and blastocyst rates of embryos derived from this line were lower than those of Non-Tg. These embryos yielded three piglets (Jeju National University AD-Tg pigs, JNUPIGs) revealed by microsatellite testing to be genetically identical to JB-PEFAD. Transgenes were expressed in multiple tissues, and at especially high levels in brain, and Aβ-40/42, total Tau, and GFAP levels were high in brains of the Tg animals. Five or more copies of transgenes were inserted into chromosome X. This is the first report of an AD Tg pig derived from a multi-cistronic vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Eun Lee
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
| | - Hyuk Hyun
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
| | - Mi-Ryung Park
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yeo-Jin Son
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
| | - Yun-Gwi Park
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
| | - Sang-Gi Jeong
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
| | - Min-Young Shin
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Ha
- Medifron DBT, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | | | - Min-Keyung Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi-Sun Im
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Eung-Woo Park
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | | | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
- Mirae Cell Bio, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SPP); (EYK)
| | - Se-Pill Park
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
- Mirae Cell Bio, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SPP); (EYK)
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Kang JD, Kim S, Zhu HY, Jin L, Guo Q, Li XC, Zhang YC, Xing XX, Xuan MF, Zhang GL, Luo QR, Kim YS, Cui CD, Li WX, Cui ZY, Kim JS, Yin XJ. Generation of cloned adult muscular pigs with myostatin gene mutation by genetic engineering. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28579a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the most economically valuable tissue in meat-producing animals and enhancing muscle growth in these species may enhance the efficiency of meat production.
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Kim YJ, Ahn KS, Kim M, Kim MJ, Ahn JS, Ryu J, Heo SY, Park SM, Kang JH, Choi YJ, Shim H. Alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient miniature pigs produced by serial cloning using neonatal skin fibroblasts with loss of heterozygosity. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:439-445. [PMID: 27165032 PMCID: PMC5337925 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Production of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (αGT)-deficient pigs is essential to overcome xenograft rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. However, the production of such pigs requires a great deal of cost, time, and labor. Heterozygous αGT knockout pigs should be bred at least for two generations to ultimately obtain homozygote progenies. The present study was conducted to produce αGT-deficient miniature pigs in much reduced time using mitotic recombination in neonatal ear skin fibroblasts. Methods Miniature pig fibroblasts were transfected with αGT gene-targeting vector. Resulting gene-targeted fibroblasts were used for nuclear transfer (NT) to produce heterozygous αGT gene-targeted piglets. Fibroblasts isolated from ear skin biopsies of these piglets were cultured for 6 to 8 passages to induce loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and treated with biotin-conjugated IB4 that binds to galactose-α-1,3-galactose, an epitope produced by αGT. Using magnetic activated cell sorting, cells with monoallelic disruption of αGT were removed. Remaining cells with LOH carrying biallelic disruption of αGT were used for the second round NT to produce homozygous αGT gene-targeted piglets. Results Monoallelic mutation of αGT gene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in fibroblasts. Using these cells as nuclear donors, three heterozygous αGT gene-targeted piglets were produced by NT. Fibroblasts were collected from ear skin biopsies of these piglets, and homozygosity was induced by LOH. The second round NT using these fibroblasts resulted in production of three homozygous αGT knockout piglets. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that the time required for the production of αGT-deficient miniature pigs could be reduced significantly by postnatal skin biopsies and subsequent selection of mitotic recombinants. Such procedure may be beneficial for the production of homozygote knockout animals, especially in species, such as pigs, that require a substantial length of time for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young June Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea.,Institute of Green Bioscience and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Kwang Sung Ahn
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jin Seop Ahn
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Junghyun Ryu
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Soon Young Heo
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Park
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Kang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - You Jung Choi
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Hosup Shim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea.,Department of Physiology, Dankook University School of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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9
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Miyagawa S, Matsunari H, Watanabe M, Nakano K, Umeyama K, Sakai R, Takayanagi S, Takeishi T, Fukuda T, Yashima S, Maeda A, Eguchi H, Okuyama H, Nagaya M, Nagashima H. Generation of α1,3-galactosyltransferase and cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene double-knockout pigs. J Reprod Dev 2015; 61:449-57. [PMID: 26227017 PMCID: PMC4623151 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are new tools for
producing gene knockout (KO) animals. The current study reports produced genetically modified pigs, in which
two endogenous genes were knocked out. Porcine fibroblast cell lines were derived from homozygous
α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) KO pigs. These cells were subjected to an additional KO for
the cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene. A
pair of ZFN-encoding mRNAs targeting exon 8 of the CMAH gene was used to generate the
heterozygous CMAH KO cells, from which cloned pigs were produced by somatic cell nuclear
transfer (SCNT). One of the cloned pigs obtained was re-cloned after additional KO of the remaining
CMAH allele using the same ZFN-encoding mRNAs to generate
GalT/CMAH-double homozygous KO pigs. On the other hand, the use of
TALEN-encoding mRNAs targeting exon 7 of the CMAH gene resulted in efficient generation of
homozygous CMAH KO cells. These cells were used for SCNT to produce cloned pigs homozygous
for a double GalT/CMAH KO. These results demonstrate that the combination of
TALEN-encoding mRNA, in vitro selection of the nuclear donor cells and SCNT provides a robust
method for generating KO pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Miyagawa
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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10
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Watanabe M, Kobayashi M, Nagaya M, Matsunari H, Nakano K, Maehara M, Hayashida G, Takayanagi S, Sakai R, Umeyama K, Watanabe N, Onodera M, Nagashima H. Production of transgenic cloned pigs expressing the far-red fluorescent protein monomeric Plum. J Reprod Dev 2015; 61:169-77. [PMID: 25739316 PMCID: PMC4498373 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monomeric Plum (Plum), a far-red fluorescent protein with photostability and photopermeability, is potentially suitable for in vivo imaging and detection of fluorescence in body tissues. The aim of this study was to generate transgenic cloned pigs exhibiting systemic expression of Plum using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology. Nuclear donor cells for SCNT were obtained by introducing a Plum-expression vector driven by a combination of the cytomegalovirus early enhancer and chicken beta-actin promoter into porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs). The cleavage and blastocyst formation rates of reconstructed SCNT embryos were 81.0% (34/42) and 78.6% (33/42), respectively. At 36-37 days of gestation, three fetuses systemically expressing Plum were obtained from one recipient to which 103 SCNT embryos were transferred (3/103, 2.9%). For generation of offspring expressing Plum, rejuvenated PFFs were established from one cloned fetus and used as nuclear donor cells. Four cloned offspring and one stillborn cloned offspring were produced from one recipient to which 117 SCNT embryos were transferred (5/117, 4.3%). All offspring exhibited high levels of Plum fluorescence in blood cells, such as lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. In addition, the skin, heart, kidney, pancreas, liver and spleen also exhibited Plum expression. These observations demonstrated that transfer of the Plum gene did not interfere with the development of porcine SCNT embryos and resulted in the successful generation of transgenic cloned pigs that systemically expressed Plum. This is the first report of the generation and characterization of transgenic cloned pigs expressing the far-red fluorescent protein Plum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Watanabe
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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11
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Park HM, Kim YW, Kim KJ, Kim YJ, Yang YH, Jin JM, Kim YH, Kim BG, Shim H, Kim YG. Comparative N-linked glycan analysis of wild-type and α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene knock-out pig fibroblasts using mass spectrometry approaches. Mol Cells 2015; 38:65-74. [PMID: 25518929 PMCID: PMC4314127 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens expressed on pig cells are considered to be major barriers in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Even after α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene knock-out (GalT-KO) pigs are generated, potential non-Gal antigens are still existed. However, to the best of our knowledge there is no extensive study analyzing N-glycans expressed on the GalT-KO pig tissues or cells. Here, we identified and quantified totally 47 N-glycans from wild-type (WT) and GalT-KO pig fibroblasts using mass spectrometry. First, our results confirmed the absence of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) residue in the GalT-KO pig cells. Interestingly, we showed that the level of overall fucosylated N-glycans from GalT-KO pig fibroblasts is much higher than from WT pig fibroblasts. Moreover, the relative quantity of the N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) antigen is slightly higher in the GalT-KO pigs. Thus, this study will contribute to a better understanding of cellular glycan alterations on GalT-KO pigs for successful xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Min Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | - Yoon-Woo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743,
Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743,
Korea
| | - Young June Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21+ NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714,
Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Microbial Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Jang Mi Jin
- Division of Mass Spectrometry Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang 363-883,
Korea
| | - Young Hwan Kim
- Division of Mass Spectrometry Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang 363-883,
Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | - Hosup Shim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21+ NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714,
Korea
| | - Yun-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743,
Korea
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12
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Li P, Estrada JL, Burlak C, Montgomery J, Butler JR, Santos RM, Wang ZY, Paris LL, Blankenship RL, Downey SM, Tector M, Tector AJ. Efficient generation of genetically distinct pigs in a single pregnancy using multiplexed single-guide RNA and carbohydrate selection. Xenotransplantation 2015; 22:20-31. [PMID: 25178170 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manipulating the pig genome to increase compatibility with human biology may facilitate the clinical application of xenotransplantation. Genetic modifications to pig cells have been made by sequential recombination in fetal fibroblasts and liver-derived cells followed by cross-breeding or somatic cell nuclear transfer. The generation of pigs for research or organ donation by these methods is slow, expensive and requires technical expertise. A novel system incorporating the bacterial nuclease Cas9 and single-guide RNA targeting a 20 nucleotide site within a gene can be expressed from a single plasmid leading to a double-strand break and gene disruption. Coexpression of multiple unique single-guide RNA can modify several genetic loci in a single step. We describe a process for increasing the efficiency of selecting cells with multiple genetic modifications. METHODS We used the CRISPR/Cas system to target the GGTA1, CMAH and putative iGb3S genes in pigs that have been naturally deleted in humans. Cells lacking galactose α-1,3 galactose (α-Gal) were negatively selected by an IB4 lectin/magnetic bead. α-Gal negative multiplexed single-guide RNA-treated cells were used for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and transferred to fertile sows. We examined the levels of α-Gal and Neu5Gc expression of 32 day fetuses and piglets and analyzed the targeted genes by DNA sequencing. RESULTS Liver-derived cells treated with multiple single-guide RNA and selected for an α-Gal null phenotype were significantly more likely to also carry mutations in simultaneously targeted genes. Multiplex single-guide RNA-treated cells used directly for SCNT without further genetic selection produced piglets with deletions in the targeted genes but also created double- and triple-gene KO variations. CRISPR/Cas-treated cells grew normally and yielded normal liters of healthy piglets via somatic cell nuclear transfer. CONCLUSIONS The CRISPR/Cas system allows targeting of multiple genes in a single reaction with the potential to create pigs of one genetic strain or multiple genetic modifications in a single pregnancy. The application of this phenotypic selection strategy with multiplexed sgRNA and the Cas9 nuclease has accelerated our ability to produce and evaluate pigs important to xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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13
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Ko YG, Hwang S, Kim SW, Kim H, Seong HH, Kim JH, Song Y, Yang BS, Song YM, Cho JH. Proteomic analysis of the extraembryonic tissues from cloned porcine fetus at day 35 of pregnancy. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:861. [PMID: 25433481 PMCID: PMC4289280 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic cell cloning by nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pig is clearly of great benefit for basic research and biomedical applications. Even though cloned offspring have been successfully produced in pig, SCNT is struggling with the low efficiency. RESULTS In the present study, we investigated differentially expressed proteins of the extraembryonic tissue from pig SCNT fetus compared to control (normal) fetus. We obtained the extraembryonic tissue from embryos at day 35 of pregnancy and examined the protein expression profiles using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-D) and Western blotting. The extraembryonic tissue of fetus in control pregnancy was compared to the extraembryonic tissue of SCNT fetus, which showed an abnormally small size and shape as well as exhibited abnormal placental morphology compared to control fetus. A proteomic analysis showed that the expression of 33 proteins was significantly increased or decreased in the extraembryonic tissue of SCNT fetus compared to control fetus. The differentially expressed proteins in the extraembryonic tissue of SCNT fetus included ATP or lipid binding proteins, antioxidant proteins, translation elongation factors, and transcription factors. Western blotting analysis indicated that antioxidant enzymes and anti-apoptotic proteins were down-regulated; however, the expression levels of apoptotic proteins, Bax and Hsp27, were increased in the extraembryonic tissue of SCNT fetus. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis also showed that the expression of the catalase or GPX genes was decreased in the extraembryonic tissue with SCNT fetus compared to those with control fetus. In addition, we observed a significant decrease in DNA methytransferase1 (Dnmt1) expression in SCNT extraembryonic tissue, and the expression levels of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b were abnormally higher in SCNT fetus compared to control fetus. Moreover, a marked increase in the frequency of TUNEL-positive cells was observed in the extraembryonic tissue in SCNT fetus. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that pig SCNT fetus showed abnormal protein expression in the extraembryonic tissue, and extensive apoptosis occurred in the extraembryonic tissue of the SCNT fetus due to an increase in apoptotic protein expression or a decrease in antioxidant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeoung-Gyu Ko
- Animal Genetic Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 590-832, Korea.
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14
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Results of life-supporting galactosyltransferase knockout kidneys in cynomolgus monkeys using two different sources of galactosyltransferase knockout Swine. Transplantation 2014; 98:419-26. [PMID: 25243512 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various durations of survival have been observed in the xenotransplantation of life-supporting α-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GalT-KO) porcine kidneys into nonhuman primates. Although others have demonstrated loss of GalT-KO-transplanted kidneys within 2 weeks, we have reported an average survival of 51 days with the cotransplantation of the kidney and vascularized thymus and an average of 29 days with the kidney alone. To determine the factors responsible for this difference in survival time, we performed xenogeneic kidney transplantations into cynomolgus monkeys with an anti-CD40L-based regimen using two different strains of GalT-KO swine, one derived from MGH miniature swine and the other obtained from Meji University. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight cynomolgus moneys received GalT-KO kidneys. Three kidney grafts were from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Nippon Institute for Biological Science (NIBS) GalT-KO pigs and five GalT-KO grafts were from MEIJI GalT-KO swine. All cynomolgus recipients were treated identically. RESULTS Recipients of kidneys from the MGH GalT-KO kidneys swine, produced by nuclear transfer in Japan, survived an average of 28.7 days, whereas recipients of MEIJI GalT-KO kidneys swine survived an average of 9.2 days. Among the differences between these two groups, one potentially revealing disparity was that the MEIJI swine were positive for porcine cytomegalovirus, whereas the MGH-derived swine were negative. CONCLUSION This is the first study comparing renal xenotransplantation from two different sources of GalT-KO swine into nonhuman primates at a single center. The results demonstrate that porcine cytomegalovirus may be responsible for early loss of GalT-KO swine kidney xenografts.
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15
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Grześkowiak BF, Sánchez-Antequera Y, Hammerschmid E, Döblinger M, Eberbeck D, Woźniak A, Słomski R, Plank C, Mykhaylyk O. Nanomagnetic Activation as a Way to Control the Efficacy of Nucleic Acid Delivery. Pharm Res 2014; 32:103-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Production of biallelic CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase knock-out pigs. Sci Rep 2014; 3:1981. [PMID: 23760311 PMCID: PMC4070623 DOI: 10.1038/srep01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
After the knock-out (KO) of α1,3 galactosyltransfease (Gal-T), the Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen became a major antigen of the "non-Gal antigen" that is implicated in subsequent xenograft rejection. For deletion of non-Gal antigen, we successfully produced zinc finger nuclease (ZFN)-mediated monoallelic/biallelic male and female CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) KO miniature pigs: the efficiency of the gene targeting (41.7%) was higher when donor DNA was used with the ZFN than those of ZFN alone (9.1%). Monoallelic KO pigs had no integration of exogenous DNA into their genome, indicating that this technique would provide a new avenue to reduce the risk of antibiotics resistance when organs from genetically modified pigs are transplanted into patients. Until now, both monoallelic and biallelic CMAH KO pigs are healthy and show no sign of abnormality and off-target mutations. Therefore, these CMAH null pigs on the Gal-T KO background could serve as an important model for the xenotransplantation.
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17
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Liu H, Lv P, Zhu X, Wang X, Yang X, Zuo E, Lu Y, Lu S, Lu K. In vitro development of porcine transgenic nuclear-transferred embryos derived from newborn Guangxi Bama mini-pig kidney fibroblasts. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:811-21. [PMID: 24879084 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine transgenic cloning has potential applications for improving production traits and for biomedical research purposes. To produce a transgenic clone, kidney fibroblasts from a newborn Guangxi Bama mini-pig were isolated, cultured, and then transfected with red and green fluorescent protein genes using lipofectamine for nuclear transfer. The results of the present study show that the kidney fibroblasts exhibited excellent proliferative capacity and clone-like morphology, and were adequate for generation of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-derived embryos, which was confirmed by their cleavage activity and blastocyst formation rate of 70.3% and 7.9%, respectively. Cells transfected with red fluorescent protein genes could be passed more than 35 times. Transgenic embryos cloned with fluorescent or blind enucleation methods were not significantly different with respect to cleavage rates (92.5% vs. 86.8%, p > 0.05) and blastocyst-morula rates (26.9% vs. 34.0%, p > 0.05), but were significantly different with respect to blastocyst rates (3.0% vs. 13.2%, p < 0.05). Cleavage (75.3%, 78.5% vs. 78.0%, p > 0.05), blastocyst (14.1%, 16.1% vs. 23.1%, p > 0.05) and morula/blastocyst rates (43.5%, 47.0% vs. 57.6%, p > 0.05) were not significantly different between the groups of transgenic cloned embryos, cloned embryos, and parthenogenetic embryos. This indicates that long-time screening by G418 caused no significant damage to kidney fibroblasts. Thus, kidney fibroblasts represent a promising new source for transgenic SCNT, and this work lays the foundation for the production of genetically transformed cloned Guangxi Bama mini-pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, and College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, 530004, China
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18
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Sato M, Miyoshi K, Nagao Y, Nishi Y, Ohtsuka M, Nakamura S, Sakurai T, Watanabe S. The combinational use of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing and targeted toxin technology enables efficient biallelic knockout of the α-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in porcine embryonic fibroblasts. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:291-300. [PMID: 24919525 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent development of the type II clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system has enabled genome editing of mammalian genomes including those of mice and human; however, its applicability and efficiency in the pig have not been studied in depth. Here, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we aimed to destroy the function of the porcine α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (α-GalT) gene (GGTA1) whose product is responsible for the synthesis of the α-Gal epitope, a causative agent for hyperacute rejection upon pig-to-human xenotransplantation. METHODS Porcine embryonic fibroblasts were transfected with a Cas9 expression vector and guide RNA specifically designed to target GGTA1. At 4 days after transfection, the cells were incubated with IB4 conjugated with saporin (IB4SAP), which eliminates α-Gal epitope-expressing cells. Therefore, the cells surviving after IB4SAP treatment would be those negative for α-Gal epitope expression, which in turn indicates the generation of GGTA1 biallelic knockout (KO) cells. RESULTS Of the 1.0 × 10(6) cells transfected, 10-33 colonies survived after IB4SAP treatment, and almost all colonies (approximately 90%) were negative for staining with red fluorescence-labeled IB4. Sequencing of the mutated portion of GGTA1 revealed a frameshift of the α-GalT protein. Porcine blastocysts derived from the somatic cell nuclear transfer of these α-Gal epitope-negative cells also lacked the α-Gal epitope on their surface. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can efficiently induce the biallelic conversion of GGTA1 in the resulting somatic cells and is thus a promising tool for the creation of KO cloned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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19
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Cowan PJ, Cooper DKC, d'Apice AJF. Kidney xenotransplantation. Kidney Int 2014; 85:265-75. [PMID: 24088952 PMCID: PMC3946635 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using pigs as donors offers the possibility of eliminating the chronic shortage of donor kidneys, but there are several obstacles to be overcome before this goal can be achieved. Preclinical studies have shown that, while porcine renal xenografts are broadly compatible physiologically, they provoke a complex rejection process involving preformed and elicited antibodies, heightened innate immune cell reactivity, dysregulated coagulation, and a strong T cell-mediated adaptive response. Furthermore, the susceptibility of the xenograft to proinflammatory and procoagulant stimuli is probably increased by cross-species molecular defects in regulatory pathways. To balance these disadvantages, xenotransplantation has at its disposal a unique tool to address particular rejection mechanisms and incompatibilities: genetic modification of the donor. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of porcine renal xenograft rejection, and on the significant genetic, pharmacological, and technical progress that has been made to prolong xenograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Cowan
- 1] Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J F d'Apice
- 1] Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Generation of GGTA1 biallelic knockout pigs via zinc-finger nucleases and somatic cell nuclear transfer. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:263-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Maeda A, Kawamura T, Ueno T, Usui N, Miyagawa S. Monocytic suppressor cells derived from human peripheral blood suppress xenogenic immune reactions. Xenotransplantation 2013; 21:46-56. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Maeda
- Department of Surgery; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Takuji Kawamura
- Department of Surgery; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Takehisa Ueno
- Department of Surgery; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Noriaki Usui
- Department of Surgery; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Shuji Miyagawa
- Department of Surgery; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
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22
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Scobie L, Padler-Karavani V, Le Bas-Bernardet S, Crossan C, Blaha J, Matouskova M, Hector RD, Cozzi E, Vanhove B, Charreau B, Blancho G, Bourdais L, Tallacchini M, Ribes JM, Yu H, Chen X, Kracikova J, Broz L, Hejnar J, Vesely P, Takeuchi Y, Varki A, Soulillou JP. Long-term IgG response to porcine Neu5Gc antigens without transmission of PERV in burn patients treated with porcine skin xenografts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2907-15. [PMID: 23945141 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acellular materials of xenogenic origin are used worldwide as xenografts, and phase I trials of viable pig pancreatic islets are currently being performed. However, limited information is available on transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) after xenotransplantation and on the long-term immune response of recipients to xenoantigens. We analyzed the blood of burn patients who had received living pig-skin dressings for up to 8 wk for the presence of PERV as well as for the level and nature of their long term (maximum, 34 y) immune response against pig Ags. Although no evidence of PERV genomic material or anti-PERV Ab response was found, we observed a moderate increase in anti-αGal Abs and a high and sustained anti-non-αGal IgG response in those patients. Abs against the nonhuman sialic acid Neu5Gc constituted the anti-non-αGal response with the recognition pattern on a sialoglycan array differing from that of burn patients treated without pig skin. These data suggest that anti-Neu5Gc Abs represent a barrier for long-term acceptance of porcine xenografts. Because anti-Neu5Gc Abs can promote chronic inflammation, the long-term safety of living and acellular pig tissue implants in recipients warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Scobie
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
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23
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Maeda A, Ueno T, Nakatsu S, Wang D, Usui N, Takeishi S, Okitsu T, Goto M, Nagashima H, Miyagawa S. A lectin microarray study of glycoantigens in neonatal porcine islet-like cell clusters. J Surg Res 2013; 183:412-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Bradstreet RW, Toledo-Pereyra LH. Mechanisms of Gal-knockout pig cell selection for somatic cell nuclear transfer. J Surg Res 2013; 186:107-8. [PMID: 23499396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Bradstreet
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan
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25
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Reyes LM, Estrada JL, Ivary B, Sidner RA, Paris LL, Tector AJ. Efficient selection of Gal-knockout pig cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer. J Surg Res 2012; 184:e37-42. [PMID: 23890396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of selecting transgenic cells has been one of the bottlenecks in the generation of transgenic animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In particular, selection for the Gal double-knockout (Gal-DKO) genotype has been time consuming and inefficient. The objective of this work was to generate a highly efficient system to select Gal-DKO cells to be used in SCNT without affecting the efficiency in production of Gal-null pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fetal liver-derived cells deficient in Gal-expression were initially selected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using IB4 conjugated to a fluorescent dye. Cells recovered by FACS were cultured and expanded, followed by a second round of selection using streptavidin magnetic beads and IB4 lectin biotin. RESULTS Recovery efficiency of target cells was 0.04% for the first selection using FACS and 0.3% for the second round by magnetic beads. Full reprogramming was obtained on selected Gal-DKO cells after FACS and magnetic beads selection, when used for SCNT to produce the Gal-null piglets. Cells obtained from magnetic beads developed 48 colonies; the Gal-null genotype was found in 44 of them (91.7%). Three of these colonies were used to generate piglets by SCNT. From three recipients receiving embryos, two became pregnant and produced 17 piglets, all of them DKO. CONCLUSIONS Sequential selection of Gal-DKO cells by FACS/magnetic beads is a highly efficient system to generate null cells. Selected cells were successfully used to generate healthy double-knockout piglets by SCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M Reyes
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Surgery Section, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Hauschild-Quintern J, Petersen B, Queisser AL, Lucas-Hahn A, Schwinzer R, Niemann H. Gender non-specific efficacy of ZFN mediated gene targeting in pigs. Transgenic Res 2012; 22:1-3. [PMID: 22972477 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ju S, Rui R. Effects of cumulus cells on in vitro maturation of oocytes and development of cloned embryos in the pig. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:521-9. [PMID: 22017764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of porcine cumulus cells (CC) in oocyte maturation and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryo development in vitro. Denuded pig oocytes were co-cultured with CC or routinely cultured in maturation medium without a feeder layer. Porcine CC inactivated with mitomycin C or non-inactivated were used for the feeder layer in co-culture with porcine SCNT embryos to investigate comparatively the developmental competence of cloned embryos. The DNA damage aspects of apoptosis and expression pattern of genes implicated in apoptosis (Fas/FasL) as well as the mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) of porcine SCNT embryos were also evaluated by comet assay or real-time RT-PCR, respectively. The results showed that co-culture with CC improved the extrusion rate of pbI (49.3% vs 31.5%, p<0.05) and survival rate (75.7% vs 53.3%, p<0.05) of denuded oocytes, but had no effects on blastocyst developmental rate or 2-cell-stage survival rate of in vitro fertilization embryos. Co-culture with CC inactivated by mitomycin C improved the blastocyst developmental rate (26.6% vs 13.0%, p<0.05) and decreased the apoptotic incidence (27.6% vs 46.2%, p<0.05) of porcine cloned embryos. Co-culture with inactivated CC reduced Fas and FasL mRNA expression of cloned embryos at the blastocyst stage compared with NT controls (p<0.05), but there were no differences in Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a mRNA expression among groups. Co-culture with inactivated cumulus cell monolayer significantly increased blastocyst formation and decreased the apoptotic incidence in porcine cloned embryos during in vitro development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ju
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
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Waghmare SK, Estrada J, Reyes L, Li P, Ivary B, Sidner RA, Burlak C, Tector AJ. Gene targeting and cloning in pigs using fetal liver derived cells. J Surg Res 2011; 171:e223-9. [PMID: 21962810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since there are no pig embryonic stem cells, pig genetic engineering is done in fetal fibroblasts that remain totipotent for only 3 to 5 wk. Nuclear donor cells that remain totipotent for longer periods of time would facilitate complicated genetic engineering in pigs. The goal of this study was to test the feasibility of using fetal liver-derived cells (FLDC) to perform gene targeting, and create a genetic knockout pig. MATERIALS AND METHODS FLDC were isolated and processed using a human liver stem cell protocol. Single copy α-1,3-galactosyl transferase knockout (GTKO) FLDCs were created using electroporation and neomycin resistant colonies were screened using PCR. Homozygous GTKO cells were created through loss of heterozygosity mutations in single GTKO FLDCs. Double GTKO FLDCs were used in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to create GTKO pigs. RESULTS FLDCs grew for more than 80 population doublings, maintaining normal karyotype. Gene targeting and loss of heterozygosity mutations produced homozygous GTKO FLDCs. FLDCs used in SCNT gave rise to homozygous GTKO pigs. CONCLUSIONS FDLCs can be used in gene targeting and SCNT to produce genetically modified pigs. The increased life span in culture compared to fetal fibroblasts may facilitate genetic engineering in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Waghmare
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Efficient generation of a biallelic knockout in pigs using zinc-finger nucleases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12013-7. [PMID: 21730124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1106422108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are powerful tools for producing gene knockouts (KOs) with high efficiency. Whereas ZFN-mediated gene disruption has been demonstrated in laboratory animals such as mice, rats, and fruit flies, ZFNs have not been used to disrupt an endogenous gene in any large domestic species. Here we used ZFNs to induce a biallelic knockout of the porcine α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) gene. Primary porcine fibroblasts were treated with ZFNs designed against the region coding for the catalytic core of GGTA1, resulting in biallelic knockout of ∼1% of ZFN-treated cells. A galactose (Gal) epitope counter-selected population of these cells was used in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Of the resulting six fetuses, all completely lacked Gal epitopes and were phenotypically indistinguishable from the starting donor cell population, illustrating that ZFN-mediated genetic modification did not interfere with the cloning process. Neither off-target cleavage events nor integration of the ZFN-coding plasmid was detected. The GGTA1-KO phenotype was confirmed by a complement lysis assay that demonstrated protection of GGTA1-KO fibroblasts relative to wild-type cells. Cells from GGTA1-KO fetuses and pooled, transfected cells were used to produce live offspring via SCNT. This study reports the production of cloned pigs carrying a biallelic ZFN-induced knockout of an endogenous gene. These findings open a unique avenue toward the creation of gene KO pigs, which could benefit both agriculture and biomedicine.
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Effect of melatonin treatment on the developmental potential of parthenogenetic and somatic cell nuclear-transferred porcine oocytes in vitro. ZYGOTE 2011; 20:199-207. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199411000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryMelatonin secreted from the mammalian pineal gland is a free-radical scavenger that protects tissues from cell damage. The present study examined the effects of addition of melatonin to the culture medium on the developmental potential of parthenogenetic and somatic cell nuclear-transferred (SCNT) porcine oocytes. Supplementation of the maturation medium with melatonin did not increase the maturation rate, the proportion of oocytes that cleaved and developed into blastocysts after parthenogenetic activation, or the blastocyst cell number compared to controls. When 10−7 M melatonin was added to the culture medium, the proportion of parthenogenetic oocytes that developed to the 2-cell and 4-cell stages was significantly higher than that of controls. The potential of melatonin-treated oocytes to develop into blastocysts was high but not significantly different from that of controls. The addition of 10−7 M melatonin to the culture medium did not increase the preimplantation development of SCNT oocytes. Melatonin treatment significantly reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species in 4-cell parthenogenetic and SCNT embryos, but did not reduce the proportion of apoptotic cells in parthenogenetic and SCNT blastocysts. Although the results indicated that parthenogenetic and SCNT melatonin -treated embryos had significantly lower levels of reactive oxygen species than controls, the potential of melatonin-treated embryos to develop into blastocysts was not significantly higher than that of controls, in contrast to previous reports. The beneficial effects of melatonin on the developmental potential of oocytes might depend on the culture conditions.
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Current development of bioreactors for extracorporeal bioartificial liver (Review). Biointerphases 2011; 5:FA116-31. [PMID: 21171705 DOI: 10.1116/1.3521520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The research and development of extracorporeal bioartificial liver is gaining pace in recent years with the introduction of a myriad of optimally designed bioreactors with the ability to maintain long-term viability and liver-specific functions of hepatocytes. The design considerations for bioartificial liver are not trivial; it needs to consider factors such as the types of cell to be cultured in the bioreactor, the bioreactor configuration, the magnitude of fluid-induced shear stress, nutrients' supply, and wastes' removal, and other relevant issues before the bioreactor is ready for testing. This review discusses the exciting development of bioartificial liver devices, particularly the various types of cell used in current reactor designs, the state-of-the-art culturing and cryopreservation techniques, and the comparison among many today's bioreactor configurations. This review will also discuss in depth the importance of maintaining optimal mass transfer of nutrients and oxygen partial pressure in the bioreactor system. Finally, this review will discuss the commercially available bioreactors that are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical trials.
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Gock H, Nottle M, Lew AM, d'Apice AJ, Cowan P. Genetic modification of pigs for solid organ xenotransplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2011; 25:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Galli C, Perota A, Brunetti D, Lagutina I, Lazzari G, Lucchini F. Genetic engineering including superseding microinjection: new ways to make GM pigs. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:397-410. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Liu HB, Lv PR, He RG, Yang XG, Qin XE, Pan TB, Huang GY, Huang MR, Lu YQ, Lu SS, Li DS, Lu KH. Cloned Guangxi Bama Minipig (Sus scrofa) and Its Offspring Have Normal Reproductive Performance. Cell Reprogram 2010; 12:543-50. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2009.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ru Lv
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Gang He
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Gan Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-E Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Biao Pan
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Husbandry, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yun Huang
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Husbandry, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Rui Huang
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Husbandry, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Qing Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Sheng Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Sheng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Tai-He Hospital, Yunyang Medical College, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Huan Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Himaki T, Watanabe S, Chi H, Yoshida M, Miyoshi K, Sato M. Production of genetically modified porcine blastocysts by somatic cell nuclear transfer: preliminary results toward production of xenograft-competent miniature pigs. J Reprod Dev 2010; 56:630-8. [PMID: 20814171 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.09-227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galα1-3Gal (α-Gal epitope) is the major xenoantigenic epitope responsible for hyperacute rejection upon pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Endo-β-galactosidase C (EndoGalC) from Clostridium perfringens can digest the α-Gal epitope. In this study, gene-engineered primary cultured porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEF) expressing EndoGalC were obtained and subjected to somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to test whether xenograft-competent pigs can be created. The EndoGalC-expressing PEF clones exhibited highly reduced expression of α-Gal epitope, as revealed by cytochemical staining with BS-I-B(4) isolectin, a lectin that specifically binds to α-Gal epitope, and FACS analysis. The pattern of low level of α-Gal epitope expression continued for at least 6 months (more than 10 generations) after isolation. SCNT of nuclei from these cells resulted in the generation of blastocysts that displayed nearly complete loss of α-Gal epitope from their cell surface. This is the first study to demonstrate that SCNT using EndoGalC-expressing PEFs as donors would be useful for production of genetically modified cloned pigs suitable for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Himaki
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Ju S, Rui R, Lu Q, Lin P, Guo H. Analysis of apoptosis and methyltransferase mRNA expression in porcine cloned embryos cultured in vitro. J Assist Reprod Genet 2010; 27:49-59. [PMID: 20084449 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-009-9378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryo developmental competence with embryonic cell apoptosis and DNA methylation. METHODS The apoptotic incidence was examined via comet assay, and the mRNA expression of genes implicated in apoptosis (Bcl-2) and DNA methylation (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) was determined using real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Comet assay showed that the SCNT embryos exhibited significantly higher apoptotic rate at 2-cell stage (8.3% versus 2.1%, P<0.05), 16-cell stage (27.3% versus 19.2%, P<0.05) and morula (37.5% versus 26.9, P<0.05) compared with IVF embryos. Compared with IVF embryos, a higher Bcl-2 mRNA expression pattern was observed in SCNT embryos before the 8-cell stage and differed significantly at 2- and 4-cell stages (P<0.05). After the 16-stage, Bcl-2 mRNA expression pattern became significantly lower in SCNT group (P<0.05). The relative expression level of Dnmt1 mRNA showed a higher expression level in oocytes, then sharply decreased and started to increase slightly after the 8-cell (IVF embryos) or 16-cell stage (SCNT embryos). Dnmt1 mRNA expression in IVF embryos appeared to have been lower than that of SCNT group before 16-cell stage embryos, especially at 4- and 8-cell stages (P<0.05). Although a trend for a similar increase of Dnmt3a expression was observed in IVF and SCNT embryos after 8-cell embryos, SCNT group resulted in much higher Dnmt3a mRNA abundance compared with the IVF group, particularly after 16-cell embryos (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that low efficiency of porcine SCNT technology may be associated with either embryonic apoptosis or incomplete reprogramming of donor nuclear caused by abnormal Dnmts mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Ju
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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Miyagawa S, Takeishi S, Yamamoto A, Ikeda K, Matsunari H, Yamada M, Okabe M, Miyoshi E, Fukuzawa M, Nagashima H. Survey of glycoantigens in cells from alpha1-3galactosyltransferase knockout pig using a lectin microarray. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:61-70. [PMID: 20149189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycoantigens represent major obstacles to successful xenotransplantation. Even after the alpha1-3galactosyltransferase (GalT) gene knockout (GalT-KO) pigs were produced, non-Gal antigens continue to be present. This study reports on lectin blot analyses for endothelial cells (EC) and fibroblasts from GalT-KO pigs. METHODS Differences in glycoantigens that are produced on cell surfaces in humans and pigs were surveyed. Differences between ECs and fibroblasts from wild-type and GalT-KO pigs were also examined. EC and fibroblasts from GalT-KO pigs (heterozygous and homozygous) with N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-III (GnT-III), a wild-type EC from the sibling, human EC lines, HUVEC (human EC from umbilical veins), & HAOEC (human EC from aortas), and human fibroblast line were used. EC and fibroblasts were cultured in gelatin-coated dishes for several days. After sonication and centrifugation, the supernatant protein from each cell was labeled with Cy3, applied to a lectin array and scanned with an SC Profiler, and analyzed using an Array Pro Analyzer. RESULTS The pig EC showed higher signals in Euonymus Europaeus (EEL) & Griffonia simplicifolia I-B(4) (GSI-B4), binds alpha-Gal, and in Wisteria Floribunda (WFA), Helix pomatia (HPA), Glycine max (SBA), & Griffonia simplicifolia I-A(4) (GSI-A4), binds GalNAc including the Thomsen-Friedenreich precursor (Tn)-antigen, while the human EC showed strong signals in Ulex europaeus I (UEA-I), Maackia amurensis (MAL), Erythrina cristagalli (ECA), & Trichosanthes japonica I (TJA-I) instead. The EC from the GalT-KO pig signals for EEL & GSI-B4 disappeared and those for Bauhinia purpurea alba (BPL), HPA, SBA, & GSI-A4 were greatly diminished as well, while it up-regulated signals for Sambucus Nigra (SNA), Sambucus sieboldiana (SSA), & TJA-I, bind alpha2-6 sialic acid, compared to the wild-type pig EC. Concerning fibroblasts, the signals for HPA, SBA, & GSI-A4 were the most intense in the wild-type, and the intensities for homozygous-KO were less, approaching those of humans. In addition, the order of the intensities, as detected by Arachis hypogaea (PNA) & Maclura pomifera (MPA), binding Galbeta1-2GalNAc, indicates that the Thomsen-Friedenreich (T)-antigen is likely present on pig fibroblasts. CONCLUSION It is possible that the T-antigen and Tn-antigen related to GalNAc are non-Gal antigens, but, fortunately, not only alpha-Gal but also GalNAc were found to be decreased in the KO-pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Miyagawa
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Akasaka E, Watanabe S, Himaki T, Ohtsuka M, Yoshida M, Miyoshi K, Sato M. Enrichment of xenograft-competent genetically modified pig cells using a targeted toxin, isolectin BS-I-B4 conjugate. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:81-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schneider MKJ, Seebach JD. Xenotransplantation literature update: September-October 2008. Xenotransplantation 2009; 15:417-21. [PMID: 19152670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2008.00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mårten K J Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Cowan PJ, d'Apice AJF. Complement activation and coagulation in xenotransplantation. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:203-8. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Anthony JF d'Apice
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Hall V. Porcine Embryonic Stem Cells: A Possible Source for Cell Replacement Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:275-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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