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Cai L, Jeong YW, Hwang WS, Hyun SH. Optimization of human recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor supplementation during in vitro production of porcine embryos to improve the efficiency of resource utilization of poor-quality cumulus-oocyte complexes. Theriogenology 2024; 216:93-102. [PMID: 38159389 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), a pleiotropic cytokine, is secreted by the reproductive tract. Furthermore, our previous study indicated that human recombinant G-CSF (hrG-CSF) supplementation during porcine oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) or during embryo in vitro culture (IVC) improved their quality and development potential when using cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) with more than three cumulus cell layers (CCL >3). Thus, in this study, we investigate the optimal conditions of hrG-CSF supplementation throughout the in vitro production (IVP: IVM + IVC) system to improve the embryo production efficiency of "poor-quality (CCL ≤3)" oocytes. COCs were classified into two groups according to the number of CCL (>3 and ≤3) and embryonic viability was analyzed after treatment with hrG-CSF during IVC. The mRNA transcription levels of G-CSF in COCs were compared based on their type and the period of IVM. Finally, developmental capacity and quality were evaluated after treatment with hrG-CSF for different periods of IVP. No marked effects on the developmental potential of embryos when using CCL ≤3 type COCs were observed after supplementing hrG-CSF only during IVC. Moreover, the mRNA transcription level of G-CSF increased gradually with IVM culture time and was higher in CCL ≤3 COCs than in >3. Supplementing hrG-CSF only during the IVM period resulted in the best embryo developmental potential, while supplementing hrG-CSF during the IVP period resulted in the best quality embryos, reflected in the increased total cell number and decreased apoptotic nuclei index of blastocysts. These findings indicate that "poor-quality" COCs may have a greater demand for G-CSF than "good-quality", meanwhile hrG-CSF supplementation throughout IVP improves resource utilization efficiency in poor-quality COCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Cai
- UAE Biotech Research Center, Al Wathba, 30310, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea; School of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Woo Jeong
- UAE Biotech Research Center, Al Wathba, 30310, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Woo-Suk Hwang
- UAE Biotech Research Center, Al Wathba, 30310, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biology, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 67707, Sakha Republic, Russia.
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea; School of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Zander-Fox DL, Pacella-Ince L, Morgan DK, Green MP. Mammalian embryo culture media: now and into the future. Reprod Fertil Dev 2023; 36:66-80. [PMID: 38064187 DOI: 10.1071/rd23168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For over 70years, since the culture of the first mammalian embryo in vitro , scientists have undertaken studies to devise and optimise media to support the manipulation and culture of gametes and embryos. This area of research became especially active in the late 1970s onwards following the successful birth of the first human in vitro fertilised embryo. This review summarises some of the key advances in mammalian embryo culture media over time based on a greater understanding of the biochemical milieu of the reproductive tract. It highlights how learnings from studies in mice and agricultural species have informed human culture media compositions, in particular the inclusion of albumin, growth factors, cytokines, and antioxidants into contemporary culture media formulations, and how these advances may then in turn help to inform and guide development of in vitro culture systems used in other arenas, in particular agriculture. Additionally, it will highlight how the introduction of new technologies, such as timelapse, can influence current trends in media composition and usage that may see a return to a single step medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre L Zander-Fox
- Monash IVF Group, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; and School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Leanne Pacella-Ince
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; and Repromed, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Mark P Green
- Monash IVF Group, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; and School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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3
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Sosa F, Uh K, Drum JN, Stoecklein KS, Davenport KM, Sofia Ortega M, Lee K, Hansen PJ. Disruption of CSF2RA in the bovine preimplantation embryo reduces development and affects embryonic gene expression in utero. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 2023; 4:RAF-23-0001. [PMID: 37000631 PMCID: PMC10160533 DOI: 10.1530/raf-23-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that CSF2 plays a role in the preimplantation development of the bovine embryo was tested by evaluating consequences of inactivation of CSF2RA (the functional receptor in the embryo) for development of embryos in utero. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to alter sequences on exon 5 and intron 5 of CSF2RA, Control embryos were injected with Cas9 mRNA only. Embryos > 16 cells at day 5 after insemination were transferred to synchronized recipient females in groups of 7 to 24. Embryos were flushed from the uterus two days later. The proportion of recovered embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage was lower for knockout embryos (39%) than for control embryos (63%). RNA sequencing of individual morulae and blastocysts indicated a total of 27 (morula) or 15 (blastocyst) differentially-expressed genes (false discovery rate <0.05). Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that the knockout affected genes playing roles in several functions including cell signaling and glycosylation. It was concluded that signaling through CSF2RA is not obligatory for development of the bovine preimplantation embryo to the blastocyst stage but that CSF2 signaling does enhance the likelihood that the embryo can become a blastocyst and result in specific changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Froylan Sosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kyungjun Uh
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jéssica N Drum
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Katy S Stoecklein
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - M Sofia Ortega
- Department of Animal & Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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4
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Chen PR, Uh K, Redel BK, Reese ED, Prather RS, Lee K. Production of Pigs From Porcine Embryos Generated in vitro. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.826324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating porcine embryos in vitro is a critical process for creating genetically modified pigs as agricultural and biomedical models; however, these embryo technologies have been scarcely applied by the swine industry. Currently, the primary issue with in vitro-produced porcine embryos is low pregnancy rate after transfer and small litter size, which may be exasperated by micromanipulation procedures. Thus, in this review, we discuss improvements that have been made to the in vitro porcine embryo production system to increase the number of live piglets per pregnancy as well as abnormalities in the embryos and piglets that may arise from in vitro culture and manipulation techniques. Furthermore, we examine areas related to embryo production and transfer where improvements are warranted that will have direct applications for increasing pregnancy rate after transfer and the number of live born piglets per litter.
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Rutigliano HM, Thomas AJ, Umbaugh JJ, Wilhelm A, Sessions BR, Kaundal R, Duhan N, Hicks BA, Schlafer DH, White KL, Davies CJ. Increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines at the fetal-maternal interface in bovine pregnancies produced by cloning. Am J Reprod Immunol 2022; 87:e13520. [PMID: 34974639 PMCID: PMC9285385 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM A significant rate of spontaneous abortion is observed in cattle pregnancies produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) proteins are abnormally expressed on the surface of trophoblast cells from SCNT conceptuses. METHOD OF STUDY MHC-I homozygous compatible (n = 9), homozygous incompatible (n = 8), and heterozygous incompatible (n = 5) pregnancies were established by SCNT. Eight control pregnancies were established by artificial insemination. Uterine and trophoblast samples were collected on day 35 ±1 of pregnancy, the expression of immune-related genes was examined by qPCR, and the expression of trophoblast microRNAs was assessed by sequencing. RESULTS Compared to the control group, trophoblast from MHC-I heterozygous incompatible pregnancies expressed increased levels of CD28, CTLA4, CXCL8, IFNG, IL1A, IL2, IL10, IL12B, TBX21, and TNF, while GNLY expression was downregulated. The MHC-I homozygous incompatible treatment group expressed increased levels of IFNG, IL1A, and IL2 while the MHC-I homozygous compatible group did not differentially express any genes compared to the control group. In the endometrium, relative to the control group, MHC-I heterozygous incompatible pregnancies expressed increased levels of CD28, CTLA4, CXCL8, IFNG, IL10, IL12B, and TNF, while GATA3 expression was downregulated. The MHC-I homozygous incompatible group expressed decreased amounts of CSF2 transcripts compared with the control group but did not have abnormal expression of any other immune-related genes. MHC-I incompatible pregnancies had 40 deregulated miRNAs compared to control pregnancies and 62 deregulated microRNAs compared to MHC-I compatible pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS MHC-I compatibility between the dam and fetus prevented an exacerbated maternal immune response from being mounted against fetal antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa M Rutigliano
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Aaron J Thomas
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Janae J Umbaugh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Amanda Wilhelm
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Benjamin R Sessions
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Rakesh Kaundal
- Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Naveen Duhan
- Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Brady A Hicks
- J.R. Simplot Company Cattle Reproduction Facility, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Donald H Schlafer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth L White
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Christopher J Davies
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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6
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Chen PR, Lucas CG, Cecil RF, Pfeiffer CA, Fudge MA, Samuel MS, Zigo M, Seo H, Spate LD, Whitworth KM, Sutovsky P, Johnson GA, Wells KD, Geisert RD, Prather RS. Disrupting porcine glutaminase does not block preimplantation development and elongation nor decrease mTORC1 activation in conceptuses†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:1104-1113. [PMID: 34453429 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Elongation of pig conceptuses is a dynamic process, requiring adequate nutrient provisions. Glutamine is used as an energy substrate and is involved in the activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) during porcine preimplantation development. However, the roles of glutamine have not been extensively studied past the blastocyst stage. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine if glutaminase (GLS), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in glutamine metabolism, was necessary for conceptus elongation to proceed and was involved in mTORC1 activation. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to induce loss-of-function mutations in the GLS gene of porcine fetal fibroblasts. Wild type (GLS+/+) and knockout (GLS-/-) fibroblasts were used as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer, and GLS+/+ and GLS-/- blastocyst-stage embryos were transferred into surrogates. On day 14 of gestation, GLS+/+ conceptuses primarily demonstrated filamentous morphologies, and GLS-/- conceptuses exhibited spherical, ovoid, tubular, and filamentous morphologies. Thus, GLS-/- embryos were able to elongate despite the absence of GLS protein and minimal enzyme activity. Furthermore, spherical GLS-/- conceptuses had increased abundance of transcripts related to glutamine and glutamate metabolism and transport compared to filamentous conceptuses of either genotype. Differences in phosphorylation of mTORC1 components and targets were not detected regarding conceptus genotype or morphology, but abundance of two transcriptional targets of mTORC1, cyclin D1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha was increased in spherical conceptuses. Therefore, porcine GLS is not essential for conceptus elongation and is not required for mTORC1 activation at this developmental timepoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Chen
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Caroline G Lucas
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raissa F Cecil
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Melissa A Fudge
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michal Zigo
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Heewon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Peter Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gregory A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rodney D Geisert
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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7
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Estrada-Cortés E, Jannaman EA, Block J, Amaral TF, Hansen PJ. Programming of postnatal phenotype caused by exposure of cultured embryos from Brahman cattle to colony-stimulating factor 2 and serum. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6291391. [PMID: 34079989 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the environment of the preimplantation embryo can affect competence to establish pregnancy and phenotype of resultant calves. In this study, the bovine embryo produced in vitro was used to evaluate postnatal programming actions of the embryokine colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) and serum, which is a common additive of culture media. Oocytes were collected by ovum pick up from Brahman donors and fertilized with semen from Brahman bulls. Embryos were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments: vehicle, CSF2 10 ng/mL, or 1% (v/v) serum. Treatments were added to the culture medium from day 5 to 7 after fertilization. Blastocysts were harvested on day 7 and transferred into crossbred recipients. Postnatal body growth and Longissimus dorsi muscle characteristics of the resultant calves were measured. The percent of cleaved embryos becoming blastocysts was increased by serum and, to a lesser extent, CSF2. Treatment did not affect survival after embryo transfer but gestation length was shortest for pregnancies established with serum-treated embryos. Treatment did not significantly affect postnatal body weight or growth. At 3 mo of age, CSF2 calves had lower fat content in the Longissimus dorsi muscle and less subcutaneous fat over the muscle than vehicle calves. There was a tendency for cross-sectional area of the muscle to be smaller for serum calves than vehicle calves. Results confirm the importance of the preimplantation period as a window to modulate postnatal phenotype of resultant calves. In particular, CSF2 exerted actions during the preimplantation period to program characteristics of accumulation of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat of resultant calves. The use of a low serum concentration in culture medium from day 5 to 7 of development can increase the yield of transferrable embryos without causing serious negative consequences for the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliab Estrada-Cortés
- Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA.,Campo Experimental Centro Altos de Jalisco, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, 47600, México
| | - Elizabeth A Jannaman
- Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA
| | - Jeremy Block
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Thiago F Amaral
- Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA
| | - Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA
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Ealy AD, Speckhart SL, Wooldridge LK. Cytokines That Serve as Embryokines in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082313. [PMID: 34438770 PMCID: PMC8388520 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review will explore how some cytokines also influence early embryonic development. We term these types of molecules as embryokines. Understanding how cytokines serve as embryokines could offer new opportunities to improve embryo development and the overall health of the embryo so that pregnancies will be retained after embryo transfer and so that viable offspring are produced. At least two cytokines may offer these benefits to bovine embryos produced in vitro. Additional cytokines also are identified in this review that may contain beneficial activities on bovine embryos. Abstract The term “embryokine” has been used to denote molecules produced by the endometrium, oviduct, or by embryo itself that will influence embryo development. Several cytokines have been identified as embryokines in cattle and other mammals. This review will describe how these cytokines function as embryokines, with special emphasis being placed on their actions on in vitro produced (IVP) bovine embryos. Embryokines are being explored for their ability to overcome the poor development rates of IVP embryos and to limit post-transfer pregnancy retention efficiencies that exist in IVP embryos. This review will focus on describing two of the best-characterized cytokines, colony-stimulating factor 2 and interleukin 6, for their ability to modify bovine embryo quality and confirmation, promote normal fetal development, and generate healthy calves. Additional cytokines will also be discussed for their potential to serve as embryokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D. Ealy
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Savannah L. Speckhart
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
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Nelson ED, Larson E, Joo DJ, Mao S, Glorioso J, Abu Rmilah A, Zhou W, Jia Y, Mounajjed T, Shi M, Bois M, Wood A, Jin F, Whitworth K, Wells K, Spate A, Samuel M, Minshew A, Walters E, Rinaldo P, Lillegard J, Johnson A, Amiot B, Hickey R, Prather R, Platt JL, Nyberg SL. Limited Expansion of Human Hepatocytes in FAH/RAG2-Deficient Swine. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:150-160. [PMID: 34309416 PMCID: PMC8892989 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian liver's regenerative ability has led researchers to engineer animals as incubators for expansion of human hepatocytes. The expansion properties of human hepatocytes in immunodeficient mice are well known. However, little has been reported about larger animals that are more scalable and practical for clinical purposes. Therefore, we engineered immunodeficient swine to support expansion of human hepatocytes and identify barriers to their clinical application. METHODS Immunodeficient swine were engineered by knockout of recombinase activating gene 2 (RAG2) and fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). Immature human hepatocytes (ihHCs) were injected into fetal swine by intrauterine cell transplantation (IUCT) at day 40 of gestation. Human albumin was measured as a marker of engraftment. Cytotoxicity against ihHCs was measured in transplanted piglets and control swine. RESULTS Higher levels of human albumin were detected in cord blood of newborn FAH/RAG2-deficient (FR) pigs compared to immunocompetent controls (196.26 ng/dL vs 39.29 ng/dL, p = 0.008), indicating successful engraftment of ihHC after IUCT and adaptive immunity in the fetus. Although rare hepatocytes staining positively for human albumin were observed, levels of human albumin did not rise after birth but declined suggesting rejection of xenografted ihHCs. Cytotoxicity against ihHCs increased after birth 3.8% (95% CI: [2.1%, 5.4%], p < 0.001) and correlated inversely to declining levels of human albumin (p = 2.1 x 10-5, R2 = 0.17). Circulating numbers of T-cells and B-cells were negligible in FR pigs. However, circulating natural killer (NK) cells exerted cytotoxicity against ihHCs. NK cell activity was lower in immunodeficient piglets after IUCT than naive controls (30.4% vs 40.1% (p = 0.011, 95% CI for difference [2.7%, 16.7%]). CONCLUSION Immature human hepatocytes successfully engrafted in FR swine after IUCT. NK cells were a significant barrier to expansion of hepatocytes. New approaches are needed to overcome this hurdle and allow large scale expansion of human hepatocytes in immunodeficient swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erek David Nelson
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, 100 First St NW, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States, 55905-0002;
| | - Ellen Larson
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Shennen Mao
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Jaime Glorioso
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Anan Abu Rmilah
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Wei Zhou
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Yao Jia
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Taofic Mounajjed
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Min Shi
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Melanie Bois
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Adam Wood
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Fang Jin
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Immunology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Kristin Whitworth
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Kevin Wells
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Anna Spate
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Melissa Samuel
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Anna Minshew
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Eric Walters
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Piero Rinaldo
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Joeseph Lillegard
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Aaron Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Immunology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Raymond Hickey
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Randall Prather
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Jeffrey L Platt
- University of Michigan Michigan Medicine, 21614, Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States;
| | - Scott Lyle Nyberg
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
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10
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García-Vázquez FA, Moros-Nicolás C, López-Úbeda R, Rodríguez-Tobón E, Guillén-Martínez A, Ross JW, Luongo C, Matás C, Hernández-Caravaca I, Avilés M, Izquierdo-Rico MJ. Evidence of haptoglobin in the porcine female genital tract during oestrous cycle and its effect on in vitro embryo production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12041. [PMID: 34103548 PMCID: PMC8187724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence supports involvement of the acute phase protein haptoglobin in numerous events during mammalian reproduction. The present study represents an in-depth investigation of haptoglobin expression and secretion in the porcine oviduct and uterus, and assesses its effect on porcine in vitro embryo production. A systematic study was made of sows in different oestrous stages: late follicular, early luteal and late luteal stages. Relative haptoglobin mRNA abundance was quantified by RT-qPCR. In addition, expression of the protein was analysed by immunohistochemistry and the results were complemented by Western-blot and proteomic analyses of the oviductal and uterine fluids. In vitro porcine fertilization and embryo culture were carried out in the presence of haptoglobin. The results indicate that haptoglobin mRNA expression in the porcine oviduct and uterus is most abundant during the late luteal stage of the oestrous cycle. By means of Western blot and proteomic analyses haptoglobin presence was demonstrated in the oviduct epithelium and in the oviductal and uterine fluids in different stages of the oestrous cycle. The addition of haptoglobin during gamete co-incubation had no effect on sperm penetration, monospermy or efficiency rates; however, compared with the control group, blastocyst development was significantly improved when haptoglobin was present (haptoglobin: 64.50% vs. control: 37.83%; p < 0.05). In conclusion, the presence of haptoglobin in the oviduct and uterus of sows at different stages of the oestrous cycle suggests that it plays an important role in the reproduction process. The addition of haptoglobin during in vitro embryo production improved the blastocyst rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A. García-Vázquez
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain ,grid.452553.0Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain ,CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Murcia, Spain
| | - Carla Moros-Nicolás
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain ,grid.452553.0Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain ,CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Murcia, Spain
| | - Rebeca López-Úbeda
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain ,grid.452553.0Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain ,CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ernesto Rodríguez-Tobón
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain ,CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ascensión Guillén-Martínez
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain ,grid.452553.0Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain ,CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Murcia, Spain
| | - Jason W. Ross
- grid.34421.300000 0004 1936 7312Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Chiara Luongo
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain ,CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Matás
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain ,grid.452553.0Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain ,CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Murcia, Spain
| | - Iván Hernández-Caravaca
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain ,grid.452553.0Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain ,CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Avilés
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain ,grid.452553.0Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain ,CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Murcia, Spain
| | - Mª José Izquierdo-Rico
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain ,grid.452553.0Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain ,CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Murcia, Spain
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11
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Current JZ, Whitaker BD. Effects of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine supplementation on the perivitelline space during the IVM of pig oocytes. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 32:941-947. [PMID: 32586424 DOI: 10.1071/rd20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to minimise polyspermic penetration by increasing the perivitelline space (PVS) thickness through supplementation of the hyaluronic acid components glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc). Oocytes (n=4690) were supplemented during the first 24h and/or the remainder of maturation (final 16-18h) with 0.01mM glucuronic acid and 0.01mM GlcNAc and then evaluated for PVS thickness, hyaluronic acid, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase concentrations. Fertilised oocytes were evaluated for polyspermic penetration and embryo development. The PVS thickness and amount of hyaluronic acid was significantly (P<0.05) greater in oocytes supplemented with 0.01mM glucuronic acid and 0.01mM GlcNAc during the second part or all of maturation compared with the other treatments. In addition, polyspermic penetration was significantly (P<0.05) less in oocytes supplemented with 0.01mM glucuronic acid and 0.01mM GlcNAc during the second part or all of maturation compared with the other treatments. Supplementing 0.01mM glucuronic acid and GlcNAc during maturation significantly (P<0.05) increased the percentage of cleaved embryos by 48h after IVF and blastocysts formed by 144h after IVF compared those not supplemented. These results indicate that supplementing PVS components during maturation decreases polyspermic penetration by increasing PVS thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Current
- Department of Animal and Pre-veterinary Studies, University of Findlay, 1000 N. Main Street, Findlay, OH 45840, USA
| | - B D Whitaker
- Department of Animal and Pre-veterinary Studies, University of Findlay, 1000 N. Main Street, Findlay, OH 45840, USA; and Corresponding author.
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12
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Abstract
Porcine cloning technology can be used to produce progenies genetically identical to the donor cells from high-quality breeding pigs. In addition, genetically modified pigs have been produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer using genetically modified porcine fetal fibroblasts. The method of preparing genetically modified pigs is critical for establishing pig models for human diseases, and for generating donor animals for future xenotransplantation. This chapter describes detailed procedures for generating cloned pigs using fetal fibroblasts as nuclear donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Jianyong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongye Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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13
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Establishing an immunocompromised porcine model of human cancer for novel therapy development with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and irreversible electroporation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7584. [PMID: 33828203 PMCID: PMC8027815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
New therapies to treat pancreatic cancer are direly needed. However, efficacious interventions lack a strong preclinical model that can recapitulate patients’ anatomy and physiology. Likewise, the availability of human primary malignant tissue for ex vivo studies is limited. These are significant limitations in the biomedical device field. We have developed RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs using CRISPR/Cas9 as a large animal model with the novel application of cancer xenograft studies of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In this proof-of-concept study, these pigs were successfully generated using on-demand genetic modifications in embryos, circumventing the need for breeding and husbandry. Human Panc01 cells injected subcutaneously into the ears of RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs demonstrated 100% engraftment with growth rates similar to those typically observed in mouse models. Histopathology revealed no immune cell infiltration and tumor morphology was highly consistent with the mouse models. The electrical properties and response to irreversible electroporation of the tumor tissue were found to be similar to excised human pancreatic cancer tumors. The ample tumor tissue produced enabled improved accuracy and modeling of the electrical properties of tumor tissue. Together, this suggests that this model will be useful and capable of bridging the gap of translating therapies from the bench to clinical application.
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14
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Xiao Y, Uh K, Negrón-Pérez VM, Haines H, Lee K, Hansen PJ. Regulation of gene expression in the bovine blastocyst by colony-stimulating factor 2 is disrupted by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of CSF2RA. Biol Reprod 2021; 104:995-1007. [PMID: 33524138 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) functions in the reproductive tract to modulate the function of the preimplantation embryo. The β subunit of the CSF2 receptor (CSF2RB) is not expressed in the embryo, and signal transduction is therefore different than for myeloid cells where the receptor is composed of α (CSF2RA) and β subunits. Here, we produced embryos in which exons 5 and 6 of CSF2RA were disrupted using the CRISPR/Cas 9 system to test whether CSF2RA signaling was essential for actions of CSF2 in the bovine embryo. Wild-type and CSF2RA knockout embryos were treated with 10 ng/mL CSF2 or vehicle at day 5 of development. Blastocysts were harvested at day 8 to determine transcript abundance of 90 genes by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Responses in female blastocysts were examined separately from male blastocysts because actions of CSF2 are sex-dependent. For wild-type embryos, CSF2 altered expression of 10 genes in females and 20 in males. Only three genes were affected by CSF2 in a similar manner for both sexes. Disruption of CSF2RA prevented the effect of CSF2 on expression for 9 of 10 CSF2-regulated genes in females and 19 of 20 genes in males. The results confirm the importance of CSF2RA for regulation of gene expression by CSF2 in the blastocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kyungjun Uh
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Veronica M Negrón-Pérez
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR, USA
| | - Hannah Haines
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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15
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Meyer AE, Pfeiffer CA, Brooks KE, Spate LD, Benne JA, Cecil R, Samuel MS, Murphy CN, Behura S, McLean MK, Ciernia LA, Smith MF, Whitworth KM, Wells KD, Spencer TE, Prather RS, Geisert RD. New perspective on conceptus estrogens in maternal recognition and pregnancy establishment in the pig†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:148-161. [PMID: 31066888 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposed signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy in pigs is estrogen (E2), produced by the elongating conceptuses between days 11 to 12 of pregnancy with a more sustained increase during conceptus attachment and placental development on days 15 to 30. To understand the role of E2 in porcine conceptus elongation and pregnancy establishment, a loss-of-function study was conducted by editing aromatase (CYP19A1) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Wild-type (CYP19A1+/+) and (CYP19A1-/-) fibroblast cells were used to create embryos through somatic cell nuclear transfer, which were transferred into recipient gilts. Elongated and attaching conceptuses were recovered from gilts containing CYP19A1+/+ or CYP19A1-/- embryos on day 14 and 17 of pregnancy. Total E2 in the uterine flushings of gilts with CYP19A1-/- embryos was lower than recipients containing CYP19A1+/+ embryos with no difference in testosterone, PGF2α, or PGE2 on either day 14 or 17. Despite the loss of conceptus E2 production, CYP19A1-/- conceptuses were capable of maintaining the corpora lutea. However, gilts gestating CYP19A1-/- embryos aborted between days 27 and 31 of gestation. Attempts to rescue the pregnancy of CYP19A1-/- gestating gilts with exogenous E2 failed to maintain pregnancy. However, CYP19A1-/- embryos could be rescued when co-transferred with embryos derived by in vitro fertilization. Endometrial transcriptome analysis revealed that ablation of conceptus E2 resulted in disruption of a number biological pathways. Results demonstrate that intrinsic E2 conceptus production is not essential for pre-implantation development, conceptus elongation, and early CL maintenance, but is essential for maintenance of pregnancy beyond 30 days .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Meyer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Caroline A Pfeiffer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kelsey E Brooks
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Joshua A Benne
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Raissa Cecil
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Clifton N Murphy
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Susanta Behura
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan K McLean
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lauren A Ciernia
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael F Smith
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristin M Whitworth
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rodney D Geisert
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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16
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Shyam S, Goel P, Kumar D, Malpotra S, Singh MK, Lathwal SS, Chand S, Palta P. Effect of Dickkopf-1 and colony stimulating factor-2 on the developmental competence, quality, gene expression and live birth rate of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryos produced by hand-made cloning. Theriogenology 2020; 157:254-262. [PMID: 32823021 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A functional canonical WNT signaling pathway exists in preimplantation embryos and inhibits embryonic development. Recent studies suggest that this pathway is over-expressed in nuclear transferred (NT), compared to IVF embryos. The present study investigated the effects of Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), an inhibitor of canonical WNT signaling pathway and colony stimulating factor-2 (CSF2), an embryokine, on the developmental competence, quality, gene expression and live birth rate of NT buffalo embryos produced by Hand-made cloning (HMC). Following supplementation of the in vitro culture medium on day 5 with DKK1 (100 ng/mL), CSF2 (10 ng/mL), DKK1+CSF2 or no supplementation (control), the blastocyst rate was higher (P < 0.05) with DKK1 and DKK1+CSF2 (42.6 ± 1.4% and 46.6 ± 0.9%, respectively) than with CSF2 or controls (40.6 ± 1.3% and 39.0 ± 1.3%, respectively). The apoptotic index of the blastocysts was lower (P < 0.05) for DKK1, CSF2 and DKK1+CSF2 groups (3.44 ± 0.14, 3.39 ± 0.11 and 3.11 ± 0.22, respectively) compared to controls (6.64 ± 0.25), and was similar to that of the IVF blastocysts (3.67 ± 0.18). Although the total cell number was similar for the DKK1, CSF2, DKK1+CSF2 and control groups (200.4 ± 3.05, 196.4 ± 3.73, 204.7 ± 3.71 and 205 ± 4.03, respectively), the inner cell mass:trophectoderm cell number ratio of DKK1, CSF2 and DKK1+CSF2 groups (0.21 ± 0.01, 0.17 ± 0.01 and 0.22 ± 0.02, respectively) was higher (P < 0.05) than controls (0.13 ± 0.01) and was similar to that of IVF blastocysts (0.19 ± 0.01). Treatment with DKK1 or CSF2 or both increased (P < 0.05) the expression level of OCT4, NANOG,SOX2, GATA6, BCL2, PTEN, P53, FGF4, GLUT1 and IFN-τ, and decreased that of C-MYC, CDX2, CASPASE, DNMT3a, TCF7 and LEF1 in blastocysts, compared to controls. Transfer of DKK1-treated embryos to 13 recipients resulted in 4 pregnancies (30.8%; 2 live births, one abortion and one currently at 9 months of pregnancy) whereas, transfer of DKK1+CSF2-treated embryos to 16 recipients, resulted in 4 pregnancies (25.0%), all of which resulted in live births. No pregnancy was obtained after transfer of control and CSF-treated embryos to 12 and 16 recipients, respectively. These results suggest that DKK1 treatment of NT embryos increases the blastocyst, conception and live birth rate, and improves their quality whereas, CSF2 treatment, does not affect the blastocyst, conception and live birth rate despite improvement in embryo quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shyam
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - P Goel
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - D Kumar
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - S Malpotra
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - M K Singh
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - S S Lathwal
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - S Chand
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - P Palta
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
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17
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Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Munding B, Ziebe S, Robertson SA. GM-CSF does not rescue poor-quality embryos: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 301:1341-1346. [PMID: 32274634 PMCID: PMC7181539 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate implantation potential of cleavage-stage embryos cultured in medium containing 2 ng/ml granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) versus control medium, according to embryo morphological quality and then transferred on day 3. Methods Explorative secondary data analysis of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded prospective study of 1149 couples with embryo transfer after IVF/ICSI. This analysis includes a subgroup of 422 subjects with either single-embryo transfer (SET, N = 286) or double-embryo transfer of two embryos with equivalent morphological quality (DET, N = 136). Implantation rate and live birth rate were assessed according to category of morphological embryo quality on day 3. Results Culture with GM-CSF did not increase the implantation rate for embryos classified as poor quality. A trend towards greater benefit of GM-CSF on implantation and survival until live birth for top-quality embryos (TQEs) compared with poor-quality embryos was observed, although not statistically significant. For TQEs, the percentage of transferred embryos resulting in a live born baby was: 40.9 ± 5.3% (GM-CSF) versus 30.5 ± 4.6% (control) (P = 0.24; odds ratio [OR] 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79–2.59), and for embryos with less than 6 cells at day 3 this same rate was: 7.4 ± 3.3% (GM-CSF) versus 12.0 ± 4.0% (control) (P = 0.26; OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.17–1.61). Conclusion This exploratory analysis is consistent with GM-CSF protecting morphologically normal embryos from culture-induced stress and does not support an effect of GM-CSF in rescuing poor-quality embryos. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00565747.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny A Rodriguez-Wallberg
- Division of Gynecology and Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Søren Ziebe
- The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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18
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Chu D, Fu L, Zhou W, Li Y. Relationship between granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, embryo quality, and pregnancy outcomes in women of different ages in fresh transfer cycles: a retrospective study. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2019; 40:626-632. [PMID: 31478415 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2019.1639040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of low-concentration (0.6 ng/mL) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) supplementation on human embryo quality and pregnancy outcomes in patients with fresh transfer cycles. The data were retrospectively collected from 719 hyperstimulation cycles of 631 patients divided into two groups: GM-CSF supplementation (0.6 ng/mL, n = 399) and control (n = 320). The embryo quality and pregnancy outcomes were compared. GM-CSF addition significantly increased the available embryo rate (52.0 vs. 48.1%, p < .05). In patients >38 years, it significantly enhanced cleavage (99.4 vs. 97.8%, p < .05) and blastocyst formation (45.7 vs. 34.9%, p < .05) rates but not pregnancy outcomes, including clinical pregnancy (power = 0.160) and implantation (power = 0.204) rates. The lack of a statistically significant difference could be related to low study power. These results suggest that low-concentration GM-CSF addition contributes to embryo quality improvement, especially in patients >38 years.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has a beneficial effect on the development of human embryos in assisted reproductive technology.What do the results of this study add? Adding 0.6 ng/mL GM-CSF significantly increased the available embryo rate. In patients over 38 years of age, it statistically significantly enhanced the cleavage rate (99.4 vs. 97.8%, p < .05) and blastocyst formation rate (45.7 vs. 34.9%, p < .05).What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? GM-CSF benefits embryos with poorer development potential and a randomised clinical trial with a larger sample size should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chu
- Medical Center for Human Reproduction, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Fu
- Medical Center for Human Reproduction, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- Medical Center for Human Reproduction, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Medical Center for Human Reproduction, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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19
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Lucas CG, Chen PR, Seixas FK, Prather RS, Collares T. Applications of omics and nanotechnology to improve pig embryo production in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1531-1547. [PMID: 31478591 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An appropriate environment to optimize porcine preimplantation embryo production in vitro is required as genetically modified pigs have become indispensable for biomedical research and agriculture. To provide suitable culture conditions, omics technologies have been applied to elucidate which metabolic substrates and pathways are involved during early developmental processes. Metabolomic profiling and transcriptional analysis comparing in vivo- and in vitro-derived embryos have demonstrated the important role of amino acids during preimplantation development. Transcriptional profiling studies have been helpful in assessing epigenetic reprogramming agents to allow for the correction of gene expression during the cloning process. Along with this, nanotechnology, which is a highly promising field, has allowed for the use of engineered nanoplatforms in reproductive biology. A growing number of studies have explored the use of nanoengineered materials for sorting, labeling, and targeting purposes; which demonstrates their potential to become one of the solutions for precise delivery of molecules into gametes and embryos. Considering the contributions of omics and the recent progress in nanoscience, in this review, we focused on their emerging applications for current in vitro pig embryo production systems to optimize the generation of genetically modified animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G Lucas
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Paula R Chen
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Fabiana K Seixas
- Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Group on Cellular and Molecular Oncology, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Tiago Collares
- Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Group on Cellular and Molecular Oncology, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Uh K, Ryu J, Zhang L, Errington J, Machaty Z, Lee K. Development of novel oocyte activation approaches using Zn2+ chelators in pigs. Theriogenology 2019; 125:259-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Whitworth KM, Rowland RRR, Petrovan V, Sheahan M, Cino-Ozuna AG, Fang Y, Hesse R, Mileham A, Samuel MS, Wells KD, Prather RS. Resistance to coronavirus infection in amino peptidase N-deficient pigs. Transgenic Res 2018; 28:21-32. [PMID: 30315482 PMCID: PMC6353812 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The alphacoronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are sources of high morbidity and mortality in neonatal pigs, a consequence of dehydration caused by the infection and necrosis of enterocytes. The biological relevance of amino peptidase N (ANPEP) as a putative receptor for TGEV and PEDV in pigs was evaluated by using CRISPR/Cas9 to edit exon 2 of ANPEP resulting in a premature stop codon. Knockout pigs possessing the null ANPEP phenotype and age matched wild type pigs were challenged with either PEDV or TGEV. Fecal swabs were collected daily from each animal beginning 1 day prior to challenge with PEDV until the termination of the study. The presence of virus nucleic acid was determined by PCR. ANPEP null pigs did not support infection with TGEV, but retained susceptibility to infection with PEDV. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of PEDV reactivity and absence of TGEV reactivity in the enterocytes lining the ileum in ANPEP null pigs. The different receptor requirements for TGEV and PEDV have important implications in the development of new genetic tools for the control of enteric disease in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Whitworth
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Randall Prather, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Vlad Petrovan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Maureen Sheahan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ada G Cino-Ozuna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Richard Hesse
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Randall Prather, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Randall Prather, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Randall Prather, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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22
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Infection Dynamics of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild-Type and Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Knockout J H -/- Gnotobiotic Piglets. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01208-18. [PMID: 30111571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01208-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, is an important but incompletely understood pathogen causing high mortality during pregnancy and leading to chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised individuals. The underlying mechanisms leading to hepatic damage remain unknown; however, the humoral immune response is implicated. In this study, immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain JH -/- knockout gnotobiotic pigs were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to deplete the B-lymphocyte population, resulting in an inability to generate a humoral immune response to genotype 3 HEV infection. Compared to wild-type gnotobiotic piglets, the frequencies of B lymphocytes in the Ig heavy chain JH -/- knockouts were significantly lower, despite similar levels of other innate and adaptive T-lymphocyte cell populations. The dynamic of acute HEV infection was subsequently determined in heavy chain JH -/- knockout and wild-type gnotobiotic pigs. The data showed that wild-type piglets had higher viral RNA loads in feces and sera compared to the JH -/- knockout pigs, suggesting that the Ig heavy chain JH -/- knockout in pigs actually decreased the level of HEV replication. Both HEV-infected wild-type and JH -/- knockout gnotobiotic piglets developed more pronounced lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis and hepatocellular necrosis lesions than other studies with conventional pigs. The HEV-infected JH -/- knockout pigs also had significantly enlarged livers both grossly and as a ratio of liver/body weight compared to phosphate-buffered saline-inoculated groups. This novel gnotobiotic pig model will aid in future studies into HEV pathogenicity, an aspect which has thus far been difficult to reproduce in the available animal model systems.IMPORTANCE According to the World Health Organization, approximately 20 million HEV infections occur annually, resulting in 3.3 million cases of hepatitis E and >44,000 deaths. The lack of an efficient animal model that can mimic the full-spectrum of infection outcomes hinders our ability to delineate the mechanism of HEV pathogenesis. Here, we successfully generated immunoglobulin heavy chain JH -/- knockout gnotobiotic pigs using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, established a novel JH -/- knockout and wild-type gnotobiotic pig model for HEV, and systematically determined the dynamic of acute HEV infection in gnotobiotic pigs. It was demonstrated that knockout of the Ig heavy chain in pigs decreased the level of HEV replication. Infected wild-type and JH -/- knockout gnotobiotic piglets developed more pronounced HEV-specific lesions than other studies using conventional pigs, and the infected JH -/- knockout pigs had significantly enlarged livers. The availability of this novel model will facilitate future studies of HEV pathogenicity.
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23
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Lee J, Lee H, Lee Y, Park B, Elahi F, Lee ST, Park CK, Hyun SH, Lee E. In vitro oocyte maturation in a medium containing reduced sodium chloride improves the developmental competence of pig oocytes after parthenogenesis and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1625-1634. [PMID: 27592715 DOI: 10.1071/rd15488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of IVM in hypotonic medium containing reduced (61.6mM) NaCl compared with isotonic medium containing 108.0mM NaCl (designated L and N respectively) on oocyte maturation and embryonic development in pigs. IVM culture was divided into four periods at 11-h intervals. Oocytes cultured in N for 33h and then in L for 11h of IVM (N-N-N-L) showed significantly improved (P<0.05) nuclear maturation of oocytes (75.4-79.0% vs 60.2-85.8%) and blastocyst formation (61.5-66.1% vs 45.2-67.5%) after parthenogenesis (PA) compared with other treatments (L-L-L-L, L-L-L-N, L-L-N-L, N-N-L-L, N-N-L-N, L-L-N-L, L-N-N-L and N-L-N-L). Oocytes matured in L-L-L-L and N-N-N-L had an increased (P<0.05) perivitelline space (11.0-12.5 vs 5.5µm) and intraoocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) content (1.39-1.41 vs 1.00 pixels per oocyte) relative to oocytes matured in N-N-N-N. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos derived from the N-N-N-L treatment had significantly (P<0.05) higher blastocyst formation (53.5%) than embryos derived from Medium-199 (37.4%) and N-N-N-N (41.8%) treatments. Overall, the results demonstrate that maturation of pig oocytes in hypotonic medium with reduced NaCl during the last 11h of IVM increases the developmental competence of oocytes after PA and SCNT by improving the cytoplasmic microenvironment, including an increased GSH content in IVM oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyeong Lee
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea
| | - Hanna Lee
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea
| | - Yongjin Lee
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea
| | - Bola Park
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea
| | - Seung Tae Lee
- Division of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea
| | - Choon-Keun Park
- Division of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea
| | - Eunsong Lee
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea
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24
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Jeong PS, Yoon SB, Choi SA, Song BS, Kim JS, Sim BW, Park YH, Yang HJ, Mun SE, Kim YH, Kang P, Jeong KJ, Lee Y, Jin YB, Huh JW, Lee SR, Koo DB, Park YI, Kim SU, Chang KT. Iloprost supports early development of in vitro-produced porcine embryos through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signalling pathway. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1306-1318. [PMID: 27279419 DOI: 10.1071/rd15391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite evidence of the presence of prostaglandin (PG) I2 in mammalian oviducts, its role in early development of in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos is largely unknown. Thus, in the present study we examined the effects of iloprost, a PGI2 analogue, on the in vitro developmental competence of early porcine embryos and the underlying mechanism(s). To examine the effects of iloprost on the development rate of IVF embryos, iloprost was added to the in vitro culture (IVC) medium and cultured for 6 days. Supplementation of the IVC medium with iloprost significantly improved developmental parameters, such as blastocyst formation rate, the trophectoderm:inner cell mass ratio and cell survival in IVF and parthenogenetically activated (PA) embryos. In addition, post-blastulation development into the expanded blastocyst stage was improved in iloprost-treated groups compared with controls. Interestingly, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signalling pathway was significantly activated by iloprost supplementation in a concentration-dependent manner (10-1000nM), and the beneficial effects of iloprost on the early development of porcine IVF and PA embryos was completely ablated by treatment with 2.5μM wortmannin, a PI3K/AKT signalling inhibitor. Importantly, expression of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway was significantly reduced in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) compared with IVF embryos, and iloprost supported the early development of SCNT embryos, as was the case for IVF and PA embryos, suggesting a consistent effect of iloprost on the IVC of IVP porcine embryos. Together, these results indicate that iloprost can be a useful IVC supplement for production of IVP early porcine embryos with high developmental competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Soo Jeong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bin Yoon
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-A Choi
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Seok Song
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Woong Sim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jun Yang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Mun
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Philyong Kang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Jeong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog-Bon Koo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Jillyang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Il Park
- Graduate School Department of Digital Media, Ewha Womans University, Daehyeon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanjiro, Ochangeup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
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25
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Simões R, Rodrigues Santos A. Factors and molecules that could impact cell differentiation in the embryo generated by nuclear transfer. Organogenesis 2018; 13:156-178. [PMID: 29020571 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2017.1389367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a technique to create an embryo using an enucleated oocyte and a donor nucleus. Nucleus of somatic cells must be reprogrammed in order to participate in normal development within an enucleated egg. Reprogramming refers to the erasing and remodeling of cellular epigenetic marks to a lower differentiation state. Somatic nuclei must be reprogrammed by factors in the oocyte cytoplasm to a rather totipotent state since the reconstructed embryo must initiate embryo development from the one cell stage to term. In embryos reconstructed by nuclear transfer, the donor genetic material must respond to the cytoplasmic environment of the cytoplast and recapitulate this normal developmental process. Enucleation is critically important for cloning efficiency because may affect the ultrastructure of the remaining cytoplast, thus resulting in a decline or destruction of its cellular compartments. Nonetheless, the effects of in vitro culturing are yet to be fully understood. In vitro oocyte maturation can affect the abundance of specific transcripts and are likely to deplete the developmental competence. The epigenetic modifications established during cellular differentiation are a major factor determining this low efficiency as they act as epigenetic barriers restricting reprogramming of somatic nuclei. In this review we discuss some factors that could impact cell differentiation in embryo generated by nuclear transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Simões
- a Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC , SP , Brazil
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26
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Whitworth KM, Cecil R, Benne JA, Redel BK, Spate LD, Samuel MS, Prather RS, Wells KD. Zygote injection of RNA encoding Cre recombinase results in efficient removal of LoxP flanked neomycin cassettes in pigs. Transgenic Res 2018. [PMID: 29516259 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered pigs are often created with a targeting vector that contains a loxP flanked selectable marker like neomycin. The Cre-loxP recombinase system can be used to remove the selectable marker gene from the resulting offspring or cell line. Here is described a new method to remove a loxP flanked neomycin cassette by direct zygote injection of an mRNA encoding Cre recombinase. The optimal concentration of mRNA was determined to be 10 ng/μL when compared to 2 and 100 ng/μL (P < 0.0001). Development to the blastocyst stage was 14.1% after zygote injection with 10 ng/μL. This method successfully removed the neomycin cassette in 81.9% of injected in vitro derived embryos; which was significantly higher than the control (P < 0.0001). Embryo transfer resulted in the birth of one live piglet with a Cre deleted neomycin cassette. The new method described can be used to efficiently remove selectable markers in genetically engineered animals without the need for long term cell culture and subsequent somatic cell nuclear transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Whitworth
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 159 ASRC, 920 East Campus Dr., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Raissa Cecil
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 159 ASRC, 920 East Campus Dr., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Joshua A Benne
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 159 ASRC, 920 East Campus Dr., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Bethany K Redel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 159 ASRC, 920 East Campus Dr., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 159 ASRC, 920 East Campus Dr., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 159 ASRC, 920 East Campus Dr., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 159 ASRC, 920 East Campus Dr., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 159 ASRC, 920 East Campus Dr., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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27
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Whyte JJ, Meyer AE, Spate LD, Benne JA, Cecil R, Samuel MS, Murphy CN, Prather RS, Geisert RD. Inactivation of porcine interleukin-1β results in failure of rapid conceptus elongation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:307-312. [PMID: 29279391 PMCID: PMC5777074 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718004115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conceptus expansion throughout the uterus of mammalian species with a noninvasive epitheliochorial type of placentation is critical establishing an adequate uterine surface area for nutrient support during gestation. Pig conceptuses undergo a unique rapid morphological transformation to elongate into filamentous threads within 1 h, which provides the uterine surface to support development and maintain functional corpora lutea through the production of estrogen. Conceptus production of a unique interleukin 1β, IL1B2, temporally increases during the period of trophoblast remodeling during elongation. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to knock out pig conceptus IL1B2 expression and the secretion of IL1B2 during the time of conceptus elongation. Trophoblast elongation occurred on day 14 in wild-type (IL1B2+/+) conceptuses but did not occur in ILB2-null (IL1B2-/-) conceptuses. Although the morphological transition of IL1B2-/- conceptuses was inhibited, expression of a number of conceptus developmental genes was not altered. However, conceptus aromatase expression and estrogen secretion were decreased, indicating that IL1B2 may be involved in the spatiotemporal increase in conceptus estrogen synthesis needed for the establishment of pregnancy in the pig and may serve to regulate the proinflammatory response of endometrium to IL1B2 during conceptus elongation and attachment to the uterine surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Whyte
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Ashley E Meyer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Joshua A Benne
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Raissa Cecil
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Clifton N Murphy
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Rodney D Geisert
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
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28
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Secher JO, Ceylan A, Mazzoni G, Mashayekhi K, Li T, Muenthaisong S, Nielsen TT, Li D, Li S, Petkov S, Cirera S, Luo Y, Thombs L, Kadarmideen HN, Dinnyes A, Bolund L, Roelen BAJ, Schmidt M, Callesen H, Hyttel P, Freude KK. Systematic in vitro and in vivo characterization of Leukemia-inhibiting factor- and Fibroblast growth factor-derived porcine induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:229-245. [PMID: 28044390 PMCID: PMC6221014 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Derivation and stable maintenance of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) is challenging. We herein systematically analyzed two piPSC lines, derived by lentiviral transduction and cultured under either leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) conditions, to shed more light on the underlying biological mechanisms of porcine pluripotency. LIF‐derived piPSCs were more successful than their FGF‐derived counterparts in the generation of in vitro chimeras and in teratoma formation. When LIF piPSCs chimeras were transferred into surrogate sows and allowed to develop, only their prescence within the embryonic membranes could be detected. Whole‐transcriptome analysis of the piPSCs and porcine neonatal fibroblasts showed that they clustered together, but apart from the two pluripotent cell populations of early porcine embryos, indicating incomplete reprogramming. Indeed, bioinformatic analysis of the pluripotency‐related gene network of the LIF‐ versus FGF‐derived piPSCs revealed that ZFP42 (REX1) expression was absent in both piPSC‐like cells, whereas it was expressed in the porcine inner cell mass at Day 7/8. A second striking difference was the expression of ATOH1 in piPSC‐like cells, which was absent in the inner cell mass. Moreover, our gene expression analyses plus correlation analyses of known pluripotency genes identified unique relationships between pluripotency genes in the inner cell mass, which are to some extent, in the piPSC‐like cells. This deficiency in downstream gene activation and divergent gene expression may be underlie the inability to derive germ line‐transmitting piPSCs, and provides unique insight into which genes are necessary to achieve fully reprogrammed piPSCs. 84: 229–245, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Secher
- Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ahmet Ceylan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ankara University, Department of Histology and Embryology, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gianluca Mazzoni
- Animal Breeding, Quantitative Genetics and Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kaveh Mashayekhi
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Equine Sciences and Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tong Li
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Equine Sciences and Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suchitra Muenthaisong
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Troels T Nielsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dong Li
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Shengting Li
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stoyan Petkov
- Institute for Farm Animal Genetics (FLI), Neustadt, Germany
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lori Thombs
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Haja N Kadarmideen
- Animal Breeding, Quantitative Genetics and Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andras Dinnyes
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Equine Sciences and Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Lars Bolund
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bernard A J Roelen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mette Schmidt
- Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Callesen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristine K Freude
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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29
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Cordova A, King WA, Mastromonaco GF. Choosing a culture medium for SCNT and iSCNT reconstructed embryos: from domestic to wildlife species. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 59:24. [PMID: 29152322 PMCID: PMC5680814 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-017-0149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, in vitro culture media have been developed to successfully support IVF embryo growth in a variety of species. Advanced reproductive technologies, such as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), challenge us with a new type of embryo, with special nutritional requirements and altered physiology under in vitro conditions. Numerous studies have successfully reconstructed cloned embryos of domestic animals for biomedical research and livestock production. However, studies evaluating suitable culture conditions for SCNT embryos in wildlife species are scarce (for both intra- and interspecies SCNT). Most of the existing studies derive from previous IVF work done in conventional domestic species. Extrapolation to non-domestic species presents significant challenges since we lack information on reproductive processes and embryo development in most wildlife species. Given the challenges in adapting culture media and conditions from IVF to SCNT embryos, developmental competence of SCNT embryos remains low. This review summarizes research efforts to tailor culture media to SCNT embryos and explore the different outcomes in diverse species. It will also consider how these culture media protocols have been extrapolated to wildlife species, most particularly using SCNT as a cutting-edge technical resource to assist in the preservation of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cordova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada.,Reproductive Physiology, Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, Ontario Canada
| | - W A King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - G F Mastromonaco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada.,Reproductive Physiology, Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, Ontario Canada
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30
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Lin T, Lee JE, Oqani RK, Kim SY, Cho ES, Jeong YD, Baek JJ, Jin DI. Delayed blastocyst formation or an extra day culture increases apoptosis in pig blastocysts. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 185:128-139. [PMID: 28844338 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the timing was examined of blastocyst collection/formation or of how the duration of post-blastulation culture affected the quality and developmental competence of in vitro-produced pig parthenogenetic embryos. The earliest apoptotic signals were observed at the morula stage while the earliest cytoplasmic fragmentation was observed before the 4- to 8-cell stage of embryo development. Nuclear condensation was detected in morulae and blastocysts, but not all condensed nuclei were positive for the apoptotic signal (TUNEL staining). The mean blastocyst diameter increased with delayed blastocyst collection or extended post-blastulation culture, but decreased with delayed blastocyst formation. Delayed blastocyst collection/formation or an additional day of post-blastulation culture increased the frequencies of apoptosis, condensed nuclei, and low quality blastocysts (those showing a nuclear destruction that negated counting of the nuclei); increased the expression of the pro-apoptotic BAX gene; and reduced the ratio of ICM (inner cell mass) cells to TE (trophectoderm) cells. In addition, delayed blastocyst formation decreased POU5F1 gene expression. These results suggest that a delay in blastocyst collection/formation or an additional day of culture could increase the incidence of apoptosis, decrease the ICM:TE cell ratio, and influence the gene expression and diameter of blastocysts derived from in vitro-produced pig embryos. These findings provide a useful reference for improving the quality of in vitro-produced embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Reza K Oqani
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Cho
- Department of Animal Resource Development, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 31001, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Dae Jeong
- Department of Animal Resource Development, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 31001, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Jong Baek
- Department of Animal Improvement, Chungnam Livestock Institute, Cheongyang-gun, Chungman, 33350, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Il Jin
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Yuan Y, Spate LD, Redel BK, Tian Y, Zhou J, Prather RS, Roberts RM. Quadrupling efficiency in production of genetically modified pigs through improved oocyte maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5796-E5804. [PMID: 28673989 PMCID: PMC5530680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703998114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies in all mammals are critically dependent on the quality of the oocytes used to produce embryos. For reasons not fully clear, oocytes matured in vitro tend to be much less competent to become fertilized, advance to the blastocyst stage, and give rise to live young than their in vivo-produced counterparts, particularly if they are derived from immature females. Here we show that a chemically defined maturation medium supplemented with three cytokines (FGF2, LIF, and IGF1) in combination, so-called "FLI medium," improves nuclear maturation of oocytes in cumulus-oocyte complexes derived from immature pig ovaries and provides a twofold increase in the efficiency of blastocyst production after in vitro fertilization. Transfer of such blastocysts to recipient females doubles mean litter size to about nine piglets per litter. Maturation of oocytes in FLI medium, therefore, effectively provides a fourfold increase in piglets born per oocyte collected. As they progress in culture, the FLI-matured cumulus-oocyte complexes display distinctly different kinetics of MAPK activation in the cumulus cells, much increased cumulus cell expansion, and an accelerated severance of cytoplasmic projections between the cumulus cells outside the zona pellucida and the oocyte within. These events likely underpin the improvement in oocyte quality achieved by using the FLI medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211;
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Bethany K Redel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Yuchen Tian
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - R Michael Roberts
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211;
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
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Krisher RL, Heuberger AL, Paczkowski M, Stevens J, Pospisil C, Prather RS, Sturmey RG, Herrick JR, Schoolcraft WB. Applying metabolomic analyses to the practice of embryology: physiology, development and assisted reproductive technology. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:602-20. [PMID: 25763765 DOI: 10.1071/rd14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of metabolomics technology and its application to small samples has allowed us to non-invasively monitor the metabolic activity of embryos in a complex culture environment. The aim of this study was to apply metabolomics technology to the analysis of individual embryos from several species during in vitro development to gain an insight into the metabolomics pathways used by embryos and their relationship with embryo quality. Alanine is produced by both in vivo- and in vitro-derived human, murine, bovine and porcine embryos. Glutamine is also produced by the embryos of these four species, but only those produced in vitro. Across species, blastocysts significantly consumed amino acids from the culture medium, whereas glucose was not significantly taken up. There are significant differences in the metabolic profile of in vivo- compared with in vitro-produced embryos at the blastocyst stage. For example, in vitro-produced murine embryos consume arginine, asparagine, glutamate and proline, whereas in vivo-produced embryos do not. Human embryos produce more alanine, glutamate and glutamine, and consume less pyruvate, at the blastocyst compared with cleavage stages. Glucose was consumed by human blastocysts, but not at a high enough level to reach significance. Consumption of tyrosine by cleavage stage human embryos is indicative of blastocyst development, although tyrosine consumption is not predictive of blastocyst quality. Similarly, although in vivo-produced murine blastocysts consumed less aspartate, lactate, taurine and tyrosine than those produced in vitro, consumption of these four amino acids by in vitro-derived embryos with high octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) expression, indicative of high quality, did not differ from those with low Oct4 expression. Further application of metabolomic technologies to studies of the consumption and/or production of metabolites from individual embryos in a complete culture medium could transform our understanding of embryo physiology and improve our ability to produce developmentally competent embryos in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Krisher
- National Foundation for Fertility Research, 10290 RidgeGate Circle, Lone Tree, CO 80124, USA
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, 2021 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Melissa Paczkowski
- National Foundation for Fertility Research, 10290 RidgeGate Circle, Lone Tree, CO 80124, USA
| | - John Stevens
- Fertility Laboratories of Colorado, 10290 RidgeGate Circle, Lone Tree, CO 80124, USA
| | - Courtney Pospisil
- Fertility Laboratories of Colorado, 10290 RidgeGate Circle, Lone Tree, CO 80124, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Roger G Sturmey
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Jason R Herrick
- National Foundation for Fertility Research, 10290 RidgeGate Circle, Lone Tree, CO 80124, USA
| | - William B Schoolcraft
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, 10290 RidgeGate Circle, Lone Tree, CO 80124, USA
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Redel BK, Tessanne KJ, Spate LD, Murphy CN, Prather RS. Arginine increases development of in vitro-produced porcine embryos and affects the protein arginine methyltransferase-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-nitric oxide axis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:655-66. [PMID: 25765074 DOI: 10.1071/rd14293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture systems promote development at rates lower than the in vivo environment. Here, we evaluated the embryo's transcriptome to determine what the embryo needs during development. A previous mRNA sequencing endeavour found upregulation of solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 1 (SLC7A1), an arginine transporter, in in vitro- compared with in vivo-cultured embryos. In the present study, we added different concentrations of arginine to our culture medium to meet the needs of the porcine embryo. Increasing arginine from 0.12 to 1.69mM improved the number of embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage. These blastocysts also had more total nuclei compared with controls and, specifically, more trophectoderm nuclei. Embryos cultured in 1.69mM arginine had lower SLC7A1 levels and a higher abundance of messages involved with glycolysis (hexokinase 1, hexokinase 2 and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) 2) and decreased expression of genes involved with blocking the tricarboxylic acid cycle (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1) and the pentose phosphate pathway (transaldolase 1). Expression of the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) genes PRMT1, PRMT3 and PRMT5 throughout development was not affected by arginine. However, the dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) and DDAH2 message was found to be differentially regulated through development, and the DDAH2 protein was localised to the nuclei of blastocysts. Arginine has a positive effect on preimplantation development and may be affecting the nitric oxide-DDAH-PRMT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany K Redel
- Division of Animal Science, Animal Science Research Center, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kimberly J Tessanne
- Division of Animal Science, Animal Science Research Center, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Science, Animal Science Research Center, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Clifton N Murphy
- Division of Animal Science, Animal Science Research Center, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, Animal Science Research Center, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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34
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Whitworth KM, Benne JA, Spate LD, Murphy SL, Samuel MS, Murphy CN, Richt JA, Walters E, Prather RS, Wells KD. Zygote injection of CRISPR/Cas9 RNA successfully modifies the target gene without delaying blastocyst development or altering the sex ratio in pigs. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:97-107. [PMID: 27744533 PMCID: PMC5247313 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool has increased the efficiency of creating genetically modified pigs for use as biomedical or agricultural models. The objectives were to determine if DNA editing resulted in a delay in development to the blastocyst stage or in a skewing of the sex ratio. Six DNA templates (gBlocks) that were designed to express guide RNAs that target the transmembrane protease, serine S1, member 2 (TMPRSS2) gene were in vitro transcribed. Pairs of CRISPR guide RNAs that flanked the start codon and polyadenylated Cas9 were co-injected into the cytoplasm of zygotes and cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage. Blastocysts were collected as they formed on days 5, 6 or 7. PCR was performed to determine genotype and sex of each embryo. Separately, embryos were surgically transferred into recipient gilts on day 4 of estrus. The rate of blastocyst development was not significantly different between CRISPR injection embryos or the non-injected controls at day 5, 6 or 7 (p = 0.36, 0.09, 0.63, respectively). Injection of three CRISPR sets of guides resulted in a detectable INDEL in 92-100 % of the embryos analyzed. There was not a difference in the number of edits or sex ratio of male to female embryos when compared between days 5, 6 and 7 to the controls (p > 0.22, >0.85). There were 12 resulting piglets and all 12 had biallelic edits of TMRPSS2. Zygote injection with CRISPR/Cas9 continues to be a highly efficient tool to genetically modify pig embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Whitworth
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- National Swine Research and Resource Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Joshua A Benne
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- National Swine Research and Resource Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- National Swine Research and Resource Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Stephanie L Murphy
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- National Swine Research and Resource Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Clifton N Murphy
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- National Swine Research and Resource Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jürgen A Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Eric Walters
- National Swine Research and Resource Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- National Swine Research and Resource Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- National Swine Research and Resource Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Dr., E125D ASRC, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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35
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Wen Z, Pan Y, Cui Y, Peng X, Chen P, Fan J, Li G, Zhao T, Zhang J, Qin S, Yu S. Colony-stimulating factor 2 enhances the developmental competence of yak (Poephagus grunniens) preimplantation embryos by modulating the expression of heat shock protein 70 kDa 1A. Theriogenology 2017; 93:16-23. [PMID: 28257862 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) is known to promote the development and survival of rodents and ruminants preimplantation embryos; however, the effect of CSF2 on yak embryos has not been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of CSF2 on the developmental competence of yak embryos cultured in vitro in modified synthetic oviduct fluid (mSOF) medium and on the expression pattern of heat shock protein 70 kDa 1A (HSPA1A). In each experiment, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in vitro and fertilized with frozen-thawed semen. Zygotes were treated with varying concentrations of CSF2 (0, 10, 50, 100 ng/mL) until day 8 after fertilization. Embryo development was calculated as the percentage of oocytes that formed embryos at the 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, morula and blastocyst stages. The total cell numbers (TCN) per blastocyst and their allocation to the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) lineages were determined using differential CDX2 staining. The expression of HSPA1A was examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunochemistry to determine the mRNA and protein levels. The results showed that treatment with 50 ng/mL CSF2 significantly (P < 0.05) increased the rate of blastocyst formation (19.01% versus 9.93%) and the TCN per blastocyst (96.94 versus 81.41) compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were observed in the other stages of development. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that treatment with 50 ng/mL CSF2 significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the expression of HSPA1A mRNA in blastocysts cultured in vitro relative to the control group, but there were no significant differences between the other treatment groups. Immunocytochemical analysis confirmed that HSPA1A protein accumulation was gradually reduced in yak blastocysts cultured in 0, 10, 100 or 50 ng/mL CSF2, however, no significant differences were observed between the 10 and 100 ng/mL treatments (P > 0.05). In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that CSF2 inhibits the expression of HSPA1A to facilitate yak blastocyst formation and increase cell numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexing Wen
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Pan
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiumei Peng
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiangfeng Fan
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guyue Li
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shujian Qin
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sijiu Yu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
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36
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Evaluation of porcine stem cell competence for somatic cell nuclear transfer and production of cloned animals. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 178:40-49. [PMID: 28126267 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been used extensively to create genetically modified pigs, but the efficiency of the methodology is still low. It has been hypothesized that pluripotent or multipotent stem cells might result in increased SCNT efficacy as these cells are closer than somatic cells to the epigenetic state found in the blastomeres and therefore need less reprogramming. Our group has worked with porcine SCNT during the last 20 years and here we describe our experience with SCNT of 3 different stem cell lines. The porcine stem cells used were: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) created by lentiviral doxycycline-dependent reprogramming and cultered with a GSK3β- and MEK-inhibitor (2i) and leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) (2i LIF DOX-iPSCs), iPSCs created by a plasmid-based reprogramming and cultured with 2i and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) (2i FGF Pl-iPSCs) and embryonic germ cells (EGCs), which have earlier been characterized as being multipotent. The SCNT efficiencies of these stem cell lines were compared with that of the two fibroblast cell lines from which the iPSC lines were derived. The blastocyst rates for the 2i LIF DOX-iPSCs were 14.7%, for the 2i FGF Pl-iPSC 10.1%, and for the EGCs 34.5% compared with the fibroblast lines yielding 36.7% and 25.2%. The fibroblast- and EGC-derived embryos were used for embryo transfer and produced live offspring at similar low rates of efficiency (3.2 and 4.0%, respectively) and with several instances of malformations. In conclusion, potentially pluripotent porcine stem cells resulted in lower rates of embryonic development upon SCNT than multipotent stem cells and differentiated somatic cells.
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Abstract
Ability to disrupt genes is essential in elucidating gene function. Unlike rodents or amphibians, it has been difficult to generate gene-targeted embryos in large animals. Therefore, studies of early embryo development have been hampered in large animals. A recent technology suggests that targeted mutations can be successfully introduced during embryogenesis, thus by-passing the need of breeding to produce gene-targeted embryos. This is particularly important in large animal models because of longer gestation period and higher animal cost. Here, we describe a specific approach to disrupt up to two genes simultaneously during embryogenesis using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology in swine. The approach can help understand the mechanism of zygotic genome activation in large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Ryu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, 175 W. Campus Dr., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, 175 W. Campus Dr., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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38
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Rutigliano HM, Wilhelm A, Hall J, Shi B, Meng Q, Stott R, Bunch TD, White KL, Davies CJ, Polejaeva IA. Cytokine gene expression at the maternal–fetal interface after somatic cell nuclear transfer pregnancies in small ruminants. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:646-657. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present retrospective study investigated pregnancy rates, the incidence of pregnancy loss and large offspring syndrome (LOS) and immune-related gene expression of sheep and goat somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) pregnancies. We hypothesised that significantly higher pregnancy losses observed in sheep compared with goat SCNT pregnancies are due to the increased amounts of T-helper 1 cytokines and proinflammatory mediators at the maternal–fetal interface. Sheep and goat SCNT pregnancies were generated using the same procedure. Control pregnancies were established by natural breeding. Although SCNT pregnancy rates at 45 days were similar in both species, pregnancy losses between 45 and 60 days of gestation and the incidence of LOS were significantly greater in sheep than in goats. At term, the expression of proinflammatory genes in sheep SCNT placentas was increased, whereas that in goats was similar to that in control animals. Genes with altered expression in sheep SCNT placentas included cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL2RA), cluster of differentiation 28 (CD28), interferon gamma (IFNG), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 10 (IL10), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 alpha (IL1A) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8). Major histocompatibility complex-I protein expression was greater in sheep and goat SCNT placentas at term than in control pregnancies. An unfavourable immune environment is present at the maternal–fetal interface in sheep SCNT pregnancies.
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39
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Kang JT, Cho B, Ryu J, Ray C, Lee EJ, Yun YJ, Ahn S, Lee J, Ji DY, Jue N, Clark-Deener S, Lee K, Park KW. Biallelic modification of IL2RG leads to severe combined immunodeficiency in pigs. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:74. [PMID: 27809915 PMCID: PMC5095964 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs with SCID can be a useful model in regenerative medicine, xenotransplantation, and cancer cell transplantation studies. Utilizing genome editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 system allows us to generate genetically engineered pigs at a higher efficiency. In this study, we report generation and phenotypic characterization of IL2RG knockout female pigs produced through combination of CRISPR/Cas9 system and SCNT. As expected, pigs lacking IL2RG presented SCID phenotype. METHODS First, specific CRISPR/Cas9 systems targeting IL2RG were introduced into developing pig embryos then the embryos were transferred into surrogates. A total of six fetuses were obtained from the embryo transfer and fetal fibroblast cell lines were established. Then IL2RG knockout female cells carrying biallelic genetic modification were used as donor cells for SCNT, followed by embryo transfer. RESULTS Three live cloned female piglets carrying biallelic mutations in IL2RG were produced. All cloned piglets completely lacked thymus and they had a significantly reduced level of mature T, B and NK cells in their blood and spleen. CONCLUSIONS Here, we generated IL2RG knockout female pigs showing phenotypic characterization of SCID. This IL2RG knockout female pigs will be a promising model for biomedical and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Taek Kang
- MGENPLUS Biotechnology Research Institute, Seoul, 08511 South Korea
| | - Bumrae Cho
- MGENPLUS Biotechnology Research Institute, Seoul, 08511 South Korea
| | - Junghyun Ryu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Caitlin Ray
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Eun-Jin Lee
- MGENPLUS Biotechnology Research Institute, Seoul, 08511 South Korea
| | - Yun-Jin Yun
- MGENPLUS Biotechnology Research Institute, Seoul, 08511 South Korea
| | - SunMi Ahn
- MGENPLUS Biotechnology Research Institute, Seoul, 08511 South Korea
| | - JinSeok Lee
- MGENPLUS Biotechnology Research Institute, Seoul, 08511 South Korea
| | - Dal-Young Ji
- MGENPLUS Biotechnology Research Institute, Seoul, 08511 South Korea
| | - Nathaniel Jue
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Sherrie Clark-Deener
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Kwang-Wook Park
- MGENPLUS Biotechnology Research Institute, Seoul, 08511 South Korea
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922 South Korea
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Lin T, Lee JE, Oqani RK, Kim SY, Cho ES, Jeong YD, Baek JJ, Jin DI. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid improves pre-implantation development of porcine SCNT embryo by endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibition. Reprod Biol 2016; 16:269-278. [PMID: 27765486 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress attenuation could improve porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryo developmental competence. We treated porcine SCNT embryos with TUDCA (tauroursodeoxycholic acid, an inhibitor of ER stress) and/or TM (tunicamycin, an ER stress inducer), and examined embryonic developmental potential, embryo quality, the levels of ER stress markers (XBP1 protein and mRNA) and apoptosis-related-genes (BAX and BCL2 mRNA). Immunostaining detected X-box-binding protein (XBP1), a key gene regulator during ER stress, at all stages of SCNT embryo development. Embryo development analysis revealed that TUDCA treatment markedly increased (p<0.05) blastocyst formation rate, total cell number and inner cell mass (ICM) cell number compared to untreated control group. The TUDCA and TM groups showed significant alterations in XBP1 protein and XBP1-s mRNA levels compared to controls (lower and higher, respectively; p<0.05). Also, TUDCA treatment reduced oxidative stress by up-regulation of the antioxidant, GSH. TUNEL assay showed that TUDCA treatment significantly reduced apoptosis in porcine SCNT blastocysts confirmed by decreased pro-apoptotic BAX and increased anti-apoptotic BCL2 mRNA levels. Collectively, our results indicated that TUDCA can enhance the developmental potential of porcine SCNT embryos by attenuating ER-stress and reducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Reza K Oqani
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Cho
- Department of Animal Resource Development, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 31001, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Dae Jeong
- Department of Animal Resource Development, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 31001, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Jong Baek
- Department of Animal Improvement, Chungnam Livestock Institute, Cheongyang-gun, Chungman, 33350, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Il Jin
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Liu Y, Wang H, Lu J, Miao Y, Cao X, Zhang L, Wu X, Wu F, Ding B, Wang R, Luo M, Li W, Tan J. Rex Rabbit Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer with In Vitro-Matured Oocytes. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:187-94. [PMID: 27159389 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2015.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) requires large numbers of matured oocytes. In vitro-matured (IVM) oocytes have been used in SCNT in many animals. We investigated the use of IVM oocytes in Rex rabbit SCNT using Rex rabbit ovaries obtained from a local abattoir. The meiotic ability of oocytes isolated from follicles of different diameters was studied. Rex rabbit SCNT was optimized for denucleation, activation, and donor cell synchronization. Rex rabbit oocytes grew to the largest diameter (110 μm) when the follicle diameter was 1.0 mm. Oocytes isolated from <0.5-mm follicles lacked the ability to resume meiosis. More than 90% of these oocytes remained in the germinal vesicle (GV) stage after in vitro culture (IVC) for 18 h. Oocytes isolated from >0.7-mm follicles acquired maturation ability. More than 90% of these oocytes matured after IVC for 18 h. The developmental potential of oocytes isolated from >1-mm follicles was greater than that of oocytes isolated from 0.7- to 1.0-mm follicles. The highest activation rates for IVM Rex rabbit oocytes were seen after treatment with 2.5 μM ionomycin for 5 min followed by 2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) and 5 μg/mL cycloheximide (CHX) for 1 h. Ionomycin induced the chromatin of IVM oocytes to protrude from the oocyte surface, promoting denucleation. Fetal fibroblast cells (FFCs) and cumulus cells (CCs) were more suitable for Rex rabbit SCNT than skin fibroblast cells (SFCs) (blastocyst rate was 35.6 ± 2.2% and 38.0 ± 6.0% vs. 19.7 ± 3.1%). The best fusion condition was a 2DC interval for 1 sec, 1.6 kV/cm voltages, and 40 μsec duration in 0.28 M mannitol. In conclusion, the in vitro maturation of Rex rabbit oocytes and SCNT procedures were studied systematically and optimized in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- 1 Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation of Anhui Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Teachers College , Fuyang City, Anhui Province 236037, China
| | - Huili Wang
- 2 Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Jinhua Lu
- 2 Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Yiliang Miao
- 2 Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Xinyan Cao
- 2 Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation of Anhui Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Teachers College , Fuyang City, Anhui Province 236037, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- 1 Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation of Anhui Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Teachers College , Fuyang City, Anhui Province 236037, China
| | - Fengrui Wu
- 1 Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation of Anhui Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Teachers College , Fuyang City, Anhui Province 236037, China
| | - Biao Ding
- 1 Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation of Anhui Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Teachers College , Fuyang City, Anhui Province 236037, China
| | - Rong Wang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation of Anhui Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Teachers College , Fuyang City, Anhui Province 236037, China
| | - Mingjiu Luo
- 2 Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Wenyong Li
- 1 Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation of Anhui Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Teachers College , Fuyang City, Anhui Province 236037, China
| | - Jinghe Tan
- 2 Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
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Lei S, Ryu J, Wen K, Twitchell E, Bui T, Ramesh A, Weiss M, Li G, Samuel H, Clark-Deener S, Jiang X, Lee K, Yuan L. Increased and prolonged human norovirus infection in RAG2/IL2RG deficient gnotobiotic pigs with severe combined immunodeficiency. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25222. [PMID: 27118081 PMCID: PMC4846862 DOI: 10.1038/srep25222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of genetically engineered (GE) large animals carrying multi-allelic modifications has been hampered by low efficiency in production and extended gestation period compared to rodents. Here, we rapidly generated RAG2/IL2RG double knockout pigs using direct injection of CRISPR/Cas9 system into developing embryos. RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs were immunodeficient, characterized by depletion of lymphocytes and either absence of or structurally abnormal immune organs. Pigs were maintained in gnotobiotic facility and evaluated for human norovirus (HuNoV) infection. HuNoV shedding lasted for 16 days in wild type pigs, compared to 27 days (until the end of trials) in RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs. Additionally, higher HuNoV titers were detected in intestinal tissues and contents and in blood, indicating increased and prolonged HuNoV infection in RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs and the importance of lymphocytes in HuNoV clearance. These results suggest that GE immunodeficient gnotobiotic pigs serve as a novel model for biomedical research and will facilitate HuNoV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Lei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Junghyun Ryu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Erica Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mariah Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Helen Samuel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sherrie Clark-Deener
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Redel BK, Spate LD, Lee K, Mao J, Whitworth KM, Prather RS. Glycine supplementation in vitro enhances porcine preimplantation embryo cell number and decreases apoptosis but does not lead to live births. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:246-58. [PMID: 26824641 PMCID: PMC5067679 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most in vitro culture conditions are less‐than‐optimal for embryo development. Here, we used a transcriptional‐profiling database to identify culture‐induced differences in gene expression in porcine blastocysts compared to in vivo‐produced counterparts. Genes involved in glycine transport (SLC6A9), glycine metabolism (GLDC, GCSH, DLD, and AMT), and serine metabolism (PSAT1, PSPH, and PHGDH) were differentially expressed. Addition of 10 mM glycine to the culture medium (currently containing 0.1 mM) reduced the abundance of SLC6A9 transcript and increased total cell number, primarily in the trophectoderm lineage (P = 0.003); this was likely by decreasing the percentage of apoptotic nuclei. As serine and glycine can be reversibly metabolized by serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2), we assessed the abundance of SHMT2 transcript as well as its functional role by inhibiting it with aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), a glycine analog, during in vitro culture. Both AMPA supplementation and elevated glycine decreased the mRNA abundance of SHMT2 and tumor protein p53 (TP53), which is activated in response to cellular stress, compared to controls (P ≤ 0.02). On the other hand, mitochondrial activity of blastocysts, mtDNA copy number, and abundance of mitochondria‐related transcripts did not differ between control and 10 mM glycine culture conditions. Despite improvements to these metrics of blastocyst quality, transfer of embryos cultured in 10 mM glycine did not result in pregnancy whereas the transfer of in vitro‐produced embryos cultured in control medium yielded live births. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 246–258, 2016. © 2016 The Authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany K Redel
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kiho Lee
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jiude Mao
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kristin M Whitworth
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
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44
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Hansen PJ, Dobbs KB, Denicol AC, Siqueira LGB. Sex and the preimplantation embryo: implications of sexual dimorphism in the preimplantation period for maternal programming of embryonic development. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 363:237-247. [PMID: 26391275 PMCID: PMC4703572 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The developmental program of the embryo displays a plasticity that can result in long-acting effects that extend into postnatal life. In mammals, adult phenotype can be altered by changes in the maternal environment during the preimplantation period. One characteristic of developmental programming during this time is that the change in adult phenotype is often different for female offspring than for male offspring. In this paper, we propose the hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in preimplantation programming is mediated, at least in part, by sex-specific responses of embryos to maternal regulatory molecules whose secretion is dependent on the maternal environment. The strongest evidence for this idea comes from the study of colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2). Expression of CSF2 from the oviduct and endometrium is modified by environmental factors of the mother, in particular seminal plasma and obesity. Additionally, CSF2 alters several properties of the preimplantation embryo and has been shown to alleviate negative consequences of culture of mouse embryos on postnatal phenotype in a sex-dependent manner. In cattle, exposure of preimplantation bovine embryos to CSF2 causes sex-specific changes in gene expression, interferon-τ secretion and DNA methylation later in pregnancy (day 15 of gestation). It is likely that several embryokines can alter postnatal phenotype through actions directed towards the preimplantation embryo. Identification of these molecules and elucidation of the mechanisms by which sexually-disparate programming is established will lead to new insights into the control and manipulation of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 110910, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0910, USA.
| | - Kyle B Dobbs
- Department of Biology, Mugar 212-213, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anna C Denicol
- Department of Biology, Mugar 212-213, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Luiz G B Siqueira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 110910, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0910, USA
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugenio do Nascimento, 610, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil
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45
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Secher JO, Callesen H, Freude KK, Hyttel P. Initial embryology and pluripotent stem cells in the pig--The quest for establishing the pig as a model for cell therapy. Theriogenology 2015; 85:162-71. [PMID: 26474684 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The quest for porcine pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) was initiated in the early 90s. Initially, it was the intention to benefit from these cells for production of genetically modified pigs using homologous recombination followed by derivation of chimeric offspring; a technology that has been used to produce genetically modified mice since the mid-80s. However, no convincing reports on the generation of bona fide porcine embryonic stem cells or embryonic germ cells resulted from these activities, and with the advent of somatic cell nuclear transfer during the late 90s, alternative methods for creating genetically modified pigs emerged. Over the past years, renewed interest in porcine PSCs has sparked activities in deriving in particular porcine induced pluripotent stem cells to develop the pig as a faithful model for studying the potentials and risks associated with induced pluripotent stem cell-based human therapy. Here, we review the recent data on establishment of porcine PSCs and the differences in embryonic development between pig and mouse, which may be underlying factors for the continuing challenge to culture and maintain porcine PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Secher
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Callesen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Kristine K Freude
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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46
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Kannampuzha‐Francis J, Denicol AC, Loureiro B, Kaniyamattam K, Ortega MS, Hansen PJ. Exposure to colony stimulating factor 2 during preimplantation development increases postnatal growth in cattle. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:892-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Kannampuzha‐Francis
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida Gainesville Florida
- D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
| | - Anna C. Denicol
- Department of BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusetts
| | - Barbara Loureiro
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversidade Vila VelhaVila VelhaEspirito SantoBrazil
| | | | - M. Sofia Ortega
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida Gainesville Florida
- D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
| | - Peter J. Hansen
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida Gainesville Florida
- D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
- Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
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47
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Lee K, Davis A, Zhang L, Ryu J, Spate LD, Park KW, Samuel MS, Walters EM, Murphy CN, Machaty Z, Prather RS. Pig oocyte activation using a Zn²⁺ chelator, TPEN. Theriogenology 2015; 84:1024-32. [PMID: 26143360 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Artificial oocyte activation is a critical step during SCNT. Most current activation protocols focus on inducing an increase in the intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration of the oocyte. Here, we have used a zinc chelator, TPEN, to enhance the efficiency of oocyte activation during SCNT. TPEN treatment of matured pig oocytes resulted in the reduction of available Zn(2+) in pig oocytes; however, the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in the oocytes was not affected by the TPEN treatment. When various concentrations (100-250 μM) and incubation durations (45 minutes-2.5 hours) of TPEN were used to activate oocytes, the efficiency of oocyte activation was not different from conventional activation methods. When oocytes that were activated by conventional activation methods were incubated with a lower concentration of TPEN (5-10 μM), a significant increase in embryos developing to the blastocyst stage was observed. In addition, when oocytes receiving a small Ca(2+) stimulus were further activated by higher concentration of TPEN (100-200 μM), a significant increase in the frequency of blastocyst formation was observed, compared to a conventional activation method. This result indicated that TPEN can be a main reagent in oocyte activation. No increase in the cytosolic Ca(2+) level was detected when oocytes were exposed to various concentrations of TPEN, indicating the ability of TPEN to induce oocyte activation is independent of an intracellular Ca(2+) increase. We were able to produce clones through SCNT by using the TPEN-assisted activation procedure, and the piglets produced through the process did not show any signs of abnormality. In this study, we have developed an efficient way to use TPEN to increase the developmental potential of cloned embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Lee
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
| | - Alyssa Davis
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Junghyun Ryu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kwang-Wook Park
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Eric M Walters
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Clifton N Murphy
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Zoltan Machaty
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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48
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Lee J, Park JI, Yun JI, Lee Y, Yong H, Lee ST, Park CK, Hyun SH, Lee GS, Lee E. Rapamycin treatment during in vitro maturation of oocytes improves embryonic development after parthenogenesis and somatic cell nuclear transfer in pigs. J Vet Sci 2015; 16:373-80. [PMID: 25797293 PMCID: PMC4588024 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.3.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of rapamycin treatment during in vitro maturation (IVM) on oocyte maturation and embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs. Morphologically good (MGCOCs) and poor oocytes (MPCOCs) were untreated or treated with 1 nM rapamycin during 0-22 h, 22-42 h, or 0-42 h of IVM. Rapamycin had no significant effects on nuclear maturation and blastocyst formation after PA of MGCOCs. Blastocyst formation after PA was significantly increased by rapamycin treatment during 22-42 h and 0-42 h (46.6% and 46.5%, respectively) relative to the control (33.3%) and 0-22 h groups (38.6%) in MPCOCs. In SCNT, blastocyst formation tended to increase in MPCOCs treated with rapamycin during 0-42 h of IVM relative to untreated oocytes (20.3% vs. 14.3%, 0.05 < p < 0.1), while no improvement was observed in MGCOCs. Gene expression analysis revealed that transcript abundance of Beclin 1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 mRNAs was significantly increased in MPCOCs by rapamycin relative to the control. Our results demonstrated that autophagy induction by rapamycin during IVM improved developmental competence of oocytes derived from MPCOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyeong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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49
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Spate LD, Brown A, Redel BK, Whitworth KM, Prather RS. PS48 can replace bovine serum albumin in pig embryo culture medium, and improve in vitro embryo development by phosphorylating AKT. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:315-20. [PMID: 25776657 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The application of embryo-related technology is dependent on in vitro culture systems. Unfortunately, most culture media are suboptimal and result in developmentally compromised embryos. Since embryo development is partially dependent upon Warburg Effect-like metabolism, our goal was to test the response of embryos treated with compounds that are known to stimulate or enhance this Effect. One such compound is 5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-phenyl-pent-2-enoic acid (PS48). When added during oocyte maturation, the quality of the resultant embryos was compromised, whereas when added to the culture medium after fertilization, PS48 improved both the percentage of embryos that reach the blastocyst stage and the number of nuclei in those blastocysts. Embryonic PS48 treatment resulted in more phosphorylated v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) in blastocyst-stage embryos as compared to the controls. Further, PS48 could replace bovine serum albumin in embryo culture medium, as demonstrated by high-quality embryos that were developmentally competent. The action of PS48 appears to be via stimulation of phosphoinositide-3 kinase and phosphorylation of AKT, which is consistent with stimulation of the Warburg Effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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50
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Schmidt K, Clark A, Mello A, Durfey C, Buck A, Boyd K, Whitaker BD. The effects of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine on in vitro fertilisation of porcine oocytes. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 28:RD14226. [PMID: 25585197 DOI: 10.1071/rd14226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High incidences of polyspermic penetration continue to challenge researchers during porcine in vitro fertilisation (IVF). The aim of this study was to reduce the incidence of polyspermy by increasing the perivitelline space thickness with glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) supplementation during oocyte maturation. After maturation, zona pellucida and perivitelline space thicknesses, intracellular glutathione concentrations and fertilisation kinetics were measured, in addition to embryonic cleavage and blastocyst formation at 48h and 144h after IVF, respectively. There were no significant differences between the treatments for zona pellucida thickness, penetration rates, male pronuclear formation or cortical granule exocytosis. Glucuronic acid supplementation significantly increased (PPPP<0.05) of cleavage and blastocyst formation by 48 and 144h after IVF compared with all other groups. These results indicate that supplementing with 0.005mM glucuronic acid and 0.005mM GlcNAc during oocyte maturation decreases the incidence of polyspermic penetration by increasing perivitelline space thickness and improving embryo development in pigs.
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