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Yablonskiy DA, Sukstanskii AL. Quantum dipole interactions and transient hydrogen bond orientation order in cells, cellular membranes and myelin sheath: Implications for MRI signal relaxation, anisotropy, and T 1 magnetic field dependence. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:2597-2611. [PMID: 38241135 PMCID: PMC10997466 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite significant impact on the study of human brain, MRI lacks a theory of signal formation that integrates quantum interactions involving proton dipoles (a primary MRI signal source) with brain intricate cellular environment. The purpose of the present study is developing such a theory. METHODS We introduce the Transient Hydrogen Bond (THB) model, where THB-mediated quantum dipole interactions between water and protons of hydrophilic heads of amphipathic biomolecules forming cells, cellular membranes and myelin sheath serve as a major source of MR signal relaxation. RESULTS The THB theory predicts the existence of a hydrogen-bond-driven structural order of dipole-dipole connections within THBs as a primary factor for the anisotropy observed in MRI signal relaxation. We have also demonstrated that the conventional Lorentzian spectral density function decreases too fast at high frequencies to adequately capture the field dependence of brain MRI signal relaxation. To bridge this gap, we introduced a stretched spectral density function that surpasses the limitations of Lorentzian dispersion. In human brain, our findings reveal that at any time point only about 4% to 7% of water protons are engaged in quantum encounters within THBs. These ultra-short (2 to 3 ns), but frequent quantum spin exchanges lead to gradual recovery of magnetization toward thermodynamic equilibrium, that is, relaxation of MRI signal. CONCLUSION By incorporating quantum proton interactions involved in brain imaging, the THB approach introduces new insights on the complex relationship between brain tissue cellular structure and MRI measurements, thus offering a promising new tool for better understanding of brain microstructure in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy A. Yablonskiy
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 4525 Scott Ave. Room 3216, St. Louis MO, 63110
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorder, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Alexander L. Sukstanskii
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 4525 Scott Ave. Room 3216, St. Louis MO, 63110
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2
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Luo J, Collingwood JF. Effective R 2 relaxation rate, derived from dual-contrast fast-spin-echo MRI, enables detection of hemisphere differences in iron level and dopamine function in Parkinson's disease and healthy individuals. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 382:109708. [PMID: 36089168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical estimates of brain iron concentration are achievable with quantitative transverse relaxation rate R2, via time-consuming multiple spin-echo (SE) sequences. The objective of this study was to investigate whether quantitative iron-sensitive information may be derived from 3.0 T dual-contrast fast-spin-echo (FSE) sequences (typically employed in anatomical non-quantitative evaluations), as a routinely-collected alternative to evaluate iron levels in healthy (HC) and Parkinson's disease (PD) brains. NEW METHOD MRI 3.0 T FSE data from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) (12 PD, 12 age- and gender-matched HC subjects) were cross-sectionally and longitudinally evaluated. A new measure, 'effective R2', was calculated for bilateral subcortical grey matter (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, red nucleus, substantia nigra). Linear regression analysis was performed to correlate 'effective R2' with models of age-dependent brain iron concentration and striatal dopamine transporter (DaT) receptor binding ratio. RESULTS Effective R2 was strongly correlated with estimated brain iron concentration. In PD, putaminal effective R2 difference was observed between the hemispheres contra-/ipsi-lateral to the predominantly symptomatic side at onset. This hemispheric difference was correlated with the putaminal DaT binding ratios in PD. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Effective R2, derived from rapid dual-contrast FSE sequences, showed viability as an alternative to R2 from SE sequences. Linear correlation of effective R2 with estimated iron concentration was comparable to documented iron-dependent R2. The effective R2 correlation coefficient was consistent with theoretical R2 iron-dependence at 3.0 T. CONCLUSIONS Effective R2 has clinical potential as a fast quantitative method, as an alternative to R2, to aid evaluation of brain iron levels and DaT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jierong Luo
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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3
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Sonnenschein SF, Parr AC, Larsen B, Calabro FJ, Foran W, Eack SM, Luna B, Sarpal DK. Subcortical brain iron deposition in individuals with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 151:272-278. [PMID: 35523067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Subcortical structures play a critical role the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia (SZ), yet underlying neurophysiological processes, in vivo, remain largely unexplored. Brain tissue iron, which can be measured with magnetic resonance-based methods, is a crucial component of a variety of neuronal functions including neurotransmitter synthesis. Here we used a proxy measure of tissue iron to examine basal ganglia and thalamic structures in an adult cohort of individuals with chronic SZ. A publicly available dataset of 72 individuals with SZ between ages 18 and 65, and a matched sample of 74 healthy control (HC) participants were included. A novel method that calculated the inverse-normalized T2*-weighted contrast (1/nT2*) was used to estimate brain iron within the basal ganglia and thalamus. Between group, age- and sex-related differences in 1/nT2* were examined, in addition to correlations with measures of psychopathology and cognition. Individuals with SZ showed greater 1/nT2* (iron index) compared to HCs in the thalamus (p < 0.01, FWE corrected). Age-related 1/nT2* accumulation was noted in regions of the basal ganglia, coinciding with prior work, and prominent sex-differences were noted in the caudate and thalamus (p < 0.01, FWE corrected). No significant relationship was observed between 1/nT2* and measures of neurocognition or psychopathology. Overall, our findings characterize a non-invasive proxy measure of tissue iron in SZ and highlight thalamic iron accumulation as a potential marker of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bart Larsen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Shaun M Eack
- Department of Psychiatry, USA; School of Social Work, USA
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychiatry, USA; Department of Psychology, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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4
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Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL. A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:505-520. [PMID: 35534717 PMCID: PMC9188502 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron has a long and storied history in Parkinson disease and related disorders. This essential micronutrient is critical for normal brain function, but abnormal brain iron accumulation has been associated with extrapyramidal disease for a century. Precisely why, how, and when iron is implicated in neuronal death remains the subject of investigation. In this article, we review the history of iron in movement disorders, from the first observations in the early twentieth century to recent efforts that view extrapyramidal iron as a novel therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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5
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Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL. A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:505-520. [PMID: 35534717 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-025055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron has a long and storied history in Parkinson disease and related disorders. This essential micronutrient is critical for normal brain function, but abnormal brain iron accumulation has been associated with extrapyramidal disease for a century. Precisely why, how, and when iron is implicated in neuronal death remains the subject of investigation. In this article, we review the history of iron in movement disorders, from the first observations in the early twentieth century to recent efforts that view extrapyramidal iron as a novel therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kay L Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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6
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Nikparast F, Ganji Z, Danesh Doust M, Faraji R, Zare H. Brain pathological changes during neurodegenerative diseases and their identification methods: How does QSM perform in detecting this process? Insights Imaging 2022; 13:74. [PMID: 35416533 PMCID: PMC9008086 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of iron is essential for many biological processes in the body. But sometimes, for various reasons, the amount of iron deposition in different areas of the brain increases, which leads to problems related to the nervous system. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is one of the newest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based methods for assessing iron accumulation in target areas. This Narrative Review article aims to evaluate the performance of QSM compared to other methods of assessing iron deposition in the clinical field. Based on the results, we introduced related basic definitions, some neurodegenerative diseases, methods of examining iron deposition in these diseases, and their advantages and disadvantages. This article states that the QSM method can be introduced as a new, reliable, and non-invasive technique for clinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Nikparast
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ganji
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Danesh Doust
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reyhane Faraji
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hoda Zare
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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7
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Bossoni L, Hegeman-Kleinn I, van Duinen SG, Bulk M, Vroegindeweij LHP, Langendonk JG, Hirschler L, Webb A, van der Weerd L. Off-resonance saturation as an MRI method to quantify mineral- iron in the post-mortem brain. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:1276-1288. [PMID: 34655092 PMCID: PMC9293166 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To employ an off‐resonance saturation method to measure the mineral‐iron pool in the postmortem brain, which is an endogenous contrast agent that can give information on cellular iron status. Methods An off‐resonance saturation acquisition protocol was implemented on a 7 Tesla preclinical scanner, and the contrast maps were fitted to an established analytical model. The method was validated by correlation and Bland‐Altman analysis on a ferritin‐containing phantom. Mineral‐iron maps were obtained from postmortem tissue of patients with neurological diseases characterized by brain iron accumulation, that is, Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease, and aceruloplasminemia, and validated with histology. Transverse relaxation rate and magnetic susceptibility values were used for comparison. Results In postmortem tissue, the mineral‐iron contrast colocalizes with histological iron staining in all the cases. Iron concentrations obtained via the off‐resonance saturation method are in agreement with literature. Conclusions Off‐resonance saturation is an effective way to detect iron in gray matter structures and partially mitigate for the presence of myelin. If a reference region with little iron is available in the tissue, the method can produce quantitative iron maps. This method is applicable in the study of diseases characterized by brain iron accumulation and can complement existing iron‐sensitive parametric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bossoni
- C. J. Gorter Center for High field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sjoerd G van Duinen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Bulk
- C. J. Gorter Center for High field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lena H P Vroegindeweij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke G Langendonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lydiane Hirschler
- C. J. Gorter Center for High field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Webb
- C. J. Gorter Center for High field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- C. J. Gorter Center for High field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Yuan LX, Zhao N, Wang XQ, Lv YT, He H. Echo Time Dependency of Local Activity Metrics of Resting-State Functional MRI. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:619412. [PMID: 33796007 PMCID: PMC8008056 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.619412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Local activity metrics of resting-state functional MRI (RS-fMRI), such as the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), fractional ALFF (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and degree centrality (DC), are widely used to detect brain abnormalities based on signal fluctuations. Although signal changes with echo time (TE) have been widely studied, the effect of TE on local activity metrics has not been investigated. RS-fMRI datasets from 12 healthy subjects with eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) were obtained with a four-echo gradient-echo-planar imaging pulse sequence with the following parameters: repetition time/TE1/TE2/TE3/TE4 = 2,000/13/30.93/48.86/66.79 ms. Six representative regions were selected for simulating the spatial feature of TE dependency of local activity metrics. Moreover, whole-brain local activity metrics were calculated from each echo dataset and compared between EO and EC conditions. Dice overlap coefficient (DOC) was then employed to calculate the overlap between the T maps. We found that all the local activity metrics displayed different TE dependency characteristics, while their overall change patterns were similar: an initial large change followed by a slow variation. The T maps for local activity metrics also varied greatly with TE. For ALFF, fALFF, ReHo, and DC, the DOCs for voxels in four TE datasets were 6.87, 0.73, 5.08, and 0.93%, respectively. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that local metrics are greatly dependent on TE. Therefore, TE should be carefully considered for the optimization of data acquisition and multi-center data analysis in RS-fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Yuan
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Cognition and Brain Sciences, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Wang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ting Lv
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongjian He
- Center for Brain Imaging Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Wen Q, Yang H, Li J, Zhang J, Tong H, Ye Q, Zhong K. Ultra-High-Resolution in vitro MRI Study of Age-Related Brain Subcortical Susceptibility Alteration in Rhesus Monkeys at 9.4 T. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:259. [PMID: 33013351 PMCID: PMC7461968 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron concentration in the brain has been suggested as a biomarker of pathologic neurodegeneration. However, the iron concentration changes in healthy aging as well. This study aimed to quantify the age-related changes in iron concentration in the gray matter of healthy rhesus monkeys using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). Three-dimensional gradient-echo images of 16 female rhesus monkey brains aged between 2 and 26 years were acquired in vitro. The susceptibilities in the brain regions of the caudate nucleus (Cd), putamen (Pt), globus pallidus (Gp), and substantia nigra (Sn) were analyzed. The susceptibility varied across different brain regions, with higher levels in the Gp and Sn. Susceptibilities in all analyzed brain regions were linearly correlated with age, yet the plateau period as observed in human brains was absent. This is the first in vitro report of the age-related variability of susceptibility in the deep gray matter of rhesus monkey brains at 9.4 T, with an isotropic resolution of 150 μm. Awareness of age-related changes in susceptibility is vital for the establishment of a baseline to facilitate the differentiation of pathologic neurodegeneration from healthy aging in non-human primate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wen
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyi Yang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyang Tong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Qiong Ye
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Hefei, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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10
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Lu J, Bao W, Li M, Li L, Zhang Z, Alberts I, Brendel M, Cumming P, Lu H, Xiao Z, Zuo C, Guan Y, Zhao Q, Rominger A. Associations of [ 18F]-APN-1607 Tau PET Binding in the Brain of Alzheimer's Disease Patients With Cognition and Glucose Metabolism. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:604. [PMID: 32694971 PMCID: PMC7338611 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging of tauopathies is complicated by the differing specificities and off-target binding properties of available radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET). [18F]-APN-1607 ([18F]-PM-PBB3) is a newly developed PET tracer with promising properties for tau imaging. We aimed to characterize the cerebral binding of [18F]-APN-1607 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients compared to normal control (NC) subjects. Therefore, we obtained static late frame PET recordings with [18F]-APN-1607 and [18F]-FDG in patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD group, along with an age-matched NC group ([18F]-APN-1607 only). Using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and volume of interest (VOI) analyses of the reference region normalized standardized uptake value ratio maps, we then tested for group differences and relationships between both PET biomarkers, as well as their associations with clinical general cognition. In the AD group, [18F]-APN-1607 binding was elevated in widespread cortical regions (P < 0.001 for VOI analysis, familywise error-corrected P < 0.01 for SPM analysis). The regional uptake in AD patients correlated negatively with Mini-Mental State Examination score (frontal lobe: R = -0.632, P = 0.004; temporal lobe: R = -0.593, P = 0.008; parietal lobe: R = -0.552, P = 0.014; insula: R = -0.650, P = 0.003; cingulum: R = -0.665, P = 0.002) except occipital lobe (R = -0.417, P = 0.076). The hypometabolism to [18F]-FDG PET in AD patients also showed negative correlations with regional [18F]-APN-1607 binding in some signature areas of AD (temporal lobe: R = -0.530, P = 0.020; parietal lobe: R = -0.637, P = 0.003; occipital lobe: R = -0.567, P = 0.011). In conclusion, our results suggested that [18F]-APN-1607 PET sensitively detected tau deposition in AD and that individual tauopathy correlated with impaired cerebral glucose metabolism and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Lu
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Bao
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian Alberts
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Huimeng Lu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxu Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuantao Zuo
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Oshima S, Fushimi Y, Okada T, Takakura K, Liu C, Yokota Y, Arakawa Y, Sawamoto N, Miyamoto S, Togashi K. Brain MRI with Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping: Relationship to CT Attenuation Values. Radiology 2020; 294:600-609. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2019182934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Dezortova M, Lescinskij A, Dusek P, Herynek V, Acosta‐Cabronero J, Bruha R, Jiru F, Robinson SD, Hajek M. Multiparametric Quantitative Brain MRI in Neurological and Hepatic Forms of Wilson's Disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 51:1829-1835. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dezortova
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague Czech Republic
| | - Artem Lescinskij
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dusek
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vit Herynek
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague Czech Republic
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University Prague Czech Republic
| | | | - Radan Bruha
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Filip Jiru
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague Czech Republic
| | - Simon D. Robinson
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐guided TherapyMedical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Milan Hajek
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague Czech Republic
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13
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Finnegan ME, Visanji NP, Romero-Canelon I, House E, Rajan S, Mosselmans JFW, Hazrati LN, Dobson J, Collingwood JF. Synchrotron XRF imaging of Alzheimer's disease basal ganglia reveals linear dependence of high-field magnetic resonance microscopy on tissue iron concentration. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 319:28-39. [PMID: 30851339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical imaging of the human brain has great potential for diagnostic and monitoring purposes. The heterogeneity of human brain iron distribution, and alterations to this distribution in Alzheimer's disease, indicate iron as a potential endogenous marker. The influence of iron on certain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters increases with magnetic field, but is under-explored in human brain tissues above 7 T. NEW METHOD Magnetic resonance microscopy at 9.4 T is used to calculate parametric images of chemically-unfixed post-mortem tissue from Alzheimer's cases (n = 3) and healthy controls (n = 2). Iron-rich regions including caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and substantia nigra are analysed prior to imaging of total iron distribution with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping. Iron fluorescence calibration is achieved with adjacent tissue blocks, analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS Correlated MR images and fluorescence maps indicate linear dependence of R2, R2* and R2' on iron at 9.4 T, for both disease and control, as follows: [R2(s-1) = 0.072[Fe] + 20]; [R2*(s-1) = 0.34[Fe] + 37]; [R2'(s-1) = 0.26[Fe] + 16] for Fe in μg/g tissue (wet weight). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This method permits simultaneous non-destructive imaging of most bioavailable elements. Iron is the focus of the present study as it offers strong scope for clinical evaluation; the approach may be used more widely to evaluate the impact of chemical elements on clinical imaging parameters. CONCLUSION The results at 9.4 T are in excellent quantitative agreement with predictions from experiments performed at lower magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Finnegan
- Department of Imaging, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Naomi P Visanji
- The Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton & Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelon
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emily House
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Surya Rajan
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | | | - Jon Dobson
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Joanna F Collingwood
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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14
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Chai C, Wang H, Liu S, Chu ZQ, Li J, Qian T, Haacke E, Xia S, Shen W. Increased iron deposition of deep cerebral gray matter structures in hemodialysis patients: A longitudinal study using quantitative susceptibility mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 49:786-799. [PMID: 30291651 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chai
- Department of Radiology; Tianjin First Central Hospital; Tianjin China
| | - Huiying Wang
- School of Graduates; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Tianjin China
| | - Saifeng Liu
- MRI Institute for Biomedical Research, Bingham Farms; Michigan USA
| | - Zhi-Qiang Chu
- Department of Hemodialysis; Tianjin First Central Hospital; Tianjin China
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Hemodialysis; Tianjin First Central Hospital; Tianjin China
| | - Tianyi Qian
- MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare; Northeast Asia Beijing China
| | - E.M. Haacke
- Department of Radiology; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Radiology; Tianjin First Central Hospital; Tianjin China
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology; Tianjin First Central Hospital; Tianjin China
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15
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Quantitative comparison of different iron forms in the temporal cortex of Alzheimer patients and control subjects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6898. [PMID: 29720594 PMCID: PMC5932027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a quantitative study of different molecular iron forms found in the temporal cortex of Alzheimer (AD) patients. Applying the methodology we developed in our previous work, we quantify the concentrations of non-heme Fe(III) by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), magnetite/maghemite and ferrihydrite by SQUID magnetometry, together with the MRI transverse relaxation rate [Formula: see text], to obtain a systematic view of molecular iron in the temporal cortex. Significantly higher values of [Formula: see text], a larger concentration of ferrihydrite, and a larger magnetic moment of magnetite/maghemite particles are found in the brain of AD patients. Moreover, we found correlations between the concentration of the iron detected by EPR, the concentration of the ferrihydrite mineral and the average iron loading of ferritin. We discuss these findings in the framework of iron dis-homeostasis, which has been proposed to occur in the brain of AD patients.
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16
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Quantifying iron content in magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 2018; 187:77-92. [PMID: 29702183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring iron content has practical clinical indications in the study of diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ferritinopathies and multiple sclerosis as well as in the quantification of iron content in microbleeds and oxygen saturation in veins. In this work, we review the basic concepts behind imaging iron using T2, T2*, T2', phase and quantitative susceptibility mapping in the human brain, liver and heart, followed by the applications of in vivo iron quantification in neurodegenerative diseases, iron tagged cells and ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles.
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17
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Ropele S, Langkammer C. Iron quantification with susceptibility. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3534. [PMID: 27119601 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element involved in a variety of biological mechanisms in the human body. Disturbances of iron homeostasis have been observed in several inflammatory and degenerative diseases, which have raised strong interest in non-invasive iron mapping techniques. Numerous MRI techniques have been proposed so far, mostly based on the field changes induced by the magnetic properties of iron. Each of these approaches has a specific sensitivity for iron and its microstructural environment. Quantitative susceptibility mapping is the latest development and provides a direct measure of bulk susceptibility. However, field changes induced by iron are not always directly related to the concentration of iron, but rather reflect the structure of iron compounds and its cellular distribution. This review provides an overview of the most relevant iron compounds in the human body, their magnetic properties and their cellular distribution. In addition, MRI methods based on direct or indirect susceptibility changes are presented and discussed with respect to technical aspects and clinical applicability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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18
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Abstract
Increased iron deposition in cerebral deep gray matter has been considered a global marker for neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS); it scales with disease duration and severity. Iron accumulation in white matter and MS lesions might be more directly related to disease activity and has been discussed as a contributor to the inflammatory and neurodegenerative cascade. New insights into iron and MS are expected from MR imaging. We discuss findings from MR iron mapping proposed. Because of the confounding magnetic properties of myelin, iron mapping in white matter remains an unresolved issue.
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19
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Brain MR Contribution to the Differential Diagnosis of Parkinsonian Syndromes: An Update. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:2983638. [PMID: 27774334 PMCID: PMC5059618 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2983638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain magnetic resonance (MR) represents a useful and feasible tool for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Conventional MR may reveal secondary forms of parkinsonism and may show peculiar brain alterations of atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Furthermore, advanced MR techniques, such as morphometric-volumetric analyses, diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, tractography, proton MR spectroscopy, and iron-content sensitive imaging, have been used to obtain quantitative parameters useful to increase the diagnostic accuracy. Currently, many MR studies have provided both qualitative and quantitative findings, reflecting the underlying neuropathological pattern of the different degenerative parkinsonian syndromes. Although the variability in the methods and results across the studies limits the conclusion about which technique is the best, specific radiologic phenotypes may be identified. Qualitative/quantitative MR changes in the substantia nigra do not discriminate between different parkinsonisms. In the absence of extranigral abnormalities, the diagnosis of PD is more probable, whereas basal ganglia changes (mainly in the putamen) suggest the diagnosis of an atypical parkinsonian syndrome. In this context, changes in pons, middle cerebellar peduncles, and cerebellum suggest the diagnosis of MSA, in midbrain and superior cerebellar peduncles the diagnosis of PSP, and in whole cerebral hemispheres (mainly in frontoparietal cortex with asymmetric distribution) the diagnosis of Corticobasal Syndrome.
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20
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Yoshimoto C, Takahama J, Iwabuchi T, Uchikoshi M, Shigetomi H, Kobayashi H. Transverse Relaxation Rate of Cyst Fluid Can Predict Malignant Transformation of Ovarian Endometriosis. Magn Reson Med Sci 2016; 16:137-145. [PMID: 27646154 PMCID: PMC5600073 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2016-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Heme and iron accumulation due to repeated hemorrhage in endometriosis may contribute to a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. We evaluate the clinical application of MR relaxometry in a series of ovarian endometriosis (OE) and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC). Materials and Methods: A prospective study of diagnostic accuracy was conducted among 82 patients (67 OE and 15 EAOC) to compare MR relaxometry and biochemical measurement of cyst fluid total iron concentration. Transverse relaxation rate R2 value was determined using a single-voxel, multi-echo MR sequence (HISTO) by a 3T-MR system. Phantom experiments were also performed to assess the correlation between the ex vivo R2 values and total iron concentrations. Results: Both the results of phantom experiments and in vivo human data confirmed that in vivo R2 values were highly correlated with total iron concentrations. Compared to OE, EAOC exhibit decreased in vivo R2 values and total iron levels, regardless of their age, menopausal status and cyst size. The use of in vivo R2 values retained excellent accuracy in distinguishing EAOC versus OE (sensitivity and specificity: 86% and 94%). Conclusions: We have demonstrated that MR relaxometry provides a noninvasive predictive tool to discriminate between EAOC and OE.
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21
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Rizzo G, Li X, Galantucci S, Filippi M, Cho YW. Brain imaging and networks in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2016; 31:39-48. [PMID: 27838239 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several studies provide information useful to our understanding of restless legs syndrome (RLS), using various imaging techniques to investigate different aspects putatively involved in the pathophysiology of RLS, although there are discrepancies between these findings. The majority of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies using iron-sensitive sequences supports the presence of a diffuse, but regionally variable low brain-iron content, mainly at the level of the substantia nigra, but there is increasing evidence of reduced iron levels in the thalamus. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single positron emission computed tomography (SPECT) findings mainly support dysfunction of dopaminergic pathways involving not only the nigrostriatal but also mesolimbic pathways. None or variable brain structural or microstructural abnormalities have been reported in RLS patients; reports are slightly more consistent concerning levels of white matter. Most of the reported changes were in regions belonging to sensorimotor and limbic/nociceptive networks. Functional MRI studies have demonstrated activation or connectivity changes in the same networks. The thalamus, which includes different sensorimotor and limbic/nociceptive networks, appears to have lower iron content, metabolic abnormalities, dopaminergic dysfunction, and changes in activation and functional connectivity. Summarizing these findings, the primary change could be the reduction of brain iron content, which leads to dysfunction of mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways, and in turn to a dysregulation of limbic and sensorimotor networks. Future studies in RLS should evaluate the actual causal relationship among these findings, better investigate the role of neurotransmitters other than dopamine, focus on brain networks by connectivity analysis, and test the reversibility of the different imaging findings following therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Rizzo
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Xu Li
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sebastiano Galantucci
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Yong Won Cho
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea.
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Stockmann JP, Cooley CZ, Guerin B, Rosen MS, Wald LL. Transmit Array Spatial Encoding (TRASE) using broadband WURST pulses for RF spatial encoding in inhomogeneous B0 fields. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 268:36-48. [PMID: 27155906 PMCID: PMC4909507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transmit Array Spatial Encoding (TRASE) is a promising new MR encoding method that uses transmit RF (B1(+)) phase gradients over the field-of-view to perform Fourier spatial encoding. Acquisitions use a spin echo train in which the transmit coil phase ramp is modulated to jump from one k-space point to the next. This work extends the capability of TRASE by using swept radiofrequency (RF) pulses and a quadratic phase removal method to enable TRASE where it is arguably most needed: portable imaging systems with inhomogeneous B0 fields. The approach is particularly well-suited for portable MR scanners where (a) inhomogeneous B0 fields are a byproduct of lightweight magnet design, (b) heavy, high power-consumption gradient coil systems are a limitation to siting the system in non-conventional locations and (c) synergy with the use of spin echo trains is required to overcome intra-voxel dephasing (short T2(∗)) in the inhomogeneous field. TRASE does not use a modulation of the B0 field to encode, but it does suffer from secondary effects of the inhomogeneous field. Severe artifacts arise in TRASE images due to off-resonance effects when the RF pulse does not cover the full bandwidth of spin resonances in the imaging FOV. Thus, for highly inhomogeneous B0 fields, the peak RF power needed for high-bandwidth refocusing hard pulses becomes very expensive, in addition to requiring RF coils that can withstand thousands of volts. In this work, we use swept WURST RF pulse echo trains to achieve TRASE imaging in a highly inhomogeneous magnetic field (ΔB0/B0∼0.33% over the sample). By accurately exciting and refocusing the full bandwidth of spins, the WURST pulses eliminate artifacts caused by the limited bandwidth of the hard pulses used in previous realizations of TRASE imaging. We introduce a correction scheme to remove the unwanted quadratic phase modulation caused by the swept pulses. Also, a phase alternation scheme is employed to mitigate artifacts caused by mixture of the even and odd-echo coherence pathways due to defects in the refocusing pulse. In this paper, we describe this needed methodology and demonstrate the ability of TRASE to Fourier encode in an inhomogeneous field (ΔB0/B0∼1% over the full FOV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Stockmann
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States.
| | - Clarissa Z Cooley
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Bastien Guerin
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02141, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lawrence L Wald
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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23
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Li X, Allen RP, Earley CJ, Liu H, Cruz TE, Edden RAE, Barker PB, van Zijl PCM. Brain iron deficiency in idiopathic restless legs syndrome measured by quantitative magnetic susceptibility at 7 tesla. Sleep Med 2016; 22:75-82. [PMID: 27544840 PMCID: PMC4992945 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Altered brain iron homeostasis with regional iron deficiency has been previously reported in several studies of restless legs syndrome (RLS) patients. Inconsistencies still exist, however, in the reported iron changes in different brain regions and different RLS phenotypes. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in brain iron concentrations between RLS patients and healthy controls and their relation to severity of disease and periodic limb movement during sleep (PLMS). METHODS Assessment of brain iron was done using quantitative magnetic susceptibility measurement, which has been shown to correlate well with the tissue iron content in brain's gray matter. Thirty-nine RLS patients and 29 age-matched healthy controls were scanned at 7 T. Magnetic susceptibilities in substantia nigra (SN), thalamus, striatum, and several iron-rich gray matter regions were quantified and compared with related clinical measures. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, RLS patients showed significantly decreased magnetic susceptibility in the thalamus and dentate nucleus. No significant difference was found in the SN between RLS patients and healthy controls, but a significant correlation was observed between magnetic susceptibility in SN and the PLMS measure. CONCLUSIONS Using quantitative magnetic susceptibility as an in vivo indicator of brain iron content, the present study supports the general hypothesis of brain iron deficiency in RLS and indicates its possible link to PLMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Richard P Allen
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher J Earley
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongjun Liu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiana E Cruz
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter B Barker
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Disruption of iron homeostasis as a consequence of aging is thought to cause iron levels to increase, potentially promoting oxidative cellular damage. Therefore, understanding how this process evolves through the lifespan could offer insights into both the aging process and the development of aging-related neurodegenerative brain diseases. This work aimed to map, in vivo for the first time with an unbiased whole-brain approach, age-related iron changes using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM)--a new postprocessed MRI contrast mechanism. To this end, a full QSM standardization routine was devised and a cohort of N = 116 healthy adults (20-79 years of age) was studied. The whole-brain and ROI analyses confirmed that the propensity of brain cells to accumulate excessive iron as a function of aging largely depends on their exact anatomical location. Whereas only patchy signs of iron scavenging were observed in white matter, strong, bilateral, and confluent QSM-age associations were identified in several deep-brain nuclei--chiefly the striatum and midbrain-and across motor, premotor, posterior insular, superior prefrontal, and cerebellar cortices. The validity of QSM as a suitable in vivo imaging technique with which to monitor iron dysregulation in the human brain was demonstrated by confirming age-related increases in several subcortical nuclei that are known to accumulate iron with age. The study indicated that, in addition to these structures, there is a predilection for iron accumulation in the frontal lobes, which when combined with the subcortical findings, suggests that iron accumulation with age predominantly affects brain regions concerned with motor/output functions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study used a whole--brain imaging approach known as quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to provide a novel insight into iron accumulation in the brain across the adult lifespan. Validity of the method was demonstrated by showing concordance with ROI analysis and prior knowledge of iron accumulation in subcortical nuclei. We discovered that, beyond these regions, there is extensive involvement of the frontal lobes that has been missed by past ROI analyses. Broadly speaking, therefore, the motor system selectively accumulates iron with age. The results offer insights into the aging process, but also offer a new approach to studying the role of iron dysregulation in the evolution of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Puig J, Blasco G, Daunis-i-Estadella J, Moreno M, Molina X, Alberich-Bayarri A, Xifra G, Pedraza S, Ricart W, Fernández-Aranda F, Fernández-Real JM. Lower serum osteocalcin concentrations are associated with brain microstructural changes and worse cognitive performance. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 84:756-63. [PMID: 26406918 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rodent models have found that osteocalcin crosses the blood-brain barrier and regulates behaviour. No data are available on osteocalcin's effects on brain microstructure and cognitive performance in humans. We evaluated the association between serum osteocalcin concentrations and (i) brain microstructural changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and (ii) neuropsychological performance. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS We studied 24 consecutive obese subjects (13 women; age, 49·8 ± 8·1 years; body mass index [BMI], 43·9 ± 4·54 kg/m(2) ) and 20 healthy volunteers (10 women; age, 48·8 ± 9·5 years; BMI, 24·3 ± 3·54 kg/m(2) ) in a cross-sectional study within the multicentre FLORINASH Project. FLAIR signal intensity and DTI-metrics (primary (λ1 ), secondary (λ2 ) and tertiary (λ3 ) eigenvalues; fractional anisotropy (FA); and mean diffusivity) in the caudate, hypothalamus, thalamus and putamen, and in subcortical white matter were assessed. Cognitive performance evaluated by neuropsychological test battery. RESULTS Lower osteocalcin concentrations were associated with BMI, higher λ1, λ2 and λ3 values at the caudate and lower FLAIR signal intensity at the caudate and putamen. Obese patients with lower osteocalcin concentrations had higher FA at putamen and thalamus. Lower osteocalcin concentrations were associated with higher Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) scores. FLAIR signal intensity at the caudate <601·832 yielded 85·7% sensitivity, 64·3% specificity, 70·6% negative predictive value and 81·8% positive predictive value for IGT score. Lower osteocalcin was an independent predictor of worse cognitive performance on multivariate analysis (F = 3·551, P = 0·01343; R(2) = 0·103). Bayesian information criterion demonstrated that osteocalcin had the predominant role in predicting IGT score. CONCLUSIONS Lower serum osteocalcin concentrations are associated with brain microstructural changes and worse cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Puig
- Department of Radiology (IDI), Research Unit, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Department of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Gerard Blasco
- Department of Radiology (IDI), Research Unit, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Josep Daunis-i-Estadella
- Department of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - María Moreno
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr Josep Trueta, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Girona, Spain
| | - Xavier Molina
- Department of Radiology (IDI), Research Unit, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Angel Alberich-Bayarri
- Biomedical Imaging Research Group (GIBI230), La Fe Polytechnics and University Hospital, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gemma Xifra
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr Josep Trueta, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Girona, Spain
| | - Salvador Pedraza
- Department of Radiology (IDI), Research Unit, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr Josep Trueta, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Girona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr Josep Trueta, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Girona, Spain
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Uddin MN, Lebel RM, Wilman AH. Value of transverse relaxometry difference methods for iron in human brain. Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 34:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Appraising the Role of Iron in Brain Aging and Cognition: Promises and Limitations of MRI Methods. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:272-87. [PMID: 26248580 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related increase in frailty is accompanied by a fundamental shift in cellular iron homeostasis. By promoting oxidative stress, the intracellular accumulation of non-heme iron outside of binding complexes contributes to chronic inflammation and interferes with normal brain metabolism. In the absence of direct non-invasive biomarkers of brain oxidative stress, iron accumulation estimated in vivo may serve as its proxy indicator. Hence, developing reliable in vivo measurements of brain iron content via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of significant interest in human neuroscience. To date, by estimating brain iron content through various MRI methods, significant age differences and age-related increases in iron content of the basal ganglia have been revealed across multiple samples. Less consistent are the findings that pertain to the relationship between elevated brain iron content and systemic indices of vascular and metabolic dysfunction. Only a handful of cross-sectional investigations have linked high iron content in various brain regions and poor performance on assorted cognitive tests. The even fewer longitudinal studies indicate that iron accumulation may precede shrinkage of the basal ganglia and thus predict poor maintenance of cognitive functions. This rapidly developing field will benefit from introduction of higher-field MRI scanners, improvement in iron-sensitive and -specific acquisition sequences and post-processing analytic and computational methods, as well as accumulation of data from long-term longitudinal investigations. This review describes the potential advantages and promises of MRI-based assessment of brain iron, summarizes recent findings and highlights the limitations of the current methodology.
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Persson N, Wu J, Zhang Q, Liu T, Shen J, Bao R, Ni M, Liu T, Wang Y, Spincemaille P. Age and sex related differences in subcortical brain iron concentrations among healthy adults. Neuroimage 2015. [PMID: 26216277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age and sex can influence brain iron levels. We studied the influence of these variables on deep gray matter magnetic susceptibilities. In 183 healthy volunteers (44.7 ± 14.2 years, range 20-69, ♀ 49%), in vivo quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) at 1.5T was performed to estimate brain iron accumulation in the following regions of interest (ROIs): caudate nucleus (Cd), putamen (Pt), globus pallidus (Gp), thalamus (Th), pulvinar (Pul), red nucleus (Rn), substantia nigra (Sn) and the cerebellar dentate nuclei (Dn). We gauged the influence of age and sex on magnetic susceptibility by specifying a series of structural equation models. The distributions of susceptibility varied in degree across the structures, conforming to histologic findings (Hallgren and Sourander, 1958), with the highest degree of susceptibility in the Gp and the lowest in the Th. Iron increase correlated across several ROIs, which may reflect an underlying age-related process. Advanced age was associated with a particularly strong linear rise of susceptibility in the striatum. Nonlinear age trends were found in the Rn, where they were the most pronounced, followed by the Pul and Sn, while minimal nonlinear trends were observed for the Pt, Th, and Dn. Moreover, sex related variations were observed, so that women showed lower levels of susceptibility in the Sn after accounting for age. Regional susceptibility of the Pul increased linearly with age in men but exhibited a nonlinear association with age in women with a leveling off starting from midlife. Women expected to be post menopause (+51 years) showed lower total magnetic susceptibility in the subcortical gray matter. The current report not only is consistent with previous reports of age related variations of brain iron, but also adds to the current knowledge by reporting age-related changes in less studied, smaller subcortical nuclei. This is the first in-vivo report to show lower total subcortical brain iron levels selectively in women from midlife, compared to men and younger women. These results encourage further assessment of sex differences in brain iron. We anticipate that age and sex are important co-factors to take into account when establishing a baseline level for differentiating pathologic neurodegeneration from healthy aging. The variations in regional susceptibility reported herein should be evaluated further using a longitudinal study design to determine within-person changes in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninni Persson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Brain Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianlin Wu
- Radiology, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China; Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Radiology, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Radiology, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Radiology, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ruyi Bao
- Radiology, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mingfei Ni
- Radiology, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Syka M, Keller J, Klempíř J, Rulseh AM, Roth J, Jech R, Vorisek I, Vymazal J. Correlation between relaxometry and diffusion tensor imaging in the globus pallidus of Huntington's disease patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118907. [PMID: 25781024 PMCID: PMC4362949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder with progressive impairment of motor, behavioral and cognitive functions. The clinical features of HD are closely related to the degeneration of the basal ganglia, predominantly the striatum. The main striatal output structure, the globus pallidus, strongly accumulates metalloprotein-bound iron, which was recently shown to influence the diffusion tensor scalar values. To test the hypothesis that this effect dominates in the iron-rich basal ganglia of HD patients, we examined the globus pallidus using DTI and T2 relaxometry sequences. Quantitative magnetic resonance (MR), clinical and genetic data (number of CAG repeats) were obtained from 14 HD patients. MR parameters such as the T2 relaxation rate (RR), fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were analysed. A positive correlation was found between RR and FA (R2=0.84), between CAG and RR (R2=0.59) and between CAG and FA (R2=0.44). A negative correlation was observed between RR and MD (R2=0.66). A trend towards correlation between CAG and MD was noted. No correlation between MR and clinical parameters was found. Our results indicate that especially magnetic resonance FA measurements in the globus pallidus of HD patients may be strongly affected by metalloprotein-bound iron accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Syka
- Department of Radiology, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne´s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Jiří Keller
- Department of Radiology, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Klempíř
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aaron M. Rulseh
- Department of Radiology, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Radiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Roth
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vorisek
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Vymazal
- Department of Radiology, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Poynton C, Jenkinson M, Adalsteinsson E, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A, Wells W. Quantitative susceptibility mapping by inversion of a perturbation field model: correlation with brain iron in normal aging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2015; 34:339-353. [PMID: 25248179 PMCID: PMC4404631 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2358552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that iron deposition occurs in specific regions of the brain in normal aging and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's disease. Iron deposition changes the magnetic susceptibility of tissue, which alters the MR signal phase, and allows estimation of susceptibility differences using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). We present a method for quantifying susceptibility by inversion of a perturbation model, or "QSIP." The perturbation model relates phase to susceptibility using a kernel calculated in the spatial domain, in contrast to previous Fourier-based techniques. A tissue/air susceptibility atlas is used to estimate B0 inhomogeneity. QSIP estimates in young and elderly subjects are compared to postmortem iron estimates, maps of the Field-Dependent Relaxation Rate Increase, and the L1-QSM method. Results for both groups showed excellent agreement with published postmortem data and in vivo FDRI: statistically significant Spearman correlations ranging from Rho=0.905 to Rho=1.00 were obtained. QSIP also showed improvement over FDRI and L1-QSM: reduced variance in susceptibility estimates and statistically significant group differences were detected in striatal and brainstem nuclei, consistent with age-dependent iron accumulation in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Jenkinson
- Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuro-sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - Elfar Adalsteinsson
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139 USA and also with the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139
| | - Edith V. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA and with the Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025 USA
| | - William Wells
- Surgical Planning Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115 USA, and also with the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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31
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Fujiwara S, Uhrig L, Amadon A, Jarraya B, Le Bihan D. Quantification of iron in the non-human primate brain with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 2014; 102 Pt 2:789-97. [PMID: 25192653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological iron deposits in the brain, especially within basal ganglia, are linked to severe neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease. As iron induces local changes in magnetic susceptibility, its presence can be visualized with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The usual approach, based on iron induced changes in magnetic relaxation (T2/T2'), is often prone, however, to confounding artifacts and lacks specificity. Here, we propose a new method to quantify and map iron deposits using water diffusion MRI. This method is based on the differential sensitivity of two image acquisition schemes to the local magnetic field gradients induced by iron deposits and their cross-term with gradient pulses used for diffusion encoding. Iron concentration could be imaged and estimated with high accuracy in the brain cortex, the thalamus, the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus of macaques, showing iron distributions in agreement with literature. Additionally, iron maps could clearly show a dramatic increase in iron content upon injection of an UltraSmall Particle Iron Oxide (USPIO) contrast agent, notably in the cortex and the thalamus, reflecting regional differences in blood volume. The method will benefit clinical investigations on the effect of iron deposits in the brain or other organs, as iron deposits are increasingly seen as a biomarker for a wide range of diseases, notably, neurodegenerative diseases in the pre-symptomatic stage. It also has the potential for quantifying variations in blood volume induced by brain activation in fMRI studies using USPIOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunro Fujiwara
- Neurospin, Bâtiment 145, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, 0208505 Iwate, Japan
| | - Lynn Uhrig
- Neurospin, Bâtiment 145, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Equipe Avenir INSERM Bettencourt Schueller, Institut Fédératif de Recherche n°49, NeuroSpin, Bât. 145, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexis Amadon
- Neurospin, Bâtiment 145, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Béchir Jarraya
- Neurospin, Bâtiment 145, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Equipe Avenir INSERM Bettencourt Schueller, Institut Fédératif de Recherche n°49, NeuroSpin, Bât. 145, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Department of Neurosurgery, Neuromodulation unit, Foch Hospital, University of Versailles-Saint Quentin, 40 rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Denis Le Bihan
- Neurospin, Bâtiment 145, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Muller M, Leavitt BR. Iron dysregulation in Huntington's disease. J Neurochem 2014; 130:328-50. [PMID: 24717009 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is one of many neurodegenerative diseases with reported alterations in brain iron homeostasis that may contribute to neuropathogenesis. Iron accumulation in the specific brain areas of neurodegeneration in HD has been proposed based on observations in post-mortem tissue and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Altered magnetic resonance imaging signal within specific brain regions undergoing neurodegeneration has been consistently reported and interpreted as altered levels of brain iron. Biochemical studies using various techniques to measure iron species in human samples, mouse tissue, or in vitro has generated equivocal data to support such an association. Whether elevated brain iron occurs in HD, plays a significant contributing role in HD pathogenesis, or is a secondary effect remains currently unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Muller
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia and Children's and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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33
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Birkl C, Langkammer C, Krenn H, Goessler W, Ernst C, Haybaeck J, Stollberger R, Fazekas F, Ropele S. Iron mapping using the temperature dependency of the magnetic susceptibility. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:1282-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Birkl
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Graz; Austria
| | | | - Heinz Krenn
- Institute of Physics, Experimental Physics, University of Graz; Austria
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz; Austria
| | - Christina Ernst
- Department of Neuropathology; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz; Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Neuropathology; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz; Austria
| | - Rudolf Stollberger
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Graz University of Technology; Austria
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Graz; Austria
| | - Stefan Ropele
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Graz; Austria
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Ning N, Zhang L, Gao J, Zhang Y, Ren Z, Niu G, Dai Y, Wu EX, Guo Y, Yang J. Assessment of iron deposition and white matter maturation in infant brains by using enhanced T2 star weighted angiography (ESWAN): R2* versus phase values. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89888. [PMID: 24587101 PMCID: PMC3934963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Iron deposition and white matter (WM) maturation are very important for brain development in infants. It has been reported that the R2* and phase values originating from the gradient-echo sequence could both reflect the iron and myelination. The aim of this study was to investigate age-related changes of R2* and phase value, and compare their performances for monitoring iron deposition and WM maturation in infant brains. Methods 56 infants were examined by enhanced T2 star weighted angiography (ESWAN) and diffusion tensor imaging in the 1.5T MRI system. The R2* and phase values were measured from the deep gray nuclei and WM. Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were measured only in the WM regions. Correlation analyses were performed to explore the relation among the two parameters (R2* and phase values) and postmenstrual age (PMA), previously published iron concentrations as well as FA values. Results We found significantly positive correlations between the R2* values and PMA in both of the gray nuclei and WM. Moreover, R2* values had a positive correlation with the iron reference concentrations in the deep gray nuclei and the FA in the WM. However, phase values only had the positive correlation with PMA and FA in the internal capsule, and no significant correlation with PMA and iron content in the deep gray nuclei. Conclusions Compared with the phase values, R2* may be a preferable method to estimate the iron deposition and WM maturation in infant brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ning
- Radiology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Nuclear Medicine Department of The Second Affiliate Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Radiology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Radiology Department of Baoji Center Hospital, Baoji, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Radiology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumiao Zhang
- Radiology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuanqin Ren
- Radiology Department of Baoji Center Hospital, Baoji, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Niu
- Radiology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongming Dai
- Radiology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ed X. Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youmin Guo
- Radiology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Radiology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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35
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SPECT-, PET- und MRT-Untersuchungen zu Dopamin und Eisen beim Restless-legs-Syndrom. SOMNOLOGIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-013-0637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Acosta-Cabronero J, Williams GB, Cardenas-Blanco A, Arnold RJ, Lupson V, Nestor PJ. In vivo quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81093. [PMID: 24278382 PMCID: PMC3836742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study explores the magnetostatic properties of the Alzheimer's disease brain using a recently proposed, magnetic resonance imaging, postprocessed contrast mechanism. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has the potential to monitor in vivo iron levels by reconstructing magnetic susceptibility sources from field perturbations. However, with phase data acquired at a single head orientation, the technique relies on several theoretical approximations and requires fast-evolving regularisation strategies. Methods In this context, the present study describes a complete methodological framework for magnetic susceptibility measurements with a review of its theoretical foundations. Findings and Significance The regional and whole-brain cross-sectional comparisons between Alzheimer's disease subjects and matched controls indicate that there may be significant magnetic susceptibility differences for deep brain nuclei – particularly the putamen – as well as for posterior grey and white matter regions. The methodology and findings described suggest that the QSM method is ready for larger-scale clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Acosta-Cabronero
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Guy B. Williams
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert J. Arnold
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Lupson
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Nestor
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
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Li W, Wu B, Batrachenko A, Bancroft-Wu V, Morey RA, Shashi V, Langkammer C, De Bellis MD, Ropele S, Song AW, Liu C. Differential developmental trajectories of magnetic susceptibility in human brain gray and white matter over the lifespan. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:2698-713. [PMID: 24038837 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As indicated by several recent studies, magnetic susceptibility of the brain is influenced mainly by myelin in the white matter and by iron deposits in the deep nuclei. Myelination and iron deposition in the brain evolve both spatially and temporally. This evolution reflects an important characteristic of normal brain development and ageing. In this study, we assessed the changes of regional susceptibility in the human brain in vivo by examining the developmental and ageing process from 1 to 83 years of age. The evolution of magnetic susceptibility over this lifespan was found to display differential trajectories between the gray and the white matter. In both cortical and subcortical white matter, an initial decrease followed by a subsequent increase in magnetic susceptibility was observed, which could be fitted by a Poisson curve. In the gray matter, including the cortical gray matter and the iron-rich deep nuclei, magnetic susceptibility displayed a monotonic increase that can be described by an exponential growth. The rate of change varied according to functional and anatomical regions of the brain. For the brain nuclei, the age-related changes of susceptibility were in good agreement with the findings from R2* measurement. Our results suggest that magnetic susceptibility may provide valuable information regarding the spatial and temporal patterns of brain myelination and iron deposition during brain maturation and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Zhang J, Tao R, Liu C, Wu W, Zhang Y, Cui J, Wang J. Possible effects of iron deposition on the measurement of DTI metrics in deep gray matter nuclei: an in vitro and in vivo study. Neurosci Lett 2013; 551:47-52. [PMID: 23872093 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the possible effects of iron deposition on the measurement of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics in deep gray matter nuclei in the normal human brain. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and DTI were performed on nine MnCl2 phantoms and 85 healthy adults. The SWI phase value (PV) and DTI metrics including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) were measured in phantoms and the frontal white matter (FWM), caudate (CA), putamen (PU), and globus pallidus (GP) of both hemispheres in healthy adults. The FA correlated linearly with PV and MnCl2 concentrations in phantoms. The PV in the PU was positively correlated with age. The FA was negatively correlated with age in the FWM and positively correlated with age in the PU. AD positively correlated with PV in CA, PU, and GP. FA increased with elevated PV in the PU when controlling for the impact of age. The age-related increasing of PV, which predominantly caused by iron deposition, probably influences the measurement of DTI metrics in the PU in the normal human brain and should be considered when diagnosing various neurodegenerative diseases using DTI metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuquan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Rossi M, Ruottinen H, Soimakallio S, Elovaara I, Dastidar P. Clinical MRI for iron detection in Parkinson's disease. Clin Imaging 2013; 37:631-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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40
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Wang JY, Hagerman RJ, Rivera SM. A multimodal imaging analysis of subcortical gray matter in fragile X premutation carriers. Mov Disord 2013; 28:1278-84. [PMID: 23649693 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 40% of males with the fragile X premutation develop fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome after age 50. Although the thalamus and basal ganglia play a crucial role in movement disorders, their involvement in fragile X premutation carriers has not been systematically investigated. The current study characterized structural abnormalities associated with fragile X premutation carriers (with and without fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome) in the thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus using T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging. Male premutation carriers with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome showed significant volume atrophy and diffusion-weighted signal loss in all 4 structures compared with the control group. They also exhibited volume atrophy and diffusion-weighted signal loss in the thalamus and striatum compared with the premutation carriers without fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Importantly, many of the measurements exhibited robust correlations with symptom severity, with volume and diffusion-weighted imaging measurements displaying negative correlations and fractional anisotropy measurements displaying positive correlations. The current study demonstrated involvement of all 4 subcortical gray matter structures in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, with significant volume atrophy, and possible iron deposition indicated by the diffusion-weighted signal loss. The significant correlation between the subcortical measurements and symptom severity suggests the benefits of tracking structural changes in subcortical gray matter in future longitudinal studies for early detection and disease monitoring. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yi Wang
- University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Zheng W, Nichol H, Liu S, Cheng YCN, Haacke EM. Measuring iron in the brain using quantitative susceptibility mapping and X-ray fluorescence imaging. Neuroimage 2013; 78:68-74. [PMID: 23591072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring iron content in the brain has important implications for a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), derived from magnetic resonance images, has been used to measure total iron content in vivo and in post mortem brain. In this paper, we show how magnetic susceptibility from QSM correlates with total iron content measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The relationship between susceptibility and ferritin iron was estimated at 1.10±0.08 ppb susceptibility per μg iron/g wet tissue, similar to that of iron in fixed (frozen/thawed) cadaveric brain and previously published data from unfixed brains. We conclude that magnetic susceptibility can provide a direct and reliable quantitative measurement of iron content and that it can be used clinically at least in regions with high iron content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Zheng
- HUH-MR Research/Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Bagnato F, Hametner S, Welch EB. Visualizing iron in multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:376-84. [PMID: 23347601 PMCID: PMC4776767 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols that are designed to be sensitive to iron typically take advantage of (1) iron effects on the relaxation of water protons and/or (2) iron-induced local magnetic field susceptibility changes. Increasing evidence sustains the notion that imaging iron in brain of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) may add some specificity toward the identification of the disease pathology. The present review summarizes currently reported in vivo and post mortem MRI evidence of (1) iron detection in white matter and gray matter of MS brains, (2) pathological and physiological correlates of iron as disclosed by imaging and (3) relations between iron accumulation and disease progression as measured by clinical metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bagnato
- Radiology Department, Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. :
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables a noninvasive in vivo quantification of iron in various organs. Several techniques have been developed that detect signal alterations derived mainly from the magnetic properties of ferritin and hemosiderin, the major iron storage compounds. High magnetic susceptibility of ferritin shortens the transversal relaxation time of nearby water protons and thus induces a focal signal extinction of iron-rich areas in T2-weighted (T2w) MRI. T2w tissue contrast is additionally influenced by other factors such as water content, myelin density, and the presence of other metals. Therefore, more specific methods are needed with higher specificity to iron. These in vivo techniques can be divided into three groups: relaxometry, magnetic field correlation imaging and phase-based contrast covering susceptibility-weighted imaging, and quantitative susceptibility mapping. The differential diagnosis of various neurological disorders is aided by characteristic patterns of iron depositions. Reliable estimates of cerebral tissue iron concentration are equally important in studying physiological age-related as well as pathological conditions in neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, and vascular diseases. In the future, monitoring changes in iron storage and content may serve as sensitive biomarker for diagnosis as well as treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institut für interventionelle und diagnostische Neuroradiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Goto M, Abe O, Aoki S, Miyati T, Takao H, Hayashi N, Mori H, Kunimatsu A, Ino K, Yano K, Ohtomo K. Bilateral pre- and postcentral gyrus volume positively correlates with T2-SNR of putamen in healthy adults. Neuroradiology 2012; 55:245-50. [PMID: 23262558 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-012-1126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between local gray matter volume and signal-to-noise ratio on T2-weighted imaging (T2-SNR) of putamen in healthy adults using two tools: voxel-based morphometry (VBM) treating age as a confounding covariate to control for age-related gray matter volume changes and high spatial resolution T1-weighted imaging acquired with a 3.0-T magnetic resonance (3T-MR) scanner. METHODS Contiguous sagittal T1-weighted images and axial T2-weighted images of the brain were obtained from 1,380 healthy participants. T2-SNR of putamen was defined as A/B, where A is the mean T2-weighted signal intensity (T2-SI) in the right and left sides of putamen, and B is the background noise. The software Statistical Parametric Mapping 5 was used for image segmentation. The association between T2-SNR of putamen and gray matter volume was assessed with VBM, treating age as a confounding covariate. RESULTS A significant positive correlation was obtained between T2-SNR of putamen and bilateral pre- and postcentral gyrus volume. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first VBM study to show an age-independent relationship between T2-SNR of putamen and bilateral pre- and postcentral gyrus volumes in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Goto
- Department of Radiological Technology, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) includes a heterogeneous group of genetically defined disorders characterized by progressive extrapyramidal deterioration and iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. Current medical options for these disorders remain largely unsatisfactory and do not prevent the disease from progressing to a severe and disabling state. In select cases, surgical techniques, such as deep brain stimulation, may be effective in ameliorating some of the symptoms of the disease. The availability of chelating agents with specific properties that have been demonstrated to be effective in other disorders with regional iron accumulation as well as magnetic resonance imaging techniques that allow for quantitative assessment of iron have stimulated interest in the use of chelating agents in NBIA. This review aims to describe the role of surgical therapies in NBIA, discuss the use of chelating agents in NBIA, and presents new therapeutic approaches under consideration.
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Kwon DH, Kim JM, Oh SH, Jeong HJ, Park SY, Oh ES, Chi JG, Kim YB, Jeon BS, Cho ZH. Seven-Tesla magnetic resonance images of the substantia nigra in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2012; 71:267-77. [PMID: 22367998 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate anatomical changes in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson disease (PD) patients with age-matched controls by using ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS We performed 7T MRI in 10 PD and 10 age-matched control subjects. Magnetic resonance images of the SN were obtained from a 3-dimensional (3D) T(2)*-weighted gradient echo sequence. Region of interest-based 3D shape analysis was performed to quantitatively compare images from the 2 groups. RESULTS The boundary between the SN and crus cerebri was not smooth in PD subjects. Undulation in the lateral surface of the SN appeared more intense in the side contralateral to that with the more severe symptoms, and more prominent at the rostral level of the SN than at the intermediate or caudal levels. In addition to the lateral surface, there was a striking difference in the dorsomedial aspects of the SN between PD and control subjects. In control subjects, a brighter signal region was observed along the dorsomedial surface of the lateral portion of SN, whereas in PD subjects, this region was observed as a dark region containing a hypointense signal in T(2)*-weighted images. The measurement of SN volumes, normalized to the intracranial volumes, showed higher values in PD subjects than in control subjects. INTERPRETATION This study demonstrates that 3D 7T MRI can definitively visualize anatomical alterations occurring in the SN of PD subjects. Further pathological studies are required to elucidate the nature of these anatomical alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hyuk Kwon
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
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Adisetiyo V, Jensen JH, Ramani A, Tabesh A, Di Martino A, Fieremans E, Castellanos FX, Helpern JA. In vivo assessment of age-related brain iron differences by magnetic field correlation imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 36:322-31. [PMID: 22392846 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess a recently developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique called magnetic field correlation (MFC) imaging along with a conventional imaging method, the transverse relaxation rate (R2), for estimating age-related brain iron concentration in adolescents and adults. Brain region measures were compared with nonheme iron concentrations (C(PM) ) based on a prior postmortem study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Asymmetric spin echo (ASE) images were acquired at 3T from 26 healthy individuals (16 adolescents, 10 adults). Regions of interest (ROIs) were placed in areas in which age-related iron content was estimated postmortem: globus pallidus (GP), putamen (PUT), caudate nucleus (CN), thalamus (THL), and frontal white matter (FWM). Regression and group analyses were conducted on ROI means. RESULTS MFC and R2 displayed significant linear relationships to C(PM) when all regions were combined. Whereas MFC was significantly correlated with C(PM) for every individual region except FWM and detected significantly lower means in adolescents than adults for each region, R2 detected significant correlation and lower means for only PUT and CN. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that MFC is sensitive to brain iron in GM regions and detects age-related iron increases known to occur from adolescence to adulthood. MFC may be more sensitive than R2 to iron-related changes occurring within specific brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitria Adisetiyo
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Cortese S, Azoulay R, Castellanos FX, Chalard F, Lecendreux M, Chechin D, Delorme R, Sebag G, Sbarbati A, Mouren MC, Bernardina BD, Konofal E. Brain iron levels in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot MRI study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13:223-31. [PMID: 21585274 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2011.570376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain iron deficiency has been supposed to be involved in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Available studies assessing iron in ADHD are based on serum ferritin, a peripheral marker of iron status. To what extent serum ferritin correlates with brain iron (BI) is unclear. The main aim of this study was to compare BI, estimated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the putamen, pallidum, caudate, and thalamus, between children with and without ADHD. The secondary aim was to assess the correlation between serum ferritin and BI levels. METHODS Thirty-six children (18 with and 18 without ADHD, the latter including nine healthy controls and nine psychiatric controls) completed MRI and blood sampling. Brain iron levels were estimated by imaging T2*. RESULTS Children with ADHD showed significantly lower estimated BI in right and left thalamus compared to healthy controls. Estimated BI did not differ significantly between children with ADHD and psychiatric controls. Children with ADHD had significantly lower levels of serum ferritin than healthy as well as psychiatric controls. Serum ferritin and T2* values did not correlate significantly in most regions. CONCLUSIONS Low iron in the thalamus may contribute to ADHD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cortese
- Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Unit, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris VII University, Paris, France.
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Maturational and aging effects on human brain apparent transverse relaxation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31907. [PMID: 22363767 PMCID: PMC3283700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to address the need for comprehensive reference data regarding maturational and aging effects on regional transverse relaxation rates (R2) of the brain in normal humans. Regional R2s were measured in twenty-five brain structures from a sample of seventy-seven normal volunteers 9 to 85 years of age. The relationships between regional R2 and age were determined using generalized additive models, without the constraint of a specified a priori model. Data analysis demonstrated that the brain tissue R2-age correlations followed various time courses with both linear and non-linear characteristics depending on the particular brain structure. Most anatomical structures studied exhibited non-linear characteristics, including the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, orbitofrontal white matter and temporal white matter. Linear trends were detected in occipital white matter and in the genu of corpus callosum. These results indicate the complexity of age-related R2 changes in the brain while providing normative reference data that can be utilized in clinical examinations and studies utilizing quantitative transverse relaxation.
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Evaluation of brain iron content based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): comparison among phase value, R2* and magnitude signal intensity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31748. [PMID: 22363719 PMCID: PMC3282752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are being exploited to measure brain iron levels increasingly as iron deposition has been implicated in some neurodegenerative diseases. However, there remains no unified evaluation of these methods as postmortem measurement isn't commonly available as the reference standard. The purpose of this study was to make a comparison among these methods and try to find a new index of brain iron. METHODS We measured both phase values and R2* in twenty-four adults, and performed correlation analysis among the two methods and the previously published iron concentrations. We also proposed a new method using magnitude signal intensity and compared it with R2* and brain iron. RESULTS We found phase value correlated with R2* in substantia nigra (r = -0.723, p<0.001) and putamen (r = -0.514, p = 0.010), while no correlations in red nucleus (r = -0.236, p = 0.268) and globus pallidus (r = -0.111, p = 0.605). And the new magnitude method had significant correlations in red nucleus (r = -0.593, p = 0.002), substantia nigra (r = -0.521, p = 0.009), globus pallidus (r = -0.750, p<0.001) and putamen (r = -0.547, p = 0.006) with R2*. A strong inverse correlation was also found between the new magnitude method and previously published iron concentrations in seven brain regions (r = -0.982, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that phase value may not be used for assessing the iron content in some brain regions especially globus pallidus. The new magnitude method is highly consistent with R2* especially in globus pallidus, and we assume that this approach may be acceptable as an index of iron content in iron-rich brain regions.
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