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Li K, Desai R, Scott RT, Steele JR, Machado M, Demharter S, Hoarfrost A, Braun JL, Fajardo VA, Sanders LM, Costes SV. Explainable machine learning identifies multi-omics signatures of muscle response to spaceflight in mice. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:90. [PMID: 38092777 PMCID: PMC10719374 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of microgravity exposure on mammalian physiology during spaceflight necessitate a deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms to develop effective countermeasures. One such concern is muscle atrophy, which is partly attributed to the dysregulation of calcium levels due to abnormalities in SERCA pump functioning. To identify potential biomarkers for this condition, multi-omics data and physiological data available on the NASA Open Science Data Repository (osdr.nasa.gov) were used, and machine learning methods were employed. Specifically, we used multi-omics (transcriptomic, proteomic, and DNA methylation) data and calcium reuptake data collected from C57BL/6 J mouse soleus and tibialis anterior tissues during several 30+ day-long missions on the international space station. The QLattice symbolic regression algorithm was introduced to generate highly explainable models that predict either experimental conditions or calcium reuptake levels based on multi-omics features. The list of candidate models established by QLattice was used to identify key features contributing to the predictive capability of these models, with Acyp1 and Rps7 proteins found to be the most predictive biomarkers related to the resilience of the tibialis anterior muscle in space. These findings could serve as targets for future interventions aiming to reduce the extent of muscle atrophy during space travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Li
- KBR, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- NASA Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Riya Desai
- College of Letters and Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ryan T Scott
- KBR, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Joel Ricky Steele
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Blue Marble Space, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jessica L Braun
- Department of Kinesiology, Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Val A Fajardo
- Department of Kinesiology, Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Lauren M Sanders
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
- Blue Marble Space, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
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2
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de Sire A, Moggio L, Marotta N, Curci C, Lippi L, Invernizzi M, Mezian K, Ammendolia A. Impact of rehabilitation on volumetric muscle loss in subjects with traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review. NeuroRehabilitation 2023; 52:365-386. [PMID: 36806523 DOI: 10.3233/nre-220277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to spinal nerve fiber tract damage resulting in functional impairments. Volumetric muscle loss (VML), a skeletal muscle volume abnormal reduction, is represented by atrophy below the injury level. The strategies for VML management included personalized approaches, and no definite indications are available. OBJECTIVE To identify the rehabilitation effects of VML in subjects with SCI (humans and animals). METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched to identify longitudinal observational studies with individuals affected by traumatic SCI as participants; rehabilitation treatment as intervention; no control, sham treatment, and electrical stimulation programs as control; total lean body and lower limb lean mass, cross-sectional area, functional gait recovery, muscle thickness, and ultrasound intensity, as outcome. RESULTS Twenty-four longitudinal observational studies were included, evaluating different rehabilitation approaches' effects on the VML reduction in subjects affected by SCI. The data showed that electrical stimulation and treadmill training are effective in reducing the VML in this population. CONCLUSION This systematic review underlines the need to treat subjects with traumatic SCI (humans and animals) with different rehabilitation approaches to prevent VML in the subacute and chronic phases. Further clinical observations are needed to overcome the bias and to define the intervention's timing and modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro de Sire
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, University of CatanzaroMagna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucrezia Moggio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, University of CatanzaroMagna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Rehabilitation Unit, Ospedale degliInfermi, Biella, Italy
| | - Nicola Marotta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, University of CatanzaroMagna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudio Curci
- Department of Neurosciences, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, ASST CarloPoma, Mantova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lippi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy.,Translational Medicine, DipartimentoAttività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), AziendaOspedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy.,Translational Medicine, DipartimentoAttività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), AziendaOspedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Kamal Mezian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General UniversityHospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Ammendolia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, University of CatanzaroMagna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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Petrie MA, Kimball AL, Shields RK. Acute Low Force Electrically Induced Exercise Modulates Post Prandial Glycemic Markers in People with Spinal Cord Injury. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040089. [PMID: 36278750 PMCID: PMC9624321 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise involves daily muscle contractions helping metabolize up to 70% of daily ingested glucose. Skeletal muscle increases glucose uptake through two distinct pathways: insulin signaling pathway and muscle contraction mediated AMPK pathway. People with paralysis are unable to contract their muscles which atrophy, transform into insulin resistant glycolytic muscle, and develop osteoporosis. Our goal is to determine if low force electrically induced exercise (LFE) will modulate the post prandial insulin and glucose response in people with and without spinal cord injury (SCI). 18 people with SCI and 23 without SCI (Non-SCI) participated in an assessment of metabolic biomarkers during passive sitting (CTL) and a bout of LFE delivered to the quadriceps/hamstring muscle groups after a glucose challenge. Baseline fasting insulin (p = 0.003) and lactate (p = 0.033) levels were higher in people with SCI, but glucose levels (p = 0.888) were similar compared to the non-SCI population. After 1-h of muscle contractions using LFE, heart rate increased (p < 0.001), capillary glucose decreased (p = 0.004), insulin decreased (p < 0.001), and lactate increased (p = 0.001) in the SCI population. These findings support that LFE attenuates certain metabolic blood biomarkers during a glucose challenge and may offer a lifestyle strategy to regulate metabolic responses after eating among people with SCI.
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Bekhet AH, Jahan AM, Bochkezanian V, Musselman KE, Elsareih AA, Gorgey AS. Effects of Electrical Stimulation Training on Body Composition Parameters After Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 103:1168-1178. [PMID: 34687676 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) or functional electrical stimulation (FES), or both, training on different body composition parameters in individuals with spinal cord injury. DATA SOURCES Three independent reviewers searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Central, and Virtual Health Library until March 2020. STUDY SELECTION Studies were included if they applied NMES/FES on the lower limb muscles after spinal cord injury, reported stimulation parameters (frequency, pulse duration, and amplitude of current), and body composition parameters, which included muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), fat-free mass, lean mass (LM), fat mass, visceral adipose tissue, and intramuscular fat. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 46 studies were included in the final analysis with a total sample size of 414 subjects. NMES loading exercise and FES cycling exercise were commonly used for training. Increases in muscle CSA ranged from 5.7-75%, with an average of 26% (n=33). Fifteen studies reported changes (both increase and decrease) in LM or fat-free mas ranged from -4% to 35%, with an average of less than 5%. Changes in fat mass (n=10) were modest. The effect on ectopic adipose tissue is inconclusive, with 2 studies showing an average reduction in intramuscular fat by 9.9%. Stimulation parameters ranged from 200-1000 μs for pulse duration, 2-60 Hz for the frequency, and 10-200 mA in amplitude. Finally, increase in weekly training volumes after NMES loading exercise resulted in a remarkable increase in percentage changes in LM or muscle CSA. CONCLUSIONS NMES/FES is an effective rehabilitation strategy for muscle hypertrophy and increasing LM. Weekly training volumes are associated with muscle hypertrophy after NMES loading exercise. Furthermore, positive muscle adaptations occur despite the applied stimulation parameters. Finally, the included studies reported wide range of stimulation parameters without reporting rationale for such selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alhadi M Jahan
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Vanesa Bochkezanian
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristin E Musselman
- KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amr A Elsareih
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S Gorgey
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA; Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Richmond, VA.
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5
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Bigford GE, Donovan A, Webster MT, Dietrich WD, Nash MS. Selective Myostatin Inhibition Spares Sublesional Muscle Mass and Myopenia-Related Dysfunction after Severe Spinal Cord Contusion in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3440-3455. [PMID: 34714134 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically relevant myopenia accompanies spinal cord injury (SCI), and compromises function, metabolism, body composition, and health. Myostatin, a transforming growth factor (TGF)β family member, is a key negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. We investigated inhibition of myostatin signaling using systemic delivery of a highly selective monoclonal antibody - muSRK-015P (40 mg/kg) - that blocks release of active growth factor from the latent form of myostatin. Adult female mice (C57BL/6) were subjected to a severe SCI (65 kdyn) at T9 and were then immediately and 1 week later administered test articles: muSRK-015P (40 mg/kg) or control (vehicle or IgG). A sham control group (laminectomy only) was included. At euthanasia, (2 weeks post-SCI) muSRK-015P preserved whole body lean mass and sublesional gastrocnemius and soleus mass. muSRK-015P-treated mice with SCI also had significantly attenuated myofiber atrophy, lipid infiltration, and loss of slow-oxidative phenotype in soleus muscle. These outcomes were accompanied by significantly improved sublesional motor function and muscle force production at 1 and 2 weeks post-SCI. At 2 weeks post-SCI, lean mass was significantly decreased in SCI-IgG mice, but was not different in SCI-muSRK-015P mice than in sham controls. Total energy expenditure (kCal/day) at 2 weeks post-SCI was lower in SCI-immunoglobulin (Ig)G mice, but not different in SCI-muSRK-015P mice than in sham controls. We conclude that in a randomized, blinded, and controlled study in mice, myostatin inhibition using muSRK-015P had broad effects on physical, metabolic, and functional outcomes when compared with IgG control treated SCI animals. These findings may identify a useful, targeted therapeutic strategy for treating post-SCI myopenia and related sequelae in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Bigford
- Department of Neurological Surgery and the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery and the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mark S Nash
- Department of Neurological Surgery and the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Petrie MA, Taylor EB, Suneja M, Shields RK. Genomic and Epigenomic Evaluation of Electrically Induced Exercise in People With Spinal Cord Injury: Application to Precision Rehabilitation. Phys Ther 2021; 102:6413907. [PMID: 34718779 PMCID: PMC8754383 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical therapists develop patient-centered exercise prescriptions to help overcome the physical, emotional, psychosocial, and environmental stressors that undermine a person's health. Optimally prescribing muscle activity for people with disability, such as a spinal cord injury, is challenging because of their loss of volitional movement control and the deterioration of their underlying skeletal systems. This report summarizes spinal cord injury-specific factors that should be considered in patient-centered, precision prescription of muscle activity for people with spinal cord injury. This report also presents a muscle genomic and epigenomic analysis to examine the regulation of the proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (oxidative) and myostatin (hypertrophy) signaling pathways in skeletal muscle during low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise versus higher-frequency (higher-force) electrically induced exercise under constant muscle recruitment (intensity). METHODS Seventeen people with spinal cord injury participated in 1 or more unilateral electrically induced exercise sessions using a lower-force (1-, 3-, or 5-Hz) or higher-force (20-Hz) protocol. Three hours after the exercise session, percutaneous muscle biopsies were performed on exercised and nonexercised muscles for genomic and epigenomic analysis. RESULTS We found that low-frequency (low-force) electrically induced exercise significantly increased the expression of PGC-1α and decreased the expression of myostatin, consistent with the expression changes observed with high-frequency (higher-force) electrically induced exercise. Further, we found that low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise significantly demethylated, or epigenetically promoted, the PGC-1α signaling pathway. A global epigenetic analysis showed that >70 pathways were regulated with low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise. CONCLUSION These novel results support the notion that low-frequency (low-force) electrically induced exercise may offer a more precise rehabilitation strategy for people with chronic paralysis and severe osteoporosis. Future clinical trials are warranted to explore whether low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise training affects the overall health of people with chronic spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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7
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Furlan JC, Pakosh M, Craven BC, Popovic MR. Insights on the Potential Mechanisms of Action of Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy in Combination With Task-Specific Training: A Scoping Review. Neuromodulation 2021; 25:1280-1288. [PMID: 34031937 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This scoping review was undertaken to synthetize and appraise the literature on the potential mechanisms of action of functional electrical stimulation therapy in combination with task-specific training (FEST + TST) in the rehabilitation following stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, or multiple sclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature search was performed using multiple databases (including APA, PsycInfo, Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, CCRCT, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) from 1946 to June 2020. The literature search used the following terms: (spinal cord injury, paraplegia, tetraplegia, quadriplegia, stroke, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, or acquired brain injury) AND (functional electrical stimulation or FES). The search included clinical and preclinical studies without limits to language. RESULTS Of the 8209 titles retrieved from the primary search, 57 publications fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria for this scoping review. While most publications were clinical studies (n = 50), there were only seven preclinical studies using animal models. The results of this review suggest that FEST + TST can result in multiple effects on different elements from the muscle to the cerebral cortex. However, most studies were focused on the muscle changes after FEST + TST. CONCLUSIONS The results of this scoping review suggest that FEST + TST can result in multiple effects on different elements of the neuromuscular system, while most research studies were focused on the muscle changes after FEST + TST. Despite the efficacy of the FEST + TST in the neurorehabilitation after CNS injury or disease, the results of this review underline an important knowledge gap with regards to the actual mechanism of action of FEST + TST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Furlan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lyndhurst Centre, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,KITE - Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maureen Pakosh
- Library & Information Services, Rumsey Cardiac Centre Library, University Health Network, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Beverley Catharine Craven
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lyndhurst Centre, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,KITE - Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Milos Radomir Popovic
- KITE - Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Goldsmith JA, Ennasr AN, Farkas GJ, Gater DR, Gorgey AS. Role of exercise on visceral adiposity after spinal cord injury: a cardiometabolic risk factor. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2143-2163. [PMID: 33891156 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with cardiometabolic disease risk in able-bodied (AB) populations. However, the underlying mechanisms of VAT-induced disease risk are unknown in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Potential mechanisms of VAT-induced cardiometabolic dysfunction in persons with SCI include systemic inflammation, liver adiposity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and anabolic deficiency. Moreover, how exercise interventions impact these mechanisms associated with VAT-induced cardiometabolic dysfunction are still being explored. METHODS A search for relevant scientific literature about the effects of exercise on VAT and cardiometabolic health was conducted on the PubMed database. Literature from reference lists was also included when appropriate. RESULTS Both aerobic and resistance exercise training beneficially impact health and VAT mass via improving mitochondrial function, glucose effectiveness, and inflammatory signaling in SCI and AB populations. Specifically, aerobic exercise appears to also modulate cellular senescence in AB populations and animal models, while resistance exercise seems to augment anabolic signaling in persons with SCI. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence supports regular engagement in exercise to reduce VAT mass and the adverse effects on cardiometabolic health in persons with SCI. Future research is needed to further elucidate the precise mechanisms by which VAT negatively impacts health following SCI. This will likely facilitate the development of rehabilitation protocols that target VAT reduction in persons with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Goldsmith
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA
| | - Areej N Ennasr
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA
| | - Gary J Farkas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - David R Gater
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ashraf S Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Gorgey AS, Graham ZA, Chen Q, Rivers J, Adler RA, Lesnefsky EJ, Cardozo CP. Sixteen weeks of testosterone with or without evoked resistance training on protein expression, fiber hypertrophy and mitochondrial health after spinal cord injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1487-1496. [PMID: 32352341 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00865.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) with and without evoked resistance training (RT) on protein expression of key metabolic and hypertrophy regulators, muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), and markers of mitochondrial health after spinal cord injury (SCI). Twenty-two men with chronic motor complete SCI were randomly assigned to either TRT + RT (n = 11) or TRT (n = 11) for 16 wk. TRT + RT men underwent twice weekly progressive RT using electrical stimulation with ankle weights. TRT was administered via testosterone patches (2-6 mg/day). Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after 16 wk from the right vastus lateralis. Expression of proteins associated with oxidative muscles and mechanical loading (PGC-1α and FAK), muscle hypertrophy (total and phosphorylated Akt, total and phosphorylated mTOR), and cellular metabolism (total and phosphorylated AMPK and GLUT4) were evaluated. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to measure fiber CSA and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity as well as mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS) activity and complex III (CIII) activities. TRT + RT demonstrated a robust 27.5% increase in average fiber CSA compared with a -9% decrease following TRT only (P = 0.01). GLUT4 protein expression was elevated in the TRT + RT group compared with TRT only (P = 0.005). Total Akt (P = 0.06) and phosphorylated Akt Ser389 (P = 0.049) were also elevated in the TRT + RT group. Mitochondrial activity of SDH (P = 0.03) and CS (P = 0.006) increased in the TRT + RT group, with no changes in the TRT-only group. Sixteen weeks of TRT with RT resulted in fiber hypertrophy and beneficial changes in markers of skeletal muscle health and function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), protein expression, mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were measured following 16 wk of low-dose testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) with and without electrically evoked resistance training (RT) in men with spinal cord injury (SCI). Fiber CSA and protein expression of total GLUT4, total Akt, and phosphorylated Akt increased following TRT + RT but not in the TRT-only group. Mitochondrial CS and SDH increased after TRT + RT but not in TRT-only group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia.,Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zachary A Graham
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Qun Chen
- Medical Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jeannie Rivers
- Surgery Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Robert A Adler
- Endocrinology Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia.,Endocrine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine¸ Richmond, Virginia
| | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- Medical Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Christopher P Cardozo
- Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
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Petrie MA, Sharma A, Taylor EB, Suneja M, Shields RK. Impact of short- and long-term electrically induced muscle exercise on gene signaling pathways, gene expression, and PGC1a methylation in men with spinal cord injury. Physiol Genomics 2019; 52:71-80. [PMID: 31869286 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00064.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise attenuates the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Gene signaling pathway analysis offers an opportunity to discover if electrically induced muscle exercise regulates key pathways among people living with spinal cord injury (SCI). We examined short-term and long-term durations of electrically induced skeletal muscle exercise on complex gene signaling pathways, specific gene regulation, and epigenetic tagging of PGC1a, a major transcription factor in skeletal muscle of men with SCI. After short- or long-term electrically induced exercise training, participants underwent biopsies of the trained and untrained muscles. RNA was hybridized to an exon microarray and analyzed by a gene set enrichment analysis. We discovered that long-term exercise training regulated the Reactome gene sets for metabolism (38 gene sets), cell cycle (36 gene sets), disease (27 gene sets), gene expression and transcription (22 gene sets), organelle biogenesis (4 gene sets), cellular response to stimuli (8 gene sets), immune system (8 gene sets), vesicle-mediated transport (4 gene sets), and transport of small molecules (3 gene sets). Specific gene expression included: oxidative catabolism of glucose including PDHB (P < 0.001), PDHX (P < 0.001), MPC1 (P < 0.009), and MPC2 (P < 0.007); Oxidative phosphorylation genes including SDHA (P < 0.006), SDHB (P < 0.001), NDUFB1 (P < 0.002), NDUFA2 (P < 0.001); transcription genes including PGC1α (P < 0.030) and PRKAB2 (P < 0.011); hypertrophy gene MSTN (P < 0.001); and the myokine generating FNDC5 gene (P < 0.008). Long-term electrically induced exercise demethylated the major transcription factor PGC1a. Taken together, these findings support that long-term electrically induced muscle activity regulates key pathways associated with muscle health and systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Arpit Sharma
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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11
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Otzel DM, Lee J, Ye F, Borst SE, Yarrow JF. Activity-Based Physical Rehabilitation with Adjuvant Testosterone to Promote Neuromuscular Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061701. [PMID: 29880749 PMCID: PMC6032131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular impairment and reduced musculoskeletal integrity are hallmarks of spinal cord injury (SCI) that hinder locomotor recovery. These impairments are precipitated by the neurological insult and resulting disuse, which has stimulated interest in activity-based physical rehabilitation therapies (ABTs) that promote neuromuscular plasticity after SCI. However, ABT efficacy declines as SCI severity increases. Additionally, many men with SCI exhibit low testosterone, which may exacerbate neuromusculoskeletal impairment. Incorporating testosterone adjuvant to ABTs may improve musculoskeletal recovery and neuroplasticity because androgens attenuate muscle loss and the slow-to-fast muscle fiber-type transition after SCI, in a manner independent from mechanical strain, and promote motoneuron survival. These neuromusculoskeletal benefits are promising, although testosterone alone produces only limited functional improvement in rodent SCI models. In this review, we discuss the (1) molecular deficits underlying muscle loss after SCI; (2) independent influences of testosterone and locomotor training on neuromuscular function and musculoskeletal integrity post-SCI; (3) hormonal and molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of these strategies; and (4) evidence supporting a multimodal strategy involving ABT with adjuvant testosterone, as a potential means to promote more comprehensive neuromusculoskeletal recovery than either strategy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Fan Ye
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Department of Applied Physiology, Kinesiology and University of Florida College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Tseng SC, Shields RK. Limb Segment Load Inhibits the Recovery of Soleus H-Reflex After Segmental Vibration in Humans. J Mot Behav 2017; 50:631-642. [PMID: 29140761 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2017.1394259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of vertical vibration and compressive load on soleus H-reflex amplitude and postactivation depression. We hypothesized that, in the presence of a compressive load, limb vibration induces a longer suppression of soleus H-reflex. Eleven healthy adults received vibratory stimulation at a fixed frequency (30 Hz) over two loading conditions (0% and 50% of individual's body weight). H-reflex amplitude was depressed ∼88% in both conditions during vibration. Cyclic application of compression after cessation of the vibration caused a persistent reduction in H-reflex excitability and postactivation depression for > 2.5 min. A combination of limb segment vibration and compression may offer a nonpharmacologic method to modulate spinal reflex excitability in people after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chiao Tseng
- a School of Physical Therapy , Texas Woman's University , 6700 Fannin, Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Richard K Shields
- b Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science , University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
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Abstract
Richard K Shields, PT, PhD, has contributed to the physical therapy profession as a clinician, scientist, and academic leader (Fig. 1 ). Dr Shields is professor and department executive officer of the Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science at the University of Iowa. He completed a certificate in physical therapy from the Mayo Clinic, an MA degree in physical therapy, and a PhD in exercise science from the University of Iowa. Dr Shields developed a fundamental interest in basic biological principles while at the Mayo Clinic. As a clinician, he provided acute inpatient care to individuals with spinal cord injury. This clinical experience prompted him to pursue a research career exploring the adaptive plasticity of the human neuromusculoskeletal systems. As a scientist and laboratory director, he developed a team of professionals who understand the entire disablement model, from molecular signaling to the psychosocial factors that impact health-related quality of life. His laboratory has been continuously funded by the National Institutes of Health since 2000 with more than \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} }{}${\$}$\end{document} 15 million in total investigator-initiated support. He has published 110 scientific papers and presented more than 300 invited lectures. A past president of the Foundation for Physical Therapy, Dr Shields is a Catherine Worthingham Fellow of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) and has been honored with APTA’s Marian Williams Research Award, the Charles Magistro Service Award, and the Maley Distinguished Research Award. He also received the University of Iowa's Distinguished Mentor Award, Collegiate Teaching Award, and the Regents Award for Faculty Excellence. Dr Shields is a member of the National Advisory Board for Rehabilitation Research and serves as the liaison member on the Council to the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K. Shields
- R.K. Shields PT, PhD, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 1–252 Medical Education Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Woelfel JR, Kimball AL, Yen CL, Shields RK. Low-Force Muscle Activity Regulates Energy Expenditure after Spinal Cord Injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:870-878. [PMID: 28009786 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reduced physical activity is a primary risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. People with spinal cord injury (SCI) have reduced activity for a lifetime, as they cannot volitionally activate affected skeletal muscles. We explored whether low-force and low-frequency stimulation is a viable strategy to enhance systemic energy expenditure in people with SCI. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of low stimulation frequency (1 and 3 Hz) and stimulation intensity (50 and 100 mA) on energy expenditure in people with SCI. We also examined the relationship between body mass index and visceral adipose tissue on energy expenditure during low-frequency stimulation. METHODS Ten individuals with complete SCI underwent oxygen consumption monitoring during electrical activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings at 1 and 3 Hz and at 50 and 100 mA. We calculated the difference in energy expenditure between stimulation and rest and estimated the number of days that would be necessary to burn 1 lb of body fat (3500 kcal) for each stimulation protocol (1 vs 3 Hz). RESULTS Both training frequencies induced a significant increase in oxygen consumption above a resting baseline level (P < 0.05). Energy expenditure positively correlated with stimulus intensity (muscle recruitment) and negatively correlated with adiposity (reflecting the insulating properties of adipose tissue). We estimated that 1 lb of body fat could be burned more quickly with 1 Hz training (58 d) as compared with 3 Hz training (87 d) if an identical number of pulses were delivered. CONCLUSION Low-frequency stimulation increased energy expenditure per pulse and may be a feasible option to subsidize physical activity to improve metabolic status after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Woelfel
- 1Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and 2Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Gorgey AS, Graham ZA, Bauman WA, Cardozo C, Gater DR. Abundance in proteins expressed after functional electrical stimulation cycling or arm cycling ergometry training in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2017; 40:439-448. [PMID: 27735783 PMCID: PMC5537961 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1229397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal design. OBJECTIVES The study determined the effects of two forms of exercise training on the abundance of two proteins, (glucose transporter-4 [GLUT-4], adenosine monophosphate kinase [AMPK]) involved in glucose utilization and the transcriptional coactivator that regulates the genes involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) coactivator 1 alpha [PGC-1α]), in muscles in men with chronic motor-complete spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTINGS Clinical trial at a Medical Center. METHODS Nine men with chronic motor-complete SCI participated in functional electrical stimulation lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC; n = 4) or arm cycling ergometer (arm-cycling ergometer [ACE]; n = 5) 5 days/week for 16 weeks. Whole body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed to measure glucose effectiveness (Sg) and insulin sensitivity (Si). Muscle biopsies of the right vastus lateralis (VL) and triceps muscles were collected one week prior to and post the exercise training intervention. RESULTS Neither training intervention altered body composition or carbohydrate metabolism. GLUT-4 increased by 3.8 fold in the VL after FES training and increased 0.6 fold in the triceps after ACE training. PGC-1α increased by 2.3 fold in the VL after FES training and 3.8 fold in the triceps after ACE training. AMPK increased by 3.4 fold in the VL after FES training and in the triceps after ACE training. CONCLUSION FES-LEC and ACE training were associated with greater protein expressions in the trained muscles by effectively influencing the abundance of GLUT-4, AMPK and PGC-1α. Thus, FES-LEC training of paralyzed muscle can modulate protein expression similar to that of trained and innervated muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S. Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury Service and Disorders; Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Correspondence to: Ashraf S. Gorgey, Director of Spinal Cord Injury Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Hunter Holmes McGuire Medical Center, Spinal Cord Injury & Disorders Service, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249.
| | - Zachary A. Graham
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - William A. Bauman
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - David R. Gater
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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Electrical Stimulation Based on Chronaxie Increases Fibrosis and Modulates TWEAK/Fn14, TGF-β/Myostatin, and MMP Pathways in Denervated Muscles. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 96:260-267. [DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pinheiro-Dardis CM, Erbereli BT, Gigo-Benato D, Castro PATS, Russo TL. Electrical stimulation delays reinnervation in denervated rat muscle. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:E108-E118. [PMID: 28120411 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is not clear if electrical stimulation (ES) can affect muscle reinnervation. This study aimed to verify if ES affects neuromuscular recovery after nerve crush injury in rats. METHODS Denervated muscles were electrically stimulated daily for 6 or 14 days. Neuromuscular performance and excitability, and muscle morphology were determined. Muscle trophism markers (atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and myoD), as well as neuromuscular junction (NMJ) organization (muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase [MuSK], cytoplasmic protein downstream of kinase-7 [Dok-7], nicotinic ACh receptor [nAChR], and neural cell adhesion molecule [N-CAM]) were assessed. RESULTS ES impaired neuromuscular recovery at day 14 postdenervation. Muscle hypoexcitability was accentuated by ES at 6 and 14 days postdenervation. Although ES reduced the accumulation of atrogin-1, MuRF1, and myoD mRNAs, it increased muscle atrophy. Gene expression of MuSK, Dok-7, nAChR, and the content of N-CAM protein were altered by ES. DISCUSSION ES can delay the reinnervation process by modulating factors related to NMJ stability and organization, and inducing dysfunction, hypoexcitability, and muscle atrophy. Muscle Nerve 56: E108-E118, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M Pinheiro-Dardis
- Fisioterapia Neurológica (LaFiN), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, C.P. 676 - CEP: 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna T Erbereli
- Fisioterapia Neurológica (LaFiN), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, C.P. 676 - CEP: 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Davilene Gigo-Benato
- Fisioterapia Neurológica (LaFiN), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, C.P. 676 - CEP: 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula A T S Castro
- Laboratory of Muscle Plasticity, DFisio, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago L Russo
- Fisioterapia Neurológica (LaFiN), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, C.P. 676 - CEP: 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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De Gasperi R, Graham ZA, Harlow LM, Bauman WA, Qin W, Cardozo CP. The Signature of MicroRNA Dysregulation in Muscle Paralyzed by Spinal Cord Injury Includes Downregulation of MicroRNAs that Target Myostatin Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166189. [PMID: 27907012 PMCID: PMC5132212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in muscle atrophy, reduced force generation and an oxidative-to-glycolytic fiber type shift. The mechanisms responsible for these alterations remain incompletely understood. To gain new insights regarding mechanisms involved in deterioration of muscle after SCI, global expression profiles of miRs in paralyzed gastrocnemius muscle were compared between sham-operated (Sham) and spinal cord-transected (SCI) rats. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis of the altered miRs identified signaling via insulin, IGF-1, integrins and TGF-β as being significantly enriched for target genes. By qPCR, miRs 23a, 23b, 27b, 145, and 206, were downregulated in skeletal muscle 56 days after SCI. Using FISH, miR-145, a miR not previously implicated in the function of skeletal muscle, was found to be localized to skeletal muscle fibers. One predicted target of miR-145 was Cited2, a transcriptional regulator that modulates signaling through NF-κB, Smad3 and other transcription factors. The 3’ UTR of Cited2 mRNA contained a highly conserved miR-145 seed sequence. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that miR-145 interacts with this seed sequence. However, Cited2 protein levels were similar between Sham and SCI groups, indicating a biochemical interaction that was not involved in the context of adaptations after SCI. Taken together, the findings indicate dysregulation of several highly expressed miRs in skeletal muscle after SCI and suggest that reduced expression of miR-23a, 145 and 206 may have roles in alteration in skeletal muscle mass and insulin responsiveness in muscle paralyzed by upper motor neuron injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita De Gasperi
- VA RR&D Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Zachary A. Graham
- VA RR&D Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lauren M. Harlow
- VA RR&D Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - William A. Bauman
- VA RR&D Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Weiping Qin
- VA RR&D Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Christopher P. Cardozo
- VA RR&D Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacologic Science Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- * E-mail:
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Petrie MA, Kimball AL, McHenry CL, Suneja M, Yen CL, Sharma A, Shields RK. Distinct Skeletal Muscle Gene Regulation from Active Contraction, Passive Vibration, and Whole Body Heat Stress in Humans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160594. [PMID: 27486743 PMCID: PMC4972309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle exercise regulates several important metabolic genes in humans. We know little about the effects of environmental stress (heat) and mechanical stress (vibration) on skeletal muscle. Passive mechanical stress or systemic heat stress are often used in combination with many active exercise programs. We designed a method to deliver a vibration stress and systemic heat stress to compare the effects with active skeletal muscle contraction. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine whether active mechanical stress (muscle contraction), passive mechanical stress (vibration), or systemic whole body heat stress regulates key gene signatures associated with muscle metabolism, hypertrophy/atrophy, and inflammation/repair. Methods: Eleven subjects, six able-bodied and five with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) participated in the study. The six able-bodied subjects sat in a heat stress chamber for 30 minutes. Five subjects with SCI received a single dose of limb-segment vibration or a dose of repetitive electrically induced muscle contractions. Three hours after the completion of each stress, we performed a muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis or soleus) to analyze mRNA gene expression. Results: We discovered repetitive active muscle contractions up regulated metabolic transcription factors NR4A3 (12.45 fold), PGC-1α (5.46 fold), and ABRA (5.98 fold); and repressed MSTN (0.56 fold). Heat stress repressed PGC-1α (0.74 fold change; p < 0.05); while vibration induced FOXK2 (2.36 fold change; p < 0.05). Vibration similarly caused a down regulation of MSTN (0.74 fold change; p < 0.05), but to a lesser extent than active muscle contraction. Vibration induced FOXK2 (p < 0.05) while heat stress repressed PGC-1α (0.74 fold) and ANKRD1 genes (0.51 fold; p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings support a distinct gene regulation in response to heat stress, vibration, and muscle contractions. Understanding these responses may assist in developing regenerative rehabilitation interventions to improve muscle cell development, growth, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Kimball
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Colleen L. McHenry
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Chu-Ling Yen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Arpit Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Boon H, Sjögren RJO, Massart J, Egan B, Kostovski E, Iversen PO, Hjeltnes N, Chibalin AV, Widegren U, Zierath JR. MicroRNA-208b progressively declines after spinal cord injury in humans and is inversely related to myostatin expression. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12622. [PMID: 26603456 PMCID: PMC4673649 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of long-term physical inactivity on the expression of microRNAs involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass in humans are largely unknown. MicroRNAs are short, noncoding RNAs that fine-tune target expression through mRNA degradation or by inhibiting protein translation. Intronic to the slow, type I, muscle fiber type genes MYH7 and MYH7b, microRNA-208b and microRNA-499-5p are thought to fine-tune the expression of genes important for muscle growth, such as myostatin. Spinal cord injured humans are characterized by both skeletal muscle atrophy and transformation toward fast-twitch, type II fibers. We determined the expression of microRNA-208b, microRNA-499-5p, and myostatin in human skeletal muscle after complete cervical spinal cord injury. We also determined whether these microRNAs altered myostatin expression in rodent skeletal muscle. A progressive decline in skeletal muscle microRNA-208b and microRNA-499-5p expression occurred in humans during the first year after spinal cord injury and with long-standing spinal cord injury. Expression of myostatin was inversely correlated with microRNA-208b and microRNA-499-5p in human skeletal muscle after spinal cord injury. Overexpression of microRNA-208b in intact mouse skeletal muscle decreased myostatin expression, whereas microRNA-499-5p was without effect. In conclusion, we provide evidence for an inverse relationship between expression of microRNA-208b and its previously validated target myostatin in humans with severe skeletal muscle atrophy. Moreover, we provide direct evidence that microRNA-208b overexpression decreases myostatin gene expression in intact rodent muscle. Our results implicate that microRNA-208b modulates myostatin expression and this may play a role in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Boon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rasmus J O Sjögren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie Massart
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brendan Egan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emil Kostovski
- Section for Spinal Cord Injury, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Nesoddtangen, Norway Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per O Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Hjeltnes
- Section for Spinal Cord Injury, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Nesoddtangen, Norway
| | - Alexander V Chibalin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Widegren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Astorino TA, Harness ET, Witzke KA. Chronic activity-based therapy does not improve body composition, insulin-like growth factor-I, adiponectin, or myostatin in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2015; 38:615-25. [PMID: 25130192 PMCID: PMC4535804 DOI: 10.1179/2045772314y.0000000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces dramatic changes in body composition including reductions in fat-free mass (FFM) and increases in fat mass (FM). OBJECTIVE To examine changes in body composition in response to chronic activity-based therapy (ABT) in persons with SCI. DESIGN Longitudinal exercise intervention. METHODS Seventeen men and women with SCI (mean age=36.1±11.5 years) completed 6 months of supervised ABT consisting of load bearing, resistance training, locomotor training, and functional electrical stimulation. At baseline and after 3 and 6 months of ABT, body weight, body fat, and FFM were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and fasting blood samples were obtained to assess changes in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), adiponectin, and myostatin. RESULTS Across all subjects, there was no change (P>0.05) in body weight, percent body fat, or FFM of the leg, arm, or trunk, whereas whole-body FFM declined (P=0.02, 50.4±8.4 to 49.2±7.4 kg). No changes (P=0.21-0.41) were demonstrated in IGF-I, adiponectin, or myostatin during the study. CONCLUSIONS Chronic ABT focusing on the lower extremity does not slow muscle atrophy or alter body fat, body mass, or regional depots of FFM in persons with SCI. Further, it does not induce beneficial changes in adiponectin, myostatin, or IGF-I. Alternative exercise-based therapies are needed in SCI to reverse muscle atrophy and minimize the onset of related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A. Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, College of Arts and Sciences, San Marcos, CA, USA,Correspondence to: Todd A. Astorino, Kinesiology California State University San Marcos, College of Arts and Sciences, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA.
| | - Eric T. Harness
- Project Walk® Spinal Cord Injury Recovery Center, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Kara A. Witzke
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Science, Oregon State University, Cascades, OR, USA
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Petrie M, Suneja M, Shields RK. Low-frequency stimulation regulates metabolic gene expression in paralyzed muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:723-31. [PMID: 25635001 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00628.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The altered metabolic state after a spinal cord injury compromises systemic glucose regulation. Skeletal muscle atrophies and transforms into fast, glycolytic, and insulin-resistant tissue. Osteoporosis is common after spinal cord injury and limits the ability to exercise paralyzed muscle. We used a novel approach to study the acute effect of two frequencies of stimulation (20 and 5 Hz) on muscle fatigue and gene regulation in people with chronic paralysis. Twelve subjects with chronic (>1 yr) and motor complete spinal cord injury (ASIA A) participated in the study. We assessed the twitch force before and after a single session of electrical stimulation (5 or 20 Hz). We controlled the total number of pulses delivered for each protocol (10,000 pulses). Three hours after the completion of the electrical stimulation (5 or 20 Hz), we sampled the vastus lateralis muscle and examined genes involved with metabolic transcription, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondria remodeling. We discovered that the 5-Hz stimulation session induced a similar amount of fatigue and a five- to sixfold increase (P < 0.05) in key metabolic transcription factors, including PGC-1α, NR4A3, and ABRA as the 20-Hz session. Neither session showed a robust regulation of genes for glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, or mitochondria remodeling. We conclude that a low-force and low-frequency stimulation session is effective at inducing fatigue and regulating key metabolic transcription factors in human paralyzed muscle. This strategy may be an acceptable intervention to improve systemic metabolism in people with chronic paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
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Petrie MA, Suneja M, Faidley E, Shields RK. A minimal dose of electrically induced muscle activity regulates distinct gene signaling pathways in humans with spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115791. [PMID: 25531450 PMCID: PMC4274164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralysis after a spinal cord injury (SCI) induces physiological adaptations that compromise the musculoskeletal and metabolic systems. Unlike non-SCI individuals, people with spinal cord injury experience minimal muscle activity which compromises optimal glucose utilization and metabolic control. Acute or chronic muscle activity, induced through electrical stimulation, may regulate key genes that enhance oxidative metabolism in paralyzed muscle. We investigated the short and long term effects of electrically induced exercise on mRNA expression of human paralyzed muscle. We developed an exercise dose that activated the muscle for only 0.6% of the day. The short term effects were assessed 3 hours after a single dose of exercise, while the long term effects were assessed after training 5 days per week for at least one year (adherence 81%). We found a single dose of exercise regulated 117 biological pathways as compared to 35 pathways after one year of training. A single dose of electrical stimulation increased the mRNA expression of transcriptional, translational, and enzyme regulators of metabolism important to shift muscle toward an oxidative phenotype (PGC-1α, NR4A3, IFRD1, ABRA, PDK4). However, chronic training increased the mRNA expression of specific metabolic pathway genes (BRP44, BRP44L, SDHB, ACADVL), mitochondrial fission and fusion genes (MFF, MFN1, MFN2), and slow muscle fiber genes (MYH6, MYH7, MYL3, MYL2). These findings support that a dose of electrical stimulation (∼10 minutes/day) regulates metabolic gene signaling pathways in human paralyzed muscle. Regulating these pathways early after SCI may contribute to reducing diabetes in people with longstanding paralysis from SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Faidley
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Irisin and FNDC5: effects of 12-week strength training, and relations to muscle phenotype and body mass composition in untrained women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1875-88. [PMID: 24906447 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of strength training on abundances of irisin-related biomarkers in skeletal muscle and blood of untrained young women, and their associations with body mass composition, muscle phenotype and levels of thyroid hormones. METHODS Eighteen untrained women performed 12 weeks of progressive whole-body heavy strength training, with measurement of strength, body composition, expression of irisin-related genes (FNDC5 and PGC1α) in two different skeletal muscles, and levels of serum-irisin and -thyroid hormones, before and after the training intervention. RESULTS The strength training intervention did not result in changes in serum-irisin or muscle FNDC5 expression, despite considerable effects on strength, lean body mass (LBM) and skeletal muscle phenotype. Our data indicate that training affects irisin biology in a LBM-dependent manner. However, no association was found between steady-state serum-irisin or training-associated changes in serum-irisin and alterations in body composition. FNDC5 expression was higher in m.Biceps brachii than in m.Vastus lateralis, with individual expression levels being closely correlated, suggesting a systemic mode of transcriptional regulation. In pre-biopsies, FNDC5 expression was correlated with proportions of aerobic muscle fibers, a relationship that disappeared in post-biopsies. No association was found between serum-thyroid hormones and FNDC5 expression or serum-irisin. CONCLUSION No evidence was found for an effect of strength training on irisin biology in untrained women, though indications were found for a complex interrelationship between irisin, body mass composition and muscle phenotype. FNDC5 expression was closely associated with muscle fiber composition in untrained muscle.
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Matsumoto A, Fujita N, Arakawa T, Fujino H, Miki A. Influence of electrical stimulation on calpain and ubiquitin-proteasome systems in the denervated and unloaded rat tibialis anterior muscles. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:936-42. [PMID: 24745757 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The influence of electrical stimulation on calpain and ubiquitin-proteasome systems was examined in the denervated and unloaded tibialis anterior muscles of male Wistar rats. Animals were divided into 5 groups: control, denervation, denervation plus electrical stimulation, unloading, and hindlimb unloading plus electrical stimulation groups. Due to denervation and unloading for 14 days, muscle atrophy markedly occurred in the denervated and unloading animals, and the atrophy in the former was significantly more severe than that in the latter. In the denervated muscle, the atrophy was significantly attenuated by the electrical stimulation, but not in the unloaded muscle. Overexpression of calpain-2 and ubiquitinated proteins was observed only in denervated muscles. In the unloaded animals, though the expression level of calpain-2 appeared to be slightly higher than that in the control, the expression level of ubiquitinated proteins was almost the same as that in the control. The overexpression of calpain-1, calpain-2, and ubiquitinated proteins in the denervated muscle was inhibited by the electrical stimulation. However, there was no difference in these expressions between the unloaded and unloaded plus electrical stimulation groups. The mechanism of the preventive effect of the electrical stimulation on muscle atrophy might differ between the denervated and unloaded muscles.
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Petrie MA, Suneja M, Faidley E, Shields RK. Low force contractions induce fatigue consistent with muscle mRNA expression in people with spinal cord injury. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00248. [PMID: 24744911 PMCID: PMC3966256 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with muscle atrophy, transformation of muscle fibers to a fast fatigable phenotype, metabolic inflexibility (diabetes), and neurogenic osteoporosis. Electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscle may mitigate muscle metabolic abnormalities after SCI, but there is a risk for a fracture to the osteoporotic skeletal system. The goal of this study was to determine if low force stimulation (3 Hz) causes fatigue of chronically paralyzed muscle consistent with selected muscle gene expression profiles. We tested 29 subjects, nine with a SCI and 20 without and SCI, during low force fatigue protocol. Three SCI and three non-SCI subjects were muscle biopsied for gene and protein expression analysis. The fatigue index (FI) was 0.21 ± 0.27 and 0.91 ± 0.01 for the SCI and non-SCI groups, respectively, supporting that the low force protocol physiologically fatigued the chronically paralyzed muscle. The post fatigue potentiation index (PI) for the SCI group was increased to 1.60 ± 0.06 (P <0.001), while the non-SCI group was 1.26 ± 0.02 supporting that calcium handling was compromised with the low force stimulation. The mRNA expression from genes that regulate atrophy and fast properties (MSTN, ANKRD1, MYH8, and MYCBP2) was up regulated, while genes that regulate oxidative and slow muscle properties (MYL3, SDHB, PDK2, and RyR1) were repressed in the chronic SCI muscle. MSTN, ANKRD1, MYH8, MYCBP2 gene expression was also repressed 3 h after the low force stimulation protocol. Taken together, these findings support that a low force single twitch activation protocol induces paralyzed muscle fatigue and subsequent gene regulation. These findings suggest that training with a low force protocol may elicit skeletal muscle adaptations in people with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Elizabeth Faidley
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa ; Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
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Wu Y, Collier L, Qin W, Creasey G, Bauman WA, Jarvis J, Cardozo C. Electrical stimulation modulates Wnt signaling and regulates genes for the motor endplate and calcium binding in muscle of rats with spinal cord transection. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:81. [PMID: 23914941 PMCID: PMC3735397 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in muscle atrophy and a shift of slow oxidative to fast glycolytic fibers. Electrical stimulation (ES) at least partially restores muscle mass and fiber type distribution. The objective of this study was to was to characterize the early molecular adaptations that occur in rat soleus muscle after initiating isometric resistance exercise by ES for one hour per day for 1, 3 or 7 days when ES was begun 16 weeks after SCI. Additionally, changes in mRNA levels after ES were compared with those induced in soleus at the same time points after gastrocnemius tenotomy (GA). RESULTS ES increased expression of Hey1 and Pitx2 suggesting increased Notch and Wnt signaling, respectively, but did not normalize RCAN1.4, a measure of calcineurin/NFAT signaling, or PGC-1ß mRNA levels. ES increased PGC-1α expression but not that of slow myofibrillar genes. Microarray analysis showed that after ES, genes coding for calcium binding proteins and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were increased, and the expression of genes involved in blood vessel formation and morphogenesis was altered. Of the 165 genes altered by ES only 16 were also differentially expressed after GA, of which 12 were altered in the same direction by ES and GA. In contrast to ES, GA induced expression of genes related to oxidative phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Notch and Wnt signaling may be involved in ES-induced increases in the mass of paralyzed muscle. Molecular adaptations of paralyzed soleus to resistance exercise are delayed or defective compared to normally innervated muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of SCI, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Lauren Collier
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of SCI, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Weiping Qin
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of SCI, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Graham Creasey
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - William A Bauman
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of SCI, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Jarvis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher Cardozo
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of SCI, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Shields RK, Dudley-Javoroski S. Fatigue modulates synchronous but not asynchronous soleus activation during stimulation of paralyzed muscle. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1853-60. [PMID: 23673062 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrical stimulation over a motor nerve yields muscle force via a combination of direct and reflex-mediated activation. We determined the influence of fatigue on reflex-mediated responses induced during supra-maximal electrical stimulation in humans with complete paralysis. METHODS We analyzed soleus electromyographic (EMG) activity during repetitive stimulation (15 Hz, 125 contractions) in 22 individuals with complete paralysis. The bout of stimulation caused significant soleus muscle fatigue (53.1% torque decline). RESULTS Before fatigue, EMG at all latencies after the M-wave was less than 1% of the maximal M-wave amplitude (% MaxM). After fatigue there was a fourfold (p < 0.05) increase in EMG at the H-reflex latency; however, the overall magnitude remained low (< 2% change in % MaxM). There was no increase in "asynchronous" EMG ∼ 1 s after the stimulus train. CONCLUSIONS Fatigue enhanced the activation to the paralyzed soleus muscle, but primarily at the H-reflex latency. The overall influence of this reflex modulation was small. Soleus EMG was not elevated during fatigue at latencies consistent with asynchronous activation. SIGNIFICANCE These findings support synchronous reflex responses increase while random asynchronous reflex activation does not change during repetitive supra-maximal stimulation, offering a clinical strategy to consistently dose stress to paralyzed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Dudley-Javoroski S, Shields RK. Active-resisted stance modulates regional bone mineral density in humans with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2013; 36:191-9. [PMID: 23809588 PMCID: PMC3654444 DOI: 10.1179/2045772313y.0000000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In people with spinal cord injury (SCI), active-resisted stance using electrical stimulation of the quadriceps delivered a therapeutic stress to the femur (∼150% of body weight) and attenuated bone mineral density (BMD) decline. In standard densitometry protocols, BMD is averaged over the entire bone cross-section. An asymmetric adaptation to mechanical load may be masked by non-responding regions. The purpose of this study was to test a novel method to assess regional BMD of the femur in individuals with SCI. We hypothesize that there will be regional bone-sparing changes as a result of active-resisted stance. DESIGN Mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal. SETTING Research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twelve individuals with SCI and twelve non-SCI controls. INTERVENTION Individuals with SCI experienced active-resisted stance or passive stance for up to 3 years. OUTCOME MEASURES Peripheral quantitative computed tomography images from were partitioned so that femur anatomic quadrants could be separately analyzed. RESULTS Over 1.5 years, the slope of BMD decline over time was slower at all quadrants for the active-resisted stance limbs. At >2 years of training, BMD was significantly higher for the active-resisted stance group than for the passive stance group (P = 0.007). BMD was preferentially spared in the posterior quadrants of the femur with active-resisted stance. CONCLUSIONS A regional measurement technique revealed asymmetric femur BMD changes between passive stance and active-resisted stance. Future studies are now underway to better understand other regional changes in BMD after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard K. Shields
- Correspondence to: Richard K. Shields, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1190, USA.
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Effects of Continuous Passive Motion on Reversing the Adapted Spinal Circuit in Humans With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94:822-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tseng SC, Shields RK. Limb compressive load does not inhibit post activation depression of soleus H-reflex in indiviudals with chronic spinal cord injury. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 124:982-90. [PMID: 23168355 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of various doses of limb compressive load on soleus H-reflex amplitude and post activation depression in individuals with/without chronic SCI. We hypothesized that SCI reorganization changes the typical reflex response to an external load. METHODS Ten healthy adults and 10 individuals with SCI received three doses of compressive load to the top of their knee (10%, 25%, and 50% of the body weight, BW). Soleus H-reflexes were measured before (baseline) and during the loading phase. RESULTS With persistent background muscle activity across all testing sessions, segment compressive load significantly decreased post activation depression in the control group, but did not change the post activation ratio in the SCI group. Normalized H2 amplitude significantly increased according to load (50%> 25%> 10%) in the control group whereas was minimally modulated to load in those with SCI. CONCLUSIONS Segment compressive load inhibits post activation depression in humans without SCI, but minimally modulates the reflex circuitry in people with chronic SCI. These findings suggest that spinal cord reorganization mitigates the typical response to load in people with chronic SCI. SIGNIFICANCE Early limb load training may impact the reorganization of the spinal cord in humans with acute SCI.
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Chamney C, Godar M, Garrigan E, Huey KA. Effects of glutamine supplementation on muscle function and stress responses in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Exp Physiol 2012; 98:796-806. [PMID: 23143993 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.069658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in loss of muscle function due to rapid breakdown of contractile proteins. Glutamine supplementation improves clinical outcomes, but its effects on muscle function after SCI are unknown. The benefits of glutamine in non-skeletal muscle tissues involve elevated heat shock protein (Hsp)70 and Hsp25, but the muscle response may differ because it is the largest contributor to plasma glutamine. We tested the hypothesis that glutamine preserves muscle function after SCI and that this is associated with increased heat shock protein and reduced inflammatory factors, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Changes in plantarflexor force, fatigability and total myofibrillar, Hsp70, Hsp25, IL-6 and TNFα muscle protein levels were measured 7 days after sham or spinal cord transection surgery in mice receiving daily placebo or glutamine. Compared with placebo, after SCI glutamine significantly attenuated the reductions in maximal isometric force (0.22 ± 0.01 versus 0.31 ± 0.03 N, respectively) and fatigue resistance (34 ± 4 versus 59 ± 4% of initial force, respectively). Glutamine significantly ameliorated the loss of myofibrillar protein with spinal cord transection. Spinal cord transection was associated with decreased Hsp70 and Hsp25 with glutamine only (45 ± 3 and 44 ± 5% of placebo, respectively). Glutamine significantly reduced spinal cord transection-associated increases in IL-6 and TNFα compared with placebo (38 ± 6 and 37 ± 8% of placebo, respectively). Functionally, early reductions in contractile protein, force and fatigue resistance after SCI were reversed with glutamine. Spinal cord transection-associated reductions in Hsp70, Hsp25, IL-6 and TNFα with glutamine versus placebo suggest lower stress in the muscle, possibly related to a reduced need to produce glutamine. These findings support glutamine as a therapeutic intervention to accelerate recovery of muscle function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Chamney
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, 2507 University Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA
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Wu Y, Zhao J, Zhao W, Pan J, Bauman WA, Cardozo CP. Nandrolone normalizes determinants of muscle mass and fiber type after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1663-75. [PMID: 22208735 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in atrophy of skeletal muscle and changes from slow oxidative to fast glycolytic fibers, which may reflect reduced levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), increased myostatin signaling, or both. In animals, testosterone reduces loss of muscle fiber cross-sectional area and activity of enzymes of energy metabolism. To identify the molecular mechanisms behind the benefits of androgens on paralyzed muscle, male rats were spinal cord transected and treated for 8 weeks with vehicle, testosterone at a physiological replacement dose, or testosterone plus nandrolone, an anabolic steroid. Treatments were initiated immediately after SCI and continued until the day animals were euthanized. In the SCI animals, gastrocnemius muscle mass was significantly increased by testosterone plus nandrolone, but not by testosterone alone. Both treatments significantly reduced nuclear content of Smad2/3 and mRNA levels of activin receptor IIB and follistatin-like 3. Testosterone alone or with nandrolone reversed SCI-induced declines in cellular and nuclear levels of PGC-1α protein and PGC-1α mRNA levels. For PGC-1α target genes, testosterone plus nandrolone partially reversed SCI-induced decreases in levels of proteins without corresponding increases in their mRNA levels. Thus, the findings demonstrate that following SCI, signaling through activin receptors and Smad2/3 is increased, and that androgens suppress activation of this signaling pathway. The findings also indicate that androgens upregulate PGC-1α in paralyzed muscle and promote its nuclear localization, but that these effects are insufficient to fully activate transcription of PGC-1α target genes. Furthermore, the transcription of these genes is not tightly coupled with their translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of SCI, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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Limb segment load inhibits post activation depression of soleus H-reflex in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:1836-45. [PMID: 22418592 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of various doses of limb segment load on soleus H-reflex amplitude and post activation depression in healthy individuals. We also explored the influence of limb segment load on spinal circuitry in one individual with chronic SCI. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy adults and one SCI subject received compressive loads applied to the top of their knee at varied doses of load (10%, 25%, and 50% of the body weight). Soleus H-reflexes were measured before (baseline) and during the loading phase. RESULTS There were no significant differences in H-reflex amplitudes during the 50% BW load-on phase as compared to either baseline session or the load-off phase. However, the post activation depression was decreased over 9% (p<0.05) during the load-on phase compared to the load-off phase and scaled according to load (50%>25%>10%). The post activation depression ratio also appears less responsive to varying loads after chronic SCI. CONCLUSIONS Limb segment load decreases post-activation depression in humans. These findings suggest that the mechanism associated with post activation depression is modulated by limb segment load, and may be influenced by spinal reorganization after SCI. SIGNIFICANCE Future studies will determine if various levels of spasticity modulate the response of limb segment load on post activation depression in those with acute and chronic SCI.
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Limb segment vibration modulates spinal reflex excitability and muscle mRNA expression after spinal cord injury. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 123:558-68. [PMID: 21963319 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of various doses of vertical oscillation (vibration) on soleus H-reflex amplitude and post-activation depression in individuals with and without SCI. We also explored the acute effect of short-term limb vibration on skeletal muscle mRNA expression of genes associated with spinal plasticity. METHODS Six healthy adults and five chronic complete SCI subjects received vibratory stimulation of their tibia over three different gravitational accelerations (0.3g, 0.6g, and 1.2g) at a fixed frequency (30Hz). Soleus H-reflexes were measured before, during, and after vibration. Two additional chronic complete SCI subjects had soleus muscle biopsies 3h following a single bout of vibration. RESULTS H-reflex amplitude was depressed over 83% in both groups during vibration. This vibratory-induced inhibition lasted over 2min in the control group, but not in the SCI group. Post-activation depression was modulated during the long-lasting vibratory inhibition. A single bout of mechanical oscillation altered mRNA expression from selected genes associated with synaptic plasticity. CONCLUSIONS Vibration of the lower leg inhibits the H-reflex amplitude, influences post-activation depression, and alters skeletal muscle mRNA expression of genes associated with synaptic plasticity. SIGNIFICANCE Limb segment vibration may offer a long term method to reduce spinal reflex excitability after SCI.
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Kunkel SD, Suneja M, Ebert SM, Bongers KS, Fox DK, Malmberg SE, Alipour F, Shields RK, Adams CM. mRNA expression signatures of human skeletal muscle atrophy identify a natural compound that increases muscle mass. Cell Metab 2011; 13:627-38. [PMID: 21641545 PMCID: PMC3120768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common and debilitating condition that lacks a pharmacologic therapy. To develop a potential therapy, we identified 63 mRNAs that were regulated by fasting in both human and mouse muscle, and 29 mRNAs that were regulated by both fasting and spinal cord injury in human muscle. We used these two unbiased mRNA expression signatures of muscle atrophy to query the Connectivity Map, which singled out ursolic acid as a compound whose signature was opposite to those of atrophy-inducing stresses. A natural compound enriched in apples, ursolic acid reduced muscle atrophy and stimulated muscle hypertrophy in mice. It did so by enhancing skeletal muscle insulin/IGF-I signaling and inhibiting atrophy-associated skeletal muscle mRNA expression. Importantly, ursolic acid's effects on muscle were accompanied by reductions in adiposity, fasting blood glucose, and plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. These findings identify a potential therapy for muscle atrophy and perhaps other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Kunkel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Scott M. Ebert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Kale S. Bongers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Daniel K. Fox
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Sharon E. Malmberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Fariborz Alipour
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Richard K. Shields
- Graduate Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Christopher M. Adams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246
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