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Guan Z, Liang Y, Wang X, Zhu Z, Yang A, Li S, Yu J, Niu B, Wang J. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Clinical Drugs-Induced Neural Tube Defects Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analysis. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3709-3722. [PMID: 35960485 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate (MTX), raltitrexed (RTX), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), hydroxyurea (HU), and retinoic acid (RA), and valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic drug, all can cause malformations in the developing central nervous system (CNS), such as neural tube defects (NTDs). However, the common pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of NTDs caused by MTX, RTX, 5-FU, HU, RA, and VPA (MRFHRV), based on network pharmacology and molecular biology experiments. The MRFHRV targets were integrated with disease targets, to find the potential molecules related to MRFHRV-induced NTDs. Protein-protein interaction analysis and molecular docking were performed to analyze these common targets. Utilizing the kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) signaling pathways, we analyzed and searched the possible causative pathogenic mechanisms by crucial targets and the signaling pathway. Results showed that MRFHRV induced NTDs through several key targets (including TP53, MAPK1, HSP90AA1, ESR1, GRB2, HDAC1, EGFR, PIK3CA, RXRA, and FYN) and multiple signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting that abnormal proliferation and differentiation could be critical pathogenic contributors in NTDs induced by MRFHRV. These results were further validated by CCK8 assay in mouse embryonic stem cells and GFAP staining in embryonic brain tissue. This study indicated that chemotherapeutic and antiepileptic agents induced NTDs might through predicted targets TP53, MAPK1, GRB2, HDAC1, EGFR, PIK3CA, RXRA, and FYN and multiple signaling pathways. More caution was required for the clinical administration for women with childbearing potential and pregnant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guan
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yingchao Liang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xiuwei Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Aiyun Yang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Shen Li
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jialu Yu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Bo Niu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Reduces Neuroinflammation but Does Not Support Long Term Functional Recovery of Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071501. [PMID: 35884805 PMCID: PMC9313003 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) reduces cell death under oxidative stress and inflammation. Implants of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (bmSC) are currently under investigation in clinical trials of spinal cord injury (SCI). Since cell death of injected bmSC limits the efficacy of this treatment, the cytoprotective effect of TUDCA may enhance its benefit. We therefore studied the therapeutic effect of TUDCA and its use as a combinatorial treatment with human bmSC in a rat model of SCI. A spinal cord contusion injury was induced at thoracic level T9. Treatment consisted of i.p. injections of TUDCA alone or in combination with one injection of human bmSC into the cisterna magna. The recovery of motor functions was assessed during a surveillance period of six weeks. Biochemical and histological analysis of spinal cord tissue confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of TUDCA. Treatment improved the recovery of autonomic bladder control and had a positive effect on motor functions in the subacute phase, however, benefits were only transient, such that no significant differences between vehicle and TUDCA-treated animals were observed 1–6 weeks after the lesion. Combinatorial treatment with TUDCA and bmSC failed to have an additional effect compared to treatment with bmSC only. Our data do not support the use of TUDCA as a treatment of SCI.
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Tian Y, Liu B, Li Y, Zhang Y, Shao J, Wu P, Xu C, Chen G, Shi H. Activation of RARα Receptor Attenuates Neuroinflammation After SAH via Promoting M1-to-M2 Phenotypic Polarization of Microglia and Regulating Mafb/Msr1/PI3K-Akt/NF-κB Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:839796. [PMID: 35237277 PMCID: PMC8882645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.839796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening subtype of stroke with high rates of mortality. In the early stages of SAH, neuroinflammation is one of the important mechanisms leading to brain injury after SAH. In various central nervous system diseases, activation of RARα receptor has been proven to demonstrate neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of RARα receptor activation after SAH. Methods Internal carotid artery puncture method used to established SAH model in Sprague-Dawley rats. The RARα specific agonist Am80 was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour after SAH. AGN196996 (specific RARα inhibitor), Msr1 siRNA and LY294002 (PI3K-Akt inhibitor) were administered via the lateral ventricle before SAH. Evaluation SAH grade, neurological function score, blood-brain barrier permeability. BV2 cells and SH-SY5Y cells were co-cultured and stimulated by oxyhemoglobin to establish an in vitro model of SAH. RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were used to investigate pathway-related proteins, microglia activation and inflammatory response. Results: The expression of RARα, Mafb, and Msr1 increased in rat brain tissue after SAH. Activation of the RARα receptor with Am80 improved neurological deficits and attenuated brain edema, blood brain barrier permeability. Am80 increased the expression of Mafb and Msr1, and reduced neuroinflammation by enhancing the phosphorylation of Akt and by inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF-κB. AGN196996, Msr1 siRNA, and LY294002 reversed the therapeutic effects of Am80 by reducing the expression of Msr1 and the phosphorylation of Akt. In vitro model of SAH, Am80 promoted M1-to-M2 phenotypic polarization in microglia and suppressed the nuclear transcription of NF-κB. Conclusion Activation of the RARα receptor attenuated neuroinflammation by promoting M1-to-M2 phenotypic polarization in microglia and regulating the Mafb/Msr1/PI3K-Akt/NF-κB pathway. RARα might serve as a potential target for SAH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Binbing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiang Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangduo Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Huaizhang Shi,
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Research Progress in Vitamin A and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behav Neurol 2021; 2021:5417497. [PMID: 34917197 PMCID: PMC8670912 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5417497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. Over the past few decades, many studies have investigated the effects of VA supplementation in ASD patients and the relationship between vitamin A (VA) levels and ASD. VA is an essential micronutrient that plays an important role in various systems and biological processes in the form of retinoic acid (RA). Recent studies have shown that serum VA concentration is negatively correlated with the severity of ASD. The lack of VA during pregnancy or early fetal development can affect brain development and lead to long-term or even permanent impairment in the learning process, memory formation, and cognitive function. In addition, VA deficiency has been reported to have a major impact on the gastrointestinal function of children with ASD, while VA supplementation has been shown to improve the symptoms of ASD to a certain extent. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the relationship between VA and ASD.
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Yu P, Yang K, Jiang M. RXR α Blocks Nerve Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury by Targeting p66shc. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8253742. [PMID: 33628383 PMCID: PMC7889345 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8253742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury is regulated by many factors. Studies have found that the expression of retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) does not change significantly after spinal cord injury but that the distribution of RXRα in cells changes significantly. In undamaged tissues, RXRα is distributed in motor neurons and the cytoplasm of glial cells. RXRα migrates to the nucleus of surviving neurons after injury, indicating that RXRα is involved in the regulation of gene expression after spinal cord injury. p66shc is an important protein that regulates cell senescence and oxidative stress. It can induce the apoptosis and necrosis of many cell types, promoting body aging. The absence of p66shc enhances the resistance of cells to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus prolongs life. It has been found that p66shc deletion can promote hippocampal neurogenesis and play a neuroprotective role in mice with multiple sclerosis. To verify the function of RXRα after spinal cord injury, we established a rat T9 spinal cord transection model. After RXRα agonist or antagonist administration, we found that RXRα agonists inhibited nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury, while RXRα antagonists promoted the regeneration of injured neurites and the recovery of motor function in rats. The results showed that RXRα played an impeding role in repair after spinal cord injury. Immunofluorescence staining showed that p66shc expression was upregulated in neurons after spinal cord injury (in vivo and in vitro) and colocalized with RXRα. RXRα overexpression in cultured neurons promoted the expression of p66shc, while RXRα interference inhibited the expression of p66shc. Using a luciferase assay, we found that RXRα could bind to the promoter region of p66shc and regulate the expression of p66shc, thereby regulating nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury. The above results showed that RXRα inhibited nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury by promoting p66shc expression, and interference with RXRα or p66shc promoted functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 97 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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Fitz NF, Nam KN, Koldamova R, Lefterov I. Therapeutic targeting of nuclear receptors, liver X and retinoid X receptors, for Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3599-3610. [PMID: 30924124 PMCID: PMC6715597 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After 15 years of research into Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics, including billions of US dollars provided by federal agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and private foundations, there are still no meaningful therapies that can delay the onset or slow the progression of AD. An understanding of the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the hypothesis that pathogenic mechanisms in familial and sporadic forms of AD are very similar led to the assumption that pharmacological inhibition of secretases or immunological approaches to clear amyloid depositions in the brain would have been the core to drug discovery strategies and successful therapies. However, there are other understudied approaches including targeting genes, gene networks, and metabolic pathways outside the proteolytic processing of APP. The advancement of newly developed sequencing technologies and mass spectrometry, as well as the availability of animal models expressing human apolipoprotein E isoforms, has been critical in rationalizing additional AD therapeutics. The purpose of this review is to present one of those approaches, based on the role of ligand-activated nuclear liver X and retinoid X receptors in the brain. This therapeutic approach was initially proposed utilizing in vitro models 15 years ago and has since been examined in numerous studies using AD-like mouse models. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Fitz
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyong Nyon Nam
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Iliya Lefterov
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Tu WJ, Qiu HC, Zhang Y, Cao JL, Wang H, Zhao JZ, Liu Q, Zeng X. Lower serum retinoic acid level for prediction of higher risk of mortality in ischemic stroke. Neurology 2019; 92:e1678-e1687. [PMID: 30850446 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the association between serum retinoic acid (RA) level in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and mortality risk in the 6 months after admission. METHODS From January 2015 through December 2016, patients admitted to 3 stroke centers in China for first-ever AIS were screened. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in the 6 months after admission. The significance of serum RA level, NIH Stroke Scale score, and established risk factors in predicting mortality were determined. The integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) and net reclassification improvement (NRI) statistics were applied in statistical analysis. RESULTS Of the 1,530 patients enrolled, 325 died within 6 months of admission, with an all-cause mortality of 21.2% and CVD-related mortality of 13.1%. In multivariable analysis, RA levels were expressed as quartiles with the clinical variables. The results of the second to fourth quartiles (Q2-Q4) were compared with the first quartile (Q1); RA levels showed prognostic significance, with decreased all-cause and CVD mortality of 55% and 63%, respectively. After RA was added to the existing risk factors, all-cause mortality could be better reclassified, in association with only the NRI statistic (p = 0.005); CVD mortality could be better reclassified with significance, in association with both the IDI and NRI statistics (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Low circulating levels of RA were associated with increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in a cohort of patients with first-incidence AIS, indicating that RA level could be a predictor independent of established conventional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Tu
- From the Institute of Radiation Medicine (W.-J.T., H.W., Q.L.), China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., H.-C.Q., J.-Z.Z.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., X.Z.), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province; Department of Vascular Neurosurgery (H.-C.Q., Y.Z.), New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing; and Department of Cardiology (J.l.-C.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han-Cheng Qiu
- From the Institute of Radiation Medicine (W.-J.T., H.W., Q.L.), China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., H.-C.Q., J.-Z.Z.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., X.Z.), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province; Department of Vascular Neurosurgery (H.-C.Q., Y.Z.), New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing; and Department of Cardiology (J.l.-C.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- From the Institute of Radiation Medicine (W.-J.T., H.W., Q.L.), China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., H.-C.Q., J.-Z.Z.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., X.Z.), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province; Department of Vascular Neurosurgery (H.-C.Q., Y.Z.), New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing; and Department of Cardiology (J.l.-C.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Lei Cao
- From the Institute of Radiation Medicine (W.-J.T., H.W., Q.L.), China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., H.-C.Q., J.-Z.Z.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., X.Z.), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province; Department of Vascular Neurosurgery (H.-C.Q., Y.Z.), New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing; and Department of Cardiology (J.l.-C.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Wang
- From the Institute of Radiation Medicine (W.-J.T., H.W., Q.L.), China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., H.-C.Q., J.-Z.Z.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., X.Z.), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province; Department of Vascular Neurosurgery (H.-C.Q., Y.Z.), New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing; and Department of Cardiology (J.l.-C.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Zong Zhao
- From the Institute of Radiation Medicine (W.-J.T., H.W., Q.L.), China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., H.-C.Q., J.-Z.Z.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., X.Z.), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province; Department of Vascular Neurosurgery (H.-C.Q., Y.Z.), New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing; and Department of Cardiology (J.l.-C.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- From the Institute of Radiation Medicine (W.-J.T., H.W., Q.L.), China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., H.-C.Q., J.-Z.Z.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., X.Z.), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province; Department of Vascular Neurosurgery (H.-C.Q., Y.Z.), New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing; and Department of Cardiology (J.l.-C.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xianwei Zeng
- From the Institute of Radiation Medicine (W.-J.T., H.W., Q.L.), China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., H.-C.Q., J.-Z.Z.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing; Department of Neurosurgery (W.-J.T., X.Z.), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province; Department of Vascular Neurosurgery (H.-C.Q., Y.Z.), New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing; and Department of Cardiology (J.l.-C.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Das BC, Dasgupta S, Ray SK. Potential therapeutic roles of retinoids for prevention of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1880-1892. [PMID: 31290437 PMCID: PMC6676868 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.259604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
All retinoids, which can be natural and synthetic, are chemically related to vitamin A. Both natural and synthetic retinoids use specific nuclear receptors such as retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors to activate specific signaling pathways in the cells. Retinoic acid signaling is extremely important in the central nervous system. Impairment of retinoic acid signaling pathways causes severe pathological processes in the central nervous system, especially in the adult brain. Retinoids have major roles in neural patterning, differentiation, axon outgrowth in normal development, and function of the brain. Impaired retinoic acid signaling results in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial malfunction, and neurodegeneration leading to progressive Alzheimer's disease, which is pathologically characterized by extra-neuronal accumulation of amyloid plaques (aggregated amyloid-beta) and intra-neurofibrillary tangles (hyperphosphorylated tau protein) in the temporal lobe of the brain. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and loss of memory in old adults. Inactive cholinergic neurotransmission is responsible for cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease patients. Deficiency or deprivation of retinoic acid in mice is associated with loss of spatial learning and memory. Retinoids inhibit expression of chemokines and neuroinflammatory cytokines in microglia and astrocytes, which are activated in Alzheimer's disease. Stimulation of retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors slows down accumulation of amyloids, reduces neurodegeneration, and thereby prevents pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease in mice. In this review, we described chemistry and biochemistry of some natural and synthetic retinoids and potentials of retinoids for prevention of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar C Das
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Somsankar Dasgupta
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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Decreased levels of serum retinoic acid in chinese children with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:469-473. [PMID: 30195740 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies framed a possible link of retinoic acid (RA) regulation in brain to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) etiology. The aim of this study was to measure serum levels of RA in relation to the degree of the severity of autism. Serum RA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) colorimetric detection Kit in 81 children with autism and 81 age-sex matched typical development children. The severity of autistic symptomatology was measured by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) score using the Chinese version. The serum levels of RA in the children with ASD (1.68 ± 0.52 ng/ml) were significantly lower than those of control subjects (2.13 ± 0.71 ng/ml) (P < 0.001). At admission, 57 children (70.4%) had a severe autism. In those children, the mean serum RA levels were lower than in those children with mild to moderate autism (1.57 ± 0.47 ng/ml VS. 1.95 ± 0.55 ng/ml; P = 0.003). Furthermore, in multivariate model, low RA level was associated with having/the presence of ASD (adjusted odd ratio[OR] 0.516; P = 0.003) and severe ASD (OR 0.415; P = 0.015) after adjusted for confounding factors. The data suggested that serum RA levels were reduced in the group with ASD, and the levels negative correlated significantly with the severity of autism.
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Gkikas D, Tsampoula M, Politis PK. Nuclear receptors in neural stem/progenitor cell homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4097-4120. [PMID: 28638936 PMCID: PMC11107725 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, embryonic and adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) generate the enormous variety and huge numbers of neuronal and glial cells that provide structural and functional support in the brain and spinal cord. Over the last decades, nuclear receptors and their natural ligands have emerged as critical regulators of NSC homeostasis during embryonic development and adult life. Furthermore, substantial progress has been achieved towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms of nuclear receptors action in proliferative and differentiation capacities of NSCs. Aberrant expression or function of nuclear receptors in NSCs also contributes to the pathogenesis of various nervous system diseases. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory roles of steroid, non-steroid, and orphan nuclear receptors in NSC fate decisions. These studies establish nuclear receptors as key therapeutic targets in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Tsampoula
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
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Anti-Inflammatory Strategy for M2 Microglial Polarization Using Retinoic Acid-Loaded Nanoparticles. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:6742427. [PMID: 29138531 PMCID: PMC5613690 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6742427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms triggered by microglial cells are involved in the pathophysiology of several brain disorders, hindering repair. Herein, we propose the use of retinoic acid-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (RA-NP) as a means to modulate microglia response towards an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective phenotype (M2). RA-NP were first confirmed to be internalized by N9 microglial cells; nanoparticles did not affect cell survival at concentrations below 100 μg/mL. Then, immunocytochemical studies were performed to assess the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Our results show that RA-NP inhibited LPS-induced release of nitric oxide and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and promoted arginase-1 and interleukin-4 production. Additionally, RA-NP induced a ramified microglia morphology (indicative of M2 state), promoting tissue viability, particularly neuronal survival, and restored the expression of postsynaptic protein-95 in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures exposed to an inflammatory challenge. RA-NP also proved to be more efficient than the free equivalent RA concentration. Altogether, our data indicate that RA-NP may be envisioned as a promising therapeutic agent for brain inflammatory diseases.
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12
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Li Y, Gao X, Wang Q, Yang Y, Liu H, Zhang B, Li L. Retinoic acid protects from experimental cerebral infarction by upregulating GAP-43 expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e5561. [PMID: 28380213 PMCID: PMC5423748 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20175561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether exogenous retinoic acid (RA) can upregulate the mRNA and protein expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), thereby promoting brain functional recovery in a rat distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemia. A total of 216 male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 300–320 g were divided into 3 groups: sham-operated group, MCAO+vehicle group and MCAO+RA group. Focal cortical infarction was induced with a distal MCAO model. The expression of GAP-43 mRNA and protein in the ipsilateral perifocal region was assessed using qPCR and immunocytochemistry at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after distal MCAO. In addition, an intraperitoneal injection of RA was given 12 h before MCAO and continued every day until the animal was sacrificed. Following ischemia, the expression of GAP-43 first increased considerably and then decreased. Administration of RA reduced infarction volume, promoted neurological functional recovery and upregulated expression of GAP-43. Administration of RA can ameliorate neuronal damage and promote nerve regeneration by upregulating the expression of GAP-43 in the perifocal region after distal MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Southern Medical University Zhu Jiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Gao
- Department of Neurology, Southern Medical University Zhu Jiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Q Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Southern Medical University Zhu Jiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Southern Medical University Zhu Jiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - B Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Pistone A, Sagnella A, Chieco C, Bertazza G, Varchi G, Formaggio F, Posati T, Saracino E, Caprini M, Bonetti S, Toffanin S, Di Virgilio N, Muccini M, Rossi F, Ruani G, Zamboni R, Benfenati V. Silk fibroin film from golden-yellow Bombyx mori is a biocomposite that contains lutein and promotes axonal growth of primary neurons. Biopolymers 2016; 105:287-99. [PMID: 26756916 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of doped silk fibroin (SF) films and substrates from Bombyx mori cocoons for green nanotechnology and biomedical applications has been recently highlighted. Cocoons from coloured strains of B. mori, such as Golden-Yellow, contain high levels of pigments that could have a huge potential for the fabrication of SF based biomaterials targeted to photonics, optoelectronics and neuroregenerative medicine. However, the features of extracted and regenerated SF from cocoons of B. mori Golden-Yellow strain have never been reported. Here we provide a chemophysical characterization of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) fibers, solution, and films obtained from cocoons of a Golden-Yellow strain of B. mori, by SEM, (1) H-NMR, HPLC, FT-IR, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy. We found that the extracted solution and films from B. mori Golden-Yellow fibroin displayed typical Raman spectroscopic and optical features of carotenoids. HPLC-analyses revealed that lutein was the carotenoid contained in the fiber and RSF biopolymer from yellow cocoons. Notably, primary neurons cultured on yellow SF displayed a threefold higher neurite length than those grown of white SF films. The results we report pave the way to expand the potential use of yellow SF in the field of neuroregenerative medicine and provide green chemistry approaches in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Pistone
- Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy.,Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Anna Sagnella
- Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy.,Laboratory MIST E-R, via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Camilla Chieco
- Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBIMET), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Bertazza
- Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBIMET), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Francesco Formaggio
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Tamara Posati
- Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Marco Caprini
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, via S. Donato 19/2, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Simone Bonetti
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Virgilio
- Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBIMET), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Federica Rossi
- Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBIMET), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Giampiero Ruani
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
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New Insights Into the Roles of Retinoic Acid Signaling in Nervous System Development and the Establishment of Neurotransmitter Systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 330:1-84. [PMID: 28215529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Secreted chiefly from the underlying mesoderm, the morphogen retinoic acid (RA) is well known to contribute to the specification, patterning, and differentiation of neural progenitors in the developing vertebrate nervous system. Furthermore, RA influences the subtype identity and neurotransmitter phenotype of subsets of maturing neurons, although relatively little is known about how these functions are mediated. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the roles played by RA signaling during the formation of the central and peripheral nervous systems of vertebrates and highlights its effects on the differentiation of several neurotransmitter systems. In addition, the evolutionary history of the RA signaling system is discussed, revealing both conserved properties and alternate modes of RA action. It is proposed that comparative approaches should be employed systematically to expand our knowledge of the context-dependent cellular mechanisms controlled by the multifunctional signaling molecule RA.
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15
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All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis and memory impairment in aged rats. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 300:21-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Exogenous Modulation of Retinoic Acid Signaling Affects Adult RGC Survival in the Frog Visual System after Optic Nerve Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162626. [PMID: 27611191 PMCID: PMC5017682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
After lesions to the mammalian optic nerve, the great majority of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) die before their axons have even had a chance to regenerate. Frog RGCs, on the other hand, suffer only an approximately 50% cell loss, and we have previously investigated the mechanisms by which the application of growth factors can increase their survival rate. Retinoic acid (RA) is a vitamin A-derived lipophilic molecule that plays major roles during development of the nervous system. The RA signaling pathway is also present in parts of the adult nervous system, and components of it are upregulated after injury in peripheral nerves but not in the CNS. Here we investigate whether RA signaling affects long-term RGC survival at 6 weeks after axotomy. Intraocular injection of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) type-α agonist AM80, the RARβ agonist CD2314, or the RARγ agonist CD1530, returned axotomized RGC numbers to almost normal levels. On the other hand, inhibition of RA synthesis with disulfiram, or of RAR receptors with the pan-RAR antagonist Ro-41-5253, or the RARβ antagonist LE135E, greatly reduced the survival of the axotomized neurons. Axotomy elicited a strong activation of the MAPK, STAT3 and AKT pathways; this activation was prevented by disulfiram or by RAR antagonists. Finally, addition of exogenous ATRA stimulated the activation of the first two of these pathways. Future experiments will investigate whether these strong survival-promoting effects of RA are mediated via the upregulation of neurotrophins.
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Kelly KK, MacPherson AM, Grewal H, Strnad F, Jones JW, Yu J, Pierzchalski K, Kane MA, Herson PS, Siegenthaler JA. Col1a1+ perivascular cells in the brain are a source of retinoic acid following stroke. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:49. [PMID: 27422020 PMCID: PMC4947279 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perivascular stromal cells (PSCs) are a recently identified cell type that comprises a small percentage of the platelet derived growth factor receptor-β+ cells within the CNS perivascular space. PSCs are activated following injury to the brain or spinal cord, expand in number and contribute to fibrotic scar formation within the injury site. Beyond fibrosis, their high density in the lesion core makes them a potential significant source of signals that act on neural cells adjacent to the lesion site. Results Our developmental analysis of PSCs, defined by expression of Collagen1a1 in the maturing brain, revealed that PSCs first appear postnatally and may originate from the meninges. PSCs express many of the same markers as meningeal fibroblasts, including expression of the retinoic acid (RA) synthesis proteins Raldh1 and Raldh2. Using a focal brain ischemia injury model to induce PSC activation and expansion, we show a substantial increase in Raldh1+/Raldh2+ PSCs and Raldh1+ activated macrophages in the lesion core. We find that RA levels are significantly elevated in the ischemic hemisphere and induce signaling in astrocytes and neurons in the peri-infarct region. Conclusions This study highlights a dual role for activated, non-neural cells where PSCs deposit fibrotic ECM proteins and, along with macrophages, act as a potentially important source of RA, a potent signaling molecule that could influence recovery events in a neuroprotective fashion following brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen K Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave MS-8313, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Amber M MacPherson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave MS-8313, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Himmat Grewal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Frank Strnad
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jace W Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jianshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Neuronal Injury Program, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Julie A Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave MS-8313, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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18
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Hamed EA, Mohamed Farghaly HS, Abdel Mola AF, Fahmi MK, Makhlouf MM, Balfas MA. Role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, stromal derived factor-1 and retinoic acid in pathophysiology of neuropathic pain in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:411-24. [PMID: 26974138 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines have been recently recognized to play a role in chronic pain syndromes' pathophysiology. This study investigated the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1), and retinoic acid (RA) as targets for the therapeutic approach of neuropathic pain. METHODS A chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain by unilateral ligation of left sciatic nerve was performed in adult female Wistar rats. The effects of doxycycline (Dox, 50 mg/kg/day i.p. for 7 days), single dose of bicyclam (5 mg/kg i.p.), RA (15 mg/kg/day i.p. for 7 days), and their combination(s) on behavioral tests of nociception (Von Frey filaments; paw pressure test) on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 of operation were studied. Serum concentrations of MCP-1 and SDF-1 were measured by ELISA. Histological examination of the sciatic nerve was investigated. RESULTS CCI of sciatic nerve significantly induced mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia and an increase of MCP-1 and SDF-1 serum levels. Dox-treated groups (Dox, Dox+bicyclam, Dox+RA, Dox+bicyclam+RA) and bicyclam-treated groups (bicyclam, Dox+bicyclam, bicyclam+RA, Dox+bicyclam+RA) attenuated CCI-induced behavioral and biochemical changes. RA inhibited CCI-induced mechanical hyperalgesia but produced a time-dependent reversal of allodynia. Histological findings showed degenerative changes of sciatic nerve after CCI that were partially recovered in Dox-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate an association between serum MCP-1 and SDF-1 concentrations and behavioral manifestations of neuropathic pain. RA administration decreased neuropathic pain (antihyperalgesic effect) but did not cause any improvement in sciatic nerve tissues, either alone or in combination with chemokine antagonists. Thus, chemokines may serve as potential targets for drug development in neuropathic pain treatment.
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Mitogen-activated protein kinases regulate expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and neurite outgrowth via non-classical retinoic acid receptor signaling in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 129:119-26. [PMID: 26422672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that retinoic acid receptor (RAR) stimulation by an agonist Am80 recruits nitric oxide-dependent signaling via increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in rat midbrain slice cultures. Using neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, here we investigated the mechanisms of RAR-induced nNOS expression, together with relationship between nNOS expression and neurite outgrowth. Am80 promoted neurite outgrowth, which was attenuated by inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K; LY294002), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK; SP600125) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK; SB203580). A selective nNOS inhibitor 3-bromo-nitroindazole also suppressed Am80-induced neurite outgrowth. Am80-induced increase in nNOS protein expression was attenuated by LY294002, SP600125 and SB203580, whereas increase in nNOS mRNA expression was attenuated only by LY294002. Am80-induced activation of JNK and p38 MAPK was blocked by LY294002, suggesting that these kinases acted downstream of PI3K. We also confirmed that DAX1, a nuclear receptor reported to regulate nNOS expression, was up-regulated in response to Am80. siRNA-mediated knockdown of DAX1 abrogated Am80-induced nNOS expression and neurite outgrowth. These results reveal for the first time that nNOS expression is crucial for RAR-mediated neurite outgrowth, and that non-genomic signaling such as JNK and p38 MAPK is involved in RAR-mediated nNOS expression.
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Kruczek D, Clarner T, Beyer C, Kipp M, Mey J. Activation of Nuclear Receptors RAR, RXR, and LXR Does Not Reduce Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination in Mice. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.11131/2015/101163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Clarner
- Institut für Neuroanatomie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institut für Neuroanatomie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institut für Neuroanatomie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Germany
- Lehrstuhl II – Neuroanatomie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Jörg Mey
- Institut für Biologie II, RWTH Aachen, Germany
- Laboratorio Regeneraci73243;n Nerviosa, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
- EURON Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
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Bui-Göbbels K, Quintela RM, Bräunig P, Mey J. Is retinoic acid a signal for nerve regeneration in insects? Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:901-3. [PMID: 26199605 PMCID: PMC4498350 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.158349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Bräunig
- Institut für Biologie II, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Jörg Mey
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
- Euron Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Kathirvelu B, Carmichael ST. Intracerebral hemorrhage in mouse models: therapeutic interventions and functional recovery. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:449-59. [PMID: 24810632 PMCID: PMC4226812 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There has been strong pre-clinical research on mechanisms of initial cell death and tissue injury in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This data has led to the evaluation of several therapeutics for neuroprotection or the mitigation of early tissue damage. Most of these studies have been done in the rat. Also, there has been little study of the mechanisms of tissue repair and recovery. This review examines the testing of candidate therapeutics in mouse models of ICH for their effect on tissue protection and repair. This review will help the readers compare it to the extensively researched rat model of ICH and thus enhance work that are pending in mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Kathirvelu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA,
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Niapour N, Niapour A, Sheikhkanloui Milan H, Amani M, Salehi H, Najafzadeh N, Gholami MR. All trans retinoic acid modulates peripheral nerve fibroblasts viability and apoptosis. Tissue Cell 2014; 47:61-5. [PMID: 25532484 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Following peripheral nerve injury, residing fibroblasts start to proliferate and accumulate at the injury site and may participate in neuroma tissue evolution. Retinoic acid has been shown to regulate many cellular processes and to display anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on rat peripheral nerve fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral nerve fibroblasts and C166 cells were treated with increasing doses of ATRA (0.05 nM to 1 μM). The viability of cells was determined with 3-(4,5-dimethlthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In addition, the number of peripheral nerve fibroblasts was counted after two days of ATRA treatment and alternatively up to the end of next week. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining was implemented to morphologically visualize the possible mechanism of cell death. For apoptosis, caspase 3/7 activity was measured using Caspase-Glo 3/7 assay kit. RESULTS MTT assay revealed that 0.05-1 nM of ATRA reduces fibroblasts viabilities. Then, almost a plateau state was observed from 1 nM to 1 μM of ATRA exposure. Additionally, a deceleration in peripheral nerve fibroblasts growth was confirmed via cell counting. Quantification of acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining displayed highly increased number of early apoptotic cells following ATRA administration. Amplified activation of caspase 3/7 was in favor of apoptosis in ATRA treated peripheral nerve fibroblasts. CONCLUSION The data from the present study demonstrate that ATRA could interfere in peripheral nerve fibroblasts viabilities and induce apoptosis. Although more investigations are needed to be implemented, our in vitro results indicate that retinoic acid can probably help the regeneration of injured axon via reducing of fibroblasts growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Niapour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Niapour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Amani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nowrouz Najafzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Gholami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Sodhi RK, Singh N. Retinoids as potential targets for Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 120:117-23. [PMID: 24582848 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives, the retinoids, modulate several physiological and pathological processes through their interactions with nuclear retinoid receptor proteins termed as retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). An increasing body of evidence signifies the existence of retinoid signaling in diverse brain areas including cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and striatum suggesting its involvement in adult brain functions. Defective retinoid signaling has been evidenced in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Reports demonstrate that vitamin A deprived mice exhibit serious defects in spatial learning and memory signifying its importance in the maintenance of memory functions. Retinoid signaling impacts the development of AD pathology through multiple pathways. Ligand activation of RAR and RXR in APP/PS1 transgenic mice ameliorated the symptoms of AD and reduced amyloid accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Retinoids also reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by astrocytes and the microglia. Studies also suggest that neuronal cell lines treated with retinoid agonists exhibit an up-regulation in the expression and activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Reports depict that retinoic acid isomers enhance, the expression of genes linked with cholesterol efflux e.g. apoe, abca-1 and abcg-1 proteins in astrocytes. Furthermore numerous studies also indicate antioxidant potential of retinoids. Through this review we concisely summarize the biology of retinoids, emphasizing on their probable neuroprotective mechanisms that will help to elucidate the pivotal role of these receptors in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder K Sodhi
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002 Punjab, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002 Punjab, India.
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Blum N, Begemann G. The roles of endogenous retinoid signaling in organ and appendage regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3907-27. [PMID: 23479131 PMCID: PMC11113817 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to regenerate injured or lost body parts has been an age-old ambition of medical science. In contrast to humans, teleost fish and urodele amphibians can regrow almost any part of the body with seeming effortlessness. Retinoic acid is a molecule that has long been associated with these impressive regenerative capacities. The discovery 30 years ago that addition of retinoic acid to regenerating amphibian limbs causes "super-regeneration" initiated investigations into the presumptive roles of retinoic acid in regeneration of appendages and other organs. However, the evidence favoring or dismissing a role for endogenous retinoids in regeneration processes remained sparse and ambiguous. Now, the availability of genetic tools to manipulate and visualize the retinoic acid signaling pathway has opened up new routes to dissect its roles in regeneration. Here, we review the current understanding on endogenous functions of retinoic acid in regeneration and discuss key questions to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Blum
- Developmental Biology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gerrit Begemann
- Developmental Biology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Fandel D, Wasmuht D, Avila-Martín G, Taylor JS, Galán-Arriero I, Mey J. Spinal cord injury induced changes of nuclear receptors PPARα and LXRβ and modulation with oleic acid/albumin treatment. Brain Res 2013; 1535:89-105. [PMID: 23958344 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies with animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) pharmacological activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) and liver X receptors (LXR) were used to reduce tissue damage and promote behavioral recovery in animal models. We have studied the endogenous expression of the transcription factors PPARα and LXRβ in the chronic stage after SCI in rats. The immunohistochemical investigation revealed a long lasting increase in the level of PPARα in white matter in the vicinity of the lesion site. The source of this signal was identified in a subpopulation of astrocytes outside of the glial scar area. Intrathecal injections of oleic acid/albumin reduced the lesion-induced PPARα immunoreactivity. In addition, ependymal cells displayed a prominent PPARα signal in the non-injured spinal cord, and continued to express the receptor as they proliferated and migrated within the damaged tissue. The nuclear receptor LXRβ was detected at similar levels after SCI as in sham operated animals. We found high levels of immunoreactivity in the gray matter, while in the white matter it was present in subpopulations of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Macrophages that had accumulated within the center of the lesion contained LXRβ in their cell nuclei. Possible endogenous functions of PPARα and LXRβ after SCI are discussed, specifically the control of fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism and the regulation of inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fandel
- Laboratorio Regeneración Nerviosa, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Abstract
Establishing extracellular milieus to stimulate neuronal regeneration is a critical need in neuronal tissue engineering. Many studies have used a soluble factor (such as nerve growth factor or retinoic acid [RA]), micropatterned substrate, and electrical stimulation to induce enhanced neurogenesis in neuronal precursor cells. However, little attention has been paid to mechanical stimulation because neuronal cells are not generally recognized as being mechanically functional, a characteristic of mechanoresponsive cells such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and muscle cells. In this study, we performed proof-of-concept experiments to demonstrate the potential anabolic effects of mechanical stretch to enhance cellular neurogenesis. We cultured human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells on collagen-coated membrane and applied 10% equibiaxial dynamic stretch (0.25 Hz, 120 min/d for 7 days) using a Flexcell device. Interestingly, cell stretch alone, even without a soluble neurogenic stimulatory factor (RA), produced significantly more and longer neurites than the non-RA-treated, static control. Specific neuronal differentiation and cytoskeletal markers (e.g., microtubule-associated protein 2 and neurofilament light chain) displayed compatible variations with respect to stretch stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Higgins
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska
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Stergiopoulos A, Politis PK. The role of nuclear receptors in controlling the fine balance between proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 534:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial in the maintenance of a controlled environment within the brain to safeguard optimal neuronal function. The endothelial cells (ECs) of the BBB possess specific properties that restrict the entry of cells and metabolites into the CNS. The specialized BBB endothelial phenotype is induced during neurovascular development by surrounding cells of the CNS. However, the molecular differentiation of the BBB endothelium remains poorly understood. Retinoic acid (RA) plays a crucial role in the brain during embryogenesis. Because radial glial cells supply the brain with RA during the developmental cascade and associate closely with the developing vasculature, we hypothesize that RA is important for the induction of BBB properties in brain ECs. Analysis of human postmortem fetal brain tissue shows that the enzyme mainly responsible for RA synthesis, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase, is expressed by radial glial cells. In addition, the most important receptor for RA-driven signaling in the CNS, RA-receptor β (RARβ), is markedly expressed by the developing brain vasculature. Our findings have been further corroborated by in vitro experiments showing RA- and RARβ-dependent induction of different aspects of the brain EC barrier. Finally, pharmacologic inhibition of RAR activation during the differentiation of the murine BBB resulted in the leakage of a fluorescent tracer as well as serum proteins into the developing brain and reduced the expression levels of important BBB determinants. Together, our results point to an important role for RA in the induction of the BBB during human and mouse development.
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Poudel I, Lee JS, Tan L, Lim JY. Micropatterning-retinoic acid co-control of neuronal cell morphology and neurite outgrowth. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:4592-8. [PMID: 22939924 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Creating physical-biochemical superposed microenvironments optimal for stimulating neurite outgrowth would be beneficial for neuronal regenerative medicine. We investigated potential co-regulatory effects of cell micropatterning and retinoic acid (RA) soluble factor on neuronal cell morphology and neurite outgrowth. Human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell patterning sensitivity could be enhanced by poly-L-lysine-g-polyethylene glycol cell-repellent back-filling, enabling cell confinement in lanes as narrow as 5 μm. Cells patterned on narrow (5 and 10 μm) lanes showed preferred nucleus orientation following the patterning direction. These cells also showed high nucleus aspect ratio but constrained nucleus spreading. On the other hand, cells on wide (20 μm and above) lanes showed random nucleus orientation and cell and nucleus sizes similar to those on unpatterned controls. All these changes were generally maintained with or without RA. Confining cells on narrow (5 and 10 μm) lanes, even without RA, significantly enhanced neurite extension relative to unpatterned control, which was further stimulated by RA. Interestingly, cell patterning on 5 and 10 μm lanes without RA produced longer neurites relative to the RA treatment alone case. Our data on the potential interplay between microscale physical cell confinement and RA-soluble stimulation may provide a new, integrative insight on how to trigger neurite/axon formation for neuronal regenerative medicine.
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31
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Cheng B, Martinez AA, Morado J, Scofield V, Roberts JL, Maffi SK. Retinoic acid protects against proteasome inhibition associated cell death in SH-SY5Y cells via the AKT pathway. Neurochem Int 2012; 62:31-42. [PMID: 23142153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of proteasome activity and the resulting protein accumulation are now known to be important events in the development of many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Abnormal or over expressed proteins cause endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress leading to cell death, thus, normal proteasome function is critical for their removal. We have shown previously, with cultured SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, that proteasome inhibition by the drug epoxomicin results in accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. This causes obligatory loading of the mitochondria with calcium (Ca(2+)), resulting in mitochondrial damage and cytochrome c release, followed by programmed cell death (PCD). In the present study, we demonstrate that all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells protects them from PCD death after subsequent epoxomicin treatment which causes proteasome inhibition. Even though ubiquitinated protein aggregates are present, there is no evidence to suggest that autophagy is involved. We conclude that protection by RA is likely by mechanisms that interfere with cell stress-PCD pathway that otherwise would result from protein accumulation after proteasome inhibition. In addition, although RA activates both the AKT and ERK phosphorylation signaling pathways, only pretreatment with LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3-kinase in the AKT pathway, removed the protective effect of RA from the cells. This finding implies that RA activation of the AKT signaling cascade takes precedence over its activation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and that this selective effect of RA is key to its protection of epoxomicin-treated cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that RA treatment of cultured neuroblastoma cells sets up conditions under which proteasome inhibition, and the resultant accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, loses its ability to kill the cells and may likely play a therapeutic role in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benxu Cheng
- Regional Academic Health Center-Edinburg (E-RAHC), Medical Research Division, 1214 W. Schunior St., Edinburg, TX 78541, United States.
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Abstract
Primary brain tumors are among the top ten causes of cancer-related deaths in the US. Malignant gliomas account for approximately 70% of the 22,500 new cases of malignant primary brain tumors diagnosed in adults each year and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite optimal treatment, the prognosis for patients with gliomas remains poor. The use of retinoids (vitamin A and its congeners) in the treatment of certain tumors was originally based on the assumption that these conditions were associated with an underlying deficiency of vitamin A and that supplementation with pharmacological doses would correct the deficiency. Yet the results of retinoid treatment have been only modestly beneficial and usually short-lived. Studies also indicate that vitamin A excess and supplementation have pro-oxidant effects and are associated with increased risks of mortality from cancer and other diseases. The therapeutic role of vitamin A in cancer thus remains uncertain and a new perspective on the facts is needed. The modest and temporary benefits of retinoid treatment could result from a process of feedback inhibition, whereby exogenous retinoid temporarily inhibits the endogenous synthesis of these compounds. In fact, repeated and/or excessive exposure of the tissues to endogenous retinoic acid may contribute to carcinogenesis. Gliomas, in particular, may result from an imbalance in retinoid receptor expression initiated by environmental factors that increase the endogenous production of retinoic acid in glia. At the receptor level, it is proposed that this imbalance is characterized by excessive expression of retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) and reduced expression of retinoic acid receptor-β (RARβ). This suggests a potential new treatment strategy for gliomas, possibly even at a late stage of the disease, ie, to combine the use of a RARα antagonist and a RARβ agonist. According to this hypothesis, the RARα antagonist would be expected to inhibit RARα-induced gliomas, while the RARβ agonist would suppress tumor growth and possibly contribute to the regeneration of normal glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Mawson
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Health Sciences, College of Public Service, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
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A Pilot Trial of Pioglitazone HCl and Tretinoin in ALS: Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers to Monitor Drug Efficacy and Predict Rate of Disease Progression. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:582075. [PMID: 22830016 PMCID: PMC3395264 DOI: 10.1155/2012/582075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. To determine if therapy with pioglitazone HCl and tretinoin could slow disease progression in patients with ALS. Levels of tau and pNFH in the cerebrospinal fluid were measured to see if they could serve as prognostic indicators. Methods. 27 subjects on stable doses of riluzole were enrolled. Subjects were randomized to receive pioglitazone 30 mg/d and tretinoin 10 mg/BID for six months or two matching placebos. ALSFRS-R scores were followed monthly. At baseline and at the final visit, lumbar punctures (LPs) were performed to measure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels. Results. Subjects treated with tretinoin, pioglitazone, and riluzole had an average rate of decline on the ALSFRS-R scale of −1.02 points per month; subjects treated with placebo and riluzole had a rate of decline of −.86 (P = .18). Over six months of therapy, CSF tau levels decreased in subjects randomized to active treatment and increased in subjects on placebo. Further higher levels of pNF-H at baseline correlated with a faster rate of progression. Conclusion. ALS patients who were treated with tretinoin and pioglitazone demonstrated no slowing on their disease progression. Interestingly, the rate of disease progression was strongly correlated with levels of pNFH in the CSF at baseline.
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Matsushita H, Hijioka M, Hisatsune A, Isohama Y, Shudo K, Katsuki H. Natural and synthetic retinoids afford therapeutic effects on intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 683:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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Hall JCE, Priestley JV, Perry VH, Michael-Titus AT. Docosahexaenoic acid, but not eicosapentaenoic acid, reduces the early inflammatory response following compression spinal cord injury in the rat. J Neurochem 2012; 121:738-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Vukicevic V, Schmid J, Hermann A, Lange S, Qin N, Gebauer L, Chunk KF, Ravens U, Eisenhofer G, Storch A, Ader M, Bornstein SR, Ehrhart-Bornstein M. Differentiation of chromaffin progenitor cells to dopaminergic neurons. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2471-86. [PMID: 22507143 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x638874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of dopamine-producing neurons from chromaffin progenitors might represent a new valuable source for replacement therapies in Parkinson's disease. However, characterization of their differentiation potential is an important prerequisite for efficient engraftment. Based on our previous studies on isolation and characterization of chromaffin progenitors from adult adrenals, this study investigates their potential to produce dopaminergic neurons and means to enhance their dopaminergic differentiation. Chromaffin progenitors grown in sphere culture showed an increased expression of nestin and Mash1, indicating an increase of the progenitor subset. Proneurogenic culture conditions induced the differentiation into neurons positive for neural markers β-III-tubulin, MAP2, and TH accompanied by a decrease of Mash1 and nestin. Furthermore, Notch2 expression decreased concomitantly with a downregulation of downstream effectors Hes1 and Hes5 responsible for self-renewal and proliferation maintenance of progenitor cells. Chromaffin progenitor-derived neurons secreted dopamine upon stimulation by potassium. Strikingly, treatment of differentiating cells with retinoic and ascorbic acid resulted in a twofold increase of dopamine secretion while norepinephrine and epinephrine were decreased. Initiation of dopamine synthesis and neural maturation is controlled by Pitx3 and Nurr1. Both Pitx3 and Nurr1 were identified in differentiating chromaffin progenitors. Along with the gained dopaminergic function, electrophysiology revealed features of mature neurons, such as sodium channels and the capability to fire multiple action potentials. In summary, this study elucidates the capacity of chromaffin progenitor cells to generate functional dopaminergic neurons, indicating their potential use in cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vukicevic
- Molecular Endocrinology, Medical Clinic III, University Clinic Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
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37
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Paschaki M, Lin SC, Wong RLY, Finnell RH, Dollé P, Niederreither K. Retinoic acid-dependent signaling pathways and lineage events in the developing mouse spinal cord. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32447. [PMID: 22396766 PMCID: PMC3292566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in avian models have demonstrated an involvement of retinoid signaling in early neural tube patterning. The roles of this signaling pathway at later stages of spinal cord development are only partly characterized. Here we use Raldh2-null mouse mutants rescued from early embryonic lethality to study the consequences of lack of endogenous retinoic acid (RA) in the differentiating spinal cord. Mid-gestation RA deficiency produces prominent structural and molecular deficiencies in dorsal regions of the spinal cord. While targets of Wnt signaling in the dorsal neuronal lineage are unaltered, reductions in Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Notch signaling are clearly observed. We further provide evidence that endogenous RA is capable of driving stem cell differentiation. Raldh2 deficiency results in a decreased number of spinal cord derived neurospheres, which exhibit a reduced differentiation potential. Raldh2-null neurospheres have a decreased number of cells expressing the neuronal marker β-III-tubulin, while the nestin-positive cell population is increased. Hence, in vivo retinoid deficiency impaired neural stem cell growth. We propose that RA has separable functions in the developing spinal cord to (i) maintain high levels of FGF and Notch signaling and (ii) drive stem cell differentiation, thus restricting both the numbers and the pluripotent character of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Paschaki
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U 964), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
| | - Song-Chang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Lee Yean Wong
- Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pascal Dollé
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U 964), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
| | - Karen Niederreither
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Puttagunta R, Di Giovanni S. Retinoic acid signaling in axonal regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 4:59. [PMID: 22287943 PMCID: PMC3249608 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Following an acute central nervous system (CNS) injury, axonal regeneration and functional recovery are extremely limited. This is due to an extrinsic inhibitory growth environment and the lack of intrinsic growth competence. Retinoic acid (RA) signaling, essential in developmental dorsoventral patterning and specification of spinal motor neurons, has been shown through its receptor, the transcription factor RA receptor β2 (RARβ2), to induce axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). Recently, it has been shown that in dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs), cAMP levels were greatly increased by lentiviral RARβ2 expression and contributed to neurite outgrowth. Moreover, RARβagonists, in cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) and in the brain in vivo, induced phosphoinositide 3-kinase dependent phosphorylation of AKT that was involved in RARβ-dependent neurite outgrowth. More recently, RA-RARβpathways were shown to directly transcriptionally repress a member of the inhibitory Nogo receptor (NgR) complex, Lingo-1, under an axonal growth inhibitory environment in vitro as well as following spinal injury in vivo. This perspective focuses on these newly discovered molecular mechanisms and future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Puttagunta
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration and Repair, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
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Fukasawa H, Nakagomi M, Yamagata N, Katsuki H, Kawahara K, Kitaoka K, Miki T, Shudo K. Tamibarotene: A Candidate Retinoid Drug for Alzheimer’s Disease. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:1206-12. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Kohichi Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Cell Function, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Kazuyoshi Kitaoka
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Takami Miki
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University
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Cystine glutamate exchanger upregulation by retinoic acid induces neuroprotection in neural stem cells. Neuroreport 2011; 22:598-602. [PMID: 21716153 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283494359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and excitotoxic injury are commonly associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and periventricular leukomalacia. As cystine is imported into the cell, it is used in the synthesis of intracellular glutathione, an important antioxidant necessary for the defense of brain cells from oxidative stress and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Recent studies have shown that retinoic acid increases the activity of glutathione synthesis and exhibits neuroprotective properties in brain cells. Previously, we have shown that the regulation of the cystine glutamate exchanger (system Xc(-)) also leads to neuroprotection. Here, we examined the effects of retinoic acid on the regulation of system Xc(-). Our results suggest that retinoic acid-induced neuroprotection is mediated through system Xc(-) by regulating glutathione biosynthesis.
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RAR/RXR and PPAR/RXR Signaling in Spinal Cord Injury. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:29275. [PMID: 18060014 PMCID: PMC1950239 DOI: 10.1155/2007/29275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoid
acid receptors (RAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)
have been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory reactions. Both receptor families contain ligand-activated transcription factors which form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). We review data that imply RAR/RXR and PPAR/RXR pathways in physiological reactions after spinal cord injury. Experiments show how RAR signaling may improve axonal regeneration and modulate reactions of glia cells. While anti-inflammatory properties of PPAR are well documented in the periphery, their possible roles in the central nervous system have only recently become evident. Due to its anti-inflammatory function this transcription factor family promises to be a useful target after spinal cord or brain lesions.
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Soriano FX, Léveillé F, Papadia S, Bell KFS, Puddifoot C, Hardingham GE. Neuronal activity controls the antagonistic balance between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α and silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors in regulating antioxidant defenses. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1425-36. [PMID: 20849372 PMCID: PMC3044457 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional coactivators and corepressors often have multiple targets and can have opposing actions on transcription and downstream physiological events. The coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α is under-expressed in Huntington's disease and is a regulator of antioxidant defenses and mitochondrial biogenesis. We show that in primary cortical neurons, expression of PGC-1α strongly promotes resistance to excitotoxic and oxidative stress in a cell autonomous manner, whereas knockdown increases sensitivity. In contrast, the transcriptional corepressor silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT) specifically antagonizes PGC-1α-mediated antioxidant effects. The antagonistic balance between PGC-1α and SMRT is upset in favor of PGC-1α by synaptic activity. Synaptic activity triggers nuclear export of SMRT reliant on multiple regions of the protein. Concomitantly, synaptic activity post-translationally enhances the transactivating potential of PGC-1α in a p38-dependent manner, as well as upregulating cyclic-AMP response element binding protein-dependent PGC-1α transcription. Activity-dependent targeting of PGC-1α results in enhanced gene expression mediated by the thyroid hormone receptor, a prototypical transcription factor coactivated by PGC-1α and repressed by SMRT. As a consequence of these events, SMRT is unable to antagonize PGC-1α-mediated resistance to oxidative stress in synaptically active neurons. Thus, PGC-1α and SMRT are antagonistic regulators of neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress. Further, this coactivator-corepressor antagonism is regulated by the activity status of the cell, with implications for neuronal viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc X Soriano
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Pfenninger CV, Steinhoff C, Hertwig F, Nuber UA. Prospectively isolated CD133/CD24-positive ependymal cells from the adult spinal cord and lateral ventricle wall differ in their long-term in vitro self-renewal and in vivo gene expression. Glia 2011; 59:68-81. [PMID: 21046556 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to ependymal cells located above the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult lateral ventricle wall (LVW), adult spinal cord (SC) ependymal cells possess certain neural stem cell characteristics. The molecular basis of this difference is unknown. In this study, antibodies against multiple cell surface markers were applied to isolate pure populations of SC and LVW ependymal cells, which allowed a direct comparison of their in vitro behavior and in vivo gene expression profile. Isolated CD133(+)/CD24(+)/CD45(-)/CD34(-) ependymal cells from the SC displayed in vitro self-renewal and differentiation capacity, whereas those from the LVW did not. SC ependymal cells showed a higher expression of several genes involved in cell division, cell cycle regulation, and chromosome stability, which is consistent with a long-term self-renewal capacity, and shared certain transcripts with neural stem cells of the embryonic forebrain. They also expressed several retinoic acid (RA)-regulated genes and responded to RA exposure. LVW ependymal cells showed higher transcript levels of many genes regulated by transforming growth factor-β family members. Among them were Dlx2, Id2, Hey1, which together with Foxg1 could explain their potential to turn into neuroblasts under certain environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima V Pfenninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Kurauchi Y, Hisatsune A, Isohama Y, Sawa T, Akaike T, Shudo K, Katsuki H. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons utilize nitric oxide/cyclic GMP signaling to recruit ERK that links retinoic acid receptor stimulation to up-regulation of BDNF. J Neurochem 2011; 116:323-33. [PMID: 20649843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) protects midbrain dopaminergic neurons, presumably via up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. The present study was focused on unexplored signaling mechanisms linking RAR stimulation to BDNF expression. Rat midbrain slice cultures treated with an RAR agonist Am80 showed increased tissue levels of BDNF mRNA and protein as compared to cultures without treatment. Am80-induced increase in BDNF expression was observed in dopaminergic neurons, which was blocked by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. We also found that Am80 increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in dopaminergic neurons even during ERK inhibition, and this increase was accompanied by 8-nitro-cyclic GMP formation. Notably, the effect of Am80 on BDNF expression was attenuated by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, soluble guanylyl cyclase and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Am80-induced ERK phosphorylation in dopaminergic neurons was also attenuated by inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase and PKG. Moreover, 8-Br-cyclic GMP induced ERK phosphorylation and BDNF expression in dopaminergic neurons. These results suggest that, by recruiting cyclic GMP and PKG, neuronal nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide plays a novel and essential role in RAR signaling leading to ERK-dependent BDNF up-regulation in midbrain dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kurauchi
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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A retinoic acid receptor agonist Am80 rescues neurons, attenuates inflammatory reactions, and improves behavioral recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:222-34. [PMID: 20551971 PMCID: PMC3049486 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Am80 (tamibarotene) is a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist clinically available for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. As intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accompanies inflammatory reactions in the brain and also because retinoids may suppress activation of microglia, we investigated the effect of Am80 on collagenase-induced experimental model of ICH in adult mice. Daily oral administration of Am80 (5 mg/kg) starting from 1 day before or from up to 6 hours after intrastriatal injection of collagenase significantly inhibited the decrease in the number of striatal neurons at 3 days after the insult. Am80 showed no significant effect on the hematoma size and the extent of edema associated with hemorrhage. Prominent expression of RARα was observed in activated microglia/macrophages, and the number of activated microglia/macrophages in the perihematoma region was lower in Am80-treated mice than in vehicle-treated mice. Am80 treatment also reduced areas affected by hemorrhage-associated oxidative stress as indicated by nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity, and attenuated heme oxygenase-1 expression in activated microglia/macrophages. Moreover, Am80-treated mice exhibited better recovery from hemorrhage-induced neurologic deficits than vehicle-treated mice. These results suggest that RAR is a promising target of neuroprotective therapy for ICH.
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Gene expression of axon growth promoting factors in the deer antler. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15706. [PMID: 21187928 PMCID: PMC3004953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual regeneration cycle of deer (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) antlers represents a unique model of epimorphic regeneration and rapid growth in adult mammals. Regenerating antlers are innervated by trigeminal sensory axons growing through the velvet, the modified form of skin that envelopes the antler, at elongation velocities that reach one centimetre per day in the common deer (Cervus elaphus). Several axon growth promoters like NT-3, NGF or IGF-1 have been described in the antler. To increase the knowledge on the axon growth environment, we have combined different gene-expression techniques to identify and characterize the expression of promoting molecules not previously described in the antler velvet. Cross-species microarray analyses of deer samples on human arrays allowed us to build up a list of 90 extracellular or membrane molecules involved in axon growth that were potentially being expressed in the antler. Fifteen of these genes were analysed using PCR and sequencing techniques to confirm their expression in the velvet and to compare it with the expression in other antler and skin samples. Expression of 8 axon growth promoters was confirmed in the velvet, 5 of them not previously described in the antler. In conclusion, our work shows that antler velvet provides growing axons with a variety of promoters of axon growth, sharing many of them with deer's normal and pedicle skin.
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Sun G, Shi Y. Nuclear receptors in stem cells and their therapeutic potential. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1299-306. [PMID: 20708051 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The core transcriptional regulatory circuitries are important for controlling stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Nuclear receptors provide an ideal model to regulate gene expression in both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent manners. Recent studies of regulatory events by nuclear receptors in neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provided unique insights into mechanisms of stem cell regulation and provided invaluable resources for regenerative medicine. Nuclear receptors have been shown to be key players in stem cell self-renewal, pluripotency, and reprogramming. We summarize recent progress of studies on nuclear receptors in stem cell field as well as the potential therapeutic implications of these nuclear receptors and their cognate ligands. These studies not only uncover molecular mechanisms of stem cell regulation, but also provide unique opportunities for drug discovery.
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Abstract
The aim of this study is to sum up the important information that has emerged from the last 10 years of experimental investigations over the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on embryonic structure and adult tissues. Administration of exogenous RA can affect the connective tissues including enhancement of myeloid compartment and suppression of erythroid cells and conversion of hematopoietic stem cells to erythroid progenitors. Also, it is able to induce osteogenic differentiation of stem cells derived from adipose tissues and etc. Examining the neural tissue highlighted that disruption of RA signaling in the adult leads to degeneration of motor neurons and development of some diseases. In vitro administration of All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) increased dendritic growth and synaptophysin puncta intensity and increased expressions of neuronal nuclei, neuron specific enolase, synaptophysin. RA also promotes expression of a marker of mature astrocytes. On muscular tissue, it can inhibit proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) while promoting differentiation of SMC in vitro instead. The ATRA stimulates skeletal myogenesis while inhibiting cardiomyogenesis and hypertrophy and proliferation of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes and cardiofibroblasts. In addition, differences in levels of embryonic RA may contribute to variability in great artery anomalies. In epithelial tissue, the squamous epithelium exposed to ATRA showed the columnar differentiation independent to proliferation. Also RA seems able to rescue the regeneration process of injured gut and revealing a better wound healing of the intestine undergone intra-operative radiotherapy. It can interrupt the process of progressive fibrosis, enhancements of the langerhans islets, exocrine pancreas, modulate the health of the mammary glands and repairs the lung cell. Thus, differences in levels of endogenous RA in embryonic and adult tissues may contribute to anomalies and pathogenesis of disease, furthermore RA has paradoxical effects on the parts forming the connective and muscles tissue in equal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yousefi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Su HM. Mechanisms of n-3 fatty acid-mediated development and maintenance of learning memory performance. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:364-73. [PMID: 20233652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is specifically enriched in the brain and mainly anchored in the neuronal membrane, where it is involved in the maintenance of normal neurological function. Most DHA accumulation in the brain takes place during brain development in the perinatal period. However, hippocampal DHA levels decrease with age and in the brain disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD), and this decrease is associated with reduced hippocampal-dependent spatial learning memory ability. A potential mechanism is proposed by which the n-3 fatty acids DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) aid the development and maintenance of spatial learning memory performance. The developing brain or hippocampal neurons can synthesize and take up DHA and incorporate it into membrane phospholipids, especially phosphatidylethanolamine, resulting in enhanced neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. Exposure to n-3 fatty acids enhances synaptic plasticity by increasing long-term potentiation and synaptic protein expression to increase the dendritic spine density, number of c-Fos-positive neurons and neurogenesis in the hippocampus for learning memory processing. In aged rats, n-3 fatty acid supplementation reverses age-related changes and maintains learning memory performance. n-3 fatty acids have anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis effects, leading to neuron protection in the aged, damaged, and AD brain. Retinoid signaling may be involved in the effects of DHA on learning memory performance. Estrogen has similar effects to n-3 fatty acids on hippocampal function. It would be interesting to know if there is any interaction between DHA and estrogen so as to provide a better strategy for the development and maintenance of learning memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Su
- Department of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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