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Buyuktaskin D, Guney E, Gulbahar O, Ozaslan A, Arslan B. Serum ciliary neurotrophic factor levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:313-317. [PMID: 35815398 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/aim of the study: The study aimed to highlight the possible role of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and determine whether CNTF can be used as a biomarker for ADHD.Materials and methods: Patients with a diagnosis of ADHD and neurotypical subjects aged 6-12 years were recruited prospectively. The study applied Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS) to determine the patients' ADHD predominance and severity. Serum CNTF levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.Results: A total of 43 ADHD patients and 33 healthy controls were included in the study. A significant difference was found between the serum CNTF levels of the ADHD patients (22.17 pg/ml) and the controls (22.80 pg/ml). Correlations between the CNTF levels and CTRS scores were not significant.Conclusions: The study identified an alteration of serum CNTF levels in ADHD patients and thus asserted a link between CNTF and ADHD pathophysiology; children with ADHD had significantly lower serum CNTF levels compared to the neurotypical controls. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of CNTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicle Buyuktaskin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cizre State Hospital, Sirnak, Turkey
| | - Esra Guney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Gulbahar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozaslan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Arslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Erciş Şehit Rıdvan Çevik State Hospital, Van, Turkey
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Maragakis NJ, de Carvalho M, Weiss MD. Therapeutic targeting of ALS pathways: Refocusing an incomplete picture. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:1948-1971. [PMID: 37641443 PMCID: PMC10647018 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous potential amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-relevant pathways have been hypothesized and studied preclinically, with subsequent translation to clinical trial. However, few successes have been observed with only modest effects. Along with an improved but incomplete understanding of ALS as a neurodegenerative disease is the evolution of more sophisticated and diverse in vitro and in vivo preclinical modeling platforms, as well as clinical trial designs. We highlight proposed pathological pathways that have been major therapeutic targets for investigational compounds. It is likely that the failures of so many of these therapeutic compounds may not have occurred because of lack of efficacy but rather because of a lack of preclinical modeling that would help define an appropriate disease pathway, as well as a failure to establish target engagement. These challenges are compounded by shortcomings in clinical trial design, including lack of biomarkers that could predict clinical success and studies that are underpowered. Although research investments have provided abundant insights into new ALS-relevant pathways, most have not yet been developed more fully to result in clinical study. In this review, we detail some of the important, well-established pathways, the therapeutics targeting them, and the subsequent clinical design. With an understanding of some of the shortcomings in translational efforts over the last three decades of ALS investigation, we propose that scientists and clinicians may choose to revisit some of these therapeutic pathways reviewed here with an eye toward improving preclinical modeling, biomarker development, and the investment in more sophisticated clinical trial designs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mamede de Carvalho
- Faculdade de MedicinaInsqatituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Michael D. Weiss
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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3
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Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Kryukov VV, Krasnov VN. [Steadfastly increased level of the ciliary neurotrophic factor in the blood serum within the positive therapeutic dynamics of depression as possible prognostic marker of depressive relapse]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:120-123. [PMID: 37655420 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2023123081120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study a role of the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in the pathogenesis of depression and its prognostic significance in dynamics of the antidepressant therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS CNTF level was investigated in the blood serum of patients with melancholic depression (n=32) before the start of therapy and after 30 days, when improvement was achieved by at least 75% of baseline scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. RESULTS Steadfastly increased level of CNTF in the blood serum of patients with melancholic depression compared with the control, remaining practically unchanged with an obvious improvement in the condition - 732.2±126.5 and 679.1±63.1 pg/ml of serum, respectively (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The initially elevated level of CNTP indicates its probable significance in the pathogenesis of depression; persistently high serum CNTP level, despite clinical improvement during therapy, can serve as a predictor of the stability of the biological mechanisms of recurrent depressive disorder with a continuing risk of another relapse of a depressive episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Uzbekov
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology - Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - S N Shikhov
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology - Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Kryukov
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology - Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - V N Krasnov
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology - Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Kim M, Hyun SH. Neurotrophic factors in the porcine ovary: Their effects on follicular growth, oocyte maturation, and developmental competence. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:931402. [PMID: 36032306 PMCID: PMC9399750 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.931402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are cost-effective industrial animals because they produce a large number of offspring and have shorter rebreeding intervals compared with other animals, such as non-human primates. The reproductive physiology of pigs has been studied over the past several decades. However, there is not enough research on the effects of the neurotrophic factors on the ovarian physiology and development in pigs. As the ovary is a highly innervated organ, various neurotrophic factors during ovarian development can promote the growth of nerve fibers and improve the development of ovarian cells. Thus, investigating the role of neurotrophic factors on ovarian development, and the relationship between neurotrophic factors and porcine female reproduction is worth studying. In this review, we focused on the physiological roles of various neurotrophic factors in porcine ovaries and summarized the current status of the studies related to the relationship between neurotrophic factors and porcine ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirae Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Graduate School of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang-Hwan Hyun
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Hu Z, Deng N, Liu K, Zhou N, Sun Y, Zeng W. CNTF-STAT3-IL-6 Axis Mediates Neuroinflammatory Cascade across Schwann Cell-Neuron-Microglia. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107657. [PMID: 32433966 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a crucial mechanism in many neurological disorders. Injury to the peripheral sensory nerves leads to a neuroinflammatory response in the somatosensory pathway, from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) to the spinal cord, contributing to neuropathic pain. How the immune reaction is initiated peripherally and propagated to the spinal cord remains less clear. Here, we find that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), highly expressed in Schwann cells, mediates neuroinflammatory response through the activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and inducing interleukin 6 (IL-6) in sensory neurons. Cntf deficiency attenuates neuroinflammation in DRG and the spinal cord with alleviated pain post-injury. Recombinant CNTF applied to the sensory nerves recapitulates neuroinflammation in the DRG and spinal cord, with consequent pain development. We delineate the CNTF-STAT3-IL-6 axis in mediating the onset and progression of the inflammatory cascade from the periphery to the spinal cord with therapeutic implications for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsheng Hu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nan Deng
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaili Liu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenwen Zeng
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China.
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Onesto MM, Short CA, Rempel SK, Catlett TS, Gomez TM. Growth Factors as Axon Guidance Molecules: Lessons From in vitro Studies. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:678454. [PMID: 34093120 PMCID: PMC8175860 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.678454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth cones at the tips of extending axons navigate through developing organisms by probing extracellular cues, which guide them through intermediate steps and onto final synaptic target sites. Widespread focus on a few guidance cue families has historically overshadowed potentially crucial roles of less well-studied growth factors in axon guidance. In fact, recent evidence suggests that a variety of growth factors have the ability to guide axons, affecting the targeting and morphogenesis of growth cones in vitro. This review summarizes in vitro experiments identifying responses and signaling mechanisms underlying axon morphogenesis caused by underappreciated growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Timothy M. Gomez
- Neuroscience Training Program and Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Fantone S, Tossetta G, Montironi R, Senzacqua M, Marzioni D, Mazzucchelli R. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and its receptor (CNTFRα) signal through MAPK/ERK pathway in human prostate tissues: a morphological and biomolecular study. Eur J Histochem 2020; 64. [PMID: 33131268 PMCID: PMC7586252 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2020.3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a member of interleukin-6 type cytokine family. The CNTF receptor complex is a heterodimer including gp130 and CNTF receptor α (CNTFRα) proteins triggering the activation of multiple intracellular signaling pathways including AKT/PI3K, MAPK/ERK and Jak/STAT pathways. At present no data are available on the localization of CNTF and CNTFRα in prostate as well as on the role of CNTF in this organ. In this study we have analyzed the localization of CNTF and CNTFRα by immunohistochemistry and we have used PWR-1E cell line as a model for normal glandular cell to investigate the role of this cytokine. Our results show that CNTF and CNTFRa are expressed in the staminal compart of the prostate and that CNTF selectively inhibits ERK pathway. In conclusion, we suggest that CNTF could be considered as key molecule to maintenance epithelium homeostasis via pERK downregulation by an autocrine mechanism. Further CNTF studies in prostate cancer could be useful to verify the potential role of this cytokine in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fantone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Giovanni Tossetta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Pathological Anatomy, Università Politecnica delle Marche, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona.
| | - Martina Senzacqua
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Daniela Marzioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Roberta Mazzucchelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Pathological Anatomy, Università Politecnica delle Marche, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona.
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Venema W, Severi I, Perugini J, Di Mercurio E, Mainardi M, Maffei M, Cinti S, Giordano A. Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Acts on Distinctive Hypothalamic Arcuate Neurons and Promotes Leptin Entry Into and Action on the Mouse Hypothalamus. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:140. [PMID: 32528252 PMCID: PMC7253709 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans and experimental animals, the administration of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) reduces food intake and body weight. To gain further insights into the mechanism(s) underlying its satiety effect, we: (i) evaluated the CNTF-dependent activation of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway in mouse models where neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons can be identified by green fluorescent protein (GFP); and (ii) assessed whether CNTF promotes leptin signaling in hypothalamic feeding centers. Immunohistochemical experiments enabled us to establish that intraperitoneal injection of mouse recombinant CNTF activated the JAK2-STAT3 pathway in a substantial proportion of arcuate nucleus (ARC) NPY neurons (18.68% ± 0.60 in 24-h fasted mice and 25.50% ± 1.17 in fed mice) but exerted a limited effect on POMC neurons (4.15% ± 0.33 in 24-h fasted mice and 2.84% ± 0.45 in fed mice). CNTF-responsive NPY neurons resided in the ventromedial ARC, facing the median eminence (ME), and were surrounded by albumin immunoreactivity, suggesting that they are located outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In both normally fed and high-fat diet (HFD) obese animals, CNTF activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in ME β1- and β2-tanycytes, an effect that has been linked to the promotion of leptin entry into the brain. Accordingly, compared to the animals treated with leptin, mice treated with leptin/CNTF showed: (i) a significantly greater leptin content in hypothalamic protein extracts; (ii) a significant increase in phospho-STAT3 (P-STAT3)-positive neurons in the ARC and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus of normally fed mice; and (iii) a significantly increased number of P-STAT3-positive neurons in the ARC and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus of HFD obese mice. Collectively, these data suggest that exogenously administered CNTF reduces food intake by exerting a leptin-like action on distinctive NPY ARC neurons and by promoting leptin signaling in hypothalamic feeding centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebe Venema
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Mercurio
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Mainardi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Saverio Cinti
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Center of Obesity, Università Politecnica delle Marche-United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Girotti M, Silva JD, George CM, Morilak DA. Ciliary neurotrophic factor signaling in the rat orbitofrontal cortex ameliorates stress-induced deficits in reversal learning. Neuropharmacology 2019; 160:107791. [PMID: 31553898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in cognitive flexibility, i.e. the ability to modify behavior in response to changes in the environment, are present in several psychiatric disorders and are often refractory to treatment. However, improving treatment response has been hindered by a lack of understanding of the neurobiology of cognitive flexibility. Using a rat model of chronic stress (chronic intermittent cold stress, CIC) that produces selective deficits in reversal learning, a form of cognitive flexibility dependent on orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) function, we have previously shown that JAK2 signaling is required for optimal reversal learning. In this study we explore the molecular basis of those effects. We show that, within the OFC, CIC stress reduces the levels of phosphorylated JAK2 and of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a promoter of neuronal survival and an activator of JAK2 signaling, and that neutralizing endogenous CNTF with an intra-OFC microinjection of a specific antibody is sufficient to produce reversal-learning deficits similar to stress. Intra-OFC delivery of recombinant CNTF to CIC-stressed rats, at a dose that induces JAK2 and Akt but not STAT3 or ERK, ameliorates reversal-learning deficits, and Akt blockade prevents the positive effects of CNTF. Further analysis revealed that CNTF may exert its beneficial effects by inhibiting GSK3β, a substrate of Akt and a regulator of protein degradation. We also revealed a novel mechanism of CNTF action through modulation of p38/Mnk1/eIF4E signaling. This cascade controls translation of select mRNAs, including those encoding several plasticity-related proteins. Thus, we suggest that CNTF-driven JAK2 signaling corrects stress-induced reversal learning deficits by modulating the steady-state levels of plasticity-related proteins in the OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Girotti
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Jeri D Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Christina M George
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - David A Morilak
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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Son YJ, Tse JW, Zhou Y, Mao W, Yim EKF, Yoo HS. Biomaterials and controlled release strategy for epithelial wound healing. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4444-4471. [PMID: 31436261 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00456d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin and cornea are tissues that provide protective functions. Trauma and other environmental threats often cause injuries, infections and damage to these tissues, where the degree of injury is directly correlated to the recovery time. For example, a superficial skin or corneal wound may recover within days; however, more severe injuries can last up to several months and may leave scarring. Thus, therapeutic strategies have been introduced to enhance the wound healing efficiency and quality. Although the skin and cornea share similar anatomic structures and wound healing process, therapeutic agents and formulations for skin and cornea wound healing differ in accordance with the tissue and wound type. In this review, we describe the anatomy and epithelial wound healing processes of the skin and cornea, and summarize the therapeutic molecules that are beneficial to the respective regeneration process. In addition, biomaterial scaffolds that inherently possess bioactive properties or modified with therapeutic molecules for topical controlled release and enhanced wound healing efficiency are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Son
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - John W Tse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
| | - Yiran Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
| | - Hyuk Sang Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea. and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
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11
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Bali P, Banik A, Nehru B, Anand A. Neurotrophic Factors Mediated Activation of Astrocytes Ameliorate Memory Loss by Amyloid Clearance after Transplantation of Lineage Negative Stem Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8420-8434. [PMID: 31250384 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the untreatable neurodegenerative disorders with associated societal burden. Current therapies only provide symptomatic relief without altering the rate of disease progression as reported by Lanctot et al. (Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 2 (3):163-180, 2009). The increased number of failed clinical trials in last two decades indicates the imperative need to explore alternative therapies for AD as reported by Tuszynski et al. (Nature Medicine 11 (5):551-555, 2005) and Liyanage et al. (Alzheimer's & Dementia 4:628-635, 2005). In this study, we aimed to decipher the role of neurotrophic factors in the reversal of memory loss by transplantation of lineage negative (Lin-ve) stem cells in a male mouse model of cognitive impairment induced by intrahippocampal injection of amyloid β-42 (Aβ-42). The efficacy of human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) derived Lin-ve stem cells were analyzed by neurobehavioral parameters, i.e., Morris water maze and passive avoidance after bilateral intra-hippocampal transplantation using stereotaxic surgery. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry was carried out in brain tissues in order to analyze the expression of neurotrophic factors, apoptotic, astrocytic, and other neuronal cell markers. The transplantation of Lin-ve stem cells led to reversal of memory loss associated with reduction of Aβ-42 deposition from the brains. The molecular analysis revealed increase in neurotrophic factors, i.e., glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), ciliary derived neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after transplantation. The administration of ANA-12, a TrkB inhibitor, reversed the behavioral and molecular effects of stem cell transplantation suggesting involvement of BDNF-TrkB pathway in the rescue of memory loss. We believe that the amyloid clearance results from activation of astrocytes and anti-apoptotic pathways added by neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bali
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.,Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduated Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - A Banik
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - B Nehru
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduated Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Perugini J, Di Mercurio E, Tossetta G, Severi I, Monaco F, Reguzzoni M, Tomasetti M, Dani C, Cinti S, Giordano A. Biological Effects of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor on hMADS Adipocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:768. [PMID: 31781039 PMCID: PMC6861295 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to experimental animals exerts anti-obesity effects by acting on multiple targets. In white adipose tissue CNTF reduces lipid content, promotes fatty acid (FA) oxidation and improves insulin sensitivity. This study was performed to establish whether CNTF exerts similar effects on human white adipocytes. To this end, adipose differentiation was induced in vitro in human multipotent adipose-derived stem (hMADS) cells. CNTF receptor α (CNTFRα) expression was assessed in hMADS cells and adipocytes by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry. After administration of human recombinant CNTF, signaling pathways and gene expression were evaluated by Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Glucose uptake was assessed by measuring 2-nitrobenzodeoxyglucose uptake with a fluorescence plate reader. Lastly, CNTF-induced anti-inflammatory responses were evaluated in hMADS adipocytes stressed with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) for 24 h. Results showed that CNTFRα protein expression was higher in undifferentiated hMADS cells than in hMADS adipocytes, where it was however clearly detectable. In hMADS adipocytes, 1 nM CNTF strongly activated the JAK-STAT3 (Janus kinase-signaling transducer and activator of transcription 3) pathway and acutely and transiently activated the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and AKT (protein kinase B) pathways. Acute CNTF treatment for 20 min significantly increased basal glucose uptake and was associated with increased AKT phosphorylation. Longer-term (24 and 48 h) treatment reduced the expression of lipogenic markers (FA synthase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1) and increased the expression of lipolytic [hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)] and mitochondrial (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1) markers. In TNFα-treated hMADS adipocytes, CNTF significantly reduced the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and TNFα-induced AKT inhibition. Collectively, these findings demonstrate for the first time that CNTF plays a role also in human adipocytes, driving their metabolism toward a less lipid-storing and more energy-consuming phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Mercurio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tossetta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Monaco
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marcella Reguzzoni
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Tomasetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Christian Dani
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
- Center of Obesity, United Hospitals, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonio Giordano
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13
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Alpár A, Zahola P, Hanics J, Hevesi Z, Korchynska S, Benevento M, Pifl C, Zachar G, Perugini J, Severi I, Leitgeb P, Bakker J, Miklosi AG, Tretiakov E, Keimpema E, Arque G, Tasan RO, Sperk G, Malenczyk K, Máté Z, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Lubec G, Palkovits M, Giordano A, Hökfelt TG, Romanov RA, Horvath TL, Harkany T. Hypothalamic CNTF volume transmission shapes cortical noradrenergic excitability upon acute stress. EMBO J 2018; 37:e100087. [PMID: 30209240 PMCID: PMC6213283 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced cortical alertness is maintained by a heightened excitability of noradrenergic neurons innervating, notably, the prefrontal cortex. However, neither the signaling axis linking hypothalamic activation to delayed and lasting noradrenergic excitability nor the molecular cascade gating noradrenaline synthesis is defined. Here, we show that hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone-releasing neurons innervate ependymal cells of the 3rd ventricle to induce ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) release for transport through the brain's aqueductal system. CNTF binding to its cognate receptors on norepinephrinergic neurons in the locus coeruleus then initiates sequential phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and tyrosine hydroxylase with the Ca2+-sensor secretagogin ensuring activity dependence in both rodent and human brains. Both CNTF and secretagogin ablation occlude stress-induced cortical norepinephrine synthesis, ensuing neuronal excitation and behavioral stereotypes. Cumulatively, we identify a multimodal pathway that is rate-limited by CNTF volume transmission and poised to directly convert hypothalamic activation into long-lasting cortical excitability following acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alán Alpár
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Zahola
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Hanics
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hevesi
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Solomiia Korchynska
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Benevento
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Pifl
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Zachar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patrick Leitgeb
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanne Bakker
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andras G Miklosi
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gloria Arque
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramon O Tasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Malenczyk
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoltán Máté
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gert Lubec
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Human Brain Tissue Bank and Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tomas Gm Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Romanov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Departments of Comparative Medicine and Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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14
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Cortical AAV-CNTF Gene Therapy Combined with Intraspinal Mesenchymal Precursor Cell Transplantation Promotes Functional and Morphological Outcomes after Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9828725. [PMID: 30245710 PMCID: PMC6139201 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9828725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) promotes survival and enhances long-distance regeneration of injured axons in parts of the adult CNS. Here we tested whether CNTF gene therapy targeting corticospinal neurons (CSN) in motor-related regions of the cerebral cortex promotes plasticity and regrowth of axons projecting into the female adult F344 rat spinal cord after moderate thoracic (T10) contusion injury (SCI). Cortical neurons were transduced with a bicistronic adeno-associated viral vector (AAV1) expressing a secretory form of CNTF coupled to mCHERRY (AAV-CNTFmCherry) or with control AAV only (AAV-GFP) two weeks prior to SCI. In some animals, viable or nonviable F344 rat mesenchymal precursor cells (rMPCs) were injected into the lesion site two weeks after SCI to modulate the inhibitory environment. Treatment with AAV-CNTFmCherry, as well as with AAV-CNTFmCherry combined with rMPCs, yielded functional improvements over AAV-GFP alone, as assessed by open-field and Ladderwalk analyses. Cyst size was significantly reduced in the AAV-CNTFmCherry plus viable rMPC treatment group. Cortical injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) revealed more BDA-stained axons rostral and alongside cysts in the AAV-CNTFmCherry versus AAV-GFP groups. After AAV-CNTFmCherry treatments, many sprouting mCherry-immunopositive axons were seen rostral to the SCI, and axons were also occasionally found caudal to the injury site. These data suggest that CNTF has the potential to enhance corticospinal repair by transducing parent CNS populations.
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15
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Pasquin S, Chehboun S, Dejda A, Meliani Y, Savin V, Warner GJ, Bosse R, Tormo A, Mayer G, Sharma M, Sapieha P, Martel C, Gauchat JF. Effect of human very low-density lipoproteins on cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1) activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3990. [PMID: 29507344 PMCID: PMC5838168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokines CLCF1 and CNTF are ligands for the CNTF receptor and the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) receptor sortilin. Both share structural similarities with the N-terminal domain of ApoE, known to bind CNTF. We therefore evaluated whether ApoE or ApoE-containing lipoproteins interact with CLCF1 and regulate its activity. We observed that CLCF1 forms complexes with the three major isoforms of ApoE in co-immunoprecipitation and proximity assays. FPLC analysis of mouse and human sera mixed with CLCF1 revealed that CLCF1 co-purifies with plasma lipoproteins. Studies with sera from ApoE-/- mice indicate that ApoE is not required for CLCF1-lipoprotein interactions. VLDL- and LDL-CLCF1 binding was confirmed using proximity and ligand blots assays. CLCF1-induced STAT3 phosphorylation was significantly reduced when the cytokine was complexed with VLDL. Physiological relevance of our findings was asserted in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy, where the beneficial anti-angiogenic properties of CLCF1 were abrogated when co-administrated with VLDL, indicating, that CLCF1 binds purified lipoproteins or lipoproteins in physiological fluids such as serum and behave as a "lipocytokine". Albeit it is clear that lipoproteins modulate CLCF1 activity, it remains to be determined whether lipoprotein binding directly contributes to its neurotrophic function and its roles in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pasquin
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Salma Chehboun
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Dejda
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Yasmine Meliani
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Virginia Savin
- Renal Division, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, 64128-2226, USA
| | | | - Roger Bosse
- Perkin Elmer, 940 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Aurélie Tormo
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Gaétan Mayer
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Renal Division, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, 64128-2226, USA
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Catherine Martel
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Gauchat
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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16
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Dombert B, Balk S, Lüningschrör P, Moradi M, Sivadasan R, Saal-Bauernschubert L, Jablonka S. BDNF/trkB Induction of Calcium Transients through Ca v2.2 Calcium Channels in Motoneurons Corresponds to F-actin Assembly and Growth Cone Formation on β2-Chain Laminin (221). Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:346. [PMID: 29163025 PMCID: PMC5670157 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous Ca2+ transients and actin dynamics in primary motoneurons correspond to cellular differentiation such as axon elongation and growth cone formation. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor trkB support both motoneuron survival and synaptic differentiation. However, in motoneurons effects of BDNF/trkB signaling on spontaneous Ca2+ influx and actin dynamics at axonal growth cones are not fully unraveled. In our study we addressed the question how neurotrophic factor signaling corresponds to cell autonomous excitability and growth cone formation. Primary motoneurons from mouse embryos were cultured on the synapse specific, β2-chain containing laminin isoform (221) regulating axon elongation through spontaneous Ca2+ transients that are in turn induced by enhanced clustering of N-type specific voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (Cav2.2) in axonal growth cones. TrkB-deficient (trkBTK-/-) mouse motoneurons which express no full-length trkB receptor and wildtype motoneurons cultured without BDNF exhibited reduced spontaneous Ca2+ transients that corresponded to altered axon elongation and defects in growth cone morphology which was accompanied by changes in the local actin cytoskeleton. Vice versa, the acute application of BDNF resulted in the induction of spontaneous Ca2+ transients and Cav2.2 clustering in motor growth cones, as well as the activation of trkB downstream signaling cascades which promoted the stabilization of β-actin via the LIM kinase pathway and phosphorylation of profilin at Tyr129. Finally, we identified a mutual regulation of neuronal excitability and actin dynamics in axonal growth cones of embryonic motoneurons cultured on laminin-221/211. Impaired excitability resulted in dysregulated axon extension and local actin cytoskeleton, whereas upon β-actin knockdown Cav2.2 clustering was affected. We conclude from our data that in embryonic motoneurons BDNF/trkB signaling contributes to axon elongation and growth cone formation through changes in the local actin cytoskeleton accompanied by increased Cav2.2 clustering and local calcium transients. These findings may help to explore cellular mechanisms which might be dysregulated during maturation of embryonic motoneurons leading to motoneuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dombert
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Balk
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Mehri Moradi
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rajeeve Sivadasan
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Sibylle Jablonka
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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17
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Lloris-Carsí JM, Barrios C, Prieto-Moure B, Lloris-Cejalvo JM, Cejalvo-Lapeña D. The effect of adhesives on inflammatory immune-markers during renal injury healing. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017. [PMID: 28650114 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Renal injury is common in abdominal trauma. Adhesives and sealants can be used to repair and preserve damaged organs. We describe the effect of three biomaterial treatments (TachoSil, GelitaSpon, and Adhflex) on injured renal tissue. Renal traumatic injuries were experimentally induced in male Wistar rats (n = 90) using a punch. Animals were divided into five groups: (1) sham noninjured (n = 3) and punch injury groups; (2) nontreated (n = 6); (3) TachoSil (n = 27); (4) GelitaSpon (n = 27); and (5) Adhflex (n = 27). Wound healing was evaluated 2, 6, and 18 days postinjury by inflammatory cytokines response, histopathological evolution of lesions, inflammatory reaction markers (CD68), and vascular neoformation (CD31). The TachoSil group showed the least inflammatory reaction among the three treated groups, which showed similarly low inflammatory reaction 18 days postinjury. Ciliary neurotrophic factor, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, L-selectin, thymus chemokine, and TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 expression peaked between 2 and 6 days postinjury. TachoSil promoted the highest cytokine expression. The Adhflex group had the highest CD31 inflammatory immune-marker levels at 2 and 6 days postinjury, but there was a similar decrease in CD31 levels in all three groups at 18 days postinjury. The results show that all three sealant treatments induced a normal healing process with the typical pattern of proinflammatory cytokine and immune-marker expression. Each tested sealant substance could be suitable treatment for renal lacerations. The findings of this study indicate that Adhflex® elastic cyanoacrylate does not induce an adverse inflammatory reaction, and therefore, could be considered as one of the first-line treatments for renal injuries. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1444-1455, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Barrios
- Intitute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, València, Spain
| | - Beatriz Prieto-Moure
- Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Valencia Catholic University ″San Vicente Mártir, València, Spain
| | - José Miguel Lloris-Cejalvo
- Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Valencia Catholic University ″San Vicente Mártir, València, Spain
| | - Dolores Cejalvo-Lapeña
- Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Valencia Catholic University ″San Vicente Mártir, València, Spain
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18
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Peng L, Shu X, Lang C, Yu X. Cardiotrophin-1 stimulates the neural differentiation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells and survival of differentiated cells through PI3K/Akt-dependent signaling pathways. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:933-941. [PMID: 28601931 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiotrophin-1 (CT1) plays an important role in the differentiation, development, and survival of neural stem cells. In this study, we analyzed its effects on the stimulation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in terms of their potential to differentiate into neuron-like cells, their survival characteristics, and the molecular mechanisms involved. The treatment of cells with neural induction medium (NIM) and CT1 generated more cells that were neuron-like and produced stronger expression of neural-lineage markers than cells treated with NIM and without CT1. Bcl-2 and Akt phosphorylation (p-Akt) expression levels increased significantly in cells treated with both NIM and CT1. This treatment also effectively blocked cell death following neural induction and decreased Bax, Bak and cleaved-caspase 3 expression compared with cells treated with NIM without CT1. In addition, the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) abrogated p-Akt and Bcl-2 expression. Thus, PI3K/Akt contribute to CT1-stimulated neural differentiation and to the survival of differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longying Peng
- Department of Pediatric, First Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Shu
- Department of Pediatric, First Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Changhui Lang
- Department of Pediatric, First Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Department of Pediatric, First Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
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19
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Musina LO, Uzbekov MG. Changes in the level of ciliary neurotrophic factor are related to the degree of severity of epilepsy. NEUROCHEM J+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241701010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Gao N, Lee P, Yu FS. Intraepithelial dendritic cells and sensory nerves are structurally associated and functional interdependent in the cornea. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36414. [PMID: 27805041 PMCID: PMC5090364 DOI: 10.1038/srep36414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The corneal epithelium consists of stratified epithelial cells, sparsely interspersed with dendritic cells (DCs) and a dense layer of sensory axons. We sought to assess the structural and functional correlation of DCs and sensory nerves. Two morphologically different DCs, dendriform and round-shaped, were detected in the corneal epithelium. The dendriform DCs were located at the sub-basal space where the nerve plexus resides, with DC dendrites crossing several nerve endings. The round-shaped DCs were closely associated with nerve fiber branching points, penetrating the basement membrane and reaching into the stroma. Phenotypically, the round-shaped DCs were CD86 positive. Trigeminal denervation resulted in epithelial defects with or without total tarsorrhaphy, decreased tear secretion, and the loss of dendriform DCs at the ocular surface. Local DC depletion resulted in a significant decrease in corneal sensitivity, an increase in epithelial defects, and a reduced density of nerve endings at the center of the cornea. Post-wound nerve regeneration was also delayed in the DC-depleted corneas. Taken together, our data show that DCs and sensory nerves are located in close proximity. DCs may play a role in epithelium innervation by accompanying the sensory nerve fibers in crossing the basement membrane and branching into nerve endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Patrick Lee
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Fu-Shin Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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21
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Dalvi PS, Chalmers JA, Luo V, Han DY, Wellhauser L, Liu Y, Tran DQ, Castel J, Luquet S, Wheeler MB, Belsham DD. High fat induces acute and chronic inflammation in the hypothalamus: effect of high-fat diet, palmitate and TNF-α on appetite-regulating NPY neurons. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:149-158. [PMID: 27773938 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of dietary fat is one of the key factors leading to obesity. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is characterized by induction of inflammation in the hypothalamus; however, the temporal regulation of proinflammatory markers and their impact on hypothalamic appetite-regulating neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons remains undefined. METHODS Mice were injected with an acute lipid infusion for 24 h or fed a HFD over 8-20 weeks. Characterized mouse NPY/AgRP hypothalamic cell lines were used for in vitro experimentation. Immunohistochemistry in brain slices or quantitative real-time PCR in cell lines, was performed to determine changes in the expression of key inflammatory markers and neuropeptides. RESULTS Hypothalamic inflammation, indicated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression and astrocytosis in the arcuate nucleus, was evident following acute lipid infusion. HFD for 8 weeks suppressed TNF-α, while significantly increasing heat-shock protein 70 and ciliary neurotrophic factor, both neuroprotective components. HFD for 20 weeks induced TNF-α expression in NPY/AgRP neurons, suggesting a detrimental temporal regulatory mechanism. Using NPY/AgRP hypothalamic cell lines, we found that palmitate provoked a mixed inflammatory response on a panel of inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes, whereas TNF-α significantly upregulated IκBα, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and interleukin-6 mRNA levels. Palmitate and TNF-α exposure predominantly induced NPY mRNA levels. Utilizing an I kappa B kinase β (IKKβ) inhibitor, we demonstrated that these effects potentially occur via the inflammatory IKKβ/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that acute lipid and chronic HFD feeding in vivo, as well as acute palmitate and TNF-α exposure in vitro, induce markers of inflammation or ER stress in the hypothalamic appetite-stimulating NPY/AgRP neurons over time, which may contribute to a dramatic alteration in NPY/AgRP content or expression. Acute and chronic HFD feeding in vivo temporally regulates arcuate TNF-α expression with reactive astrocytosis, which suggests a time-dependent neurotrophic or neurotoxic role of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Dalvi
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J A Chalmers
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - V Luo
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D-Yd Han
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Wellhauser
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Q Tran
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Castel
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - S Luquet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - M B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Sawada SI, Nomura Y, Aoyama Y, Akiyoshi K. Heat Shock Protein-like Activity of a Nanogel Artificial Chaperone for Citrate Synthase. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911506070819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperone–like activity for the refolding of citrate synthase (CS) was investigated using nanometer-sized (<100nm) polymer hydrogels (nanogels) composed of cholesterol-bearing pullulan (CHP). We reported that CHP nanogels selectively interact with proteins (guests) as the host. CHP nanogels effectively prevented protein aggregation upon heating by complexation with denatured proteins. The enzyme activity of CS recovered in high yields after the addition of cyclodextrins. CHP nanogels assisted protein refolding in a manner similar to the mechanism with molecular chaperones such as GroEL. The present nanogel system could be a useful tool for the refolding and stabilization of unstable proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Sawada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10, Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Aoyama
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Center of Excellent Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10, Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Kazim SF, Iqbal K. Neurotrophic factor small-molecule mimetics mediated neuroregeneration and synaptic repair: emerging therapeutic modality for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:50. [PMID: 27400746 PMCID: PMC4940708 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable and debilitating chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder which is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. AD is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disorder, histopathologically characterized by the presence of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of Aβ peptides and abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau protein, respectively. Independent of the various etiopathogenic mechanisms, neurodegeneration is a final common outcome of AD neuropathology. Synaptic loss is a better correlate of cognitive impairment in AD than Aβ or tau pathologies. Thus a highly promising therapeutic strategy for AD is to shift the balance from neurodegeneration to neuroregeneration and synaptic repair. Neurotrophic factors, by virtue of their neurogenic and neurotrophic activities, have potential for the treatment of AD. However, the clinical therapeutic usage of recombinant neurotrophic factors is limited because of the insurmountable hurdles of unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties, poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and severe adverse effects. Neurotrophic factor small-molecule mimetics, in this context, represent a potential strategy to overcome these short comings, and have shown promise in preclinical studies. Neurotrophic factor small-molecule mimetics have been the focus of intense research in recent years for AD drug development. Here, we review the relevant literature regarding the therapeutic beneficial effect of neurotrophic factors in AD, and then discuss the recent status of research regarding the neurotrophic factor small-molecule mimetics as therapeutic candidates for AD. Lastly, we summarize the preclinical studies with a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) small-molecule peptide mimetic, Peptide 021 (P021). P021 is a neurogenic and neurotrophic compound which enhances dentate gyrus neurogenesis and memory processes via inhibiting leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling pathway and increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. It robustly inhibits tau abnormal hyperphosphorylation via increased BDNF mediated decrease in glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β, major tau kinase) activity. P021 is a small molecular weight, BBB permeable compound with suitable pharmacokinetics for oral administration, and without adverse effects associated with native CNTF or BDNF molecule. P021 has shown beneficial therapeutic effect in several preclinical studies and has emerged as a highly promising compound for AD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faraz Kazim
- />Department of Neurochemistry, and SUNY Downstate/NYSIBR Program in Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Institute for Basic Research (NYSIBR), 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314 USA
- />Graduate Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- />Department of Neurochemistry, and SUNY Downstate/NYSIBR Program in Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Institute for Basic Research (NYSIBR), 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314 USA
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De Lucia C, Rinchon A, Olmos-Alonso A, Riecken K, Fehse B, Boche D, Perry VH, Gomez-Nicola D. Microglia regulate hippocampal neurogenesis during chronic neurodegeneration. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:179-190. [PMID: 26541819 PMCID: PMC4907582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is altered in neurodegenerative disorders, partly regulated by inflammatory factors. We have investigated whether microglia, the innate immune brain cells, regulate hippocampal neurogenesis in neurodegeneration. Using the ME7 model of prion disease we applied gain- or loss-of CSF1R function, as means to stimulate or inhibit microglial proliferation, respectively, to dissect the contribution of these cells to neurogenesis. We found that increased hippocampal neurogenesis correlates with the expansion of the microglia population. The selective inhibition of microglial proliferation caused a reduction in neurogenesis and a restoration of normal neuronal differentiation, supporting a pro-neurogenic role for microglia. Using a gene screening strategy, we identified TGFβ as a molecule controlling the microglial pro-neurogenic response in chronic neurodegeneration, supported by loss-of-function mechanistic experiments. By the selective targeting of microglial proliferation we have been able to uncover a pro-neurogenic role for microglia in chronic neurodegeneration, suggesting promising therapeutic targets to normalise the neurogenic niche during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Lucia
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adeline Rinchon
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Olmos-Alonso
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - V. Hugh Perry
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Senzacqua M, Severi I, Perugini J, Acciarini S, Cinti S, Giordano A. Action of Administered Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor on the Mouse Dorsal Vagal Complex. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:289. [PMID: 27445662 PMCID: PMC4921504 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) induces weight loss in obese rodents and humans through activation of the hypothalamic Jak-STAT (Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling pathway. Here, we tested the hypothesis that CNTF also affects the brainstem centers involved in feeding and energy balance regulation. To this end, wild-type and leptin-deficient (ob/ob and db/db) obese mice were acutely treated with intraperitoneal recombinant CNTF. Coronal brainstem sections were processed for immunohistochemical detection of STAT3, STAT1, STAT5 phosphorylation and c-Fos. In wild-type mice, CNTF treatment for 45 min induced STAT3, STAT1, and STAT5 phosphorylation in neurons as well as glial cells of the area postrema; here, the majority of CNTF-responsive cells activated multiple STAT isoforms, and a significant proportion of CNTF-responsive glial cells bore the immaturity and plasticity markers nestin and vimentin. After 120 min CNTF treatment, c-Fos expression was intense in glial cells and weak in neurons of the area postrema, it was intense in several neurons of the rostral and caudal solitary tract nucleus (NTS), and weak in some cholinergic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. In the ob/ob and db/db mice, Jak-STAT activation and c-Fos expression were similar to those induced in wild-type mouse brainstem. Treatment with CNTF (120 min, to induce c-Fos expression) and leptin (25 min, to induce STAT3 phosphorylation) demonstrated the co-localization of the two transcription factors in a small neuron population in the caudal NTS portion. Finally, weak immunohistochemical CNTF staining, detected in funiculus separans, and meningeal glial cells, matched the modest amount of CNTF found by RT-qPCR in micropunched area postrema tissue, which in contrast exhibited a very high amount of CNTF receptor. Collectively, the present findings show that the area postrema and the NTS exhibit high, distinctive responsiveness to circulating exogenous and, probably, endogenous CNTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Senzacqua
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Samantha Acciarini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle MarcheAncona, Italy; Center of Obesity, Università Politecnica delle Marche-United HospitalsAncona, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
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Hernando S, Gartziandia O, Herran E, Pedraz JL, Igartua M, Hernandez RM. Advances in nanomedicine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1267-85. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer‘s disease and Parkinson’s disease are the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. Despite all the efforts made by the scientific community, current available treatments have limited effectiveness, without halting the progression of the disease. That is why, new molecules such as growth factors, antioxidants and metal chelators have been raised as new therapeutical approaches. However, these molecules have difficulties to cross the blood–brain barrier limiting its therapeutic effect. The development of nanometric drug delivery systems may permit a targeted and sustained release of old and new treatments offering a novel strategy to treat these neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarized the main investigated drug delivery systems as promising approaches to treat Alzheimer‘s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hernando
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Oihane Gartziandia
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Enara Herran
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Manoli Igartua
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
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Severi I, Senzacqua M, Mondini E, Fazioli F, Cinti S, Giordano A. Activation of transcription factors STAT1 and STAT5 in the mouse median eminence after systemic ciliary neurotrophic factor administration. Brain Res 2015; 1622:217-29. [PMID: 26133794 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Martina Senzacqua
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mondini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Fazioli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Center of Obesity, Università Politecnica delle Marche-United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Sethi R, Sethi R, Redmond A, Lavik E. Olfactory ensheathing cells promote differentiation of neural stem cells and robust neurite extension. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 10:772-85. [PMID: 24996386 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The goal of this study was to gain insight into the signaling between olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and neural stem cells (NSCs). We sought to understand the impact of OECs on NSC differentiation and neurite extension and to begin to elucidate the factors involved in these interactions to provide new targets for therapeutic interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS We utilized lines of OECs that have been extremely well characterized in vitro and in vivo along with well studied NSCs in gels to determine the impact of the coculture in three dimensions. To further elucidate the signaling, we used conditioned media from the OECs as well as fractioned components on NSCs to determine the molecular weight range of the soluble factors that was most responsible for the NSC behavior. RESULTS We found that the coculture of NSCs and OECs led to robust NSC differentiation and extremely long neural processes not usually seen with NSCs in three dimensional gels in vitro. Through culture of NSCs with fractioned OEC media, we determined that molecules larger than 30 kDa have the greatest impact on the NSC behavior. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that cocultures of NSCs and OECs may be a novel combination therapy for neural injuries including spinal cord injury (SCI). Furthermore, we have identified a class of molecules which plays a substantial role in the behavior that provides new targets for investigating pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosh Sethi
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,
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Wong SP, Rowley JE, Redpath AN, Tilman JD, Fellous TG, Johnson JR. Pericytes, mesenchymal stem cells and their contributions to tissue repair. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 151:107-20. [PMID: 25827580 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine using mesenchymal stem cells for the purposes of tissue repair has garnered considerable public attention due to the potential of returning tissues and organs to a normal, healthy state after injury or damage has occurred. To achieve this, progenitor cells such as pericytes and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be delivered exogenously, mobilised and recruited from within the body or transplanted in the form organs and tissues grown in the laboratory from stem cells. In this review, we summarise the recent evidence supporting the use of endogenously mobilised stem cell populations to enhance tissue repair along with the use of mesenchymal stem cells and pericytes in the development of engineered tissues. Finally, we conclude with an overview of currently available therapeutic options to manipulate endogenous stem cells to promote tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suet-Ping Wong
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica E Rowley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Andia N Redpath
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica D Tilman
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq G Fellous
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jill R Johnson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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30
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Al Abri R, Kolethekkat AA, Kelleher MO, Myles LM, Glasby MA. Effect of locally administered ciliary neurotrophic factor on the survival of transected and repaired adult sheep facial nerve. Oman Med J 2014; 29:208-13. [PMID: 24936272 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to determine whether the administration of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) at the site of repaired facial nerve enhances regeneration in the adult sheep model. METHODS Ten adult sheep were divided into 2 groups: control and study group (CNTF group). In the CNTF group, the buccal branch of the facial nerve was transected and then repaired by epineural sutures. CNTF was injected over the left depressor labii maxillaris muscle in the vicinity of the transected and repaired nerve for 28 days under local anesthesia. In the CNTF group, the sheep were again anesthetized after nine months and the site of facial nerve repair was exposed. Detailed electrophysiological, tension experiments and morphometric studies were carried out and then analyzed statistically. RESULTS The skin CV min, refractory period, Jitter and tension parameters were marginally raised in the CNTF group than the control but the difference was statistically insignificant between the two groups. Morphometric indices also did not show any significant changes in the CNTF group. CONCLUSION CNTF has no profound effect on neuronal regeneration of adult sheep animal model. KEYWORDS CNTF; Neurtrophic factors; Sheep; Facial nerve; Regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Al Abri
- ENT Division, Surgery Department, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 38, Al Khod 123, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Arif Ali Kolethekkat
- ENT Division, Surgery Department, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 38, Al Khod 123, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | | | - Lynn M Myles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Glasby
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Severi I, Perugini J, Mondini E, Smorlesi A, Frontini A, Cinti S, Giordano A. Opposite effects of a high-fat diet and calorie restriction on ciliary neurotrophic factor signaling in the mouse hypothalamus. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:263. [PMID: 24409114 PMCID: PMC3873503 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse hypothalamus, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is mainly expressed by ependymal cells and tanycytes of the ependymal layer covering the third ventricle. Since exogenously administered CNTF causes reduced food intake and weight loss, we tested whether endogenous CNTF might be involved in energy balance regulation. We thus evaluated CNTF production and responsiveness in the hypothalamus of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), of ob/ob obese mice, and of mice fed a calorie restriction (CR) regimen. RT-PCR showed that CNTF mRNA increased significantly in HFD mice and decreased significantly in CR animals. Western blotting confirmed that CNTF expression was higher in HFD mice and reduced in CR mice, but high interindividual variability blunted the significance of these differences. By immunohistochemistry, hypothalamic tuberal and mammillary region tanycytes stained strongly for CNTF in HFD mice, whereas CR mice exhibited markedly reduced staining. RT-PCR and Western blotting disclosed that changes in CNTF expression were paralleled by changes in the expression of its specific receptor, CNTF receptor α (CNTFRα). Injection of recombinant CNTF and detection of phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (P-STAT3) showed that CNTF responsiveness by the ependymal layer, mainly by tanycytes, was higher in HFD than CR mice. In addition, in HFD mice CNTF administration induced distinctive STAT3 signaling in a large neuron population located in the dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei, perifornical area and mammillary body. The hypothalamic expression of CNTF and CNTFRα did not change in the hyperphagic, leptin-deficient ob/ob obese mice; accordingly, P-STAT3 immunoreactivity in CNTF-treated ob/ob mice was confined to ependymal layer and arcuate neurons. Collectively, these data suggest that hypothalamic CNTF is involved in controlling the energy balance and that CNTF signaling plays a role in HFD obese mice at specific sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mondini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Arianna Smorlesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy ; Center of Obesity, Università Politecnica delle Marche-United Hospitals Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
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Jung G, Sun J, Petrowitz B, Riecken K, Kruszewski K, Jankowiak W, Kunst F, Skevas C, Richard G, Fehse B, Bartsch U. Genetically modified neural stem cells for a local and sustained delivery of neuroprotective factors to the dystrophic mouse retina. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:1001-10. [PMID: 24167317 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous intraocular delivery of neurotrophic factors (NFs) is being explored as a strategy to rescue photoreceptor cells and visual functions in degenerative retinal disorders that are currently untreatable. To establish a cell-based intraocular delivery system for a sustained administration of NFs to the dystrophic mouse retina, we used a polycistronic lentiviral vector to genetically modify adherently cultivated murine neural stem (NS) cells. The vector concurrently encoded a gene of interest, a reporter gene, and a resistance gene and thus facilitated the selection, cloning, and in vivo tracking of the modified cells. To evaluate whether modified NS cells permit delivery of functionally relevant quantities of NFs to the dystrophic mouse retina, we expressed a secretable variant of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in NS cells and grafted the cells into the vitreous space of Pde6b(rd1) and Pde6b(rd10) mice, two animal models of retinitis pigmentosa. In both mouse lines, grafted cells attached to the retina and lens, where they differentiated into astrocytes and some neurons. Adverse effects of the transplanted cells on the morphology of host retinas were not observed. Importantly, the CNTF-secreting NS cells significantly attenuated photoreceptor degeneration in both mutant mouse lines. The neuroprotective effect was significantly more pronounced when clonally derived NS cell lines selected for high expression levels of CNTF were grafted into Pde6b(rd1) mice. Intravitreal transplantations of modified NS cells may thus represent a useful method for preclinical studies aimed at evaluating the therapeutic potential of a cell-based intraocular delivery of NFs in mouse models of photoreceptor degeneration.
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Cheng MF. Hypothalamic neurogenesis in the adult brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:167-78. [PMID: 23684668 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adult-born new neurons are continuously added to the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb to serve aspects of learning and perceptual functions. Recent evidence establishes a third neurogenic niche in the ventral hypothalamic parenchyma surrounding the third ventricle that ensures the plasticity of specific brain circuits to stabilize physiological functions such as the energy-balance regulatory system. Hypothalamic lesion studies have demonstrated that regions associated with reproduction-related functions are also capable of recruiting newborn neurons to restore physiological functions and courtship behavior. Induced by lesion or other stimulation, elevated neurotrophic factors trigger neurogenic cascades that contribute to remodeling of certain neural circuits to meet specific transient functions. This insight raises the possibility that event-specific changes, such as increased GnRH, may be mediated by courtship-sensitive neurotrophic factors. We will discuss the potentially integral and ubiquitous roles of neurogenesis in physiological and biological phenomena, roles that await future experimental exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Cheng
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Ciliary neurotrophic factor controls progenitor migration during remyelination in the adult rodent brain. J Neurosci 2013; 33:3240-50. [PMID: 23407977 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2579-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has been shown to be expressed after brain lesions and in particular after demyelination. Here, we addressed the role of this cytokine in the regulation of neural progenitor migration in the adult rodent brain. Using an acute model of demyelination, we show that CNTF is strongly re-expressed after lesion and is involved in the postlesional mobilization of endogenous progenitors that participate in the myelin regenerative process. We show that CNTF controls the migration of subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived neural progenitors toward the demyelinated corpus callosum. Furthermore, an ectopic source of CNTF in adult healthy brains changes SVZ-derived neural progenitors' migratory behavior that migrate toward the source by activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3) pathway. Using various in vitro assays (Boyden chambers, explants, and video time-lapse imaging), we demonstrate that CNTF controls the directed migration of SVZ-derived progenitors and oligodendrocyte precursors. Altogether, these results demonstrate that in addition to its neuroprotective activity and its role in progenitor survival and maturation, CNTF acts as a chemoattractant and participates in the recruitment of endogenous progenitors during myelin repair.
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Improvement in protocol to generate homogeneous glutamatergic neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells reduced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:604-9. [PMID: 23219817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining a homogenous population of central nervous system neurons has been a significant challenge in neuroscience research; however, a recent study established a retinoic acid-treated embryoid bodies-based differentiation protocol that permits the effective generation of highly homogeneous glutamatergic cortical pyramidal neurons from embryonic stem cells. We were able to reproduce this protocol regarding the purity of glutamatergic neurons, but these neurons were not sufficiently healthy for long-term observation under the same conditions that were originally described. Here, we achieved a substantial improvement in cell survival by applying a simple technique: We changed the medium for glutamatergic neurons from the original complete medium to commercially available SBM (the Nerve-Cell Culture Medium manufactured by Sumitomo Bakelite Co. Ltd.) and finally succeeded in maintaining healthy neurons for at least 3 weeks without decreasing their purity. Because SBM contains glial conditioned medium, we postulated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor or basic fibroblast growth factor is the key components responsible for pro-survival effect of SBM on neurons, and examined their effects by adding them to CM. As a result, neither of them had pro-survival effect on pure glutamatergic neuronal population.
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Arnold SA, Hagg T. Serotonin 1A receptor agonist increases species- and region-selective adult CNS proliferation, but not through CNTF. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1238-47. [PMID: 22884499 PMCID: PMC3438376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)(1) regulates neurogenesis of the adult brain in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ)(2) and the subventricular zone (SVZ)(3). We have previously shown that the cAMP-inhibiting D2 dopamine receptor increases neurogenesis by inducing astroglial CNTF expression. Here, we investigated the potential role of CNTF in the proliferative response to pharmacological stimulation of the serotonin 1A (5-HT1A)(4) receptor, which also inhibits cAMP, in adult mice and rats. Like others, we show that systemic treatment with the active R-enantiomer of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT)(5) induces proliferation in the SGZ in rats using unbiased stereology of 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)(6) positive nuclei. However, despite the bioactivity of R-8-OH-DPAT, as also shown by a decrease in hippocampal nNOS(7) mRNA levels, it did not increase CNTF mRNA as shown by highly specific quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR)(8). Surprisingly, R-8-OH-DPAT did not cause an increase in SVZ proliferation in rats or in either the SVZ or SGZ of two different strains of mice, C57BL/6J, and 129SvEv, using acute or chronic treatments. There also were no changes in CNTF mRNA, and also not in mice treated with a widely used racemic mixture of 8-OH-DPAT, higher doses or after intracerebral injection, which reduced nNOS. In contrast to the others, we propose that the 5-HT1A receptor might be non-functional in mice with regards to regulating normal neurogenesis and has region-selective activities in rats. These species- and region-specific actions raise important questions about the role of the 5-HT1A receptor in human neurogenesis and its implications for the field of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A. Arnold
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40292
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Theo Hagg
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40292
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40292
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40292
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Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the adult central nervous system (CNS), and their functional diversity in response to injury is now being appreciated. Astrocytes have long been considered the main player in the inhibition of CNS repair via the formation of the gliotic scar, but now it is accepted that astrocyte can play an important role in CNS repair and remyelination. Interest in the relationship between astrocytes and myelination focused initially on attempts to understand how the development of plaques of astroglial scar tissue in multiple sclerosis was related to the failure of these lesions to remyelinate. It is now considered that this is an end stage pathological response to injury, and that normally astrocytes play important roles in supporting the development and maintenance of CNS myelin. This review will focus on how this new understanding may be exploited to develop new strategies to enhance remyelination in multiple sclerosis and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Barnett
- Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Dhillon SS, Gingerich S, Virtanen C, Belsham DD. Gene array analysis of embryonic- versus adult-derived hypothalamic NPY-expressing cell lines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:116-26. [PMID: 22476083 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have utilized microarray analysis to understand the genome wide changes involved in the development of the hypothalamus despite its overall importance to basic physiology. Gene expression profiling of immortalized, clonal hypothalamic neurons, embryonic-derived mHypoE-46 and adult-derived mHypoA-2/12, reveals that the expression of 1225 probes was significantly changed between the two neuronal models. Further comparison of the gene expression profiles identified two categories of genes that were confirmed with qRT-PCR: (i) genes implicated in the Wnt signaling pathway; and (ii) transcription factors previously implicated in the development of the central nervous system. Yet, functional analysis of the two cell lines, including hormonal responses and secretion, indicate that they are comparable despite their developmental origin. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of embryonic- and adult-derived hypothalamic neuronal cell models that both express neuropeptide Y, and identifies novel genes as candidates for mediating the development of specific hypothalamic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S Dhillon
- Department of Physiology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
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Shakhbazau A, Shcharbin D, Petyovka N, Goncharova N, Seviaryn I, Kosmacheva S, Bryszewska M, Potapnev M. Non-virally Modified Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Produce Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor in Biodegradable Fibrin-Based 3D Scaffolds. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1546-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Peruga I, Hartwig S, Merkler D, Thöne J, Hovemann B, Juckel G, Gold R, Linker RA. Endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor modulates anxiety and depressive-like behavior. Behav Brain Res 2012; 229:325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Severi I, Carradori MR, Lorenzi T, Amici A, Cinti S, Giordano A. Constitutive expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor in mouse hypothalamus. J Anat 2012; 220:622-31. [PMID: 22458546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a potent survival molecule for a large number of neuronal and glial cells in culture; its expression in glial cells is strongly upregulated after a variety of nerve tissue injuries. Exogenously administered CNTF produces an anorectic effect via activation of hypothalamic neurons and stimulates neurogenesis in mouse hypothalamus. To determine whether CNTF is produced endogenously in the hypothalamus, we sought cellular sources and examined their distribution in adult mouse hypothalamus by immunohistochemistry. CNTF immunoreactivity (IR) was predominantly detected in the ependymal layer throughout the rostrocaudal extension of the third ventricle, where numerous ependymocytes and tanycytes exhibited specific staining. Some astrocytes in the grey matter of the anterior hypothalamus and in the median eminence of the hypothalamic tuberal region were also positive. Stimulation of cells bearing CNTF receptor α (CNTFRα) induces specific activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signalling system. Treatment with recombinant CNTF and detection of the nuclear expression of phospho-STAT3 (P-STAT3) showed that CNTF-producing ependymal cells and tanycytes were intermingled with, or very close to, P-STAT3-positive, CNTFRα-bearing cells. A fraction of CNTF-producing ependymal cells and tanycytes and some median eminence astrocytes also exhibited P-STAT3 IR. Thus, in normal adult mice the ependyma of the third ventricle is both a source of and a target for CNTF, which may play hitherto unknown roles in hypothalamic function in physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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43
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The molecular basis of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:152-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Couvreur O, Aubourg A, Crépin D, Degrouard J, Gertler A, Taouis M, Vacher CM. The anorexigenic cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor stimulates POMC gene expression via receptors localized in the nucleus of arcuate neurons. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E458-67. [PMID: 22146310 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00388.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a neural cytokine that reduces appetite and body weight when administrated to rodents or humans. We have demonstrated recently that the level of CNTF in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), a key hypothalamic region involved in food intake regulation, is positively correlated with protection against diet-induced obesity. However, the comprehension of the physiological significance of neural CNTF action was still incomplete because CNTF lacks a signal peptide and thus may not be secreted by the classical exocytosis pathways. Knowing that CNTF distribution shares similarities with that of its receptor subunits in the rat ARC, we hypothesized that CNTF could exert a direct intracrine effect in ARC cells. Here, we demonstrate that CNTF, together with its receptor subunits, translocates to the cell nucleus of anorexigenic POMC neurons in the rat ARC. Furthermore, the stimulation of hypothalamic nuclear fractions with CNTF induces the phosphorylation of several signaling proteins, including Akt, as well as the transcription of the POMC gene. These data strongly suggest that intracellular CNTF may directly modulate POMC gene expression via the activation of receptors localized in the cell nucleus, providing a novel plausible mechanism of CNTF action in regulating energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Couvreur
- Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, University of Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Quantitative and integrative proteome analysis of peripheral nerve myelin identifies novel myelin proteins and candidate neuropathy loci. J Neurosci 2012; 31:16369-86. [PMID: 22072688 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4016-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve myelin facilitates rapid impulse conduction and normal motor and sensory functions. Many aspects of myelin biogenesis, glia-axonal interactions, and nerve homeostasis are poorly understood at the molecular level. We therefore hypothesized that only a fraction of all relevant myelin proteins has been identified so far. Combining gel-based and gel-free proteomic approaches, we identified 545 proteins in purified mouse sciatic nerve myelin, including 36 previously known myelin constituents. By mass spectrometric quantification, the predominant P0, periaxin, and myelin basic protein constitute 21, 16, and 8% of the total myelin protein, respectively, suggesting that their relative abundance was previously misestimated due to technical limitations regarding protein separation and visualization. Focusing on tetraspan-transmembrane proteins, we validated novel myelin constituents using immuno-based methods. Bioinformatic comparison with mRNA-abundance profiles allowed the categorization in functional groups coregulated during myelin biogenesis and maturation. By differential myelin proteome analysis, we found that the abundance of septin 9, the protein affected in hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy, is strongly increased in a novel mouse model of demyelinating neuropathy caused by the loss of prion protein. Finally, the systematic comparison of our compendium with the positions of human disease loci allowed us to identify several candidate genes for hereditary demyelinating neuropathies. These results illustrate how the integration of unbiased proteome, transcriptome, and genome data can contribute to a molecular dissection of the biogenesis, cell biology, metabolism, and pathology of myelin.
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Morrens J, Van Den Broeck W, Kempermann G. Glial cells in adult neurogenesis. Glia 2011; 60:159-74. [PMID: 22076934 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is an exceptional feature of the adult brain and in an intriguing way bridges between neuronal and glial neurobiology. Essentially, all classes of glial cells are directly or indirectly linked to this process. Cells with astrocytic features, for example, serve as radial glia-like stem cells in the two neurogenic regions of the adult brain, the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles, producing new neurons, create a microenvironment permissive for neurogenesis, and are themselves generated alongside the new neurons in an associated but independently regulated process. Oligodendrocytes are generated from precursor cells intermingled with those generating neurons in an independent lineage. NG2 cells have certain precursor cell properties and are found throughout the brain parenchyma. They respond to extrinsic stimuli and injury but do not generate neurons even though they can express some preneuronal markers. Microglia have positive and negative regulatory effects as constituents of the "neurogenic niche". Ependymal cells play incompletely understood roles in adult neurogenesis, but under certain conditions might exert (back-up) precursor cell functions. Glial contributions to adult neurogenesis can be direct or indirect and are mediated by mechanisms ranging from gap-junctional to paracrine and endocrine. As the two neurogenic regions differ between each other and both from the non-neurogenic rest of the brain, the question arises in how far regionalization of both the glia-like precursor cells as well as of the glial cells determines site-specific "neurogenic permissiveness." In any case, however, "neurogenesis" appears to be an essentially glial achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Morrens
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I. Opportunities and challenges in developing Alzheimer disease therapeutics. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 122:543-9. [PMID: 21959585 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive disorder with an average disease progression of 7-10 years. However, the histopathological hallmark lesions of this disease, the extracellular Aβ plaques and the intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, start as early as childhood in the affected individuals. AD is multifactorial and probably involves many different etiopathogenic mechanisms. Thus, while AD offers a wide window of opportunity that practically includes the whole life span of the affected individuals, and numerous therapeutic targets, the multifactorial nature of this disease also makes the selection of the therapeutic targets an immensely challenging task. In addition to β-amyloidosis and neurofibrillary degeneration, the AD brain also is compromised in its ability to regenerate by enhancing neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity. An increasing number of preclinical studies in transgenic mouse models of AD show that enhancement of neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity can reverse cognitive impairment. Development of both drugs that can inhibit neurodegeneration and drugs that can increase the regenerative capacity of the brain by enhancing neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity are required to control AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, 10314-6399, USA.
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Depletion of optineurin in RGC-5 cells derived from retinal neurons causes apoptosis and reduces the secretion of neurotrophins. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:669-80. [PMID: 21896272 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Optineurin is a Golgi complex-associated ubiquitous protein with high expression levels in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Mutations in optineurin have been observed in rare hereditary cases of primary open-angle glaucoma and in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We explored the possibility that optineurin deficiency will compromise neuronal exocytosis leading to a diminished secretion of neurotrophic factors that are critically required for neuronal survival. To this end, we used RNA interference to induce depletion of optineurin in RGC-5 cells derived from retinal neurons. SiRNA specific for optineurin was transiently transfected. Moreover, a stable cell line with constitutive optineurin deficiency (RGC-5 pSilencer OPTN) was generated. In addition, we investigated the subcellular localization of optineurin in primary RGCs in retinal cell cultures isolated from eyes of mature mice. In RGC-5 cells, optineurin localized to the periphery of the Golgi complex and was observed in vesicular structures throughout the cytoplasm and close to the plasma membrane. A comparable Golgi-associated localization of optineurin was observed in cultured primary RGCs that were identified by TUJ1 labeling. Optineurin deficiency caused a marked increase in the number of RGC-5 cells with fragmented Golgi complex. RGC-5 pSilencer OPTN with stable optineurin deficiency showed a pronounced increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, the amounts of secreted neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and ciliary neurotrophic factor were significantly lower in culture medium of RGC-5 pSilencer OPTN cells when compared to controls. Adding exogenous NT-3 to the culture medium to achieve amounts seen in control cultures completely prevented the increase in apoptotic cell death. We propose that lack of neurotrophic support due to impaired secretion of neurotrophic proteins is a critical factor that causes or contributes to RGC or motor neuron death in patients with mutated optineurin.
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Dubový P, Raška O, Klusáková I, Stejskal L, Celakovský P, Haninec P. Ciliary neurotrophic factor promotes motor reinnervation of the musculocutaneous nerve in an experimental model of end-to-side neurorrhaphy. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:58. [PMID: 21696588 PMCID: PMC3224149 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is difficult to repair nerve if proximal stump is unavailable or autogenous nerve grafts are insufficient for reconstructing extensive nerve damage. Therefore, alternative methods have been developed, including lateral anastomosis based on axons' ability to send out collateral sprouts into denervated nerve. The different capacity of a sensory or motor axon to send a sprout is controversial and may be controlled by cytokines and/or neurotrophic factors like ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). The aim of the present study was to quantitatively assess collateral sprouts sent out by intact motor and sensory axons in the end-to-side neurorrhaphy model following intrathecal administration of CNTF in comparison with phosphate buffered saline (vehiculum) and Cerebrolysin. The distal stump of rat transected musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) was attached in an end-to-side fashion with ulnar nerve. CNTF, Cerebrolysin and vehiculum were administered intrathecally for 2 weeks, and all animals were allowed to survive for 2 months from operation. Numbers of spinal motor and dorsal root ganglia neurons were estimated following their retrograde labeling by Fluoro-Ruby and Fluoro-Emerald applied to ulnar and musculocutaneous nerve, respectively. Reinnervation of biceps brachii muscles was assessed by electromyography, behavioral test, and diameter and myelin sheath thickness of regenerated axons. Results Vehiculum or Cerebrolysin administration resulted in significantly higher numbers of myelinated axons regenerated into the MCN stumps compared with CNTF treatment. By contrast, the mean diameter of the myelinated axons and their myelin sheath thickness in the cases of Cerebrolysin- or CNTF-treated animals were larger than were those for rats treated with vehiculum. CNTF treatment significantly increased the percentage of motoneurons contributing to reinnervation of the MCN stumps (to 17.1%) when compared with vehiculum or Cerebrolysin treatments (at 9.9 or 9.6%, respectively). Reduced numbers of myelinated axons and simultaneously increased numbers of motoneurons contributing to reinnervation of the MCN improved functional reinnervation of the biceps brachii muscle after CNTF treatment. Conclusion The present experimental study confirms end-to-side neurorrhaphy as an alternative method for reconstructing severed peripheral nerves. CNTF promotes motor reinnervation of the MCN stump after its end-to-side neurorrhaphy with ulnar nerve and improves functional recovery of the biceps brachii muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dubový
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, and Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Sawada SI, Sasaki Y, Nomura Y, Akiyoshi K. Cyclodextrin-responsive nanogel as an artificial chaperone for horseradish peroxidase. Colloid Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-010-2361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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