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Myers KP, Temple JL. Translational science approaches for food insecurity research. Appetite 2024; 200:107513. [PMID: 38795946 PMCID: PMC11227396 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Food insecurity is a pervasive problem that impacts health and well-being across the lifespan. The human research linking food insecurity to poor metabolic and behavioral health outcomes is inherently correlational and suffers from a high degree of variability both between households and even within the same household over time. Further, food insecurity is impacted by societal and political factors that are largely out of the control of individuals, which narrows the range of intervention strategies. Animal models of food insecurity are being developed to address some of the barriers to mechanistic research. However, animal models are limited in their ability to consider some of the more complex societal elements of the human condition. We believe that understanding the role that food insecurity plays in ingestive behavior and chronic disease requires a truly translational approach, and that understanding the health impacts of this complex social phenomenon requires understanding both its psychological and physiological dimensions. This brief review will outline some key features of food insecurity, highlighting those that are amenable to investigation with controlled animal models and identifying areas where integrating animal and human studies can improve our understanding of the psychological burden and health impacts of food insecurity. In the interest of brevity, this review will largely focus on food insecurity in the United States, as the factors that contribute to food insecurity vary considerably across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Myers
- Department of Psychology, Animal Behavior & Neuroscience Programs, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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McKay NJ, Horvatits EJ, Jean M, Doyle JT, Harrington MP, Amir US, Carr KA. An acute social stressor decreases reinforcing value of both high and low energy-dense food in college students in a randomized controlled trial. Physiol Behav 2024; 279:114531. [PMID: 38552705 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that a large portion of the population elevates their intake of high energy-dense foods during times of stress; however, it is understudied whether stress affects the reinforcing value of a food reward. Further knowledge of this relationship may help us better understand the positive correlation between reinforcing value of food and obesity. Therefore, it was tested if an acute stressor would increase the reinforcing value of low or high energy-dense food. Participants (N = 70) were randomized to a stress or no-stress condition after which they were allowed to work to gain access to a food reward and reading time. To determine if high energy-dense food was specifically affected, half the participants from each stress manipulation were randomly assigned to work for either grapes or chocolate candies. Participants in the stress condition worked less for food access than those in the no-stress condition, for both low and high energy-dense foods, but stress did not affect the reinforcing value of reading time. These results indicate that, contrary to our hypothesis, in a sample of college students, an acute stressor decreased reinforcing value of food, with no difference between a low and high energy-dense food item.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J McKay
- SUNY Buffalo State University, 1300 Elmwood Ave., Department of Psychology, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA.
| | - Emmitt J Horvatits
- SUNY Buffalo State University, 1300 Elmwood Ave., Department of Psychology, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
| | - Monson Jean
- SUNY Buffalo State University, 1300 Elmwood Ave., Department of Psychology, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
| | - Jonathan T Doyle
- SUNY Buffalo State University, 1300 Elmwood Ave., Department of Psychology, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
| | - Morgan P Harrington
- SUNY Buffalo State University, 1300 Elmwood Ave., Department of Psychology, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
| | - Umme S Amir
- SUNY Buffalo State University, 1300 Elmwood Ave., Department of Psychology, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
| | - Katelyn A Carr
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo, USA
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Epstein LH, Temple JL, Faith MS, Hostler D, Rizwan A. A psychobioecological model to understand the income-food insecurity-obesity relationship. Appetite 2024; 196:107275. [PMID: 38367912 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Food insecurity, defined by unpredictable access to food that may not meet a person's nutritional needs, is associated with higher BMI (kg/m2) and obesity. People with food insecurity often have less access to food, miss meals and go hungry, which can lead to psychological and metabolic changes that favor energy conservation and weight gain. We describe a conceptual model that includes psychological (food reinforcement and delay discounting) and physiological (thermic effect of food and substrate oxidation) factors to understand how resource scarcity associated with food insecurity evolves into the food insecurity-obesity paradox. We present both animal and human translational research to describe how behavioral and metabolic adaptations to resource scarcity based on behavioral ecology theory may occur for people with food insecurity. We conclude with ideas for interventions to prevent or modify the behaviors and underlying physiology that characterize the income-food insecurity-obesity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Myles S Faith
- Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - David Hostler
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ashfique Rizwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Epstein LH, Rizwan A, Rashid S, Bickel WK, Ghanim H. Glucose response to sugar challenge moderates the effect of insulin resistance on reinforcing value of sugar-sweetened yogurt. Appetite 2024; 193:107160. [PMID: 38101518 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
We have shown insulin resistance is associated with the choice of sugar-sweetened over monk fruit sweetened yogurt. This study extends this research by assessing the association between insulin resistance and reinforcing value for sugar versus monk fruit-sweetened yogurt, and testing the hypothesis that this effect is moderated by greater blood glucose response in people with insulin resistance. Eighteen people with overweight/obesity (BMI = 35.8 kg/m2, range 26.2-48.5) with varying degrees of insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) = 2.6, range of 0.6-8.0) had blood glucose measured for 2 h after a sugar challenge. Over six days, they consumed, in a double-blind fashion, novel flavored-colored sugar or monk fruit-sweetened yogurts, and the reinforcing value of sugar or monk fruit-sweetened yogurts and delay discounting (DD) were measured. HOMA-IR (r = 0.62, p = .006) and insulin (r = 0.51, p = .03) were related to the reinforcing value of sugar-sweetened, but not monk fruit-sweetened yogurt (r = -0.07, -0.10, respectively). The blood glucose area under the curve moderated the relationship between HOMA-IR and the reinforcing value of sugar-sweetened yogurt (p = .02). People with greater HOMA-IR and greater blood glucose excursions responded the most for sugar-sweetened yogurt. These results extend previous research and confirm the hypothesis that individual differences in response to sugar may activate brain reward centers and condition people to prefer high-sugar foods. DD was related to sugar reinforcement (r = -0.46, p = .03), consistent with the idea that those with high sugar reinforcement desire immediate gratification, and DD moderated the relationship between HOMA-IR and the reinforcing value of sugar-sweetened yogurt (p < .001). Research should test whether reducing insulin resistance would permit people with insulin resistance to choose lower-sugar foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine, And Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Ashfique Rizwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine, And Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sameeha Rashid
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine, And Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carillion School of Medicine, USA
| | - Husam Ghanim
- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Jacobs School of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, USA
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Button AM, Paluch RA, Schechtman KB, Wilfley DE, Geller N, Quattrin T, Cook SR, Eneli IU, Epstein LH. Parents, but not their children, demonstrate greater delay discounting with resource scarcity. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1983. [PMID: 37828503 PMCID: PMC10568819 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with obesity tend to discount the future (delay discounting), focusing on immediate gratification. Delay discounting is reliably related to indicators of economic scarcity (i.e., insufficient resources), including lower income and decreased educational attainment in adults. It is unclear whether the impact of these factors experienced by parents also influence child delay discounting between the ages of 8 and 12-years in families with obesity. METHODS The relationship between indices of family income and delay discounting was studied in 452 families with parents and 6-12-year-old children with obesity. Differences in the relationships between parent economic, educational and Medicaid status, and parent and child delay discounting were tested. RESULTS Results showed lower parent income (p = 0.019) and Medicaid status (p = 0.021) were differentially related to greater parent but not child delay discounting among systematic responders. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest differences in how indicators of scarcity influence delay discounting for parents and children, indicating that adults with scarce resources may be shaped to focus on immediate needs instead of long-term goals. It is possible that parents can reduce the impact of economic scarcity on their children during preadolescent years. These findings suggest a need for policy change to alleviate the burden of scarce conditions and intervention to modify delay discounting rate and to improve health-related choices and to address weight disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Button
- Division of Population and Public Health Science, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Rocco A Paluch
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Building #26, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Kenneth B Schechtman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Denise E Wilfley
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nancy Geller
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Teresa Quattrin
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Building #26, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Stephen R Cook
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ihouma U Eneli
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Building #26, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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Epstein LH, Rizwan A, Paluch RA, Temple JL. Delay Discounting and the Income-Food Insecurity-Obesity Paradox in Mothers. J Obes 2023; 2023:8898498. [PMID: 37766882 PMCID: PMC10522429 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8898498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Food insecurity, defined as unpredictable access to food that may not meet a person's nutritional needs, is paradoxically associated with higher BMI (kg/m2) and obesity. Research has shown delay discounting, a behavioral economic measure of the preference for immediate rather than delayed rewards, is related to higher BMI, and moderates the relationship between income and food insecurity. Based on this research, we used regression models to test whether delay discounting, consideration of future consequences, and perceived stress were atemporal mediators of the food insecurity-BMI relation in 313 mothers, controlling for demographic variables. A secondary aim was to replicate the finding that delay discounting moderates the relationship between low income and high food insecurity. Results showed that low income was associated with higher food insecurity, and higher food insecurity was associated with higher BMI. Delay discounting was the only variable that was indirectly related to both paths of the food-insecurity-BMI relation. Delay discounting accounted for 22.2% of the variance in the low-income-food insecurity-obesity relation, and the total model accounted for 38.0% of the variance. The relation between low income and food insecurity was moderated by delay discounting. These data suggest that delay discounting is a potential mediator of the relationship between food insecurity and high BMI, which suggests reducing discounting in the future could be a novel target to reduce food insecurity and help people with food insecurity to reduce their excess body weight. Trial Registration. This trial is registered with NCT02873715.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H. Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ashfique Rizwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rocco A. Paluch
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Carr KA, Black W, Guth C, Shapiro L, Leone LA, Temple JL, Epstein LH. Reinforcing value of food, enriched home environment, and changes in percent overweight in children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:1075-1084. [PMID: 36855013 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The decision to eat is often a choice made in the context of food and non-food alternatives. However, no research, to the authors' knowledge, has assessed the combination of the motivation to eat, as indexed by the relative reinforcing value of food (RRVFOOD ), and the enriched home environment, i.e., access to activities that can serve as alternatives to eating on weight gain. METHODS This study used a cross-sectional design to study how RRVFOOD and the enriched home environment predict percent overweight change over 2 years in 291 children aged 6 to 9 years and of varying socioeconomic status. RESULTS Results showed that RRVFOOD and access to food were positively associated with baseline percent overweight, and an enriched home environment was negatively related to baseline percent overweight. RRVFOOD and an enriched home environment interacted to predict change in percent overweight. Children with a high relative RRVFOOD and a relatively non-enriched environment showed the greatest relative weight gain. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that providing an enriched home environment may reduce the effects of food reinforcement and being motivated to eat on weight gain in childhood, and this represents a novel approach to intervention that can be used to strengthen current behavioral approaches to prevent obesity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A Carr
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Whitney Black
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Catherine Guth
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Lilianna Shapiro
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Lucia A Leone
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo School of Public Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo School of Public Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Epstein LH, Biondolillo MJ, Rizwan A, Ghanim H, Dandona P, Bickel WK, Paluch RA. Insulin Resistance and Glycated Hemoglobin in Obesity Are Associated With Preference for Sugar-Sweetened Yogurt: A Pilot Study. Psychosom Med 2023; 85:289-293. [PMID: 36799726 PMCID: PMC10528876 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance is associated with elevated activation of food reward, which should be associated with an increased reinforcing value of food. Research has also shown that sugar is a macronutrient strongly associated with reward and reinforcing value of food. This research is designed to assess whether insulin resistance is associated with a stronger preference for sugar-sweetened, thus elevating blood glucose responses in obese people with varying degrees of insulin resistance. METHODS Thirteen people with obesity (body mass index, 39.1 kg/m 2 ; range, 30.0-45.1 kg/m 2 ) with varying degrees of insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, 5.2; range, 0.7-11.6) consumed novel flavored-colored yogurts that were sweetened with either sugar or monkfruit daily for 6 days to assess whether when given the choice of sugar-sweetened versus monkfruit-sweetened yogurts to consume, participants preferred sugar-sweetened yogurts. RESULTS Participants consumed a greater amount ( p = .009) and percentage ( p = .04) of sugar-sweetened yogurt earned than monkfruit-sweetened yogurt. The percent of sugar-sweetened versus monkfruit-sweetened yogurt consumed in relationship to amount earned was related to insulin resistance ( r = 0.64, p = .019), glycated hemoglobin ( r = 0.61, p = .027), insulin ( r = 0.58, p = .007), and glucose ( r = 0.56, p = .048). CONCLUSIONS Insulin resistance is associated with preference for sugar-sweetened foods in participants with obesity, which may make it hard to make dietary changes. Research is needed to assess whether treatments that improve insulin resistance also change the preference for sugar-sweetened or high-glycemic-index foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Epstein, Biondolillo, Rizwan, Paluch) and Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (Ghanim, Dandona), Jacobs School of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and Addiction Recovery Research Center (Bickel), Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carillion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
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Kong KL, Eiden RD, Morris KS, Paluch RA, Carr KA, Epstein LH. Reducing relative food reinforcement of infants using a music enrichment program: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1642-1653. [PMID: 36250608 PMCID: PMC9761746 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food reinforcement or one's motivation to eat may be established early in life; it might not be the food reinforcement per se that drives weight gain, but rather the imbalance between food and nonfood reinforcement. OBJECTIVES We implemented a 2-y randomized, controlled trial to assess the effects of a music enrichment program (music, n = 45) compared with an active play date control (control, n = 45) in 9- to 15-mo-old healthy infants who were strongly motivated to eat. METHODS The 12-mo intensive intervention phase included 4 semesters of Music Together® or a play date program (Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall), comprised of once per week group meetings, followed by a 12-mo maintenance phase with monthly meetings. Parents were encouraged to listen to the Music Together® program CD or play with the play date group's toy with their infants at home, respectively. We performed a modified intention-to-treat analysis using all randomly assigned, non-excluded subjects for the outcome measures [relative reinforcing value of food (RRVfood), food reinforcement, music reinforcement, and weight-for-length z-score (WLZ)]. RESULTS There were significant differential group changes across time for RRVfood (group × month; P = 0.016; Cohen's f2 = 0.034). The music group had significantly greater RRVfood decreases than the control group from baseline to the end of the intensive intervention phase (music change = -0.211; control change = -0.015; P = 0.002; Cohen's D = 0.379). However, these differences were not maintained during months 12-24 (music change = -0.187; control change = -0.143; P = 0.448; D = 0.087). We observed an overall moderation effect by sex for food reinforcement and WLZ. Boys in the music group had a significant attenuation in food reinforcement and WLZ compared with boys in the control group. CONCLUSIONS This study extends our knowledge in infant eating behavior by providing insight into the role of nonfood alternatives in altering one's motivation to eat. There may be sex differences in altering one's motivation to eat.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02936284.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ling Kong
- Baby Health Behavior Lab, Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Rina D Eiden
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Katherine S Morris
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rocco A Paluch
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Katelyn A Carr
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Crandall AK, Epstein LH, Fillo J, Carfley K, Fumerelle E, Temple JL. The Effect of Financial Scarcity on Reinforcer Pathology: A Dyadic Developmental Examination. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9091338. [PMID: 36138648 PMCID: PMC9498192 DOI: 10.3390/children9091338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of experimentally manipulated scarcity on the reinforcing value of food (RRVfood) and delay discounting (DD), which, together, create reinforcer pathology (RP) among parents and offspring. A stratified sample of 106 families (53 parent/child aged 7−10 dyads & 53 parent/adolescent aged 15−17 dyads) from high- and low-income households visited our laboratory for three appointments. Each appointment included an experimental manipulation of financial gains and losses and DD and RRV tasks. The results showed that, regardless of food insecurity or condition, children had greater RP (β = 1.63, p < 0.001) than adolescents and parents. DD was largely unaffected by acute scarcity in any group, but families with food insecurity had greater DD (β = −0.09, p = 0.002) than food-secure families. Food-insecure parents with children responded to financial losses with an increase in their RRVfood (β = −0.03, p = 0.011), while food-secure parents and food-insecure parents of adolescents did not significantly change their responding based on conditions. This study replicates findings that financial losses increase the RRVfood among adults with food insecurity and extends this literature by suggesting that this is strongest for parents of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Crandall
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Leonard H. Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jennifer Fillo
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, The University of South Carolina, 915 Greene St Discovery I, Suite 551, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kevin Carfley
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Eleanor Fumerelle
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Temple
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Crandall AK, McKay NJ, Khan AM, Lantyer MC, Temple JL. The effect of acute and chronic scarcity on acute stress: A dyadic developmental examination. Physiol Behav 2022; 246:113684. [PMID: 34929257 PMCID: PMC8821326 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food insecurity, obesity, and psychological stress are interrelated constructs which are thought to be connected through increased energy intake, but the underlying mechanisms for these relationships remain unclear. The current study used experimental methods to investigate how financial losses may influence acute stress in the context of food insecurity for both parents and offspring. This study also sought to examine the effect of acute stress related to financial losses on the reinforcing value of food (RRVfood) and delay discounting (DD). METHODS One hundred and six families stratified by both offspring age (53 children aged 7-10, 53 adolescents aged 15-17) and household financial resources, visited our laboratory for three separate appointments. Each appointment included the experimental manipulation of financial gains and losses, saliva samples for cortisol assay, continuous heart rate monitoring, self-rated tension, and computer-based DD and RRVfood tasks. Participants also completed surveys to report perceived life stress level and food insecurity status. RESULTS Among all participants, financial losses were related to decreased heart rates and increased self-rated tension. Among parents reporting food insecurity, acute financial losses resulted in an increase in cortisol levels. Changes in cortisol, heart rate, and tension were not related to RRVfood or DD. CONCLUSION Food insecure parents are sensitive to financial losses and respond with an increase in cortisol. However, we found no evidence for a relationship between cortisol and RRVfood or DD. This sensitivity to financial losses did not extend to children or adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Crandall
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214.
| | - Naomi J McKay
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY 14222
| | - Ali M Khan
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Maria Catharina Lantyer
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214; Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
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12
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Dawes DE, Dunlap NJ, Johnson SM. The Surgeon's Role in Addressing Racism and Achieving Health Equity. Am Surg 2021; 87:1704-1712. [PMID: 34412516 DOI: 10.1177/00031348211038562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, the nation's health is not an organic outcome. It is not a coincidence that certain groups of people living in the United States experience higher premature death rates or poorer health outcomes than others. For centuries, racial and ethnic as well as geographic differences in health outcomes have been part of the American landscape, so entrenched in society that many people fail to recognize that health inequities were intentionally derived. A national crisis tends to magnify inequities in our society, but even more alarming is the fact that as the country becomes more racially and ethnically diverse in the coming years, the health inequities are projected to worsen if we do not proactively and immediately address them. As we continue to grapple with the lasting impact of the pandemic, it is of vital importance that we utilize this time to acknowledge, understand, and seriously address the health inequities that have historically plagued the country for over 400 years. As the United States works overtime to stem the tide of the COVID-19 pandemic, it must also work equally hard to move in a more equitable, inclusive, and healthier direction, not only because of the more than 83 000 Americans dying prematurely each year but also because of the economic and national security toll it will have if not effectively addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Dawes
- Satcher Health Leadership Institute, 1374Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nelson J Dunlap
- Satcher Health Leadership Institute, 1374Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shaneeta M Johnson
- Satcher Health Leadership Institute, 1374Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Surgery, 1374Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Smith KR, Jansen E, Thapaliya G, Aghababian AH, Chen L, Sadler JR, Carnell S. The influence of COVID-19-related stress on food motivation. Appetite 2021; 163:105233. [PMID: 33819527 PMCID: PMC9190771 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and public health measures to reduce its transmission have increased stress. Stress is associated with alterations in eating behavior which may be partly driven by effects on food-related motivation. To investigate effects of COVID-related stress on food motivation, we recruited adults (N = 429; 272 F, 157 M) to complete an online survey via Amazon MTurk in May 2020. Current COVID-related stress, retrospective pre-COVID stress, and motivation in relation to individualized preferred foods from five categories (sweet snacks, fruit, savory snacks, vegetables, and fast food) were assessed. Food motivation measures included willingness to wait, willingness to expend low effort [finger taps], willingness to expend high effort [jumping jacks], and willingness to pay for hypothetical delivery of the food item. Food motivation for each food type was assessed using a novel instrument designed for brief assessment of multiple aspects of food motivation across multiple food types. Participants were willing to pay the most for fast food followed by sweet snacks, and willing to wait longer for sweet snacks relative to other food types. While fast food and sweets also generated the most willingness to expend high and low effort, willingness to expend low effort for fruit was similar to that for fast food and sweets, and willingness to expend high effort for fruit was comparable to that for fast food. Participants were least willing to pay or expend low effort for vegetables. Higher COVID-related stress levels were associated with willingness to expend more effort and pay more for food items. These data collected during the pandemic demonstrate that highly processed and sweet foods have high motivating value across multiple measures of motivation, and COVID-related stress increases food motivation across food categories. Interventions to mitigate stress and target the link between stress and overeating may help to limit the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Smith
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Elena Jansen
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gita Thapaliya
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anahys H Aghababian
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liuyi Chen
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer R Sadler
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan Carnell
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Rodriguez LR, Rasmussen EB, Kyne-Rucker D, Wong M, Martin KS. Delay discounting and obesity in food insecure and food secure women. Health Psychol 2021; 40:242-251. [PMID: 33856831 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relation between food insecurity (FI) and delay discounting (DD) and probability discounting (PD) for food and money was tested in women. In addition, discounting was tested as a variable that mediates the relation between obesity and FI. METHOD Women recruited from a community sample (N = 92) completed questionnaires. They completed the food choice questionnaire, the monetary choice questionnaire, measures for food and money probability discounting (which quantify sensitivity to risk aversion), and demographic measures. RESULTS Women with FI had higher rates of obesity and higher food DD compared to food-secure women. However, DD for money or probability discounting for food or money did not significantly differ between FI and food secure groups when controlling for significant covariates. Neither DD or PD significantly mediated the relation between FI and obesity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that FI is associated with greater impulsive food choice, but its association with other monetary discounting and probability discounting for food and money appears contingent upon other demographic factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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15
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Crandall AK, Ziegler AM, Mansouri T, Matteson J, Isenhart E, Carter A, Balantekin KN, Temple JL. Having less and wanting more: an investigation of socioeconomic status and reinforcement pathology. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:402. [PMID: 33632174 PMCID: PMC7905857 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United states obesity and socioeconomic status (SES), or one's standing in society based on income, education, and/or occupation, are strongly associated. The mechanisms for this relationship may include having high levels of motivation to get food (reinforcing value of food; RRV) and low levels of inhibitory control (delay discounting; DD) which, when combined, is referred to as reinforcement pathology (RP). We sought to examine the relationships among multiple measures of household SES, RP, and age-adjusted body mass index (zBMI) among adolescents. METHODS These data were collected as part of ongoing longitudinal study of risk factors for obesity in 244 adolescents. The adolescents and one parent/guardian had height and weight measured and completed surveys. The adolescents completed an adjusting amount DD task and a computer-based RRV task. Analyses consisted of correlations among measures of SES and RRV, DD, and BMI z-scores. In the case of significant associations, multiple regression models were created with theoretically informed covariates. RESULTS Household income, parent/guardian education, parent/guardian occupation, and food insecurity status were all related to one another. Among the adolescents, a significant portion of the variance in RRV was accounted for by household income after controlling for covariates. For DD, it was parent/guardian education that was most associated after controlling for covariates. CONCLUSION When low income and low parent/guardian education occur together, there may be an increased risk of RP. Separately, food insecurity was predictive of higher parent/guardian BMI. Future research should continue to explore the effects of low income and parent/guardian education on RP among youth by examining them over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Crandall
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, 1 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Amanda M Ziegler
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, 1 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Tegan Mansouri
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Jalen Matteson
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Emily Isenhart
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Autum Carter
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, 1 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Katherine N Balantekin
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, 1 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA.
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16
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Crandall AK, Temple JL, Kong KL. The association of food insecurity with the relative reinforcing value of food, BMI, and gestational weight gain among pregnant women. Appetite 2020; 151:104685. [PMID: 32229225 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food insecurity is associated with obesity among adults. During pregnancy, food insecurity increases obesity risk among mothers and infants. This study investigated the association of food security with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG) adequacy to date, and the relative reinforcing value (RRV) of food during pregnancy. METHODS This secondary data analysis examined 258 pregnant women (mean gestational age = 21.21 ± 10.21 weeks) surveyed on pre-pregnancy weight, height, pregnancy due date and GWG to date, current diagnoses related to eating and pregnancy, and demographics. The survey also assessed current food security and RRV of meals, snacks, cognitive activities, and active activities. BMI was calculated from pre-pregnancy height and weight (kg/m2). Gestational weight gain adequacy to date was derived from the Institute of Medicine guidelines. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the relation of food security with pre-pregnancy BMI and RRVs of foods/activities. The relation between food security and GWG adequacy to date was examined using multinomial regression models. RESULTS Lower food security was related to both greater pre-pregnancy BMI (β = 0.60, p < .001) and greater RRV of snack foods (β = 3.46, p < .05), after controlling for covariates. Lower food security was also related to GWG to date below recommended levels (OR = 1.25, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Food insecurity is related to higher relative food reinforcement during pregnancy, and greater pre-pregnancy weight status. Future research should replicate and extend these findings by assessing them longitudinally to better evaluate the directions of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Crandall
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kai Ling Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, USA.
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17
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Baumhofer NK, Panapasa SV, Francis Cook E, Roberto CA, Williams DR. Sociodemographic factors influencing island foods consumption in the Pacific Islander Health Study. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2020; 25:305-321. [PMID: 29284279 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1418300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Pacific Islander Americans are a small, but quickly growing population that experiences alarming disparities in obesity and obesity-related chronic illnesses influenced by dietary patterns. This population also has a unique culinary heritage including traditional foods and more contemporary imports such as tinned meats and refined carbohydrates. This analysis is a novel attempt to understand the sociodemographic factors influencing island foods consumption.Design: A sample of 240 Samoan and Tongan adults in California from the Pacific Islander Health Study was used. Following univariate and bivariate analyses, a series of four multivariable regression models were created to predict past week frequency of island foods consumption after sequential adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural covariates.Results: Participants reported consuming island foods an average of 2.93 times in the previous week, with the largest proportion of participants (20.42%) reporting eating island foods 6 or more times. Age and Samoan ethnicity were initially significant, positive predictors of island foods consumption, but their effect was attenuated after addition of cultural covariates. With the third model that adjusted for birthplace, financial insecurity and Tongan birthplace were positive predictors. Both lost significance in the fourth and final model upon addition of cultural affinity, which was positively associated with island foods.Conclusion: Understanding how sociodemographic factors are associated with island foods consumption is a first step in understanding the broad way in which an ethnically specific dietary pattern may be associated with obesity-related chronic illness risk among Pacific Islander Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kau'i Baumhofer
- Department of Native Hawaiian Health, University of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sela V Panapasa
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 5068 Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E Francis Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina A Roberto
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David R Williams
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Carr KA, Epstein LH. Choice is relative: Reinforcing value of food and activity in obesity treatment. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020; 75:139-151. [PMID: 32052990 PMCID: PMC7313531 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Persons with obesity find high-energy-dense food and sedentary behaviors highly reinforcing. Diets and exercise programs deprive individuals of many favorite foods and activities, which can counterproductively heighten their value and lead to relapse. Since the value of reinforcers depend on the alternatives available, one approach to reducing food and sedentary activity reinforcement is to build healthy alternative reinforcers. Current behavioral treatment programs for children and adults do not attempt to build alternative reinforcers as substitutes for unhealthy behaviors to reduce the impact of food or activity deprivation on the motivation to eat or be inactive. A goal of the next generation of obesity treatment programs should focus on development of healthy behaviors as reinforcers so that people will be motivated to engage in them. This article provides an overview of relationships among reinforcers, how understanding substitutes and complements can influence eating and activity, and how enriching a person's environment and providing choice architecture can enhance weight control. Ideas for translation of these basic behavioral economic principles to obesity treatment programs are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A Carr
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo
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19
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Kong KL, Epstein LH, Phillips JK, Carr KA, Paluch RA, Gerard KS. Food and non-food reinforcement among pregnant women. Appetite 2018; 131:155-159. [PMID: 30217581 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) in pregnancy may be driven in part by greater motivation to eat, and studying the relative reinforcing value of food versus non-food commodities may provide insight into factors important for excessive GWG. This study was a cross-sectional examination of the relationship between women meeting the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines for GWG and the relative reinforcing value of food vs. non-food commodities during pregnancy. Two-hundred and thirty-three pregnant women (1st trimester, n = 44; 2nd trimester, n = 105; 3rd trimester, n = 84), aged 18-40, were recruited via a crowdsourcing platform and completed an online survey. Relative food reinforcement (RRVfood), relative non-food activity reinforcement (RRVactive) and relative non-food cognitively enriching activity reinforcement (RRVcognitive) were measured by a questionnaire at the point of contact. Self-reports of gestational age and weight gain during pregnancy were collected. The relationship between food and non-food reinforcement was assessed based on IOM classifications for weight gain during pregnancy. After adjustment for women's education level and parity, higher RRVfood (p = 0.036) and lower RRVcognitive (p = 0.040) responses were associated with greater GWG. Food reinforcing ratio (FRR) analysis was then conducted to systematically examine the effect of non-food behaviors on GWG when food reinforcement was accounted for. Women who gained below the IOM weight gain guidelines had significantly higher FRRcognitive than those gaining above (p = 0.013), indicating cognitively enriching activities may better compete with food among pregnant women. Interventions that help to increase the reinforcing value of cognitively enriching activities may be a new avenue to regulate eating to minimize GWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ling Kong
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Julie K Phillips
- Division of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Katelyn A Carr
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Rocco A Paluch
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Katherine S Gerard
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
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20
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Crandall AK, Temple JL. Experimental scarcity increases the relative reinforcing value of food in food insecure adults. Appetite 2018; 128:106-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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21
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Epstein LH, Paluch RA, Carr KA, Temple JL, Bickel WK, MacKillop J. Reinforcing value and hypothetical behavioral economic demand for food and their relation to BMI. Eat Behav 2018; 29:120-127. [PMID: 29656049 PMCID: PMC9664377 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food is a primary reinforcer, and food reinforcement is related to obesity. The reinforcing value of food can be measured by establishing how hard someone will work to get food on progressive-ratio schedules. An alternative way to measure food reinforcement is a hypothetical purchase task which creates behavioral economic demand curves. This paper studies whether reinforcing value and hypothetical behavioral demand approaches are assessing the same or unique aspects of food reinforcement for low (LED) and high (HED) energy density foods using a combination of analytic approaches in females of varying BMI. Results showed absolute reinforcing value for LED and HED foods and relative reinforcing value were related to demand intensity (r's = 0.20-0.30, p's < 0.01), and demand elasticity (r's = 0.17-0.22, p's < 0.05). Correlations between demographic, BMI and restraint, disinhibition and hunger variables with the two measures of food reinforcement were different. Finally, the two measures provided unique contributions to predicting BMI. Potential reasons for differences between the reinforcing value and hypothetical purchase tasks were actual responding versus hypothetical purchasing, choice of reinforcers versus purchasing of individual foods in the demand task, and the differential role of effort in the two tasks. Examples of how a better understanding of food reinforcement may be useful to prevent or treat obesity are discussed, including engaging in alternative non-food reinforcers as substitutes for food, such as crafts or socializing in a non-food environment, and reducing the value of immediate food reinforcers by episodic future thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H. Epstein
- University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States,Corresponding author at: Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Farber Hall, Room G56, 3435 Main Street, Building #26, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, United States. (L. H. Epstein)
| | - Rocco A. Paluch
- University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | - Katelyn A. Carr
- University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Temple
- University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | | | - James MacKillop
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada
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22
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Sze YY, Stein JS, Bickel WK, Paluch RA, Epstein LH. Bleak Present, Bright Future: Online Episodic Future Thinking, Scarcity, Delay Discounting, and Food Demand. Clin Psychol Sci 2017; 5:683-697. [PMID: 28966885 DOI: 10.1177/2167702617696511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with steep discounting of the future and increased food reinforcement. Episodic future thinking (EFT), a type of prospective thinking, has been observed to reduce delay discounting (DD) and improve dietary decision making. In contrast, negative income shock (i.e., abrupt transitions to poverty) has been shown to increase discounting and may worsen dietary decision-making. Scalability of EFT training and protective effects of EFT against simulated negative income shock on DD and demand for food were assessed. In two experiments we showed online-administered EFT reliably reduced DD. Furthermore, EFT reduced DD and demand for fast foods even when challenged by negative income shock. Our findings suggest EFT is a scalable intervention that has implications for improving public health by reducing discounting of the future and demand for high energy dense food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Sze
- University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | | | | | - Rocco A Paluch
- University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
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23
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Dalle Molle R, Fatemi H, Dagher A, Levitan RD, Silveira PP, Dubé L. Gene and environment interaction: Is the differential susceptibility hypothesis relevant for obesity? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 73:326-339. [PMID: 28024828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The differential susceptibility model states that a given genetic variant is associated with an increased risk of pathology in negative environments but greater than average resilience in enriched ones. While this theory was first implemented in psychiatric-genetic research, it may also help us to unravel the complex ways that genes and environments interact to influence feeding behavior and obesity. We reviewed evidence on gene vs. environment interactions that influence obesity development, aiming to support the applicability of the differential susceptibility model for this condition, and propose that various environmental "layers" relevant for human development should be considered when bearing the differential susceptibility model in mind. Mother-child relationship, socioeconomic status and individual's response are important modifiers of BMI and food intake when interacting with gene variants, "for better and for worse". While only a few studies to date have investigated obesity outcomes using this approach, we propose that the differential susceptibility hypothesis is in fact highly applicable to the study of genetic and environmental influences on feeding behavior and obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Dalle Molle
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Bronfman Building, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Hajar Fatemi
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Bronfman Building, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Douglas Institute, Perry Pavilion, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Laurette Dubé
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Bronfman Building, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada
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24
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Kong KL, Anzman-Frasca S, Feda DM, Eiden RD, Sharma NN, Stier CL, Epstein LH. Infant Temperament Is Associated with Relative Food Reinforcement. Child Obes 2016; 12:411-417. [PMID: 27447680 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2016.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food reinforcement refers to how hard someone is motivated to work to gain access to food. Infant temperament is defined as behavioral styles, or constitutionally based individual differences in reactive and regulatory aspects of behavior. Identifying correlates of food reinforcement, such as infant temperament, may help identify infants at risk for future negative health consequences (e.g., overweight or obesity) of high food reinforcement. METHODS This study tested aspects of parent-reported negative reactivity and regulation and their associations with relative food reinforcement in a cross-sectional sample of 105 9- to 18-month-old infants. Hierarchical linear regression models were then used to predict infant food reinforcement for the temperament dimensions that were significantly related to it. RESULTS Two temperament dimensions, cuddliness (regulatory aspect) (B = -0.050, ΔR2 = 0.074, p = 0.005) and rate of recovery from distress and arousal (reactive aspect) (B = -0.040, ΔR2 = 0.045, p = 0.031), were inversely associated with relative food reinforcement. CONCLUSION Clarifying the nature of relationships between these two behavioral predictors, infant temperament and relative food reinforcement, and early obesity can elucidate the role of individual differences in early obesity risk and can further inform targets for early behavioral obesity preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ling Kong
- 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY
| | - Stephanie Anzman-Frasca
- 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY
| | - Denise M Feda
- 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY
| | - Rina D Eiden
- 2 Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY
| | - Neha N Sharma
- 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY
| | - Corrin L Stier
- 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY
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Nansel TR, Lipsky LM, Eisenberg MH, Liu A, Mehta SN, Laffel LM. Can Families Eat Better Without Spending More? Improving Diet Quality Does Not Increase Diet Cost in a Randomized Clinical Trial among Youth with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 116:1751-1759.e1. [PMID: 27597745 PMCID: PMC5085870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cost is a frequently cited barrier to healthful eating, limited prospective data exist. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of diet cost with diet quality change. DESIGN An 18-month randomized clinical trial evaluated a dietary intervention. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Youth with type 1 diabetes duration ≥1 year, age 8.0 to 16.9 years, receiving care at an outpatient tertiary diabetes center in Boston, MA, participated along with a parent from 2010 to 2013 (N=136). Eighty-two percent of participants were from middle- to upper-income households. INTERVENTION The family-based behavioral intervention targeted intake of whole plant foods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Diet quality as indicated by the Healthy Eating Index 2005 (HEI-2005) (which measures conformance to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans) and whole plant food density (cup or ounce equivalents per 1,000 kcal target food groups) were calculated from 3-day food records of youth and parent dietary intake at six and four time points, respectively. Food prices were obtained from two online supermarkets common to the study location. Daily diet cost was calculated by summing prices of reported foods. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Random effects models estimated treatment group differences in time-varying diet cost. Separate models for youth and parent adjusted for covariates examined associations of time-varying change in diet quality with change in diet cost. RESULTS There was no treatment effect on time-varying diet cost for either youth (β -.49, 95% CI -1.07 to 0.08; P=0.10) or parents (β .24, 95% CI -1.61 to 2.08; P=0.80). In addition, time-varying change in diet quality indicators was not associated with time-varying change in diet cost for youth. Among parents, a 1-cup or 1-oz equivalent increase in whole plant food density was associated with a $0.63/day lower diet cost (β -.63, 95% CI -1.20 to -0.05; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Improved diet quality was not accompanied by greater cost for youth with type 1 diabetes and their parents participating in a randomized clinical trial. Findings challenge the prevailing assumption that improving diet quality necessitates greater cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonja R. Nansel
- Senior Investigator, Health Behavior Branch; Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr., MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD 20892, phone 301-435-6937, fax 301-402-2084
| | - Leah M. Lipsky
- Staff Scientist, Health Behavior Branch; Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr., MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD 20892, phone 301-435-6951, fax 301-402-2084
| | - Miriam H. Eisenberg
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr., MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD 20892, phone 301-435-6940, fax 301-402-2084
| | - Aiyi Liu
- Senior Investigator, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr., MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD 20892, phone 301-435-6952, fax 301-402-2084
| | - Sanjeev N. Mehta
- Assistant Investigator, Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, phone: 617-732-2603, fax: 617-309-2451. Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Section, Genetics and Epidemiology Section; Joslin Diabetes Center; One Joslin Place, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lori M.B. Laffel
- Chief, Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adult Section, Investigator, Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, phone: 617-732-2603, fax: 617-309-2451
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Tussing-Humphreys LM, Thomson JL, Goodman MH, Olender S. Maternal diet quality and nutrient intake in the gestational period: results from the delta healthy sprouts comparative impact trial. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2016; 2:8. [PMID: 27536380 PMCID: PMC4988030 DOI: 10.1186/s40748-016-0036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A woman's diet while pregnant can play an important role in her reproductive health as well as the health of her unborn child. Diet quality and nutrient intake amongst pregnant women residing in the rural Lower Mississippi Delta (LMD) region of the United States is inadequate. The Delta Healthy Sprouts Project was designed to test the comparative impact of two home visiting programs on weight status, dietary intake, and health behaviors of women and their infants residing in the LMD region. This paper reports results pertaining to maternal diet quality and nutrient intake in the gestational period. METHODS The experimental arm (PATE) received monthly home visits beginning in the second trimester using the Parents as Teachers curriculum enhanced with a nutrition and lifestyle behavior curriculum. The control arm (PAT) received monthly home visits using the Parents as Teachers curriculum only. Maternal diet was assessed via 24-h dietary recall at gestational months (GM) 4 (baseline), 6, and 8. Diet quality was computed using the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010). RESULTS Gestational period retention rates for PAT and PATE arms were 77 % (33/43) and 67 % (26/39), respectively. Significant effects were not found for time, treatment, or time by treatment for the HEI-2010 total or component scores, macro- or micronutrient intake or percentage of women meeting recommended nutrient intakes. CONCLUSIONS Perhaps due to low participant enrollment and higher than expected rates of drop out and noncompliance, we were not able to demonstrate that the enhanced nutrition and lifestyle curriculum (PATE) intervention had a significant effect on diet quality or nutrient intake during pregnancy in this cohort of rural, Southern, primarily African American women. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01746394. Registered 5 December 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Tussing-Humphreys
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Road, #416, Chicago, IL 60618 USA
| | - Jessica L. Thomson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA
| | - Melissa H. Goodman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA
| | - Sarah Olender
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Road, #416, Chicago, IL 60618 USA
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Gubert MB, Spaniol AM, Segall-Corrêa AM, Pérez-Escamilla R. Understanding the double burden of malnutrition in food insecure households in Brazil. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2016; 13. [PMID: 27502214 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Household food insecurity (HFI) has been associated with both obesity among mothers and undernutrition among children. However, this association has not been well investigated in mother/child pairs living in the same household. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship of coexistence of maternal overweight and child stunting with HFI in Brazil. We conducted secondary data analyses of the 2006 Brazilian National Demographic and Health Survey. We analyzed the nutritional status of 4299 pairs of 15-49-year-olds mothers and their children under 5 years of age. The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) was defined as the presence of an overweight mother and a stunted child in the same household. HFI was measured with the Brazilian HFI Measurement Scale. The association between DBM and HFI was examined with hierarchical multivariable logistic regression analyses. Severe HFI was associated with DBM after adjusting for macroeconomic and household level socio-economic and demographic variables (Adjusted OR: 2.65 - CI: 1.17-8.53). Findings suggest that policies and programmes targeting HFI are needed to prevent the coexistence of child chronic undernutrition and maternal overweight/obesity in the same household. These investments are likely to be highly cost-effective as stunting has been identified as one of the major risk factors for poor child development and adult overweight/obesity and a strong risk factor for the development of costly chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Bauermann Gubert
- Department of Nutrition, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Abbott G, Backholer K, Peeters A, Thornton L, Crawford D, Ball K. Explaining educational disparities in adiposity: the role of neighborhood environments. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2413-9. [PMID: 25111375 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the extent to which characteristics of the neighborhood built environment explain the association between adiposity and educational qualifications in Australian women. METHODS A community sample of 1,819 women (aged 18-66) from the Melbourne SESAW study provided information regarding their body mass index (BMI) and level of education. Objective measures of participants' residential neighborhood built environments were obtained using a Geographic Information System. RESULTS Compared with women with a high school degree or above, women who did not complete high school had higher average BMI, which was partially explained by lower density of sports facilities and living less proximally to the coastline and to supermarkets. In a multiple mediator model, which explained 16.6% of the educational disparity in BMI, the number of sports facilities and presence of the coastline within 2 km of participants' homes were significant mediators of the observed socioeconomic disparity in BMI. CONCLUSIONS The residential neighborhood environment may help to explain socioeconomic patterning of overweight and obesity in Australian women. These results provide further support for considering the built environment in obesity prevention initiatives, suggesting a potential role in decreasing social inequalities in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Abbott
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Epstein LH, Jankowiak N, Lin H, Paluch R, Koffarnus MN, Bickel WK. No food for thought: moderating effects of delay discounting and future time perspective on the relation between income and food insecurity. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:884-90. [PMID: 25008855 PMCID: PMC4135497 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.079772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low income is related to food insecurity, and research has suggested that a scarcity of resources associated with low income can shift attention to the present, thereby discounting the future. OBJECTIVE We tested whether attending to the present and discounting the future may moderate the influence of income on food insecurity. DESIGN Delay discounting and measures of future time perspective (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Consideration of Future Consequences Scale, time period of financial planning, and subjective probability of living to age 75 y) were studied as moderators of the relation between income and food insecurity in a diverse sample of 975 adults, 31.8% of whom experienced some degree of food insecurity. RESULTS Income, financial planning, subjective probability of living to age 75 y, and delay discounting predicted food insecurity as well as individuals who were high in food insecurity. Three-way interactions showed that delay discounting interacted with financial planning and income to predict food insecurity (P = 0.003). At lower levels of income, food insecurity was lowest for subjects who had good financial planning skills and did not discount the future, whereas having good financial skills and discounting the future had minimal influence on food insecurity. The same 3-way interaction was observed when high food insecurity was predicted (P = 0.008). CONCLUSION Because of the role of scarce resources on narrowing attention and reducing prospective thinking, research should address whether modifying future orientation may reduce food insecurity even in the face of diminishing financial resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- From the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo. NY (LHE, NJ, HL, and RP), and the Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA (MNK and WKB)
| | - Noelle Jankowiak
- From the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo. NY (LHE, NJ, HL, and RP), and the Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA (MNK and WKB)
| | - Henry Lin
- From the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo. NY (LHE, NJ, HL, and RP), and the Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA (MNK and WKB)
| | - Rocco Paluch
- From the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo. NY (LHE, NJ, HL, and RP), and the Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA (MNK and WKB)
| | - Mikhail N Koffarnus
- From the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo. NY (LHE, NJ, HL, and RP), and the Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA (MNK and WKB)
| | - Warren K Bickel
- From the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo. NY (LHE, NJ, HL, and RP), and the Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA (MNK and WKB)
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Epstein LH, Jankowiak N, Fletcher KD, Carr KA, Nederkoorn C, Raynor H, Finkelstein E. Women who are motivated to eat and discount the future are more obese. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1394-9. [PMID: 24311480 PMCID: PMC4007365 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food reinforcement and delay discounting (DD) independently predict body mass index (BMI), but there is no research studying whether these variables interact to improve prediction of BMI. METHODS BMI, the relative reinforcing value of high (PMAXHED ) and low (PMAXLED ) energy dense food, and DD for $10 and $100 future rewards (DD10 , DD100 ) were measured in 199 adult females. RESULTS PMAXHED (P = 0.017), DD10 (P = 0.003), and DD100 (P = 0.003) were independent predictors of BMI. The interaction of PMAXLED × DD10 (P = 0.033) and DD100 (P = 0.039), and PMAXHED × DD10 (P = 0.038) and DD100 (P = 0.045) increased the variance accounted for predicting BMI beyond the base model controlling for age, education, minority status, disinhibition, and dietary restraint. Based on the regression model, BMI differed by about 2 BMI units for low versus high food reinforcement, by about 3 BMI units for low versus high DD, and by about 4 BMI units for those high in PMAXHED , but low in DD versus high in PMAXHED and high in DD. CONCLUSION Reducing DD may help prevent obesity and improve treatment of obesity in those who are high in food reinforcement.
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Scheid JL, Carr KA, Lin H, Fletcher KD, Sucheston L, Singh PK, Salis R, Erbe RW, Faith MS, Allison DB, Epstein LH. FTO polymorphisms moderate the association of food reinforcement with energy intake. Physiol Behav 2014; 132:51-6. [PMID: 24768648 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Food reinforcement (RRVfood) is related to increased energy intake, cross-sectionally related to obesity, and prospectively related to weight gain. The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is related to elevated body mass index and increased energy intake. The primary purpose of the current study was to determine whether any of 68 FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or a FTO risk score moderate the association between food reinforcement and energy or macronutrient intake. Energy and macronutrient intake was measured using a laboratory ad libitum snack food consumption task in 237 adults of varying BMI. Controlling for BMI, the relative reinforcing value of reading (RRVreading) and proportion of African ancestry, RRVfood predicted 14.2% of the variance in energy intake, as well as predicted carbohydrate, fat, protein and sugar intake. In individual analyses, six FTO SNPs (rs12921970, rs9936768, rs12446047, rs7199716, rs8049933 and rs11076022, spanning approximately 251kbp) moderated the relationship between RRVfood and energy intake to predict an additional 4.9-7.4% of variance in energy intake. We created an FTO risk score based on 5 FTO SNPs (rs9939609, rs8050136, rs3751812, rs1421085, and rs1121980) that are related to BMI in multiple studies. The FTO risk score did not increase variance accounted for beyond individual FTO SNPs. rs12921970 and rs12446047 served as moderators of the relationship between RRVfood and carbohydrate, fat, protein, and sugar intake. This study shows for the first time that the relationship between RRVfood and energy intake is moderated by FTO SNPs. Research is needed to understand how these processes interact to predict energy and macronutrient intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Scheid
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | - Katelyn A Carr
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | - Henry Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | - Kelly D Fletcher
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | - Lara Sucheston
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, United States
| | - Prashant K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, United States
| | - Robbert Salis
- Department of Pediatrics, Niagara Falls Memorial Hospital, United States
| | - Richard W Erbe
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | - Myles S Faith
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - David B Allison
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, United States
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States.
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