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Ponzo V, Ojeda-Mercado D, Finocchiaro C, Goitre I, Favaro E, Lamberti L, Bo S. The effects of a fibre-enriched bakery product on glucose, insulin values and appetite. A pilot randomised cross-over trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2024; 75:407-415. [PMID: 38356166 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2024.2314679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Brewers spent grain (BSG) is a valuable source of arabinoxylans with potential beneficial effects on glucose values. This pilot randomised crossover double-blind trial compared the effects of panettone, a sweet baked-product, enriched with BSG-fibre (p-rich) to unenriched panettone (p-standard) on glucose and insulin blood values and appetite scores. Ten healthy volunteers consumed each food in a random order. Blood variables and appetite scores were assessed at fasting and at different intervals after each food consumption. Glucose values were significantly higher after p-standard intake at 90-min (89.9 ± 16.1 vs 74.6 ± 19.4 mg/dL) and 120-min (81.1 ± 9.85 vs 72.1 ± 14.0 mg/dL). The areas-under-the-curve (AUCs) were lower for both glucose (p = .043) and insulin values (p = .036) with p-rich. At 240-min, satiety was higher (p = .006), and desire-to-eat lower (p = .008) with p-rich; desire-to-eat AUC was lower with p-rich too (p = .029). The integration of a small amount of BSG-derived fibre into a sweet food led to improved glycaemic control and appetite regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ponzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | - C Finocchiaro
- Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - I Goitre
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - E Favaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - L Lamberti
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Bo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Torino, Italy
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Escalante-Figueroa F, Castellanos-Ruelas A, Castañeda-Pérez E, Chel-Guerrero L, Betancur-Ancona D. Development of Low Glycemic Index Pancakes Formulated with Canary Seed (Phalaris Canariensis) Flour. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 79:120-126. [PMID: 38198039 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-023-01138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Consumers prefer food products that, in addition to nutritional properties, also have effects beneficial to health. Non-conventional food plants such as canary seed (Phalaris canariensis) constitute an alternative in the food industry due to nutritional properties, chemical, and bioactive potential. The aim of this research was to develop pancake formulations with the inclusion of canary seed flour to evaluate their proximate composition, overall score, taste and texture sensory acceptability, and glycemic index. Pancakes based on whole-wheat flour mixed with canary seed flour were developed at four substitution levels (control 0, 10, 30, and 50%). The formulations exhibited attractive nutritional properties, mainly due to the levels of protein (~ 8.7%), minerals (~ 5.1%), and total dietary fiber (4.7-5.9%). The overall score and taste showed a statistical difference (p < 0.05) between the formulations. The flours with 10 and 30% showed high sensory acceptability with scores of 6.22 and 6.67 respect to 7-point hedonic scale, between the categories "I like it" and "I like it a lot". All formulations presented a low glycemic index (34-39%) that was significantly influenced (p < 0.05) as the level of substitution increased. The findings represent a new approach to the use of canary seed in the development of healthy food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Escalante-Figueroa
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte Km. 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, Mérida, Yucatan, 97203, Mexico
| | - Arturo Castellanos-Ruelas
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte Km. 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, Mérida, Yucatan, 97203, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Castañeda-Pérez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte Km. 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, Mérida, Yucatan, 97203, Mexico
| | - Luis Chel-Guerrero
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte Km. 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, Mérida, Yucatan, 97203, Mexico
| | - David Betancur-Ancona
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte Km. 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, Mérida, Yucatan, 97203, Mexico.
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3
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Klos B, Cook J, Crepaz L, Weiland A, Zipfel S, Mack I. Impact of energy density on energy intake in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1059-1076. [PMID: 36460778 PMCID: PMC10030411 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The energy density (ED) of a diet can be leveraged to prevent weight gain or treat overweight and obesity. By lowering the ED of the diet, energy intake can be reduced while maintaining portion size. However, a reliable meta-analysis of data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is missing. Therefore, this meta-analysis synthesized the evidence of ED manipulation on energy intake in RCTs. METHODS The systematic literature search of multiple databases according to PRISMA criteria considered RCTs investigating the objectively measured energy intake from meals with different ED (lower ED (median 1.1 kcal/g) versus higher ED (median 1.5 kcal/g)) under controlled conditions. Subgroup analyses for age (children versus adults), meal type (preload versus entrée design), and intervention length (1 meal versus > 1 meal) were performed to achieve the most homogeneous result. RESULTS The meta-analysis of 38 included studies demonstrated that lowering ED considerably reduced energy intake - 223 kcal (95% CI: - 259.7, - 186.0) in comparison to the higher ED interventions. As heterogeneity was high among studies, subgroup analyses were conducted. Heterogeneity decreased in subgroup analyses for age and meal type combined, strengthening the results. An extended analysis showed a positive linear relationship between ED and energy intake. Dietary ED did not affect the amount of food intake. CONCLUSION Manipulating ED substantially affects energy intake whereas food intake remains constant. Thus, this approach can be regarded as a powerful tool for weight management through nutrition therapy. Registration on 08/08/2021: CRD42021266653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bea Klos
- Internal Medicine VI, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Cook
- Internal Medicine VI, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Letizia Crepaz
- Internal Medicine VI, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alisa Weiland
- Internal Medicine VI, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Internal Medicine VI, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Mack
- Internal Medicine VI, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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4
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Muhlhausler BS, Belobrajdic D, Wymond B, Benassi-Evans B. Assessing the Effect of Plant-Based Mince on Fullness and Post-Prandial Satiety in Healthy Male Subjects. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245326. [PMID: 36558487 PMCID: PMC9781508 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of substituting plant-based mince for beef mince in a standard pasta meal on the amount consumed and on objective and subjective measures of post-prandial satiety. Healthy, adult males (n = 24) consumed a pasta lunch meal containing either plant-based or beef mince at separate visits, and the amount consumed measured at each visit. Perceptions of hunger, fullness and satisfaction were recorded and blood samples collected before and for 3 h after eating, when a buffet meal was provided. Participants consumed 586 kJ less of the pasta meal prepared with plant-based mince compared to beef mince (p < 0.05). Energy intake at the buffet meal and measures of fullness, satiety and satisfaction after the pasta meal were not different between plant and beef mince (p > 0.05). Post-prandial Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), but not insulin or leptin concentrations, were lower after the plant-based pasta meal (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that the pasta meal containing plant-based mince was more satiating than an equivalent meal prepared with beef mince, and that this was not associated with greater energy intake at a subsequent meal occasion. Further studies that evaluate the longer-term effects of replacing meat with plant-based mince on energy intakes and explore the mechanisms underlying the lower consumption of the plant-based mince meal would be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly S. Muhlhausler
- Human Health, Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(0)8305-0697
| | - Damien Belobrajdic
- Human Health, Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Brooke Wymond
- Human Health, Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Rakha A, Mehak F, Shabbir MA, Arslan M, Ranjha MMAN, Ahmed W, Socol CT, Rusu AV, Hassoun A, Aadil RM. Insights into the constellating drivers of satiety impacting dietary patterns and lifestyle. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1002619. [PMID: 36225863 PMCID: PMC9549911 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1002619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Food intake and body weight regulation are of special interest for meeting today's lifestyle essential requirements. Since balanced energy intake and expenditure are crucial for healthy living, high levels of energy intake are associated with obesity. Hence, regulation of energy intake occurs through short- and long-term signals as complex central and peripheral physiological signals control food intake. This work aims to explore and compile the main factors influencing satiating efficiency of foods by updating recent knowledge to point out new perspectives on the potential drivers of satiety interfering with food intake regulation. Human internal factors such as genetics, gender, age, nutritional status, gastrointestinal satiety signals, gut enzymes, gastric emptying rate, gut microbiota, individual behavioral response to foods, sleep and circadian rhythms are likely to be important in determining satiety. Besides, the external factors (environmental and behavioral) impacting satiety efficiency are highlighted. Based on mechanisms related to food consumption and dietary patterns several physical, physiological, and psychological factors affect satiety or satiation. A complex network of endocrine and neuroendocrine mechanisms controls the satiety pathways. In response to food intake and other behavioral cues, gut signals enable endocrine systems to target the brain. Intestinal and gastric signals interact with neural pathways in the central nervous system to halt eating or induce satiety. Moreover, complex food composition and structures result in considerable variation in satiety responses for different food groups. A better understanding of foods and factors impacting the efficiency of satiety could be helpful in making smart food choices and dietary recommendations for a healthy lifestyle based on updated scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allah Rakha
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakiha Mehak
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim Shabbir
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Asim Shabbir
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Waqar Ahmed
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Alexandru Vasile Rusu
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Alexandru Vasile Rusu
| | - Abdo Hassoun
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMRt 1158 BioEcoAgro, USC ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. Liège, Junia, F-62200, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- Sustainable AgriFoodtech Innovation & Research (SAFIR), Arras, France
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Rana Muhammad Aadil
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Mattes RD, Rowe SB, Ohlhorst SD, Brown AW, Hoffman DJ, Liska DJ, Feskens EJM, Dhillon J, Tucker KL, Epstein LH, Neufeld LM, Kelley M, Fukagawa NK, Sunde RA, Zeisel SH, Basile AJ, Borth LE, Jackson E. Valuing the Diversity of Research Methods to Advance Nutrition Science. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1324-1393. [PMID: 35802522 PMCID: PMC9340992 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ASN Board of Directors appointed the Nutrition Research Task Force to develop a report on scientific methods used in nutrition science to advance discovery, interpretation, and application of knowledge in the field. The genesis of this report was growing concern about the tone of discourse among nutrition professionals and the implications of acrimony on the productive study and translation of nutrition science. Too often, honest differences of opinion are cast as conflicts instead of areas of needed collaboration. Recognition of the value (and limitations) of contributions from well-executed nutrition science derived from the various approaches used in the discipline, as well as appreciation of how their layering will yield the strongest evidence base, will provide a basis for greater productivity and impact. Greater collaborative efforts within the field of nutrition science will require an understanding that each method or approach has a place and function that should be valued and used together to create the nutrition evidence base. Precision nutrition was identified as an important emerging nutrition topic by the preponderance of task force members, and this theme was adopted for the report because it lent itself to integration of many approaches in nutrition science. Although the primary audience for this report is nutrition researchers and other nutrition professionals, a secondary aim is to develop a document useful for the various audiences that translate nutrition research, including journalists, clinicians, and policymakers. The intent is to promote accurate, transparent, verifiable evidence-based communication about nutrition science. This will facilitate reasoned interpretation and application of emerging findings and, thereby, improve understanding and trust in nutrition science and appropriate characterization, development, and adoption of recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leonard H Epstein
- University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael Kelley
- Michael Kelley Nutrition Science Consulting, Wauwatosa, WI, USA
| | - Naomi K Fukagawa
- USDA Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | - Steven H Zeisel
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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7
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Rosenfeld RM, Kelly JH, Agarwal M, Aspry K, Barnett T, Davis BC, Fields D, Gaillard T, Gulati M, Guthrie GE, Moore DJ, Panigrahi G, Rothberg A, Sannidhi DV, Weatherspoon L, Pauly K, Karlsen MC. Dietary Interventions to Treat Type 2 Diabetes in Adults with a Goal of Remission: An Expert Consensus Statement from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine. Am J Lifestyle Med 2022; 16:342-362. [PMID: 35706589 PMCID: PMC9189586 DOI: 10.1177/15598276221087624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this Expert Consensus Statement is to assist clinicians in achieving remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adults using diet as a primary intervention. Evidence-informed statements agreed upon by a multi-disciplinary panel of expert healthcare professionals were used. Methods Panel members with expertise in diabetes treatment, research, and remission followed an established methodology for developing consensus statements using a modified Delphi process. A search strategist systematically reviewed the literature, and the best available evidence was used to compose statements regarding dietary interventions in adults 18 years and older diagnosed with T2D. Topics with significant practice variation and those that would result in remission of T2D were prioritized. Using an iterative, online process, panel members expressed levels of agreement with the statements, resulting in classification as consensus, near-consensus, or non-consensus based on mean responses and the number of outliers. Results The expert panel identified 131 candidate consensus statements that focused on addressing the following high-yield topics: (1) definitions and basic concepts; (2) diet and remission of T2D; (3) dietary specifics and types of diets; (4) adjuvant and alternative interventions; (5) support, monitoring, and adherence to therapy; (6) weight loss; and (7) payment and policy. After 4 iterations of the Delphi survey and removal of duplicative statements, 69 statements met the criteria for consensus, 5 were designated as near consensus, and 60 were designated as no consensus. In addition, the consensus was reached on the following key issues: (a) Remission of T2D should be defined as HbA1c <6.5% for at least 3 months with no surgery, devices, or active pharmacologic therapy for the specific purpose of lowering blood glucose; (b) diet as a primary intervention for T2D can achieve remission in many adults with T2D and is related to the intensity of the intervention; and (c) diet as a primary intervention for T2D is most effective in achieving remission when emphasizing whole, plant-based foods with minimal consumption of meat and other animal products. Many additional statements that achieved consensus are highlighted in a tabular presentation in the manuscript and elaborated upon in the discussion section. Conclusion Expert consensus was achieved for 69 statements pertaining to diet and remission of T2D, dietary specifics and types of diets, adjuvant and alternative interventions, support, monitoring, adherence to therapy, weight loss, and payment and policy. Clinicians can use these statements to improve quality of care, inform policy and protocols, and identify areas of uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Rosenfeld
- Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA (RMR)
| | - John H Kelly
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA (JHK)
| | - Monica Agarwal
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Birmingham, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA (MA)
| | - Karen Aspry
- Lipid and Prevention Program, Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, East Greenwich, RI, USA (KA)
| | - Ted Barnett
- Rochester Lifestyle Medicine Institute, Rochester, NY, USA (TB)
| | - Brenda C Davis
- American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, MO, USA (BCD, KP, MCK)
| | | | - Trudy Gaillard
- Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA (TG)
| | - Mahima Gulati
- Middlesex Health Multispecialty Group, Middletown, CT, USA (MG)
| | | | | | | | - Amy Rothberg
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA (AR)
| | - Deepa V Sannidhi
- University of California San Diego Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, La Jolla, CA, USA (DVS)
| | | | - Kaitlyn Pauly
- American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, MO, USA (BCD, KP, MCK)
| | - Micaela C Karlsen
- American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, MO, USA (BCD, KP, MCK)
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9
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Sheikhi L, Karandish M, Latifi SM, Davoudi I. Comparison of the Effect of Milk and Pistachio Snacks on Anthropometric Indices in Overweight or Obese Women: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Int J Prev Med 2021; 12:130. [PMID: 34912506 PMCID: PMC8631137 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_420_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Weight management is the key to prevent and treat the adverse consequences of overweight and obesity. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of consuming milk and pistachio snacks on anthropometric indices in overweight or obese women. Methods In this randomized crossover trial, 60 overweight or obese women with a mean age of 24 ± 4.2 years were randomly divided into two groups. Women in the milk group received 200 mL/day low-fat milk while women in the other group received 30 g/day pistachio for 4 weeks. After a 6-day washout period, the participants received a similar intervention in a crossover manner. Results Out of the total 60 participants, 52 completed the study. At the end of the study, the weight of women in the milk group significantly decreased (70.8 ± 8.4 vs. 69.9 ± 8.3, P value = 0.001). No statistically significant changes were observed in the weight of participants in the pistachio group (70.3 ± 8.4 vs. 70.6 ± 8.3, P value = 0.06). Further analyses showed a slightly significant beneficial effect on waist circumference (WC) (P-value =0.068) and body mass index (BMI) in the milk group P value = 0.01). Conclusions Based on the observed positive effects of milk intake on weight loss in this crossover study, milk consumption may be considered an appropriate snack in weight loss programs in overweight or obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sheikhi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Science and Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Karandish
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmood Latifi
- Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Iran Davoudi
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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10
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Ohbayashi K, Oyama Y, Yamaguchi C, Asano T, Yada T, Iwasaki Y. Gastrointestinal Distension by Pectin-Containing Carbonated Solution Suppresses Food Intake and Enhances Glucose Tolerance via GLP-1 Secretion and Vagal Afferent Activation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:676869. [PMID: 34168616 PMCID: PMC8217665 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.676869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced gastrointestinal distension is known to evoke satiation and suppress postprandial hyperglycemia; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study explored how gastrointestinal distension regulates energy homeostasis by using inflating stomach formulation (ISF), the carbonated solution containing pectin that forms stable gel bubbles under acidic condition in the stomach. Here we show that, in mice, oral administration of ISF induced distension of stomach and proximal intestine temporarily, stimulated intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, and activated vagal afferents and brainstem. ISF suppressed food intake and improved glucose tolerance via enhancing insulin sensitivity. The anorexigenic effect was partially inhibited, and the beneficial glycemic effect was blunted by pharmacological GLP-1 receptor blockade and chemical denervation of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves. In HFD-fed obese mice showing arrhythmic feeding and obesity, subchronic ISF treatment at the light period (LP) onset for 10 days attenuated LP hyperphagia and visceral fat accumulation. These results demonstrate that gastrointestinal distension by ISF stimulates GLP-1 secretion and the vagal afferent signaling to the brain, thereby regulating feeding behavior and glucose tolerance. Furthermore, subchronic ISF treatment ameliorates HFD-induced visceral obesity. We propose the diet that induces gastrointestinal distension as a novel treatment of hyperphagic obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Ohbayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Oyama
- Self-Medication R&D Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Chiharu Yamaguchi
- Self-Medication R&D Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Asano
- Self-Medication R&D Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yusaku Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yusaku Iwasaki,
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Effect of Added Sugar on the Consumption of A Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplement Among 7-24-Month-Old Children. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103069. [PMID: 33049973 PMCID: PMC7600100 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) could help prevent malnutrition. Our primary objective was to examine the acceptability and consumption of sweetened and unsweetened versions of SQ-LNS before and after 14-days of repeated exposure. A total of 78 mother-infant dyads recruited from health centers in Morelos, Mexico, were randomized to two groups of SQ-LNS (sweetened, LNS-S; unsweetened, LNS-U). During the study, infants were fed SQ-LNS (20 g) mixed with 30 g of complementary food of the caregiver’s choice. The amount of supplement-food mixture consumed was measured before, during and after a 14-day home exposure period. We defined acceptability as consumption of at least 50% of the offered food mixture. At initial exposure, LNS-U consumption was on average 44.0% (95% CI: 31.4, 58.5) and LNS-S 34.8% (25.3, 44.0); at final exposure, LNS-U and LNS-S consumption were 38.5% (27.8, 54.0) and 31.5% (21.6, 43.0). The average change in consumption did not differ between the groups (2.2 p.p. (−17.2, 24.4)). We conclude that the acceptability of sweetened and unsweetened SQ-LNS was low in this study population. Since consumption did not differ between supplement versions, we encourage the use of the unsweetened version given the potential effects that added sugar may have on weight gain especially in regions facing the double burden of malnutrition.
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Kelly J, Karlsen M, Steinke G. Type 2 Diabetes Remission and Lifestyle Medicine: A Position Statement From the American College of Lifestyle Medicine. Am J Lifestyle Med 2020; 14:406-419. [PMID: 33281521 DOI: 10.1177/1559827620930962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. The present review represents the position of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine on type 2 diabetes (T2D) and remission treatment. Background. Research now reveals that sufficiently intensive lifestyle interventions can produce remission of T2D with similar success to bariatric surgery, but with substantially fewer untoward side effects. Methods. A literature review was conducted to examine lifestyle modifications targeting T2D remission, with most studies using a combination of blood glucose markers and treatment history. Results. There were notable differences in the dosing intensity of lifestyle interventions between therapeutic interventions and subtherapeutic interventions. Studies with therapeutic dosing typically used very low energy diets (600-1100 kcal/day) with a weighted mean remission rate of 49.4%, while studies with subtherapeutic dosing typically used more moderate caloric restrictions (reducing energy intake by 500-600 kcal/day) and the weighted mean remission rate was 6.9%. Conclusions. Remission should be the clinical goal in T2D treatment, using properly dosed intensive lifestyle interventions as a primary component of medical care for T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kelly
- Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California (JK).,American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, Missouri (JK, MK).,University of New England, Portland, Maine (MK).,Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee (GS)
| | - Micaela Karlsen
- Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California (JK).,American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, Missouri (JK, MK).,University of New England, Portland, Maine (MK).,Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee (GS)
| | - Gregory Steinke
- Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California (JK).,American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, Missouri (JK, MK).,University of New England, Portland, Maine (MK).,Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee (GS)
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13
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Caloric compensation and appetite control in children of different weight status and predisposition to obesity. Appetite 2020; 151:104701. [PMID: 32289325 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To prevent childhood obesity it is critical to identify behavioral phenotypes for overeating, especially among children who are predisposed to obesity. We examined caloric compensation and appetite control in 212 normal-weight (NW) and obese (OB) children, ages 7 to 9, who were at high risk (HR) or low risk (LR) for obesity based on maternal obesity. In a within-subjects crossover design, children ate breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks in the laboratory once a week for two weeks. Children's percentage compensation index (%COMPX) was computed at breakfast. Twenty-five minutes before breakfast, children received one of two compulsory preloads, which varied in energy density (ED) and caloric content [Low ED (LED): 1.00 kcal/g; 100 kcal; High ED (HED): 1.60 kcal/g; 160 kcal]. Children's appetite was measured hourly using Visual Analog Scales, which were used to compute 3-h post-prandial area under the curve (AUCs) after breakfast and the satiety quotient (SQ), which allows between-group comparisons of a fixed amount of a food's potency to reduce appetite sensations per unit of intake. There were no significant differences in %COMPX, SQ, or AUC among LR-NW, HR-NW, and HR-OB children (P > 0.10). SQs for Hunger and Prospective Consumption were higher and SQ for Fullness lower after consuming the LED compared to the HED preload (P < 0.009). Further, the SQ and AUC for Desire to Eat and AUC for Prospective Consumption significantly predicted energy intake during the remainder of the day (P < 0.03). In this study, HR-NW children did not differ from LR-NW or HR-OB children in their caloric compensation or appetite control. Foods with a high satiating effect may facilitate appetite control and help to moderate daily energy intake in all children, including at-risk children.
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14
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Lavie CJ, Laddu D, Arena R, Ortega FB, Alpert MA, Kushner RF. Healthy Weight and Obesity Prevention: JACC Health Promotion Series. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 72:1506-1531. [PMID: 30236314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity have reached epidemic levels in the United States and worldwide, and this has contributed to substantial cardiovascular and other health risks. However, controversy exists concerning the causes of obesity and effective modalities for its prevention and treatment. There is also controversy related to the concept of metabolically healthy obesity phenotype, the "obesity paradox," and on the importance of fitness to protect individuals who are overweight or obese from cardiovascular diseases. In this state-of-the-art review, the authors focus on "healthy weight" with the emphasis on the pathophysiologic effects of weight gain on the cardiovascular system; mechanistic/triggering factors; and the role of preventive actions through personal, education/environment, and societal/authoritative factors, as well as factors to provide guidance for caregivers of health promotion. Additionally, the authors briefly review metabolically healthy obesity, the obesity paradox, and issues beyond lifestyle consideration for weight loss with medications and bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School-The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | - Deepika Laddu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Martin A Alpert
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert F Kushner
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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15
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Dietary energy density and appetite: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Nutrition 2019; 69:110551. [PMID: 31525704 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies have suggested that dietary energy density (DED) may affect weight gain by altering appetite. Although many studies have investigated the effect of DED on appetite, findings are inconsistent and, to our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews and meta-analyses on this topic. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effect of DED on appetite. The current meta-analysis revealed changing the DED had no significant effect on hunger but increased fullness. More high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the effects of DED on appetite components. We searched titles, abstracts, and keywords of articles indexed in ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases up to July 2018 to identify eligible RCT studies. Random effects model was used to estimate the pooled effect of DED on appetite. Among the 21 studies identified in the systematic literature search, 11 reports were included in the meta-analysis. Based on the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool, 6 studies were considered as good quality, two were fair, and three studies were poor. The mean ± standard deviation for energy density, in studies which assessed fullness, was 1.65 ± 1 in high energy dense (HED) diet and 0.93 ± 0.93 in low energy dense (LED) diet. The corresponding values for hunger were 1.67 ± 0.69 and 0.70 ± 0.32, respectively. Compared with a LED diet, consumption of HED increased fullness (weighed mean difference [WMD] 2.95 mm; 95% CI 0.07-5.82, P = 0.044, I2 98.1%) but had no significant effect on hunger (WMD 1.31 mm; 95% CI -7.20 to 9.82, P = 0.763, I2 99.1%). The current meta-analysis revealed changing the DED had no significant effect on hunger but increased fullness. More high-quality RCTs are needed to investigate the effects of DED on appetite components.
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16
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Different and Unequal: A Qualitative Evaluation of Salient Factors Influencing Energy Intake in Adults with Overweight and Obesity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061365. [PMID: 31216640 PMCID: PMC6627170 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors such as food availability and variety can function as cues for overeating in individuals susceptible to overweight or obesity, but relatively little is known about other types of environmental factors that may also be important. This qualitative study compared and contrasted categories of internal and external cues through focus groups and key informant interviews with 24 adults (26 to 77 years old) in the United States who had a body mass index within the healthy range (21.6 ± 2.5 kg/m2) or had overweight or obesity (29.1 ± 3.6 kg/m2). Five domains of external factors influencing food intake were identified: (a) Environmental cues including food availability and variety; (b) normative expectations for dietary intake; (c) food palatability; (d) overt social pressures to overeat; and (e) perceived social expectations around eating. All external domains were noted by participants with overweight or obesity to be challenging, and solutions to avoid overeating were lacking; however, overt social pressures and perceived social expectations appeared to be especially problematic. By explicitly defining different domains of external factors that challenge healthy weight regulation, this study identifies specific targets to address in interventions for healthy weight management.
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17
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Predicting Real-Life Eating Behaviours Using Single School Lunches in Adolescents. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030672. [PMID: 30897833 PMCID: PMC6471169 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Large portion sizes and a high eating rate are associated with high energy intake and obesity. Most individuals maintain their food intake weight (g) and eating rate (g/min) rank in relation to their peers, despite food and environmental manipulations. Single meal measures may enable identification of “large portion eaters” and “fast eaters,” finding individuals at risk of developing obesity. The aim of this study was to predict real-life food intake weight and eating rate based on one school lunch. Twenty-four high-school students with a mean (±SD) age of 16.8 yr (±0.7) and body mass index of 21.9 (±4.1) were recruited, using no exclusion criteria. Food intake weight and eating rate was first self-rated (“Less,” “Average” or “More than peers”), then objectively recorded during one school lunch (absolute weight of consumed food in grams). Afterwards, subjects recorded as many main meals (breakfasts, lunches and dinners) as possible in real-life for a period of at least two weeks, using a Bluetooth connected weight scale and a smartphone application. On average participants recorded 18.9 (7.3) meals during the study. Real-life food intake weight was 327.4 g (±110.6), which was significantly lower (p = 0.027) than the single school lunch, at 367.4 g (±167.2). When the intra-class correlation of food weight intake between the objectively recorded real-life and school lunch meals was compared, the correlation was excellent (R = 0.91). Real-life eating rate was 33.5 g/min (±14.8), which was significantly higher (p = 0.010) than the single school lunch, at 27.7 g/min (±13.3). The intra-class correlation of the recorded eating rate between real-life and school lunch meals was very large (R = 0.74). The participants’ recorded food intake weights and eating rates were divided into terciles and compared between school lunches and real-life, with moderate or higher agreement (κ = 0.75 and κ = 0.54, respectively). In contrast, almost no agreement was observed between self-rated and real-life recorded rankings of food intake weight and eating rate (κ = 0.09 and κ = 0.08, respectively). The current study provides evidence that both food intake weight and eating rates per meal vary considerably in real-life per individual. However, based on these behaviours, most students can be correctly classified in regard to their peers based on single school lunches. In contrast, self-reported food intake weight and eating rate are poor predictors of real-life measures. Finally, based on the recorded individual variability of real-life food intake weight and eating rate, it is not advised to rank individuals based on single recordings collected in real-life settings.
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18
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Lavie CJ, Laddu D, Arena R, Ortega FB, Alpert MA, Kushner RF. Reprint of: Healthy Weight and Obesity Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72:3027-3052. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Stanhope KL, Goran MI, Bosy-Westphal A, King JC, Schmidt LA, Schwarz JM, Stice E, Sylvetsky AC, Turnbaugh PJ, Bray GA, Gardner CD, Havel PJ, Malik V, Mason AE, Ravussin E, Rosenbaum M, Welsh JA, Allister-Price C, Sigala DM, Greenwood MRC, Astrup A, Krauss RM. Pathways and mechanisms linking dietary components to cardiometabolic disease: thinking beyond calories. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1205-1235. [PMID: 29761610 PMCID: PMC6530989 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calories from any food have the potential to increase risk for obesity and cardiometabolic disease because all calories can directly contribute to positive energy balance and fat gain. However, various dietary components or patterns may promote obesity and cardiometabolic disease by additional mechanisms that are not mediated solely by caloric content. Researchers explored this topic at the 2017 CrossFit Foundation Academic Conference 'Diet and Cardiometabolic Health - Beyond Calories', and this paper summarizes the presentations and follow-up discussions. Regarding the health effects of dietary fat, sugar and non-nutritive sweeteners, it is concluded that food-specific saturated fatty acids and sugar-sweetened beverages promote cardiometabolic diseases by mechanisms that are additional to their contribution of calories to positive energy balance and that aspartame does not promote weight gain. The challenges involved in conducting and interpreting clinical nutritional research, which preclude more extensive conclusions, are detailed. Emerging research is presented exploring the possibility that responses to certain dietary components/patterns are influenced by the metabolic status, developmental period or genotype of the individual; by the responsiveness of brain regions associated with reward to food cues; or by the microbiome. More research regarding these potential 'beyond calories' mechanisms may lead to new strategies for attenuating the obesity crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M I Goran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - J C King
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - L A Schmidt
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- California Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Anthropology, History, and Social Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J-M Schwarz
- Touro University, Vallejo, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - A C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - P J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, G.W. Hooper Research Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - G A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - C D Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - V Malik
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A E Mason
- Department of Psychiatry, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Welsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Wellness Department, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Nutrition and Health Sciences Doctoral Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Allister-Price
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D M Sigala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M R C Greenwood
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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20
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Chang BPI, Mulders MDGH, Cserjesi R, Cleeremans A, Klein O. Does immersion or detachment facilitate healthy eating? Comparing the effects of sensory imagery and mindful decentering on attitudes and behavior towards healthy and unhealthy food. Appetite 2018; 130:256-267. [PMID: 30102943 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Many people would like to reduce indulging in unhealthy foods, but find it difficult to do so. Previous research shows that individuals eat smaller portions of unhealthy hedonic food if they first imagine the sensory properties of tempting food (sensory imagery; Cornil & Chandon, 2016). Similarly, they show less preference for such food if they think about food in a detached way (decentering; Papies, Barsalou, & Custers, 2012; Papies, Pronk, Keesman, & Barsalou, 2015). Given that these two mindsets are seemingly at odds with each other, we compared them across two studies to examine their effects on the preference for (Experiment 1) and consumption of (Experiment 2) hedonic healthy and unhealthy food. Although sensory imagery and decentering had largely different effects for preferences towards healthy and unhealthy foods, they had comparable effects on the consumption of both types of foods, serving to reduce the effects of consumption in participants affected by hunger and emotional eating. These results suggest that while sensory imagery and decentering are based on different mechanisms, they produce similar results when it comes to the consumption of hedonic food, regardless of how healthy the food is.
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21
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Cost-Effectiveness of Product Reformulation in Response to the Health Star Rating Food Labelling System in Australia. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050614. [PMID: 29757979 PMCID: PMC5986494 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Health Star Rating (HSR) system is a voluntary front-of-pack labelling (FoPL) initiative endorsed by the Australian government in 2014. This study examines the impact of the HSR system on pre-packaged food reformulation measured by changes in energy density between products with and without HSR. The cost-effectiveness of the HSR system was modelled using a proportional multi-state life table Markov model for the 2010 Australian population. We evaluated scenarios in which the HSR system was implemented on a voluntary and mandatory basis (i.e., HSR uptake across 6.7% and 100% of applicable products, respectively). The main outcomes were health-adjusted life years (HALYs), net costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). These were calculated with accompanying 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UI). The model predicted that HSR-attributable reformulation leads to small changes [corrected] in mean population energy intake (voluntary: -0.98 kJ/day; mandatory: -11.81 kJ/day). [corrected]. These are likely to result in changes in mean body weight (voluntary: -0.01 kg [95% UI: -0.012 to -0.006]; mandatory: -0.11 kg [95% UI: -0.14 to -0.07, and HALYs gained [corrected] (voluntary: 4207 HALYs gained [corrected] [95% UI: 2438 to 6081]; mandatory: 49,949 HALYs gained [95% UI: 29,291 to 72,153]). The HSR system [corrected] could be considered cost-effective relative to a willingness-to-pay threshold of A$50,000 per HALY (incremental cost effectiveness ratio for voluntary: [corrected] A$1728 per HALY [95% UI: dominant to 10,445] and mandatory: A$4752 per HALY [95% UI: dominant to 16,236]).
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22
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MacLean RR, Cowan A, Vernarelli JA. More to gain: dietary energy density is related to smoking status in US adults. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:365. [PMID: 29614996 PMCID: PMC5883399 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Given the current prevalence of both cigarette use and obesity in the United States, identification of dietary patterns that reduce mortality risk are important public health priorities. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between cigarette use and dietary energy density, a marker for diet quality, in a population of current smokers, former smokers, and never smokers. Methods Data from a nationally representative sample of 5293 adults who participated in the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were analyzed. Specific survey procedures were used in the analysis to account for sample weights, unequal selection probability, and clustered design when evaluating the association between dietary energy density (ED, energy per weight of food, kcal/g) and current smoking status. Never smokers reported < 100 lifetime cigarettes. Smokers were identified as individuals reporting > 100 lifetime cigarettes and current smoking status was recorded as daily, some days (nondaily), or not at all (former). Results A strong linear relationship was observed between smoking pattern and dietary ED in current smokers. Compared to never smokers, daily smokers and nondaily smokers have significantly higher dietary ED (1.79 vs. 2.02 and 1.88, respectively; both p < 0.05); demonstrating that any amount of current cigarette consumption is associated with poor diet. Though former smokers had a higher dietary ED than never smokers, this difference still significantly lower than that of current smokers (p = 0.002). Conclusion These findings suggest that smoking status is associated with poor diet quality. Former smokers had a slightly lower ED value (1.84) than current non-daily smokers (1.89) but a higher value than never smokers (1.79).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ross MacLean
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Alexandra Cowan
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, 238 Bannow Science Center, Fairfield, CT, 06824, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Vernarelli
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, 238 Bannow Science Center, Fairfield, CT, 06824, USA. .,Department of Biology, Fairfield University, 216 Bannow Science Center, Fairfield, CT, 06824, USA.
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Palacios OM, Edirisinghe I, Wilcox ML, Burton-Freeman B, Xiao D, Maki KC. A Lean Pork-Containing Breakfast Reduces Hunger and Glycemic Response Compared to a Refined Carbohydrate-Containing Breakfast in Adults with Prediabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 37:293-301. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1396266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya M. Palacios
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Glen Ellyn, Illinois, USA
| | - Indika Edirisinghe
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Meredith L. Wilcox
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Glen Ellyn, Illinois, USA
| | - Britt Burton-Freeman
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Di Xiao
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kevin C. Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Glen Ellyn, Illinois, USA
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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24
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Impact of a non-restrictive satiating diet on anthropometrics, satiety responsiveness and eating behaviour traits in obese men displaying a high or a low satiety phenotype. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:750-760. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a non-restrictive satiating diet in men displaying various degrees of satiety efficiency. In all, sixty-nine obese men aged 41·5 (sd5·7) years were randomly assigned to a control (10–15, 55–60 and 30 % energy as protein, carbohydrate and lipid, respectively;n34) or satiating (20–25, 45–50 and 30–35 % energy as protein, carbohydrate and lipid, respectively;n35) diet for 16 weeks, and were classified as having a low (LSP) or high (HSP) satiety phenotype. Both diets were consumedad libitum. Changes in body weight, BMI, percent fat mass, waist circumference, satiety responsiveness and eating behaviour traits were assessed following the intervention. Dropout rates were higher in the control diet (44·1 %) compared with the satiating diet (8·6 %). Decreases in body weight, BMI and waist circumference were significant in both groups, yet HSP individuals lost more body weight than LSP individuals (P=0·048). Decreases in % fat mass were greater in the satiating diet (LSP: −2·1 (sd2·1) %;P<0·01 and HSP: −3·0 (sd2·5) %;P<0·001) compared with the control diet (LSP: −1·1 (sd2·5) % and HSP: −1·3 (sd2·6) %) (P=0·034). Satiety responsiveness was markedly improved in the satiating diet, whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. Changes in dietary restraint (+3·3 (sd2·9) to +7·2 (sd5·5)), flexible control (+0·9 (sd1·4) to +2·3 (sd2·7)), rigid control (+2·2 (sd1·5) to +2·5 (sd2·8)), disinhibition (−2·8 (sd3·7) to −3·2 (sd2·6)) and susceptibility to hunger (−2·7 (sd4·1) to −4·6 (sd3·9)) were similar between the diets. Compared with the control diet, the satiating diet favoured adherence, decreased % fat mass and improved satiety responsiveness in both HSP and LSP individuals.
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25
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Crino M, Herrera AMM, Ananthapavan J, Wu JHY, Neal B, Lee YY, Zheng M, Lal A, Sacks G. Modelled Cost-Effectiveness of a Package Size Cap and a Kilojoule Reduction Intervention to Reduce Energy Intake from Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Australia. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090983. [PMID: 28878175 PMCID: PMC5622743 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions targeting portion size and energy density of food and beverage products have been identified as a promising approach for obesity prevention. This study modelled the potential cost-effectiveness of: a package size cap on single-serve sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) >375 mL (package size cap), and product reformulation to reduce energy content of packaged SSBs (energy reduction). The cost-effectiveness of each intervention was modelled for the 2010 Australia population using a multi-state life table Markov model with a lifetime time horizon. Long-term health outcomes were modelled from calculated changes in body mass index to their impact on Health-Adjusted Life Years (HALYs). Intervention costs were estimated from a limited societal perspective. Cost and health outcomes were discounted at 3%. Total intervention costs estimated in AUD 2010 were AUD 210 million. Both interventions resulted in reduced mean body weight (package size cap: 0.12 kg; energy reduction: 0.23 kg); and HALYs gained (package size cap: 73,883; energy reduction: 144,621). Cost offsets were estimated at AUD 750.8 million (package size cap) and AUD 1.4 billion (energy reduction). Cost-effectiveness analyses showed that both interventions were “dominant”, and likely to result in long term cost savings and health benefits. A package size cap and kJ reduction of SSBs are likely to offer excellent “value for money” as obesity prevention measures in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Crino
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2042, Australia.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2042, Australia.
| | | | - Jaithri Ananthapavan
- Deakin Health Economics, Centre for Population Health Research, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia.
| | - Jason H Y Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2042, Australia.
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2042, Australia.
- The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney 2042, Australia.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
| | - Yong Yi Lee
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4001, Australia.
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (QCMHR), The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol 4076, Australia.
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- Global Obesity Centre, Centre for Population Health Research, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia.
| | - Anita Lal
- Deakin Health Economics, Centre for Population Health Research, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia.
| | - Gary Sacks
- Global Obesity Centre, Centre for Population Health Research, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia.
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Abstract
Studies conducted by behavioural scientists show that energy density (kcal/g) provides effective guidance for healthy food choices to control intake and promote satiety. Energy density depends upon a number of dietary components, especially water (0 kcal/g) and fat (9 kcal/g). Increasing the proportion of water or water-rich ingredients, such as vegetables or fruit, lowers a food's energy density. A number of studies show that when the energy density of the diet is reduced, both adults and children spontaneously decrease their ad libitum energy intake. Other studies show that consuming a large volume of a low-energy-dense food such as soup, salad, or fruit as a first course preload can enhance satiety and reduce overall energy intake at a meal. Current evidence suggests that energy density influences intake through a complex interplay of cognitive, sensory, gastrointestinal, hormonal and neural influences. Other studies that focus on practical applications show how the strategic incorporation of foods lower in energy density into the diet allows people to eat satisfying portions while improving dietary patterns. This review discusses studies that have led to greater understanding of the importance of energy density for food intake regulation and weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Rolls
- The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, US
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Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Zeltser LM, Drewnowski A, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Leibel RL. Obesity Pathogenesis: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:267-296. [PMID: 28898979 PMCID: PMC5546881 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is among the most common and costly chronic disorders worldwide. Estimates suggest that in the United States obesity affects one-third of adults, accounts for up to one-third of total mortality, is concentrated among lower income groups, and increasingly affects children as well as adults. A lack of effective options for long-term weight reduction magnifies the enormity of this problem; individuals who successfully complete behavioral and dietary weight-loss programs eventually regain most of the lost weight. We included evidence from basic science, clinical, and epidemiological literature to assess current knowledge regarding mechanisms underlying excess body-fat accumulation, the biological defense of excess fat mass, and the tendency for lost weight to be regained. A major area of emphasis is the science of energy homeostasis, the biological process that maintains weight stability by actively matching energy intake to energy expenditure over time. Growing evidence suggests that obesity is a disorder of the energy homeostasis system, rather than simply arising from the passive accumulation of excess weight. We need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this "upward setting" or "resetting" of the defended level of body-fat mass, whether inherited or acquired. The ongoing study of how genetic, developmental, and environmental forces affect the energy homeostasis system will help us better understand these mechanisms and are therefore a major focus of this statement. The scientific goal is to elucidate obesity pathogenesis so as to better inform treatment, public policy, advocacy, and awareness of obesity in ways that ultimately diminish its public health and economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Lori M Zeltser
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Eric Ravussin
- John S. McIlhenny Skeletal Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Leanne M Redman
- John S. McIlhenny Skeletal Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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Hollands GJ, Shemilt I, Marteau TM, Jebb SA, Lewis HB, Wei Y, Higgins JPT, Ogilvie D. Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD011045. [PMID: 26368271 PMCID: PMC4579823 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011045.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overeating and harmful alcohol and tobacco use have been linked to the aetiology of various non-communicable diseases, which are among the leading global causes of morbidity and premature mortality. As people are repeatedly exposed to varying sizes and shapes of food, alcohol and tobacco products in environments such as shops, restaurants, bars and homes, this has stimulated public health policy interest in product size and shape as potential targets for intervention. OBJECTIVES 1) To assess the effects of interventions involving exposure to different sizes or sets of physical dimensions of a portion, package, individual unit or item of tableware on unregulated selection or consumption of food, alcohol or tobacco products in adults and children.2) To assess the extent to which these effects may be modified by study, intervention and participant characteristics. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, eight other published or grey literature databases, trial registries and key websites up to November 2012, followed by citation searches and contacts with study authors. This original search identified eligible studies published up to July 2013, which are fully incorporated into the review. We conducted an updated search up to 30 January 2015 but further eligible studies are not yet fully incorporated due to their minimal potential to change the conclusions. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials with between-subjects (parallel-group) or within-subjects (cross-over) designs, conducted in laboratory or field settings, in adults or children. Eligible studies compared at least two groups of participants, each exposed to a different size or shape of a portion of a food (including non-alcoholic beverages), alcohol or tobacco product, its package or individual unit size, or of an item of tableware used to consume it, and included a measure of unregulated selection or consumption of food, alcohol or tobacco. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We applied standard Cochrane methods to select eligible studies for inclusion and to collect data and assess risk of bias. We calculated study-level effect sizes as standardised mean differences (SMDs) between comparison groups, measured as quantities selected or consumed. We combined these results using random-effects meta-analysis models to estimate summary effect sizes (SMDs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)) for each outcome for size and shape comparisons. We rated the overall quality of evidence using the GRADE system. Finally, we used meta-regression analysis to investigate statistical associations between summary effect sizes and variant study, intervention or participant characteristics. MAIN RESULTS The current version of this review includes 72 studies, published between 1978 and July 2013, assessed as being at overall unclear or high risk of bias with respect to selection and consumption outcomes. Ninety-six per cent of included studies (69/72) manipulated food products and 4% (3/72) manipulated cigarettes. No included studies manipulated alcohol products. Forty-nine per cent (35/72) manipulated portion size, 14% (10/72) package size and 21% (15/72) tableware size or shape. More studies investigated effects among adults (76% (55/72)) than children and all studies were conducted in high-income countries - predominantly in the USA (81% (58/72)). Sources of funding were reported for the majority of studies, with no evidence of funding by agencies with possible commercial interests in their results.A meta-analysis of 86 independent comparisons from 58 studies (6603 participants) found a small to moderate effect of portion, package, individual unit or tableware size on consumption of food (SMD 0.38, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.46), providing moderate quality evidence that exposure to larger sizes increased quantities of food consumed among children (SMD 0.21, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.31) and adults (SMD 0.46, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.52). The size of this effect suggests that, if sustained reductions in exposure to larger-sized food portions, packages and tableware could be achieved across the whole diet, this could reduce average daily energy consumed from food by between 144 and 228 kcal (8.5% to 13.5% from a baseline of 1689 kcal) among UK children and adults. A meta-analysis of six independent comparisons from three studies (108 participants) found low quality evidence for no difference in the effect of cigarette length on consumption (SMD 0.25, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.65).One included study (50 participants) estimated a large effect on consumption of exposure to differently shaped tableware (SMD 1.17, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.78), rated as very low quality evidence that exposure to shorter, wider bottles (versus taller, narrower bottles) increased quantities of water consumed by young adult participants.A meta-analysis of 13 independent comparisons from 10 studies (1164 participants) found a small to moderate effect of portion or tableware size on selection of food (SMD 0.42, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.59), rated as moderate quality evidence that exposure to larger sizes increased the quantities of food people selected for subsequent consumption. This effect was present among adults (SMD 0.55, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.75) but not children (SMD 0.14, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.34).In addition, a meta-analysis of three independent comparisons from three studies (232 participants) found a very large effect of exposure to differently shaped tableware on selection of non-alcoholic beverages (SMD 1.47, 95% CI 0.52 to 2.43), rated as low quality evidence that exposure to shorter, wider (versus taller, narrower) glasses or bottles increased the quantities selected for subsequent consumption among adults (SMD 2.31, 95% CI 1.79 to 2.83) and children (SMD 1.03, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.65). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review found that people consistently consume more food and drink when offered larger-sized portions, packages or tableware than when offered smaller-sized versions. This suggests that policies and practices that successfully reduce the size, availability and appeal of larger-sized portions, packages, individual units and tableware can contribute to meaningful reductions in the quantities of food (including non-alcoholic beverages) people select and consume in the immediate and short term. However, it is uncertain whether reducing portions at the smaller end of the size range can be as effective in reducing food consumption as reductions at the larger end of the range. We are unable to highlight clear implications for tobacco or alcohol policy due to identified gaps in the current evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Hollands
- University of CambridgeBehaviour and Health Research UnitForvie SiteRobinson WayCambridgeUKCB2 0SR
| | - Ian Shemilt
- University College LondonEPPI‐Centre10 Woburn SquareLondonUKWC1H 0NR
| | - Theresa M Marteau
- University of CambridgeBehaviour and Health Research UnitForvie SiteRobinson WayCambridgeUKCB2 0SR
| | - Susan A Jebb
- University of OxfordNuffield Department of Primary Care Health SciencesRadcliffe Observatory QuarterWoodstock RoadOxfordOxfordshireUKOX2 6GG
| | - Hannah B Lewis
- MRC Human Nutrition ResearchElsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn RoadCambridgeUKCB1 9NL
| | - Yinghui Wei
- University of PlymouthCentre for Mathematical Sciences, School of Computing, Electronics and MathematicsPlymouthUK
| | - Julian P T Higgins
- University of BristolPopulation Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolCanynge Hall39 Whatley RoadBristolUKBS8 2PS
| | - David Ogilvie
- University of CambridgeMRC Epidemiology UnitBox 285Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUKCB2 0QQ
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Fung TT, Pan A, Hou T, Chiuve SE, Tobias DK, Mozaffarian D, Willett WC, Hu FB. Long-Term Change in Diet Quality Is Associated with Body Weight Change in Men and Women. J Nutr 2015; 145:1850-6. [PMID: 26084363 PMCID: PMC4516763 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.208785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little evidence exists on change in diet quality and weight change. OBJECTIVES We examined the association between change of diet quality indexes and concurrent weight change over 20 y. METHODS In this analysis we followed 50,603 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), 22,973 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) between 1986 and 2006, and 72,495 younger women from the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II) between 1989 and 2007. Diet was measured every 4 y. We computed the Alternate Mediterranean Diet, the Alternate Health Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension adherence scores for each participant. All scores emphasize fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and nuts, but they differ in score range and components such as dairy, sodium, and sweetened beverages. Regression models were used to examine 4-y changes in these scores and weight change within the same period, adjusting for lifestyle factors. RESULTS Mean age at baseline was 49.4 y for NHS, 48.0 y for HPFS, and 36.3 y for NHS II. Baseline BMI (in kg/m(2)) was similar (23.7 for NHS, 24.7 for HPFS, and 23.0 for NHS II). We observed significantly less weight gain over 4-y periods with each SD increase of each diet quality score in both men and women. Results were significantly stronger in the younger cohort (NHS II) than in the older cohorts (e.g., -0.67 kg less weight gain in NHS II vs. -0.39 kg in NHS for each SD increase in AHEI-2010; P-heterogeneity: <0.001). Improvement of any of the diet scores benefited overweight (-0.27 to -1.08 kg less weight gain for each SD increase in score) more than normal-weight individuals (-0.10 to -0.40 kg; P-interaction: <0.001). CONCLUSION Improvement of diet quality is associated with less weight gain, especially in younger women or overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Fung
- Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA; Departments of Nutrition and
| | - An Pan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tao Hou
- Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Nutrition and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Frank B Hu
- Nutrition and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
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30
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Martin AA, Hamill LR, Davies S, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM. Energy-dense snacks can have the same expected satiation as sugar-containing beverages. Appetite 2015; 95:81-8. [PMID: 26122755 PMCID: PMC4597097 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are thought to be problematic for weight management because energy delivered in liquid form may be less effective at suppressing appetite than solid foods. However, little is known about the relative 'expected satiation' (anticipated fullness) of SSBs and solid foods. This is relevant because expected satiation is an important determinant of portion selection and energy intake. Here, we used a method of constant stimuli to assess the expected satiation of test meals that were presented in combination with different caloric and non-caloric beverages (500 ml) (Experiment 1 and 2), as well as with high-energy solid snack foods (Experiment 2). All energy-containing beverages and snack foods were presented in 210 kcal portions. Both experiments found that expected satiation was greater for meals containing caloric versus non-caloric beverages (201.3 ± 17.3 vs. 185.4 ± 14.1 kcal in Experiment 2; p < 0.05). Further, Experiment 2 showed that this difference was greater in participants who were familiar with our test beverages, indicating a role for learning. Notably, we failed to observe a significant difference in expected satiation between any of the caloric beverages and snack foods in Experiment 2 (range: 192.5-205.2 kcal; p = 0.87). This finding suggests that it may be more appropriate to consider beverages and solid foods on the same continuum, recognizing that the expected satiation of some solid foods is as weak as some beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Martin
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol UK.
| | - Liam R Hamill
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol UK
| | - Sarah Davies
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol UK
| | - Peter J Rogers
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol UK
| | - Jeffrey M Brunstrom
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol UK
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Rains TM, Leidy HJ, Sanoshy KD, Lawless AL, Maki KC. A randomized, controlled, crossover trial to assess the acute appetitive and metabolic effects of sausage and egg-based convenience breakfast meals in overweight premenopausal women. Nutr J 2015; 14:17. [PMID: 25889354 PMCID: PMC4334852 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary protein at breakfast has been shown to enhance satiety and reduce subsequent energy intake more so than carbohydrate or fat. However, relatively few studies have assessed substitution of protein for carbohydrate on indicators of appetite and glucose homeostasis simultaneously. Methods The acute appetitive and metabolic effects of commercially-prepared sausage and egg-based breakfast meals at two different protein levels (30 g and 39 g/serving), vs. a low-protein pancake breakfast (3 g protein) and no breakfast (water), were examined in premenopausal women (N = 35; age 32.5 ± 1.6 yr; BMI 24.8 ± 0.5 kg/m2). Test products provided ~280 kcal/serving and similar fat (12–14 g) and fiber contents (0–1 g). Visual Analog Scale ratings for appetite (hunger, fullness, prospective consumption, desire to eat) and repeated blood sampling for plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were assessed throughout each test day. Energy intake was recorded at an ad libitum lunch meal at 240 min. Results Results showed increased satiety ratings for both the 30 and 39 g protein meals vs. the low-protein and no breakfast conditions (p < 0.001 for all). Postprandial glucose and insulin excursions were lower following the 30 g and 39 g protein conditions vs. the low-protein condition, with smaller responses following the 39 g vs. 30 g protein condition (p < 0.05 for all). Energy intake at lunch was significantly less (p < 0.001) following the 39 g protein meal (692 kcal) vs. the low-protein and no breakfast conditions (789 and 810 kcal, respectively). Total energy intake from the test condition + lunch was higher (p < 0.01) for the 30 and 39 g meals (982 and 983 kcal, respectively) vs. no breakfast (810 kcal), and less than the low protein breakfast (1064 kcal; p < 0.01 vs. 39 g condition only). Conclusions Results suggest that convenience meals providing 30 or 39 g protein/serving produce greater appetite control, lower postprandial glycemia and insulinemia, and reduced subsequent intake at lunch relative to a low-protein control, or no breakfast. Trial registration NCT01713114
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia M Rains
- SALTT, LLC, 801 Ouilmette Ln, Wilmette, IL, 60091, USA. .,Biofortis Clinical Research, 211 E. Lake St, Addison, IL, 60101, USA.
| | - Heather J Leidy
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 307 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
| | - Kristen D Sanoshy
- Biofortis Clinical Research, 211 E. Lake St, Addison, IL, 60101, USA.
| | - Andrea L Lawless
- Biofortis Clinical Research, 211 E. Lake St, Addison, IL, 60101, USA.
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Biofortis Clinical Research, 211 E. Lake St, Addison, IL, 60101, USA. .,Midwest Center for Metabolic & Cardiovascular Research, 489 Taft Ave., Suite 202, Glen Ellyn, IL, 60137, USA.
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Ortinau LC, Hoertel HA, Douglas SM, Leidy HJ. Effects of high-protein vs. high- fat snacks on appetite control, satiety, and eating initiation in healthy women. Nutr J 2014; 13:97. [PMID: 25266206 PMCID: PMC4190484 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether a high-protein afternoon yogurt snack improves appetite control, satiety, and reduces subsequent food intake compared to other commonly-consumed, energy dense, high-fat snacks. Findings Twenty, healthy women (age: 27 ± 2 y; BMI: 23.4 ± 0.7 kg/m2) completed the randomized crossover design study which included 3, 8-h testing days comparing the following 160 kcal afternoon snacks: high-protein yogurt (14 g protein/25 g CHO/0 g fat); high-fat crackers (0 g protein/19 g CHO/9 g fat); and high-fat chocolate (2 g protein/19 g CHO/9 g fat). Participants were acclimated to each snack for 3 consecutive days. On day 4, the participants consumed a standardized breakfast and lunch; the respective snack was consumed 3-h post-lunch. Perceived hunger and fullness were assessed throughout the afternoon until dinner was voluntarily requested. An ad libitum dinner was then provided. The consumption of the yogurt snack led to greater reductions in afternoon hunger vs. chocolate (p < 0.01). No differences in afternoon fullness were detected. The yogurt snack also delayed eating initiation by approximately 30 min compared to the chocolate snack (p < 0.01) and approximately 20 min vs. crackers (p = 0.07). The yogurt snack led to approximately 100 fewer kcals consumed at dinner vs. the crackers (p = 0.08) and chocolate (p < 0.05). No other differences were detected. Conclusion These data suggest that, when compared to high-fat snacks, eating less energy dense, high-protein snacks like yogurt improves appetite control, satiety, and reduces subsequent food intake in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heather J Leidy
- Department of Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 307 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Sturm R, An R. Obesity and economic environments. CA Cancer J Clin 2014; 64:337-50. [PMID: 24853237 PMCID: PMC4159423 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current understanding of economic factors during the obesity epidemic and dispels some widely held, but incorrect, beliefs. Rising obesity rates coincided with increases in leisure time (rather than increased work hours), increased fruit and vegetable availability (rather than a decline in healthier foods), and increased exercise uptake. As a share of disposable income, Americans now have the cheapest food available in history, which fueled the obesity epidemic. Weight gain was surprisingly similar across sociodemographic groups or geographic areas, rather than specific to some groups (at every point in time; however, there are clear disparities). It suggests that if one wants to understand the role of the environment in the obesity epidemic, one needs to understand changes over time affecting all groups, not differences between subgroups at a given time. Although economic and technological changes in the environment drove the obesity epidemic, the evidence for effective economic policies to prevent obesity remains limited. Taxes on foods with low nutritional value could nudge behavior toward healthier diets, as could subsidies/discounts for healthier foods. However, even a large price change for healthy foods could close only part of the gap between dietary guidelines and actual food consumption. Political support has been lacking for even moderate price interventions in the United States and this may continue until the role of environmental factors is accepted more widely. As opinion leaders, clinicians play an important role in shaping the understanding of the causes of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruopeng An
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, U.S
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight recent research developments relating to the effects of, and interactions between, hormones and diet, as well as underlying mechanisms, on appetite, energy intake and body weight. For this purpose, clinically relevant English language articles were reviewed from October 2012 to April 2014. RECENT FINDINGS The mechanisms underlying nutrient-induced energy intake suppression differ between dietary protein and lipid. High-fat, energy-dense diets compromise the satiating effects of gut hormones, and, therefore, promote further overconsumption. These effects are mediated by changes in the signalling in both peripheral and central pathways, and may only be partially reversible by dietary restriction. Additional factors, including probiotics, meal-related factors (e.g., eating speed and frequency), circadian influences and gene polymorphisms, also modify energy intake and eating behaviour. SUMMARY Research continues to unravel the pathways and mechanisms underlying the nutrient-induced and diet-induced regulation of energy intake, as well as the changes, both peripherally and in the central nervous system, brought about by the consumption of high-fat, energy-dense diets. Much further work is required to translate this knowledge into novel, and effective, approaches for the management and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Feinle-Bisset
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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