1
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Yang Y, Wang X, Li M, Wang S, Wang H, Chen Q, Lu S. Identification of potential obese-specific biomarkers and pathways associated with abdominal subcutaneous fat deposition in pig using a comprehensive bioinformatics strategy. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17486. [PMID: 38832038 PMCID: PMC11146330 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Abdominal subcutaneous fat deposition (ASFD) is not only related to meat quality in the pig industry but also to human health in medicine. It is of great value to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms of ASFD. The present study aims to identify obese-specific biomarkers and key pathways correlated with ASFD in pigs. The ASF-related mRNA expression dataset GSE136754 was retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and systematically analyzed using a comprehensive bioinformatics method. A total of 565 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between three obese and three lean pigs, and these DEGs were mainly involved in the p53 signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and fatty acid metabolism. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, consisting of 540 nodes and 1,065 edges, was constructed, and the top ten genes with the highest degree scores-ABL1, HDAC1, CDC42, HDAC2, MRPS5, MRPS10, MDM2, JUP, RPL7L1 and UQCRFS1-were identified as hub genes in the whole PPI network. Especially HDAC1, MDM2, MRPS10 and RPL7L1 were identified as potential robust obese-specific biomarkers due to their significant differences in single gene expression levels and high ROC area; this was further verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) on abdominal subcutaneous fat samples from obese-type (Saba) and lean-type (Large White) pigs. Additionally, a mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA ceRNA network consisting of four potential biomarkers, 15 miRNAs and 51 lncRNAs was established, and two targeted lncRNAs with more connections, XIST and NEAT1, were identified as potentially important regulatory factors. The findings of this study may provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism involved in ASFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Yang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricuture University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricuture University, Kunming, China
| | - Mingli Li
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricuture University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricuture University, Kunming, China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricuture University, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricuture University, Kunming, China
| | - Shaoxiong Lu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricuture University, Kunming, China
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2
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Muro BB, Carnevale RF, Leal DF, Almond GW, Monteiro MS, Poor AP, Schinckel AP, Garbossa CA. The importance of optimal body condition to maximise reproductive health and perinatal outcomes in pigs. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:351-371. [PMID: 35748154 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Overnutrition or undernutrition during all or part of the reproductive cycle predisposes sows to metabolic consequences and poor reproductive health which contributes to a decrease in sow longevity and an increase in perinatal mortality. This represents not only an economic problem for the pig industry but also results in poor animal welfare. To maximise profitability and increase sustainability in pig production, it is pivotal to provide researchers and practitioners with synthesised information about the repercussions of maternal obesity or malnutrition on reproductive health and perinatal outcomes, and to pinpoint currently available nutritional managements to keep sows' body condition in an optimal range. Thus, the present review summarises recent work on the consequences of maternal malnutrition and highlights new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bd Muro
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella F Carnevale
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego F Leal
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matheus S Monteiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André P Poor
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Allan P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Cesar Ap Garbossa
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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3
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Jin L, Wang D, Zhang J, Liu P, Wang Y, Lin Y, Liu C, Han Z, Long K, Li D, Jiang Y, Li G, Zhang Y, Bai J, Li X, Li J, Lu L, Kong F, Wang X, Li H, Huang Z, Ma J, Fan X, Shen L, Zhu L, Jiang Y, Tang G, Feng B, Zeng B, Ge L, Li X, Tang Q, Zhang Z, Li M. Dynamic chromatin architecture of the porcine adipose tissues with weight gain and loss. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3457. [PMID: 37308492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Using an adult female miniature pig model with diet-induced weight gain/weight loss, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms of three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture in adipose tissues (ATs) associated with obesity. We generated 249 high-resolution in situ Hi-C chromatin contact maps of subcutaneous AT and three visceral ATs, analyzing transcriptomic and chromatin architectural changes under different nutritional treatments. We find that chromatin architecture remodeling underpins transcriptomic divergence in ATs, potentially linked to metabolic risks in obesity development. Analysis of chromatin architecture among subcutaneous ATs of different mammals suggests the presence of transcriptional regulatory divergence that could explain phenotypic, physiological, and functional differences in ATs. Regulatory element conservation analysis in pigs and humans reveals similarities in the regulatory circuitry of genes responsible for the obesity phenotype and identified non-conserved elements in species-specific gene sets that underpin AT specialization. This work provides a data-rich tool for discovering obesity-related regulatory elements in humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jin
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Danyang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, 100101, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
- Sars-Fang Centre and MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jiaman Zhang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pengliang Liu
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Can Liu
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ziyin Han
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Keren Long
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Diyan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Guisen Li
- Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jingyi Bai
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaokai Li
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jing Li
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fanli Kong
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hua Li
- Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jideng Ma
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaolan Fan
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Linyuan Shen
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yanzhi Jiang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guoqing Tang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Ya'an Digital Economy Operation Company, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Pig Industry Sciences Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qianzi Tang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, 100101, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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4
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Glasstetter LM, Oderinde TS, Mirchandani M, Rajagopalan KS, Barsom SH, Thaler R, Siddiqi S, Zhu XY, Tang H, Jordan KL, Saadiq IM, van Wijnen AJ, Eirin A, Lerman LO. Obesity and dyslipidemia are associated with partially reversible modifications to DNA hydroxymethylation of apoptosis- and senescence-related genes in swine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:143. [PMID: 37231414 PMCID: PMC10214739 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity dysregulates key biological processes underlying the functional homeostasis, fate decisions, and reparative potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Mechanisms directing obesity-induced phenotypic alterations in MSCs remain unclear, but emerging drivers include dynamic modification of epigenetic marks, like 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). We hypothesized that obesity and cardiovascular risk factors induce functionally relevant, locus-specific changes in 5hmC of swine adipose-derived MSCs and evaluated their reversibility using an epigenetic modulator, vitamin-C. METHODS Female domestic pigs were fed a 16-week Lean or Obese diet (n = 6 each). MSCs were harvested from subcutaneous adipose tissue, and 5hmC profiles were examined through hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (hMeDIP-seq) followed by an integrative (hMeDIP and mRNA sequencing) gene set enrichment analysis. For clinical context, we compared 5hmC profiles of adipose tissue-derived human MSCs harvested from patients with obesity and healthy controls. RESULTS hMeDIP-seq revealed 467 hyper- (fold change ≥ 1.4; p-value ≤ 0.05) and 591 hypo- (fold change ≤ 0.7; p-value ≤ 0.05) hydroxymethylated loci in swine Obese- versus Lean-MSCs. Integrative hMeDIP-seq/mRNA-seq analysis identified overlapping dysregulated gene sets and discrete differentially hydroxymethylated loci with functions related to apoptosis, cell proliferation, and senescence. These 5hmC changes were associated with increased senescence in cultured MSCs (p16/CDKN2A immunoreactivity, senescence-associated β-galactosidase [SA-β-Gal] staining), were partly reversed in swine Obese-MSCs treated with vitamin-C, and shared common pathways with 5hmC changes in human Obese-MSCs. CONCLUSIONS Obesity and dyslipidemia are associated with dysregulated DNA hydroxymethylation of apoptosis- and senescence-related genes in swine and human MSCs, potentially affecting cell vitality and regenerative functions. Vitamin-C may mediate reprogramming of this altered epigenomic landscape, providing a potential strategy to improve the success of autologous MSC transplantation in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan M Glasstetter
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tomiwa S Oderinde
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mohit Mirchandani
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Samer H Barsom
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sarosh Siddiqi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ishran M Saadiq
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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5
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Rajagopalan KS, Kazeminia S, Glasstetter LM, Farahani RA, Zhu XY, Tang H, Jordan KL, Chade AR, Lerman A, Lerman LO, Eirin A. Metabolic Syndrome Induces Epigenetic Alterations in Mitochondria-Related Genes in Swine Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1274. [PMID: 37174674 PMCID: PMC10177475 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated important therapeutic effects in several diseases. Cardiovascular risk factors may impair MSC mitochondrial structure and function, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that metabolic syndrome (MetS) induces epigenetic alterations in mitochondria-related genes in swine MSCs. Pigs were fed a Lean or MetS diet (n = 6 each) for 16 weeks. MSCs were collected from subcutaneous abdominal fat, and DNA hydroxymethylation (5 hmC) profiles of mitochondria-related genes (MitoCarta-2.0) were analyzed by hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation and next-generation sequencing (hMeDIP-seq) in Lean- and MetS-MSCs untreated or treated with the epigenetic modulator vitamin (Vit)-C (n = 3 each). Functional analysis of genes with differential 5 hmC regions was performed using DAVID6.8. Mitochondrial structure (electron microscopy), oxidative stress, and membrane potential were assessed. hMeDIP-seq identified 172 peaks (associated with 103 mitochondrial genes) with higher and 416 peaks (associated with 165 mitochondrial genes) with lower 5 hmC levels in MetS-MSCs versus Lean-MSCs (≥2-fold, p < 0.05). Genes with higher 5 hmC levels in MetS + MSCs were primarily implicated in fatty acid metabolism, whereas those with lower 5 hmC levels were associated with electron transport chain activity. Vit-C increased 5 hmC levels in mitochondrial antioxidant genes, improved mitochondrial structure and membrane potential, and decreased oxidative stress. MetS alters 5 hmC levels of mitochondria-related genes in swine MSCs. Vit-C modulated 5 hmC levels in these genes and preserved mitochondrial structure and function in MetS-MSCs. These observations may contribute to development of strategies to overcome the deleterious effects of MetS on MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Kazeminia
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Rahele A. Farahani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kyra L. Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alejandro R. Chade
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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6
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Hong S, Zhu XY, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Tang H, Jordan KL, Saadiq IM, Huang W, Lerman A, Eirin A, Lerman LO. Autologous Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Cardiac Injury in Experimental Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease More Effectively Than Their Parent Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:700-712. [PMID: 36344721 PMCID: PMC10073252 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic renovascular disease (RVD) leads to hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and heart disease. Intrarenal delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) attenuate renal injury and suppress release of inflammatory cytokines in porcine RVD. We hypothesized that this strategy would also be useful for cardioprotection. Pigs with renovascular hypertension and metabolic syndrome were studied 4 weeks after treatment with a single intrarenal infusion of autologous MSCs, EVs, or vehicle. Cardiac structure and function were assessed in vivo, and myocardial remodeling and expression of the pro-fibrotic factor growth factor receptor-bound protein-2 (Grb2) were measured ex-vivo. Inflammatory cytokine levels were measured in the systemic circulation and myocardial tissue. Blood pressure was elevated in all RVD groups, but serum creatinine increased in RVD and decreased in both RVD + MSCs and RVD + EVs. RVD-induced diastolic dysfunction (lower E/A ratio) was normalized in both MSCs- and EVs- treated pigs. Intrarenal delivery of MSCs and EVs also attenuated RVD-induced myocardial fibrosis, collagen deposition, and Grb2 expression, yet EVs restored capillary density and inflammation more effectively than MSCs. These observations suggest that autologous EVs attenuate cardiac injury in experimental RVD more effectively than their parent MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Hong
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yamei Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ishran M Saadiq
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Weijun Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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7
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Placental Malfunction, Fetal Survival and Development Caused by Sow Metabolic Disorder: The Impact of Maternal Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020360. [PMID: 36829919 PMCID: PMC9951909 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy and metabolic state of sows will alter considerably over different phases of gestation. Maternal metabolism increases dramatically, particularly in late pregnancy. This is accompanied by the development of an increase in oxidative stress, which has a considerable negative effect on the maternal and the placenta. As the only link between the maternal and the fetus, the placenta is critical for the maternal to deliver nutrients to the fetus and for the fetus' survival and development. This review aimed to clarify the changes in energy and metabolism in sows during different pregnancy periods, as well as the impact of maternal oxidative stress on the placenta, which affects the fetus' survival and development.
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8
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Jiang Y, Hong S, Zhu X, Zhang L, Tang H, Jordan KL, Saadiq IM, Huang W, Lerman A, Eirin A, Lerman LO. IL-10 partly mediates the ability of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles to attenuate myocardial damage in experimental metabolic renovascular hypertension. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940093. [PMID: 36203611 PMCID: PMC9530748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtain properties of immunomodulation and tissue repair from their parental mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and upon delivery may be associated with fewer adverse events. EVs derived from adipose-tissue MSCs restored kidney function by attenuating kidney inflammation in a swine model of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and renal artery stenosis via anti-inflammatory pathways. EVs also ameliorated myocardial injury in renovascular hypertension (RVH) secondary to inflammation in cardiorenal disease, but the mechanisms regulating this effect are unknown. We hypothesize that the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 mediates the reparative effects of EVs on cardiovascular complications in a preclinical swine model with coexisting MetS and RVH. Twenty-three pigs established as Lean controls or RVH models were observed for 16 weeks. At 12 weeks RVH subgroups received an intrarenal delivery of 1011 either wildtype (WT) EVs or EVs after IL-10 knockdown (KD) (RVH+WT-EVs or RVH+IL-10-KD-EVs, respectively). Cardiac and renal function were studied in-vivo and myocardial tissue injury in-vitro 4 weeks later. RVH pigs showed myocardial inflammation, fibrosis, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. WT-EVs attenuated these impairments, increased capillary density, and decreased myocardial inflammation in-vivo. In-vitro, co-incubation with IL-10-containing WT-EVs decreased activated T-cells proliferation and endothelial cells inflammation and promoted their migration. Contrarily, these cardioprotective effects were largely blunted using IL-10-KD-EVs. Thus, the anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects of EVs in RVH may be partly attributed to their cargo of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Early intervention of IL-10-containing EVs may be helpful to prevent cardiovascular complications of MetS concurrent with RVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Siting Hong
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kyra L. Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ishran M. Saadiq
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Weijun Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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9
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Hong S, Ghandriz R, Siddiqi S, Zhu XY, Saadiq IM, Jordan KL, Tang H, Ali KA, Lerman A, Eirin A, Lerman LO. Effects of Elamipretide on Autophagy in Renal Cells of Pigs with Metabolic Syndrome. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182891. [PMID: 36139466 PMCID: PMC9496989 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy eliminates excessive nutrients and maintains homeostasis. Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) dysregulate autophagy, possibly partly due to mitochondria injury and inflammation. Elamipretide (ELAM) improves mitochondrial function. We hypothesized that MetS blunts kidney autophagy, which ELAM would restore. Domestic pigs were fed a control or MetS-inducing diet for 16 weeks. During the 4 last weeks, MetS pigs received subcutaneous injections of ELAM (0.1 mg/kg/day, MetS + ELAM) or vehicle (MetS), and kidneys were then harvested to measure protein expression of autophagy mediators and apoptosis. Systemic and renal venous levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured to calculate renal release. The function of isolated mitochondria was assessed by oxidative stress, energy production, and pro-apoptotic activity. MetS slightly downregulated renal expression of autophagy mediators including p62, ATG5-12, mTOR, and AMPK vs. control. Increased mitochondrial H2O2 production accompanied decreased ATP production, elevated apoptosis, and renal fibrosis. In MetS + ELAM, mito-protection restored autophagic protein expression, improved mitochondrial energetics, and blunted renal cytokine release and fibrosis. In vitro, mitoprotection restored mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced oxidative stress in injured proximal tubular epithelial cells. Our study suggests that swine MetS mildly affects renal autophagy, possibly secondary to mitochondrial damage, and may contribute to kidney structural damage in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Hong
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ramyar Ghandriz
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sarosh Siddiqi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ishran M. Saadiq
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kyra L. Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Khaled A. Ali
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-293-0890
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10
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Cluzel GL, Ryan PM, Herisson FM, Caplice NM. High-fidelity porcine models of metabolic syndrome: a contemporary synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E366-E381. [PMID: 35224983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00413.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to describe and compare porcine models of metabolic syndrome. This syndrome and its associated secondary comorbidities are set to become the greatest challenge to healthcare providers and policy makers in the coming century. However, an incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis has left significant knowledge gaps in terms of efficacious therapeutics. To further our comprehension and, in turn, management of metabolic syndrome, appropriate high-fidelity models of the disease complex are of great importance. In this context, our review aims to assess the most promising porcine models of metabolic syndrome currently available for their similarity to the human phenotype. In addition, we aim to highlight the strengths and shortcomings of each model in an attempt to identify the most appropriate application of each. Although no porcine model perfectly recapitulates the human metabolic syndrome, several pose satisfactory approximations. The Ossabaw miniature swine in particular represents a highly translatable model that develops each of the core parameters of the syndrome with many of the associated secondary comorbidities. Future high-fidelity porcine models of metabolic syndrome need to focus on secondary sequelae replication, which may require extended induction period to reveal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston L Cluzel
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul M Ryan
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Florence M Herisson
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel M Caplice
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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11
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Renal mitochondrial injury in the pathogenesis of CKD: mtDNA and mitomiRs. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:345-360. [PMID: 35260892 PMCID: PMC10018514 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health concern that affects over 200 million people worldwide and is associated with a tremendous economic burden. Therefore, deciphering the mechanisms underpinning CKD is crucial to decelerate its progression towards end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal tubular cells are populated with a high number of mitochondria, which produce cellular energy and modulate several important cellular processes, including generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium homeostasis, proliferation, and apoptosis. Over the past few years, increasing evidence has implicated renal mitochondrial damage in the pathogenesis of common etiologies of CKD, such as diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome (MetS), chronic renal ischemia, and polycystic kidney disease (PKD). However, most compelling evidence is based on preclinical studies because renal biopsies are not routinely performed in many patients with CKD. Previous studies have shown that urinary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers may serve as non-invasive biomarkers of renal mitochondrial dysfunction. Emerging data also suggest that CKD is associated with altered expression of mitochondria-related microRNAs (mitomiRs), which localize in mitochondria and regulate the expression of mtDNA and nucleus-encoded mitochondrial genes. This review summarizes relevant evidence regarding the involvement of renal mitochondrial injury and dysfunction in frequent forms of CKD. We further provide an overview of non-invasive biomarkers and potential mechanisms of renal mitochondrial damage, especially focusing on mtDNA and mitomiRs.
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12
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She Y, Mangat R, Tsai S, Proctor SD, Richard C. The Interplay of Obesity, Dyslipidemia and Immune Dysfunction: A Brief Overview on Pathophysiology, Animal Models, and Nutritional Modulation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:840209. [PMID: 35252310 PMCID: PMC8891442 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.840209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as a leading global health concern. It is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, which impairs insulin signaling, lipid metabolism and immune function. Recent findings from animal and clinical studies have begun to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of immune dysfunction seen in the context of obesity. Here, we provide a brief review on the current understanding of the interplay between obesity, dyslipidemia and immunity. We also emphasize the advantages and shortcomings of numerous applicable research models including rodents and large animal swine that aim at unraveling the molecular basis of disease and clinical manifestations. Although there is no perfect model to answer all questions at once, they are often used to complement each other. Finally, we highlight some emerging nutritional strategies to improve immune function in the context of obesity with a particular focus on choline and foods that contains high amounts of choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo She
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rabban Mangat
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Spencer D. Proctor
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Renal Revascularization Attenuates Myocardial Mitochondrial Damage and Improves Diastolic Function in Pigs with Metabolic Syndrome and Renovascular Hypertension. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:15-26. [PMID: 34269985 PMCID: PMC8761225 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) may improve cardiac function in renovascular hypertension (RVH), but its effect on the biological mechanisms implicated in cardiac damage remains unknown. We hypothesized that restoration of kidney function by PTRA ameliorates myocardial mitochondrial damage and preserves cardiac function in pigs with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and RVH. Pigs were studied after 16 weeks of MetS+RVH, MetS+RVH treated 4 weeks earlier with PTRA, and Lean and MetS Sham controls (n=6 each). Cardiac function was assessed by multi-detector CT, whereas cardiac mitochondrial morphology and function, microvascular remodeling, and injury pathways were assessed ex vivo. PTRA attenuated myocardial mitochondrial damage, improved capillary and microvascular maturity, and ameliorated oxidative stress and fibrosis, in association with attenuation of left ventricular remodeling and diastolic dysfunction. Myocardial mitochondrial damage correlated with myocardial injury and renal dysfunction. Preservation of myocardial mitochondria with PTRA can enhance cardiac recovery, underscoring its therapeutic potential in experimental MetS+RVH.
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14
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Experimental characterisation of porcine subcutaneous adipose tissue under blunt impact up to irreversible deformation. Int J Legal Med 2021; 136:897-910. [PMID: 34862924 PMCID: PMC9005403 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the mechanical characteristics of adipose tissue under large deformation is important for the analysis of blunt force trauma, as adipose tissue alters the stresses and strains that are transferred to subjacent tissues. Hence, results from drop tower tests of subcutaneous adipose tissue are presented (i) to characterise adipose tissue behaviour up to irreversible deformation, (ii) to relate this to the microstructural configuration, (iii) to quantify this deformation and (iv) to provide an analytical basis for computational modelling of adipose tissue under blunt impact. The drop tower experiments are performed exemplarily on porcine subcutaneous adipose tissue specimens for three different impact velocities and two impactor geometries. An approach based on photogrammetry is used to derive 3D representations of the deformation patterns directly after the impact. Median values for maximum impactor acceleration for tests with a flat cylindrical impactor geometry at impact velocities of 886 mm/s, 1253 mm/s and 2426 mm/s amount to 61.1 g, 121.6 g and 264.2 g, respectively, whereas thickness reduction of the specimens after impact amount to 16.7%, 30.5% and 39.3%, respectively. The according values for tests with a spherically shaped impactor at an impact velocity of 1253 mm/s are 184.2 g and 78.7%. Based on these results, it is hypothesised that, in the initial phase of a blunt impact, adipose tissue behaviour is mainly governed by the behaviour of the lipid inside the adipocytes, whereas for further loading, contribution of the extracellular collagen fibre network becomes more dominant.
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15
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Zhu XY, Klomjit N, Conley SM, Ostlie MM, Jordan KL, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Impaired immunomodulatory capacity in adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells isolated from obese patients. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9051-9059. [PMID: 34418300 PMCID: PMC8435432 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune‐modulatory properties of adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) might be susceptible to metabolic disturbances. We hypothesized that the immune‐modulatory function of MSCs might be blunted in obese human subjects. MSCs were collected from abdominal subcutaneous fat of obese and lean subjects during bariatric or kidney donation surgeries, respectively. MSCs were co‐cultured in vitro for 24 h with M1 macrophages, which were determined as M1or M2 phenotypes by flow cytometry, and cytokines measured in conditioned media. In vivo, lean or obese MSCs (5 × 105), or PBS, were injected into mice two weeks after unilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS) or sham surgeries (n = 6 each). Fourteen days later, kidneys were harvested and stained with M1 or M2 markers. Lean MSCs decreased macrophages M1 marker intensity, which remained elevated in macrophages co‐cultured with obese MSCs. TNF‐α levels were four‐fold higher in conditioned media collected from obese than from lean MSCs. RAS mouse kidneys were shrunk and showed increased M1 macrophage numbers and inflammatory cytokine expression compared with normal kidneys. Lean MSCs decreased M1 macrophages, M1/M2 ratio and inflammation in RAS kidneys, whereas obese MSCs did not. MSCs isolated from lean human subjects decrease inflammatory M1 macrophages both in vivo and in vitro, an immune‐modulatory function which is blunted in MSCs isolated from obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nattawat Klomjit
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sabena M Conley
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Megan M Ostlie
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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16
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Farahani RA, Farah MC, Zhu XY, Tang H, Saadiq IM, Lerman LO, Eirin A. Metabolic Syndrome Impairs 3D Mitochondrial Structure, Dynamics, and Function in Swine Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:933-945. [PMID: 32556943 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is an effective therapy for several diseases. Mitochondria modulate several important aspects of MSC function, but might be damaged by comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors. We hypothesized that metabolic syndrome (MetS) compromises 3D mitochondrial structure, dynamics, and function in swine adipose tissue-derived MSCs. Domestic pigs were fed a Lean or MetS diet (n = 6 each) for 16 weeks. MSCs were collected from subcutaneous abdominal fat and their mitochondria analyzed using state-of-the-art Serial Block Face Electron Microscopy and 3D reconstruction. Mitochondrial dynamics (fusion/fission) were assessed by mRNA sequencing and Western blotting, and bioenergetics by membrane potential (TMRE), cytochrome-c oxidase (COX)-IV activity, and Seahorse Analyzer. Expression of mitochondria-associated microRNAs (mitomiRs) was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). MetS pigs developed obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. Mitochondrial density was similar between the groups, but 3D mitochondrial and matrix volumes were lower in MetS-MSCs versus Lean-MSCs. Mitochondrial fission was higher, but fusion lower in MetS-MSCs versus Lean-MSCs, as were membrane potential, COX-IV activity, and ATP production. Contrarily, expression of the mitomiRs miR15a, miR-137, and miR-181c, which target mitochondrial genes that support mitochondrial structure, energy pathways, and dynamics, was higher in MetS-MSCs compared to Lean-MSCs, suggesting a potential to modulate their expression. MetS damages MSC 3D mitochondrial structure, dynamics, and function, and may modulate genes encoding for mitochondrial proteins. These observations support development of mitoprotective strategies to preserve the regenerative potency of MSCs and their suitability for autologous transplantation in patients with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahele A Farahani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mohamed C Farah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ishran M Saadiq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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17
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Farahani RA, Afarideh M, Zhu XY, Tang H, Jordan KL, Saadiq IM, Ferguson CM, Lerman A, Textor SC, Lerman LO, Eirin A. Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty attenuates poststenotic kidney mitochondrial damage in pigs with renal artery stenosis and metabolic syndrome. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:4036-4049. [PMID: 33151557 PMCID: PMC7920930 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) has been used to treat renovascular disease (RVD), a chronic condition characterized by renal ischemia and metabolic abnormalities. Mitochondrial injury has been implicated as a central pathogenic mechanism in RVD, but whether it can be reversed by PTRA remains uncertain. We hypothesized that PTRA attenuates mitochondrial damage, renal injury, and dysfunction in pigs with coexisting renal artery stenosis (RAS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Four groups of pigs (n = 6 each) were studied after 16 weeks of diet-induced MetS and RAS (MetS + RAS), MetS + RAS treated 4 weeks earlier with PTRA, and Lean and MetS Sham controls. Single-kidney renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were assessed in vivo with multidetector computed tomography, and renal tubular mitochondrial structure and function and renal injury ex vivo. PTRA successfully restored renal artery patency, but mean arterial pressure remained unchanged. Stenotic kidney RBF and GFR, which fell in MetS + RAS compared to MetS, rose after PTRA. PTRA attenuated MetS + RAS-induced mitochondrial structural abnormalities in tubular cells and peritubular capillary endothelial cells, decreased mitochondrial H2 02 production, and increased renal cytochrome-c oxidase-IV activity and ATP production. PTRA also improved cortical microvascular and peritubular capillary density and ameliorated tubular injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the poststenotic kidney. Importantly, renal mitochondrial damage correlated with poststenotic injury and dysfunction. Renal revascularization attenuated mitochondrial injury and improved renal hemodynamics and function in swine poststenotic kidneys. This study suggests a novel mechanism by which PTRA might be relatively effective in ameliorating mitochondrial damage and improving renal function in coexisting MetS and RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahele A. Farahani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mohsen Afarideh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kyra L. Jordan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ishran M. Saadiq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Christopher M. Ferguson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Stephen C. Textor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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18
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Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Elicit Better Preservation of the Intra-Renal Microvasculature Than Renal Revascularization in Pigs with Renovascular Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040763. [PMID: 33807246 PMCID: PMC8103265 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) confers clinical and mortality benefits in select ‘high-risk’ patients with renovascular disease (RVD). Intra-renal-delivered extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) protect the kidney in experimental RVD, but have not been compared side-by-side to clinically applied interventions, such as PTRA. We hypothesized that MSC-derived EVs can comparably protect the post-stenotic kidney via direct tissue effects. Methods: Five groups of pigs (n = 6 each) were studied after 16 weeks of RVD, RVD treated 4 weeks earlier with either PTRA or MSC-derived EVs, and normal controls. Single-kidney renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were assessed in vivo with multi-detector CT, and renal microvascular architecture (3D micro CT) and injury pathways ex vivo. Results: Despite sustained hypertension, EVs conferred greater improvement of intra-renal microvascular and peritubular capillary density compared to PTRA, associated with attenuation of renal inflammation, oxidative stress, and tubulo-interstitial fibrosis. Nevertheless, stenotic kidney RBF and GFR similarly rose in both PTRA- and EV-treated pigs compared RVD + Sham. mRNA sequencing reveled that EVs were enriched with pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidants genes. Conclusion: MSC-derived EVs elicit a better preservation of the stenotic kidney microvasculature and greater attenuation of renal injury and fibrosis compared to PTRA, possibly partly attributed to their cargo of vasculo-protective genes. Yet, both strategies similarly improve renal hemodynamics and function. These observations shed light on diverse mechanisms implicated in improvement of post-stenotic kidney function and position EVs as a promising therapeutic intervention in RVD.
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Nargesi AA, Farah MC, Zhu XY, Zhang L, Tang H, Jordan KL, Saadiq IM, Lerman A, Lerman LO, Eirin A. Renovascular Hypertension Induces Myocardial Mitochondrial Damage, Contributing to Cardiac Injury and Dysfunction in Pigs With Metabolic Syndrome. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:172-182. [PMID: 33277650 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renovascular hypertension (RVH) often manifest with metabolic syndrome (MetS) as well. Coexisting MetS and hypertension increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the mechanisms underlying cardiac injury remain unknown. We hypothesized that superimposition of MetS induces myocardial mitochondrial damage, leading to cardiac injury and dysfunction in swine RVH. METHODS Pigs were studied after 16 weeks of diet-induced MetS with or without RVH (unilateral renal artery stenosis), and Lean controls (n = 6 each). Systolic and diastolic cardiac function were assessed by multidetector CT, and cardiac mitochondrial morphology (electron microscopy) and myocardial function in tissue and isolated mitochondria. RESULTS Body weight was similarly higher in MetS groups vs. Lean. RVH groups achieved significant stenosis and developed hypertension. Mitochondrial matrix density and adenosine triphosphate production were lower and H2O2 production higher in RVH groups vs. Lean and MetS. Lean + RVH (but not MetS + RVH) activated mitophagy, which was associated with decreased myocardial expression of mitophagy-related microRNAs. MetS groups exhibited higher numbers of intermitochondrial junctions, which could have prevented membrane depolarization/activation of mitophagy in MetS + RVH. Cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy (increased left ventricular muscle mass), and diastolic function (decreased E/A ratio) were greater in MetS + RVH vs. Lean + RVH. CONCLUSIONS MetS+RVH induces myocardial mitochondrial damage and dysfunction. MetS + RVH failed to activate mitophagy, resulting in greater cardiac remodeling, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction. Mitochondrial injury and impaired mitophagy may constitute important mechanisms and therapeutic targets to ameliorate cardiac damage and dysfunction in patients with coexisting MetS and RVH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed C Farah
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ishran M Saadiq
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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20
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Zhao Y, Zhu XY, Song T, Zhang L, Eirin A, Conley S, Tang H, Saadiq I, Jordan K, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Mesenchymal stem cells protect renal tubular cells via TSG-6 regulating macrophage function and phenotype switching. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F454-F463. [PMID: 33554782 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00426.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced gene/protein (TSG)-6 regulates the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), but its ability to protect the ischemic kidney is unknown. In a swine model of renal artery stenosis (RAS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), we assessed the contribution of TSG-6 produced by MSCs to their immunomodulatory properties. Pigs were studied after 16 wk of diet-induced MetS and unilateral RAS and were either untreated or treated 4 wk earlier with intrarenal autologous adipose tissue-derived MSCs (n = 6 each). Lean, MetS, and RAS sham animals served as controls. We studied renal function in vivo (using computed tomography) and kidney histopathology and macrophage phenotype ex vivo. In vitro, TSG-6 levels were also measured in conditioned media of human MSCs incubated with TNF-α and levels of the tubular injury marker lactate dehydrogenase in conditioned media after coculturing macrophages with injured human kidney 2 (HK-2) cells with or without TSG-6. The effects of TSG-6 on macrophage phenotype (M1/M2), adhesion, and migration were also determined. MetS + RAS showed increased M1 macrophages and renal vein TNF-α levels. After MSC delivery, renal vein TSG-6 increased and TNF-α decreased, the M1-to-M2 ratio decreased, renal function improved, and fibrosis was alleviated. In vitro, TNF-α increased TSG-6 secretion by human MSCs. TSG-6 decreased lactate dehydrogenase release from injured HK-2 cells, increased expression of macrophage M2 markers, and reduced M1 macrophage adhesion and migration. Therefore, TSG-6 released from MSCs may decrease renal tubular cell injury, which is associated with regulating macrophage function and phenotype. These observations suggest that TSG-6 is endowed with renoprotective properties.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced gene/protein (TSG)-6 regulates the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs, but its ability to protect the ischemic kidney is unknown. In pigs with renal artery stenosis, we show that MSC delivery increased renal vein TSG-6, decreased kidney inflammatory macrophages, and improved renal function. In vitro, TSG-6 decreased inflammatory macrophages and tubular cell injury. Therefore, TSG-6 released from MSCs may decrease renal tubular cell injury, which is associated with regulating macrophage function and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Turun Song
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Institute of Urology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sabena Conley
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ishran Saadiq
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kyra Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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21
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Chen XJ, Kim SR, Jiang K, Ferguson CM, Tang H, Zhu XY, Lerman A, Eirin A, Lerman LO. Renovascular Disease Induces Senescence in Renal Scattered Tubular-Like Cells and Impairs Their Reparative Potency. Hypertension 2021; 77:507-518. [PMID: 33390051 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Scattered tubular-like cells (STCs), dedifferentiated renal tubular epithelial cells, contribute to renal self-healing, but severe injury might blunt their effectiveness. We hypothesized that ischemic renovascular disease (RVD) induces senescence in STC and impairs their reparative potency. CD24+/CD133+ STCs were isolated from swine kidneys after 16 weeks of RVD or healthy controls. To test their reparative capabilities in injured kidneys, control or RVD-STC (5×105) were prelabeled and injected into the aorta of 2 kidneys, 1-clip (2k,1c) mice 2 weeks after surgery. Murine renal function and oxygenation were studied in vivo 2 weeks after injection using micro-magnetic resonance imaging, and fibrosis, tubulointerstitial injury, capillary density, and expression of profibrotic and inflammatory genes ex vivo. STC isolated from swine RVD kidneys showed increased gene expression of senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype markers and positive SA-β-gal staining. Delivery of normal pig STCs in 2k,1c mice improved murine renal perfusion, blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate, and downregulated profibrotic and inflammatory gene expression. These renoprotective effects were blunted using STC harvested from RVD kidneys, which also failed to attenuate hypoxia, fibrosis, tubular injury, and capillary loss in injured mouse 2k,1c kidneys. Hence, RVD may induce senescence in endogenous STC and impair their reparative capacity. These observations implicate cellular senescence in the pathophysiology of ischemic kidney disease and support senolytic therapy to permit self-healing of senescent kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Chen
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.-J.C., S.R.K., K.J., C.M.F., H.T., X.-Y.Z., A.E., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (X.-J.C.)
| | - Seo Rin Kim
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.-J.C., S.R.K., K.J., C.M.F., H.T., X.-Y.Z., A.E., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Division of Nephrology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Korea (S.R.K.)
| | - Kai Jiang
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.-J.C., S.R.K., K.J., C.M.F., H.T., X.-Y.Z., A.E., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Christopher M Ferguson
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.-J.C., S.R.K., K.J., C.M.F., H.T., X.-Y.Z., A.E., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Hui Tang
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.-J.C., S.R.K., K.J., C.M.F., H.T., X.-Y.Z., A.E., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.-J.C., S.R.K., K.J., C.M.F., H.T., X.-Y.Z., A.E., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.-J.C., S.R.K., K.J., C.M.F., H.T., X.-Y.Z., A.E., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.-J.C., S.R.K., K.J., C.M.F., H.T., X.-Y.Z., A.E., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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22
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Metabolic Syndrome Alters the Cargo of Mitochondria-Related microRNAs in Swine Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles, Impairing Their Capacity to Repair the Stenotic Kidney. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8845635. [PMID: 33281903 PMCID: PMC7685840 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8845635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coexisting metabolic syndrome (MetS) and renal artery stenosis (RAS) are linked to poor renal outcomes. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell- (MSC-) derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) from lean animals show superior ability to repair the experimental MetS+RAS kidney compared to EVs from MetS pig MSCs. We hypothesized that MetS leads to selective packaging in porcine EVs of microRNAs capable of targeting mitochondrial genes, interfering with their capacity to repair the MetS+RAS kidney. Methods Five groups of pigs (n = 7 each) were studied after 16 weeks of diet-induced MetS and RAS (MetS+RAS) and MetS+RAS 4 weeks after a single intrarenal delivery of EVs harvested from allogeneic adipose tissue-derived MSCs isolated from Lean or MetS pigs, and Lean or MetS sham controls. Single-kidney blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were assessed in vivo with multidetector CT, whereas EV microRNA cargo, renal tubular mitochondrial structure and bioenergetics, and renal injury pathways were assessed ex vivo. Results microRNA sequencing revealed 19 dysregulated microRNAs capable of targeting several mitochondrial genes in MetS-EVs versus Lean-EVs. Lean- and MetS-EVs were detected in the stenotic kidney 4 weeks after administration. However, only MetS-EVs failed to improve renal mitochondrial density, structure, and function or attenuate oxidative stress, tubular injury, and fibrosis. Furthermore, Lean-EVs but not MetS-EVs restored RBF and GFR in MetS+RAS. Conclusion MetS alters the cargo of mitochondria-related microRNAs in swine MSC-derived EVs, which might impair their capacity to repair the poststenotic kidney in MetS+RAS. These observations may contribute to develop approaches to improve the efficacy of MSC-EVs for patients with MetS.
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23
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Afarideh M, Thaler R, Khani F, Tang H, Jordan KL, Conley SM, Saadiq IM, Obeidat Y, Pawar AS, Eirin A, Zhu XY, Lerman A, van Wijnen AJ, Lerman LO. Global epigenetic alterations of mesenchymal stem cells in obesity: the role of vitamin C reprogramming. Epigenetics 2020; 16:705-717. [PMID: 32893712 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1819663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity promotes dysfunction and impairs the reparative capacity of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), and alters their transcription, protein content, and paracrine function. Whether these adverse effects are mediated by chromatin-modifying epigenetic changes remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that obesity imposes global DNA hydroxymethylation and histone tri-methylation alterations in obese swine abdominal adipose tissue-derived MSCs compared to lean pig MSCs. MSCs from female lean (n = 7) and high-fat-diet fed obese (n = 7) domestic pigs were assessed using global epigenetic assays, before and after in-vitro co-incubation with the epigenetic modulator vitamin-C (VIT-C) (50 μg/ml). Dot blotting was used to measure across the whole genome 5-hydroxyemthycytosine (5hmC) residues, and Western blotting to quantify in genomic histone-3 protein tri-methylated lysine-4 (H3K4me3), lysine-9 (H3K9me3), and lysine-27 (H3K27me3) residues. MSC migration and proliferation were studied in-vitro. Obese MSCs displayed reduced global 5hmC and H3K4m3 levels, but comparable H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, compared to lean MSCs. Global 5hmC, H3K4me3, and HK9me3 marks correlated with MSC migration and reduced proliferation, as well as clinical and metabolic characteristics of obesity. Co-incubation of obese MSCs with VIT-C enhanced 5hmC marks, and reduced their global levels of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3. Contrarily, VIT-C did not affect 5hmC, and decreased H3K4me3 in lean MSCs. Obesity induces global genomic epigenetic alterations in swine MSCs, involving primarily genomic transcriptional repression, which are associated with MSC function and clinical features of obesity. Some of these alterations might be reversible using the epigenetic modulator VIT-C, suggesting epigenetic modifications as therapeutic targets in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Afarideh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Department of Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Farzaneh Khani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Department of Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sabena M Conley
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ishran M Saadiq
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yasin Obeidat
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aditya S Pawar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Department of Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
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24
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Jové M, Tibau J, Serrano JCE, Berdún R, Rodríguez-Palmero M, Font-i-Furnols M, Cassanyé A, Rodriguez-Mortera R, Sol J, Rassendren H, Fàbrega E, Crescenti A, Castell A, Sabater M, Ortega FJ, Martin-Gari M, Quintanilla R, Puigjaner J, Moreno JA, Prat J, Arola L, Fernández-Real JM, Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M. Molecular phenomics of a high-calorie diet-induced porcine model of prepubertal obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 83:108393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Aghajani Nargesi A, Zhu XY, Hickson LJ, Conley SM, van Wijnen AJ, Lerman LO, Eirin A. Metabolic Syndrome Modulates Protein Import into the Mitochondria of Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:427-438. [PMID: 30338499 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently being tested in several clinical trials. Mitochondria regulate many aspects of MSC function. Mitochondrial preproteins are rapidly translated and trafficked into the mitochondrion for assembly in their final destination, but whether coexisting cardiovascular risk factors modulate this process is unknown. We hypothesized that metabolic syndrome (MetS) modulates mitochondrial protein import in porcine MSCs. MSCs were isolated from porcine abdominal adipose tissue after 16 weeks of Lean or MetS diet (n = 5 each). RNA-sequencing was performed and differentially expressed mitochondrial mRNAs and microRNAs were identified and validated. Protein expression of transporters of mitochondrial proteins (presequences and precursors) and their respective substrates were measured. Mitochondrial homeostasis was assessed by Western blot and function by cytochrome-c oxidase-IV activity. Forty-five mitochondrial mRNAs were upregulated and 25 downregulated in MetS-MSCs compared to Lean-MSCs. mRNAs upregulated in MetS-MSCs encoded for precursor proteins, whereas those downregulated encoded for presequences. Micro-RNAs upregulated in MetS-MSCs primarily target mRNAs encoding for presequences. Transporters of precursor proteins and their substrates were also upregulated, associated with changes in mitochondrial homeostasis and dysfunction. MetS interferes with mitochondrial protein import, favoring upregulation of precursor proteins, which might be linked to post-transcriptional regulation of presequences. This in turn alters mitochondrial homeostasis and impairs energy production. Our observations highlight the importance of mitochondria in MSC function and provide a molecular framework for optimization of cell-based strategies as we move towards their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Aghajani Nargesi
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - LaTonya J Hickson
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sabena M Conley
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Lilach O Lerman
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Coexisting renal artery stenosis and metabolic syndrome magnifies mitochondrial damage, aggravating poststenotic kidney injury in pigs. J Hypertens 2020; 37:2061-2073. [PMID: 31465309 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Renovascular disease (RVD) produces chronic underperfusion of the renal parenchyma and progressive ischemic injury. Metabolic abnormalities often accompany renal ischemia, and are linked to poorer renal outcomes. However, the mechanisms of injury in kidneys exposed to the ischemic and metabolic components of RVD are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that coexisting renal artery stenosis (RAS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) would exacerbate mitochondrial damage, aggravating poststenotic kidney injury in swine. METHODS Domestic pigs were studied after 16 weeks of either standard diet (Lean) or high-fat/high-fructose (MetS) with or without superimposed RAS (n = 6 each). Single-kidney renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were assessed in vivo with multidetector-CT, and renal tubular mitochondrial structure, homeostasis and function and renal injury ex vivo. RESULTS Both RAS groups achieved significant stenosis. Single-kidney RBF and GFR were higher in MetS compared with Lean, but decreased in Lean+RAS and MetS+RAS vs. their respective controls. MetS and RAS further induced changes in mitochondrial structure, dynamics, and function, and their interaction (diet × ischemia) decreased matrix density, mitophagy, and ATP production, and lead to greater renal fibrosis. CONCLUSION Coexisting RAS and MetS synergistically aggravate mitochondrial structural damage and dysfunction, which may contribute to structural injury and dysfunction in the poststenotic kidney. These observations suggest that mitochondrial damage precedes loss of renal function in experimental RVD, and position mitochondria as novel therapeutic targets in these patients.
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27
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Eirin A, Ferguson CM, Zhu XY, Saadiq IM, Tang H, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Extracellular vesicles released by adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells from obese pigs fail to repair the injured kidney. Stem Cell Res 2020; 47:101877. [PMID: 32592955 PMCID: PMC7749840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) shuttle select MSC contents and are endowed with an ability to repair ischemic tissues. We hypothesized that exposure to cardiovascular risk factors may alter the microRNA cargo of MSC-derived EVs, blunting their capacity to repair the post-stenotic kidney in pigs with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and renal artery stenosis (RAS). METHODS Porcine MSCs were harvested from abdominal fat after 16wks of Lean- or MetS-diet, and their EVs isolated and characterized using microRNA-sequencing. Lean- and MetS-EV protective effects were assessed in-vitro in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). To compare their in-vivo efficacy to repair ischemic tissues, allogeneic-EVs were intrarenally delivered in pigs after 6wks of MetS + RAS, and 4wks later, single-kidney renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were studied in-vivo, and microvascular architecture and injury ex-vivo. Lean-, MetS-, and MetS + RAS-sham served as controls (n = 6 each). RESULTS Ten microRNAs, capable of targeting several pro-angiogenic genes, were upregulated in MetS-EVs versus Lean-EVs. In vitro, MetS-EVs failed to increase tube number and length, and to boost HUVEC migration compared to Lean-EVs. Lean- and MetS-EVs were detected in the stenotic-kidney 4wks after injection in the vicinity of small vessels. RBF and GFR were lower in MetS + RAS versus MetS, and restored in MetS + RAS + Lean-EVs, but not in MetS + RAS + MetS-EVs. Furthermore, MetS-EVs failed to restore renal expression of angiogenic factors, improve microvascular density, or attenuate fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS MetS alters the microRNA cargo of MSC-derived EVs and impairs their functional potency, limiting the therapeutic efficacy of this endogenous cellular repair system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ishran M Saadiq
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hui Tang
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amir Lerman
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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28
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Song T, Eirin A, Zhu X, Zhao Y, Krier JD, Tang H, Jordan KL, Woollard JR, Taner T, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Induce Regulatory T Cells to Ameliorate Chronic Kidney Injury. Hypertension 2020; 75:1223-1232. [PMID: 32223383 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) profoundly changes the contents of mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). The anti-inflammatory TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) is selectively enriched in EVs from Lean but not from MetS pigs, but the functional impact of this endowment remains unknown. We hypothesized that Lean-EVs more effectively induce regulatory T cells in injured kidneys. Five groups of pigs (n=7 each) were studied after 16 weeks of diet-induced MetS and unilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS; MetS+RAS). Two groups of MetS+RAS were treated 4 weeks earlier with an intrarenal injection of either Lean-EVs or MetS-EVs. MetS+RAS had lower renal volume, renal blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate than MetS pigs. Compared with Lean-EVs, MetS-EVs were less effective in improving renal function and decreasing tubular injury and fibrosis in MetS+RAS. Lean-EVs upregulated TGF-β expression in stenotic kidney and increased regulatory T cells numbers more prominently. Furthermore, markedly upregulated anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages reduced proinflammatory M1 macrophages, and CD8+ T cells were detected in stenotic kidneys treated with Lean-EVs compared with MetS-EVs, and renal vein levels of interleukin-1β were reduced. In vitro, coculture of Lean-EVs with activated T cells led to greater TGF-β-dependent regulatory T cells induction than did MetS-EVs. Therefore, the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells-derived EVs on injured kidneys might be partly mediated by their content of TGF-β signaling components, which permitting increased Treg preponderance. Modulating EV cargo and transforming their functionality might be useful for renal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turun Song
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (T.S., A.E., X.Z., Y.Z., J.D.K., H.T., K.L.J., J.R.W., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (T.S., A.E., X.Z., Y.Z., J.D.K., H.T., K.L.J., J.R.W., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (T.S., A.E., X.Z., Y.Z., J.D.K., H.T., K.L.J., J.R.W., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Yu Zhao
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (T.S., A.E., X.Z., Y.Z., J.D.K., H.T., K.L.J., J.R.W., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - James D Krier
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (T.S., A.E., X.Z., Y.Z., J.D.K., H.T., K.L.J., J.R.W., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Hui Tang
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (T.S., A.E., X.Z., Y.Z., J.D.K., H.T., K.L.J., J.R.W., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (T.S., A.E., X.Z., Y.Z., J.D.K., H.T., K.L.J., J.R.W., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - John R Woollard
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (T.S., A.E., X.Z., Y.Z., J.D.K., H.T., K.L.J., J.R.W., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Timucin Taner
- Department of Transplant Surgery and Immunology (T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (T.S., A.E., X.Z., Y.Z., J.D.K., H.T., K.L.J., J.R.W., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Pawar AS, Eirin A, Tang H, Zhu XY, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Upregulated tumor necrosis factor-α transcriptome and proteome in adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells from pigs with metabolic syndrome. Cytokine 2020; 130:155080. [PMID: 32240922 PMCID: PMC7529712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have endogenous reparative properties, and may constitute an exogenous therapeutic intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease. The microenvironment of metabolic syndrome (MetS) induces fat inflammation, with abundant expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. MetS may also alter the content of adipose tissue-derived MSCs, and we hypothesized that the inflammatory profile of MetS manifests via upregulating MSC mRNAs and proteins of the TNF-α pathway. METHODS Domestic pigs were fed a 16-week Lean or MetS diet (n = 4 each). MSCs were harvested from abdominal subcutaneous fat, and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated. Expression profiles of mRNAs and proteins in MSCs and EVs were obtained by high-throughput sequencing and proteomics. Nuclear translocation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor (NF)-kB was evaluated in MSC and in pig renal tubular cells (TEC) co-incubated with EVs. RESULTS We found 13 mRNAs and 4 proteins in the TNF-α pathway upregulated in MetS- vs. Lean-MSCs (fold-change > 1.4, p < 0.05), mostly via TNF-α receptor-1 (TNF-R1) signaling. Three mRNAs were upregulated in MetS-EVs. MetS-MSCs, as well as TECs co-incubated with MetS-EVs, showed increased nuclear translocation of NF-kB. Using qPCR, JUNB, MAP2K7 and TRAF2 genes followed the same direction of RNA-sequencing findings. CONCLUSIONS MetS upregulates the TNF-α transcriptome and proteome in swine adipose tissue-derived MSCs, which are partly transmitted to their EV progeny, and are associated with activation of NF-kB in target cells. Hence, the MetS milieu may affect the profile of endogenous MSCs and their paracrine vectors and limit their use as an exogenous regenerative therapy. Anti-inflammatory strategies targeting the TNF-α pathway might be a novel strategy to restore MSC phenotype, and in turn function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya S Pawar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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Uceda DE, Zhu XY, Woollard JR, Ferguson CM, Patras I, Carlson DF, Asirvatham SJ, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Accumulation of Pericardial Fat Is Associated With Alterations in Heart Rate Variability Patterns in Hypercholesterolemic Pigs. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020; 13:e007614. [PMID: 32189516 DOI: 10.1161/circep.119.007614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate variability (HRV) and pulse rate variability are indices of autonomic cardiac modulation. Increased pericardial fat is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes. We hypothesized that progressive increases in pericardial fat volume and inflammation prospectively dampen HRV in hypercholesterolemic pigs. METHODS WT (wild type) or PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type-9) gain-of-function Ossabaw mini-pigs were studied in vivo before and after 3 and 6 months of a normal diet (WT-normal diet, n=4; PCSK9-normal diet, n=6) or high-fat diet (HFD; WT-HFD, n=3; PCSK9-HFD, n=6). The arterial pulse waveform was obtained from an arterial telemetry transmitter to analyze HRV indices, including SD (SD of all pulse-to-pulse intervals over a single 5-minute period), root mean square of successive differences, proportion >50 ms of normal-to-normal R-R intervals, and the calculated ratio of low-to-high frequency distributions (low-frequency power/high-frequency power). Pericardial fat volumes were evaluated using multidetector computed tomography and its inflammation by gene expression of TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α. Plasma lipid panel and norepinephrine level were also measured. RESULTS At diet completion, hypercholesterolemic PCSK9-HFD had significantly (P<0.05 versus baseline) depressed HRV (SD of all pulse-to-pulse intervals over a single 5-minute period, root mean square of successive differences, proportion >50 ms, high-frequency power, low-frequency power), and both HFD groups had higher sympathovagal balance (SD of all pulse-to-pulse intervals over a single 5-minute period/root mean square of successive differences, low-frequency power/high-frequency power) compared with normal diet. Pericardial fat volumes and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol concentrations correlated inversely with HRV and directly with sympathovagal balance, while sympathovagal balance correlated directly with plasma norepinephrine. Pericardial fat TNF-α expression was upregulated in PCSK9-HFD, colocalized with nerve fibers, and correlated inversely with root mean square of successive differences and proportion >50 ms. CONCLUSIONS Progressive pericardial fat expansion and inflammation are associated with a fall in HRV in Ossabaw mini-pigs, implying aggravated autonomic imbalance. Hence, pericardial fat accumulation is associated with alterations in HRV and the autonomic nervous system. Visual Overview: A visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo E Uceda
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (D.E.U., X.-Y.Z., J.R.W., C.M.F., I.P., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (D.E.U., X.-Y.Z., J.R.W., C.M.F., I.P., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - John R Woollard
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (D.E.U., X.-Y.Z., J.R.W., C.M.F., I.P., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Christopher M Ferguson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (D.E.U., X.-Y.Z., J.R.W., C.M.F., I.P., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ioannis Patras
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (D.E.U., X.-Y.Z., J.R.W., C.M.F., I.P., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Samuel J Asirvatham
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (S.J.A., A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (S.J.A., A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (D.E.U., X.-Y.Z., J.R.W., C.M.F., I.P., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (S.J.A., A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Selective intrarenal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuates myocardial injury in experimental metabolic renovascular disease. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:16. [PMID: 31938859 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) deliver genes and proteins to recipient cells, and mediate paracrine actions of their parent cells. Intrarenal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived EVs preserves stenotic-kidney function and reduces release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a swine model of coexisting metabolic syndrome (MetS) and renal artery stenosis (RAS). We hypothesized that this approach is also capable of blunting cardiac injury and dysfunction. Five groups of pigs were studied after 16 weeks of diet-induced MetS and RAS (MetS + RAS), MetS and MetS + RAS treated 4 weeks earlier with a single intrarenal delivery of EVs-rich fraction harvested from autologous adipose tissue-derived MSCs, and lean and MetS Shams. Cardiac structure, function, and myocardial oxygenation were assessed in vivo using imaging, and cardiac inflammation, senescence, and fibrosis ex vivo. Inflammatory cytokine levels were measured in circulating and renal vein blood. Intrarenal EV delivery improved stenotic-kidney glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow, and decreased renal release of monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6. Furthermore, despite unchanged systemic hemodynamics, intrarenal EV delivery in MetS + RAS normalized cardiac diastolic function, attenuated left ventricular remodeling, cellular senescence and inflammation, and improved myocardial oxygenation and capillary density in MetS + RAS. Intrarenal delivery of MSC-derived EVs blunts myocardial injury in experimental MetS + RAS, possibly related to improvement in renal function and systemic inflammatory profile. These observations underscore the central role of inflammation in the crosstalk between the kidney and heart, and the important contribution of renal function to cardiac structural and functional integrity in coexisting MetS and RAS.
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32
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Lerman LO, Kurtz TW, Touyz RM, Ellison DH, Chade AR, Crowley SD, Mattson DL, Mullins JJ, Osborn J, Eirin A, Reckelhoff JF, Iadecola C, Coffman TM. Animal Models of Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2019; 73:e87-e120. [PMID: 30866654 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the world, yet the precise cause of elevated blood pressure often cannot be determined. Animal models have been useful for unraveling the pathogenesis of hypertension and for testing novel therapeutic strategies. The utility of animal models for improving the understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hypertension and its comorbidities depends on their validity for representing human forms of hypertension, including responses to therapy, and on the quality of studies in those models (such as reproducibility and experimental design). Important unmet needs in this field include the development of models that mimic the discrete hypertensive syndromes that now populate the clinic, resolution of ongoing controversies in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and the development of new avenues for preventing and treating hypertension and its complications. Animal models may indeed be useful for addressing these unmet needs.
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Ferguson CM, Eirin A, Michalak GJ, Hedayat AF, Abumoawad AM, Saad A, Zhu X, Textor SC, McCollough CH, Lerman LO. Renal Adiposity Does not Preclude Quantitative Assessment of Renal Function Using Dual-Energy Multidetector CT in Mildly Obese Human Subjects. Acad Radiol 2019; 26:1488-1494. [PMID: 30655055 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is useful for measuring in the research setting single-kidney perfusion and function using iodinated contrast time-attenuation curves. Obesity promotes deposition of intrarenal fat, which might decrease tissue attenuation and thereby interfere with quantification of renal function using MDCT. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that background subtraction adequately accounts for intrarenal fat deposition in mildly obese human subjects during renal contrast enhanced dynamic CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively recruited seventeen human subjects stratified as lean or mildly obese based on body mass index below or over 30 kg/m2, respectively. Renal perfusion was quantified from CT-derived indicator-dilution curves after background subtraction. Dual-energy MDCT images were postprocessed to generate iodine and virtual-noncontrast datasets, and the ratios between kidney/aorta CT numbers and iodine values calculated as surrogates of renal function. RESULTS Subcutaneous adipose tissue was increased in obese subjects. Virtual-noncontrast maps revealed in obese patients a decrease in basal cortical and medullary attenuation. Overall, basal attenuation inversely correlated with body mass index, in line with renal fat deposition. Contrarily, the kidney/aorta CT attenuation (after background subtraction) and kidney/aorta iodine ratios were similar between lean and obese subjects and correlated directly. These observations show that following background subtraction, the CT number reliably reflects basal tissue attenuation. CONCLUSION Therefore, our findings support our hypothesis that background subtraction enables reliable assessment of kidney function in mildly obese subjects using MDCT, despite decreased basal attenuation due to renal adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Ahmad F Hedayat
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Ahmed Saad
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN
| | - Stephen C Textor
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN.
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Eirin A, Lerman LO. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for renal repair: do cardiovascular comorbidities matter? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1414-F1419. [PMID: 31630544 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00434.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-based regenerative therapy has shown promising results in preclinical models of renal disease and might be useful for patients with several forms of chronic kidney disease. However, individuals with chronic kidney disease often present with comorbidities, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, or even metabolic syndrome, which may alter the endogenous characteristics and impair the reparative capacity of stem cells and their daughter EVs. This brief review summarizes evidence of alterations in the morphology, cargo, and function of mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs in the face of cardiovascular disease. We further discuss the important ramifications for their use in patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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35
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Nargesi AA, Zhu XY, Conley SM, Woollard JR, Saadiq IM, Lerman LO, Eirin A. Renovascular disease induces mitochondrial damage in swine scattered tubular cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1142-F1153. [PMID: 31461348 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00276.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Scattered tubular-like cells (STCs) contribute to repair neighboring injured renal tubular cells. Mitochondria mediate STC biology and function but might be injured by the ambient milieu. We hypothesized that the microenviroment induced by the ischemic and metabolic components of renovascular disease impairs STC mitochondrial structure and function in swine, which can be attenuated with mitoprotection. CD24+/CD133+ STCs were quantified in pig kidneys after 16 wk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) or lean diet (Lean) with or without concurrent renal artery stenosis (RAS) (n = 6 each). Pig STCs were isolated and characterized, and mitochondrial structure, membrane potential, and oxidative stress were assessed in cells untreated or incubated with the mitoprotective drug elamipretide (1 nM for 6 h). STC-protective effects were assessed in vitro by their capacity to proliferate and improve viability of injured pig tubular epithelial cells. The percentage of STCs was higher in MetS, Lean + RAS, and MetS + RAS kidneys compared with Lean kidneys. STCs isolated from Lean + RAS and MetS + RAS pigs showed mitochondrial swelling and decreased matrix density, which were both restored by mitoprotection. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production were reduced and production of reactive oxygen species elevated in MetS, Lean + RAS, and MetS + RAS STCs. Importantly, mitoprotection improved mitochondrial structure and function as well as the capacity of MetS + RAS STCs to repair injured tubular cells in vitro. Renovascular disease in swine is associated with a higher prevalence of STCs but induces structural and functional alterations in STC mitochondria, which impair their reparative potency. These observations suggest a key role for mitochondria in the renal reparative capacity of STCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Aghajani Nargesi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesora
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesora
| | - Sabena M Conley
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesora
| | - John R Woollard
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesora
| | - Ishran M Saadiq
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesora
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesora
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesora
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Yuan F, Woollard JR, Jordan KL, Lerman A, Lerman LO, Eirin A. Mitochondrial targeted peptides preserve mitochondrial organization and decrease reversible myocardial changes in early swine metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:431-442. [PMID: 29267873 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The mechanisms responsible for cardiac damage in the early stages of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remain unknown. Mitochondria are intimately associated with cellular myofibrils, with the cytoskeleton functioning as a linkage coordinator, and closely associated to the calcium release sites of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). We hypothesized that early MetS is characterized by mitochondria-related myocardial damage, associated with altered cytoskeletal-mitochondria-SR interaction. Methods and results Domestic pigs were studied after 16 weeks of diet-induced MetS, MetS treated for the last 4 weeks with the mitochondrial-targeted peptide elamipretide (ELAM; 0.1 mg/kg SC q.d), or Lean controls (n = 6/group). Cardiac remodeling and function were assessed by fast comuted tomography. Myocardial mitochondrial structure, SR-mitochondria interaction, calcium handling, cytoskeletal proteins, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were studied ex-vivo. MetS pigs developed hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, yet cardiac function was preserved. MetS-induced mitochondrial disorganization, decreased (C18:2)4 cardiolipin, disrupted ATP/ADP balance, and decreased cytochrome-c oxidase (COX)-IV activity. MetS also increased mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)/NADP and GSH/GSSG, and decreased myocardial desmin and β2 tubulin immunoreactivity, and impaired SR-mitochondrial interaction and mitochondrial calcium handling, eliciting myocardial oxidative stress and apoptosis. ELAM improved mitochondrial organization and cardiolipin species profile, restored ATP/ADP ratio and COX-IV activity, decreased H202 production, and improved generation of NADPH and GSH. ELAM also improved cytoskeletal-mitochondria-SR interaction and mitochondrial calcium handling, attenuating oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Conclusions Disorganization of cardiomyocyte cytoskeletal-mitochondria-SR network is associated with cardiac reversible changes in early MetS, preceding overt cardiac dysfunction. These findings may introduce novel therapeutic targets for blunting cardiac damage in early MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, PR China
| | - John R Woollard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Conley SM, Shook JE, Zhu XY, Eirin A, Jordan KL, Woollard JR, Isik B, Hickson LJ, Puranik AS, Lerman LO. Metabolic Syndrome Induces Release of Smaller Extracellular Vesicles from Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1271-1278. [PMID: 31250656 PMCID: PMC6767891 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719860840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) belong to the endogenous cellular reparative
system, and can be used exogenously in cell-based therapy. MSCs release extracellular
vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, which mediate some of their
therapeutic activity through intercellular communication. We have previously demonstrated
that metabolic syndrome (MetS) modifies the cargo packed within swine EV, but whether it
influences their phenotypical characteristics remains unclear. This study tested the
hypothesis that MetS shifts the size distribution of MSC-derived EVs. Adipose
tissue-derived MSC-EV subpopulations from Lean (n = 6) and MetS
(n = 6) pigs were characterized for number and size using
nanoparticle-tracking analysis, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy.
Expression of exosomal genes was determined using next-generation RNA-sequencing
(RNA-seq). The number of EV released from Lean and MetS pig MSCs was similar, yet
MetS-MSCs yielded a higher proportion of small-size EVs (202.4 ± 17.7 nm vs. 280.3 ± 15.1
nm), consistent with exosomes. RNA-seq showed that their EVs were enriched with exosomal
markers. Lysosomal activity remained unaltered in MetS-MSCs. Therefore, MetS alters the
size distribution of MSC-derived EVs in favor of exosome release. These observations may
reflect MSC injury and membrane recycling in MetS or increased expulsion of waste
products, and may have important implications for development of adequate cell-based
treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabena M Conley
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - John E Shook
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - John R Woollard
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Busra Isik
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - LaTonya J Hickson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Amrutesh S Puranik
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Colton Center for Autoimmunity, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
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Zhang LH, Zhu XY, Eirin A, Nargesi AA, Woollard JR, Santelli A, Sun IO, Textor SC, Lerman LO. Early podocyte injury and elevated levels of urinary podocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in swine with metabolic syndrome: role of podocyte mitochondria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F12-F22. [PMID: 31042059 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00399.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with nutrient surplus and kidney hyperfiltration, accelerating chronic renal failure. The potential involvement of podocyte damage in early MetS remains unclear. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important determinant of renal damage, but whether it contributes to MetS-related podocyte injury remains unknown. Domestic pigs were studied after 16 wk of diet-induced MetS, MetS treated with the mitochondria-targeted peptide elamipretide (ELAM; 0.1 mg·kg-1·day-1 sc) for the last month of diet, and lean controls (n = 6 pigs/group). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured using multidetector computed tomography, and podocyte and mitochondrial injury were measured by light and electron microscopy. Urinary levels of podocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (pEVs; nephrin positive/podocalyxin positive) were characterized by flow cytometry. Body weight, blood pressure, RBF, and GFR were elevated in MetS. Glomerular size and glomerular injury score were also elevated in MetS and decreased after ELAM treatment. Evidence of podocyte injury, impaired podocyte mitochondria, and foot process width were all increased in MetS but restored with ELAM. The urinary concentration of pEVs was elevated in MetS pigs and directly correlated with renal dysfunction, glomerular injury, and fibrosis and inversely correlated with glomerular nephrin expression. Additionally, pEV numbers were elevated in the urine of obese compared with lean human patients. Early MetS induces podocyte injury and mitochondrial damage, which can be blunted by mitoprotection. Urinary pEVs reflecting podocyte injury might represent early markers of MetS-related kidney disease and a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - John R Woollard
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adrian Santelli
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - In O Sun
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen C Textor
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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Alterations in genetic and protein content of swine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the metabolic syndrome. Stem Cell Res 2019; 37:101423. [PMID: 30933719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess endogenous reparative properties and may serve as an exogenous therapeutic intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease. Cardiovascular risk factors clustering in the metabolic syndrome (MetS) might adversely affect cellular properties. To test the hypothesis that Mets interferes with MSC characteristics, we performed comprehensive comparison of the mRNA, microRNA, and protein content of MSCs isolated from Lean and MetS pigs. METHODS Domestic pigs were fed a 16-week Lean or MetS diet (n = 4 each). Expression profiles of co-existing microRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins were obtained by high-throughput sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. TargetScan and ComiR were used to predict target genes of differentially expressed microRNAs, and DAVID 6.7 for functional annotation analysis to rank primary gene ontology categories for the microRNA target genes, mRNAs, and proteins. RESULTS Differential expression analysis revealed 12 microRNAs upregulated in MetS-MSCs compared to Lean-MSCs (fold change>1.4, p < .05), which target 7728 genes, whereas 33 mRNAs and 78 proteins were downregulated (fold change<0.7, p < .05). Integrated analysis showed that targets of those microRNAs upregulated in MetS-MSCs overlap with at least half of mRNAs and proteins dysregulated in those cells. Functional analysis of overlapping mRNAs and proteins suggest that they are primarily involved in mitochondria, inflammation and transcription. MetS-MSCs also exhibited increased nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B, associated with increased SA-β-Galactosidase and decreased cytochrome-c oxidase-IV activity. CONCLUSION MetS alters the transcriptome and proteome of swine adipose tissue-derived MSCs particularly genes involved in mitochondria, inflammation and transcription regulation. These alterations might limit the reparative function of endogenous MSC and their use as an exogenous regenerative therapy.
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Eirin A, Zhu XY, Woollard JR, Tang H, Dasari S, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Metabolic Syndrome Interferes with Packaging of Proteins within Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:430-440. [PMID: 30707002 PMCID: PMC6477000 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which shuttle proteins to recipient cells, promoting cellular repair. We hypothesized that cardiovascular risk factors may alter the pattern of proteins packed within MSC‐derived EVs. To test this, we compared the protein cargo of EVs to their parent MSCs in pigs with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Lean controls. Porcine MSCs were harvested from abdominal fat after 16 weeks of Lean‐ or MetS‐diet (n = 5 each), and their EVs isolated. Following liquid chromatography mass spectrometry proteomic analysis, proteins were classified based on cellular component, molecular function, and protein class. Five candidate proteins were validated by Western blot. Clustering analysis was performed to identify primary functional categories of proteins enriched in or excluded from EVs. Proteomics analysis identified 6,690 and 6,790 distinct proteins in Lean‐ and MetS‐EVs, respectively. Differential expression analysis revealed that 146 proteins were upregulated and 273 downregulated in Lean‐EVs versus Lean‐MSCs, whereas 787 proteins were upregulated and 185 downregulated in MetS‐EVs versus MetS‐MSCs. Proteins enriched in both Lean‐ and MetS‐EVs participate in vesicle‐mediated transport and cell‐to‐cell communication. Proteins enriched exclusively in Lean‐EVs modulate pathways related to the MSC reparative capacity, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation, as well as transforming growth factor‐β signaling. Contrarily, proteins enriched only in MetS‐EVs are linked to proinflammatory pathways, including acute inflammatory response, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and cytokine production. Coculture with MetS‐EVs increased renal tubular cell inflammation. MetS alters the protein cargo of porcine MSC‐derived EVs, selectively packaging specific proinflammatory signatures that may impair their ability to repair damaged tissues. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:430–440
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John R Woollard
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Zuo H, Zhang Y, Ma Q. Correlation between coronary atherosclerosis calcification and epicardial adipose tissue volume in patients with nephropathy. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4669-4673. [PMID: 30546396 PMCID: PMC6256921 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlation between coronary atherosclerosis calcification and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume in patients with nephropathy was investigated. A total of 529 patients with high risk of coronary atherosclerotic nephropathy were selected from August 2013 to September 2016 in Xianyang Central Hospital to serve as research subjects, and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent coronary artery and EAT examination using dual-source CT. Correlation between EAT and severity of coronary atherosclerosis, calcification, lesions, and BMI were analyzed. Volume of EAT in patients with atherosclerosis was significantly higher than that in patients without atherosclerosis (p<0.05). EAT volume was positively correlated with BMI (r=0.61, p<0.05), calcification scores (r=0.72, p<0.05) and the number of coronary artery lesions (r=0.64, p<0.05) in patients with nephropathy. Coronary atherosclerosis calcification score, number of lesions and BMI are positively correlated with the EAT volume in patients with nephropathy. Detection of EAT volume may serve as a predictor of the occurrence and develop-ment of coronary atherosclerosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, P.R. China
| | - Qiaojuan Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Central Hospital of Tongchuan Mining Bureau, Tongchuan, Shaanxi 727000, P.R. China
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Go JL, Prem K, Al-Hijji MA, Qin Q, Noble C, Young MD, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Experimental Metabolic Syndrome Model Associated with Mechanical and Structural Degenerative Changes of the Aortic Valve. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17835. [PMID: 30546028 PMCID: PMC6292876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that an experimental high fat (HF) animal with metabolic syndrome results in structural degeneration of the aortic valve. Domestic pigs were divided (n = 12) and administered either a normal or HF diet. After 16-weeks, the HF diet group had increased weight (p ≤ 0.05), total cholesterol (p ≤ 0.05), and systolic and diastolic pressure (p ≤ 0.05). The aortic valve extracellular matrix showed loss of elastin fibers and increased collagen deposition in the HF diet group. Collagen was quantified with ELISA, which showed an increased concentration of collagen types 1 and 3 (p ≤ 0.05). In the HF diet group, the initial stages of microcalcification were observed. Uniaxial mechanical testing of aortic cusps revealed that the HF diet group expressed a decrease in ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus compared to the control diet group (p ≤ 0.05). Western blot and immunohistochemistry indicated the presence of proteins: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, osteopontin, and osteocalcin with an increased expression in the HF diet group. The current study demonstrates that experimental metabolic syndrome induced by a 16-week HF diet was associated with a statistically significant alteration to the physical architecture of the aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Go
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Komal Prem
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Mohammed A Al-Hijji
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Qing Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Christopher Noble
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Melissa D Young
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA.
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Zhang X, Kim SR, Ferguson CM, Ebrahimi B, Hedayat AF, Lerman A, Lerman LO. The Metabolic Syndrome Does Not Affect Development of Collateral Circulation in the Poststenotic Swine Kidney. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:1307-1316. [PMID: 30107490 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The collateral circulation is important in maintenance of blood supply to the ischemic kidney distal to renal artery stenosis (RAS). Obesity metabolic syndrome (MetS) preserves renal blood flow (RBF) in the stenotic kidney, but whether this is related to an increase of collateral vessel growth is unknown. We hypothesized that MetS increased collateral circulation around the renal artery. METHODS Twenty-one domestic pigs were randomly divided into unilateral RAS fed an atherogenic (high-fat/high-fructose, MetS-RAS) or standard diet, or controls (n = 7 each). RBF, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the peristenotic collateral circulation were assessed after 10 weeks using multidetector computed tomography (CT) and the intrarenal microcirculation by micro-CT. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was studied in the renal artery wall, kidney, and perirenal fat. Renal fibrosis and stiffness were examined by trichrome and magnetic resonance elastography. RESULTS Compared with controls, RBF and GFR were decreased in RAS, but not in MetS-RAS. MetS-RAS formed peristenotic collaterals to the same extent as RAS pigs but induced greater intrarenal microvascular loss, fibrosis, stiffness, and inflammation. MetS-RAS also attenuated VEGF expression in the renal tissue compared with RAS, despite increased expression in the perirenal fat. CONCLUSIONS MetS does not interfere with collateral vessel formation in the stenotic kidney, possibly because decreased renal arterial VEGF expression offsets its upregulation in perirenal fat, arguing against a major contribution of the collateral circulation to preserve renal function in MetS-RAS. Furthermore, preserved renal function does not protect the poststenotic kidney from parenchymal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Seo Rin Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher M Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Behzad Ebrahimi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ahmad F Hedayat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Meng Y, Eirin A, Zhu XY, Tang H, Hickson LJ, Lerman A, van Wijnen AJ, Lerman LO. Micro-RNAS Regulate Metabolic Syndrome-induced Senescence in Porcine Adipose Tissue-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells through the P16/MAPK Pathway. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1495-1503. [PMID: 30187775 PMCID: PMC6180720 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718795692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) constitute an important repair system, but may be impaired by exposure to cardiovascular risk factors. Consequently, adipose tissue-derived MSCs from pigs with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) show decreased vitality. A growing number of microRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized as key modulators of senescence, but their role in regulating senescence in MSC in MetS is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that MetS upregulates in MSC expression of miRNAs that can serve as post-transcriptional regulators of senescence-associated (SA) genes. MSCs were collected from swine abdominal adipose tissue after 16 weeks of Lean or Obese diet ( n = 6 each). Next-generation miRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq) was performed to identify miRNAs up-or down-regulated in MetS-MSCs compared with Lean-MSCs. Functional pathways of SA genes targeted by miRNAs were analyzed using gene ontology. MSC senescence was evaluated by p16 and p21 immunoreactivity, H2AX protein expression, and SA-β-Galactosidase activity. In addition, gene expression of p16, p21, MAPK3 (ERK1) and MAPK14, and MSC migration were studied after inhibition of SA-miR-27b. Senescence biomarkers were significantly elevated in MetS-MSCs. We found seven upregulated miRNAs, including miR-27b, and three downregulated miRNAs in MetS-MSCs, which regulate 35 SA genes, particularly MAPK signaling. Inhibition of miR-27b in cultured MSCs downregulated p16 and MARP3 genes, and increased MSC migration. MetS modulates MSC expression of SA-miRNAs that may regulate their senescence, and the p16 pathway seems to play an important role in MetS-induced MSC senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Meng
- 1 Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,2 Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - A Eirin
- 1 Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - X-Y Zhu
- 1 Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - H Tang
- 1 Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - L J Hickson
- 1 Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - A Lerman
- 3 Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - A J van Wijnen
- 2 Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L O Lerman
- 1 Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,4 Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
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Meng Y, Eirin A, Zhu XY, O’Brien DR, Lerman A, van Wijnen AJ, Lerman LO. The metabolic syndrome modifies the mRNA expression profile of extracellular vesicles derived from porcine mesenchymal stem cells. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018; 10:58. [PMID: 30038668 PMCID: PMC6054724 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-018-0359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) perform paracrine functions by releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNA, mRNA, and proteins. We investigated the mRNA content of EVs in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and tested hypothesis that comorbidities interfere with the paracrine functionality of MSCs. METHODS Mesenchymal stem cells were collected from swine abdominal adipose tissue after 16 weeks of a low- (Lean) or high-calorie (MetS) diet (n = 5 each). We used next-generation mRNAs sequencing to identify mRNAs enriched and depleted in Lean- or MetS-EVs compared to the parent MSCs. RESULTS We found 88 and 130 mRNAs enriched in Lean-EVs and MetS-EVs, respectively, of which only eight were common genes encoding proteins related to the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and membrane fraction. Lean-EVs were enriched with mRNAs primarily involved in transcription regulation and the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway, but devoid of genes related to regulation of inflammation. In contrast, MetS-EVs contained mRNAs involved in translational regulation and modulation of inflammation mediated by chemokines and cytokines, but lacked mRNAs related to TGF-β signaling. mRNAs enriched in EVs have the potential to target a significant proportion of genes enriched in EVs, but only 4% microRNA target genes overlap between Lean- and MetS-EVs. Co-culture with MetS-EVs also increased renal tubular cell inflammation in-vitro. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic syndrome may affect immunomodulatory function of porcine MSCs by modifying mRNA profiles of the EVs that they produce and post-transcriptional regulation. These observations may have important implications for cell-based therapy, and support development of strategies to improve the efficacy of MSCs and their EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630 China
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Daniel R. O’Brien
- Health Sciences Research & Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
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Eirin A, Zhu XY, Jonnada S, Lerman A, van Wijnen AJ, Lerman LO. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Improve the Renal Microvasculature in Metabolic Renovascular Disease in Swine. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1080-1095. [PMID: 29954220 PMCID: PMC6158551 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718780942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) mediate their paracrine effect, but their efficacy to protect the microcirculation of the kidney is unknown. Using a novel swine model of unilateral renovascular disease (RVD) complicated by metabolic syndrome (MetS), we tested the hypothesis that EVs would attenuate renal microvascular loss. Methods: Four groups of pigs (n = 7 each) were studied after 16 weeks of diet-induced MetS and RVD (MetS+RVD), MetS+RVD treated 4 weeks earlier with a single intra-renal delivery of EVs harvested from autologous adipose tissue-derived MSCs, and Lean and MetS Sham controls. Stenotic-kidney renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured in-vivo (fast CT), whereas EV characteristics, renal microvascular architecture (micro-CT), and injury pathways were studied ex-vivo. Results: mRNA sequencing and proteomic analysis revealed that EVs are packed with several pro-angiogenic genes and proteins, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. Labeled EVs were detected in the stenotic kidney 4 weeks after injection internalized by tubular and endothelial cells. EVs restored renal expression of angiogenic factors and improved cortical microvascular and peritubular capillary density. Renal apoptosis, oxidative stress, tubular injury, and fibrosis were also attenuated in EV-treated pigs. RBF and GFR decreased in MetS+RVD compared with MetS, but normalized in MetS+RVD+EVs. Conclusions: Intra-renal delivery of MSC-derived EVs bearing pro-angiogenic properties restored the renal microcirculation and in turn hemodynamics and function in chronic experimental MetS+RVD. Our study suggests a novel therapeutic potential for MSC-derived EVs in restoring renal hemodynamics in experimental MetS+RVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- 1 Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- 1 Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sreela Jonnada
- 1 Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- 2 Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Lilach O Lerman
- 1 Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,2 Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Eirin A, Hedayat AF, Ferguson CM, Textor SC, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Mitoprotection preserves the renal vasculature in porcine metabolic syndrome. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1020-1029. [PMID: 29714040 DOI: 10.1113/ep086988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We hypothesized that chronic mitoprotection would decrease renal vascular remodelling and dysfunction in swine metabolic syndrome. What is the main finding and its importance? This study shows that experimental metabolic syndrome exerts renal microvascular and endothelial cell mitochondrial injury, which were attenuated by mitoprotection, underscoring the contribution of mitochondrial injury to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome-induced vascular damage. ABSTRACT The metabolic syndrome (MetS) induces intrarenal microvascular disease, which may involve mitochondrial injury. The mitochondrial cardiolipin-targeting peptide elamipretide (ELAM) improves the microcirculation in post-stenotic kidneys, but its ability to attenuate MetS-induced renal vascular damage is unknown. We hypothesized that chronic treatment with ELAM would decrease renal vascular remodelling and function in swine MetS. Pigs were studied after 16 weeks of diet-induced MetS, MetS treated for the last 4 weeks with daily injections of ELAM (0.1 mg kg-1 ), and lean control (Lean) animals (n = 6 each). Single-kidney regional perfusion, blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were measured with multi-detector computed tomography (CT). Peritubular capillary (PTC) endothelial cell (EC) mitochondrial density and cardiolipin content were assessed in situ, as were PTC-EC apoptosis and oxidative stress. The spatial density of PTCs (Haematoxylin and Eosin staining) and renal microvessels (micro-CT), and renal artery endothelial function (organ bath) were characterized. Regional perfusion and serum creatinine were preserved in MetS pigs, but renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were higher compared with Lean. Mitochondrial density and cardiolipin content were diminished in MetS PTC-ECs, but improved in ELAM-treated pigs, as did PTC density. Elamipretide also attenuated PTC-EC oxidative stress and apoptosis. Furthermore, ELAM improved renal microvascular density, decreased microvascular remodelling and restored endothelial nitric oxide expression and endothelium-dependent relaxation of renal artery segments. In conclusion, MetS-induced mitochondrial alterations might contribute to renal PTC and microvascular loss and might impair renal artery endothelial function in pigs. Mitoprotection with ELAM preserved a hierarchy of renal vessels, underscoring its potential to ameliorate renal vascular injury in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ahmad F Hedayat
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Stephen C Textor
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Renal Adiposity Confounds Quantitative Assessment of Markers of Renal Diffusion With MRI: A Proposed Correction Method. Invest Radiol 2018; 52:672-679. [PMID: 28562413 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have indicated that excessive fat may confound assessment of diffusion in organs with high fat content, such as the liver and breast. However, the extent of this effect in the kidney, which is not considered a major fat deposition site, remains unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that renal fat may impact diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) parameters, and proposes a 3-compartment model (TCM) to circumvent this effect. METHODS Using computer simulations, we investigated the effect of fat on assessment of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), and TCM-derived pure-diffusivity. We also investigated the influence of magnetic resonance repetition (TR) and echo time (TE) on DWI parameters as a result of variation in the relative contribution of the fat signal. Apparent diffusion coefficient, IVIM and TCM DWI parameters were calculated in domestic pigs fed a high-cholesterol (obese group) or normal diet (lean group), and correlated to renal histology. Intravoxel incoherent motion-derived pure-diffusivity was also compared among 15 essential hypertension patients classified by body mass index (BMI) (high vs normal). Finally, pure-diffusivity was calculated and compared in 8 patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) and 5 healthy subjects using IVIM and TCM. RESULTS Simulations showed that unaccounted fat results in the underestimation of IVIM-derived pure diffusivity. The underestimation increases as the fat fraction increases, with higher pace at lower fat contents. The underestimation was larger for shorter TR and longer TE values due to the enhancement of the relative contribution of the fat signal. Moreover, TCM, which incorporates highly diffusion-weighted images (b > 2500 s/mm), could correct for fat-dependent underestimation. Animal studies in the lean and obese groups confirmed lower ADC and IVIM pure-diffusivity in obese versus lean pigs with otherwise healthy kidneys, whereas pure-diffusivity calculated using TCM were not different between the 2 groups. Similarly, essential hypertension patients with high BMI had lower ADC (1.9 vs 2.1 × 10 mm/s) and pure-diffusivity (1.7 vs 1.9 × 10 mm/s) than those with normal BMI. Pure-diffusivity calculated using IVIM was not different between the ARAS and healthy subjects, but TCM revealed significantly lower diffusivity in ARAS. CONCLUSIONS Excessive renal fat may cause underestimation of renal ADC and IVIM-derived pure-diffusivity, which may hinder detection of renal pathology. Models accounting for fat contribution may help reduce the variability of diffusivity calculated using DWI.
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Chade AR, Williams ML, Engel J, Guise E, Harvey TW. A translational model of chronic kidney disease in swine. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F364-F373. [PMID: 29693449 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00063.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are critical for understanding its pathophysiology and for therapeutic development. The cardiovascular and renal anatomy and physiology of the pig are virtually identical to humans. This study aimed to develop a novel translational model of CKD that mimics the pathological features of CKD in humans. CKD was induced in seven domestic pigs by bilateral renal artery stenosis and diet-induced dyslipidemia. Animals were observed for a total of 14 wk. Renal hemodynamics and function were quantified in vivo using multi-detector CT after 6, 10, and 14 wk of CKD. Urine and blood were collected at each time-point, and blood pressure was continuously measured (telemetry). After completion of in vivo studies, pigs were euthanized, kidneys were removed, and microvascular (MV) architecture (μCT), markers of renal injury, inflammation, and fibrosis were evaluated ex vivo. Additional pigs were used as controls ( n = 7). Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration were reduced by 50% in CKD, accompanied by hypertension and elevated plasma creatinine, albumin-to-creatinine ratio and increased urinary KIM-1 and NGAL, suggesting renal injury. Furthermore, 14 wk of CKD resulted in cortical and medullary MV remodeling and loss, inflammation, glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and tubule-interstitial fibrosis compared with controls. The current study characterizes a novel model of CKD that mimics several of the pathological features observed in human CKD, irrespective of the etiology. Current approaches only slow rather than halt CKD progression, and this novel model may offer a suitable platform for the development of new treatments in a translational fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R Chade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Maxx L Williams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jason Engel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Erika Guise
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Taylor W Harvey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
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Yuan F, Guo L, Park KH, Woollard JR, Taek-Geun K, Jiang K, Melkamu T, Zang B, Smith SL, Fahrenkrug SC, Kolodgie FD, Lerman A, Virmani R, Lerman LO, Carlson DF. Ossabaw Pigs With a PCSK9 Gain-of-Function Mutation Develop Accelerated Coronary Atherosclerotic Lesions: A Novel Model for Preclinical Studies. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e006207. [PMID: 29572319 PMCID: PMC5907533 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ossabaw pigs are unique miniature swine with genetic predisposition to develop metabolic syndrome and coronary atherosclerosis after extended periods receiving atherogenic diets. We have hypothesized that transgenic Ossabaw swine expressing chimp PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9) containing the D374Y gain of function would develop familial hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery plaques more rapidly than Landrace swine with the same transgene. METHODS AND RESULTS Ossabaw and Landrace PCSK9 gain-of-function founders were generated by Sleeping Beauty transposition and cloning. Histopathologic findings in the Ossabaw founder animal showed more advanced plaques and higher stenosis than in the Landrace founder, underscoring the Ossabaw genetic predisposition to atherosclerosis. We chose to further characterize the Ossabaw PCSK9 gain-of-function animals receiving standard or atherogenic diets in a 6-month longitudinal study using computed tomography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, intravascular ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography, followed by pathological analysis of atherosclerosis focused on the coronary arteries. The Ossabaw model was consistently hypercholesterolemic, with or without dietary challenge, and by 6 months had consistent and diffuse fibrofatty or fibroatheromatous plaques with necrosis, overlying fibrous caps, and calcification in up to 10% of coronary plaques. CONCLUSIONS The Ossabaw PCSK9 gain-of-function model provides consistent and robust disease development in a time frame that is practical for use in preclinical therapeutic evaluation to drive innovation. Although no animal model perfectly mimics the human condition, this genetic large-animal model is a novel tool for testing therapeutic interventions in the context of developing and advanced coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute Inc, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Kyoung-Ha Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, Korea
| | - John R Woollard
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kwon Taek-Geun
- Heart Center, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kai Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Bin Zang
- Program of Scientific Computation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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