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Takahashi H, Morikawa M, Ozaki E, Numasaki M, Morimoto H, Tanaka M, Inoue H, Goto T, Kawada T, Eguchi F, Uehara M, Takahashi N. A modified system using macrophage-conditioned medium revealed that the indirect effects of anti-inflammatory food-derived compounds improve inflammation-induced suppression of UCP-1 mRNA expression in 10T1/2 adipocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:679-688. [PMID: 38499443 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Recently, it has been suggested that brown and beige adipocytes may ameliorate obesity because these adipocytes express uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), which generates heat by consuming lipid. However, obesity-induced inflammation suppresses the expression of UCP-1. To improve such conditions, food components with anti-inflammatory properties are attracting attention. In this study, we developed a modified system to evaluate only the indirect effects of anti-inflammatory food-derived compounds by optimizing the conventional experimental system using conditioned medium. We validated this new system using 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol, which have been reported to show the anti-inflammatory effects and to increase the basal expression of UCP-1 mRNA. In addition, we found that the acetone extract of Sarcodon aspratus, an edible mushroom, showed anti-inflammatory effects and rescued the inflammation-induced suppression of UCP-1 mRNA expression. These findings indicate that the system with conditioned medium is valuable for evaluation of food-derived compounds with anti-inflammatory effects on the inflammation-induced thermogenic adipocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Takahashi
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miori Morikawa
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Ozaki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minami Numasaki
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Morimoto
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miori Tanaka
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Inoue
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumio Eguchi
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Uehara
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu RP, Wang J, Wang XQ, Wang CR, He SY, Xu YN, Li YH, Kim NH. Xanthoangelol promotes early embryonic development of porcine embryos by relieving endoplasmic reticulum stress and enhancing mitochondrial function. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 47:103211. [PMID: 37246104 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does the addition of an antioxidant agent, xanthoangelol (XAG), to the culture medium improve in-vitro development of porcine embryos? DESIGN Early porcine embryos were incubated in the presence of 0.5 μmol/l XAG in in-vitro culture (IVC) media and analysed using various techniques, including immunofluorescence staining, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL), and reverse transcription followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS The addition of 0.5 μmol/l XAG to IVC media increased the rate of blastocyst formation, total cell number, glutathione concentrations and proliferative capacity, while reducing reactive oxygen species concentrations, apoptosis and autophagy. In addition, upon XAG treatment, the abundance of mitochondria and mitochondrial membrane potential significantly increased (both P < 0.001), and the genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis (TFAM, NRF1 and NRF2) were significantly up-regulated (all P < 0.001). XAG treatment also significantly increased the endoplasmic reticulum abundance (P < 0.001) and reduced the concentrations of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) marker GRP78 (P = 0.003) and expression of the ERS-related genes EIF2α, GRP78, CHOP, ATF6, ATF4, uXBP1 and sXBP 1 (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION XAG promotes early embryonic development in porcine embryos in vitro by reducing oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial function and relieving ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Ping Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xin-Qin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Chao-Rui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Sheng-Yan He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yong-Nan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Ying-Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China.
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China.
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Park C, Kim DH, Kim TH, Jeong SU, Yoon JH, Moon SK, Kwon CY, Park SH, Hong SH, Shim JH, Kim GY, Choi YH. Improvement of Oxidative Stress-induced Cytotoxicity of Angelica keiskei (Miq.) Koidz. Leaves Extract through Activation of Heme Oxygenase-1 in C2C12 Murine Myoblasts. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Pharmacological mechanism of xanthoangelol underlying Nrf-2/TRPV1 and anti-apoptotic pathway against scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113073. [PMID: 35658216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well-known type of age-related dementia. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of xanthoangelol against memory deficit and neurodegeneration associated with AD. Preliminarily, xanthoangelol produced neuroprotective effect against H2O2-induced HT-22 cells. Furthermore, effect of xanthoangelol against scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice was determined by intraperitoneally (i.p.) administering xanthoangelol (1, 10 and 20 mg/kg), 30 min prior to induction. Mice were administered scopolamine at a concentration of 1 mg/kg; i.p. for the induction of amnesia associated with AD. Xanthoangelol dose dependently reduced the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease as observed by the results obtained from the behavioral analysis performed using Morris water maze and Y-maze test. The immunohistochemical analysis suggested that xanthoangelol significantly improved Keap-1/Nrf-2 signaling pathway. It greatly reduced the effects of oxidative stress and showed improvement in the anti-oxidant enzyme such as GSH, GST, SOD and catalase. Additionally, xanthoangelol decreased the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV-1), a nonselective cation channel, involved in synaptic plasticity and memory. It activated the anti-oxidants and attenuated the apoptotic (Bax/Bcl-2) pathway. Xanthoangelol also significantly attenuated the scopolamine-induced neuroinflammation by the inhibition of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels. The histological analysis, showed a significant reduction in amyloid plaques by xanthoangelol. Therefore, the present study indicated that xanthoangelol has the ability to ameliorate the AD symptoms by attenuating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration induced by scopolamine.
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Bae UJ, Ryu JH, Park BH, Bae EJ. Angelica keiskei Root Extract Attenuates Bile Duct Ligation-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. J Med Food 2022; 25:435-442. [PMID: 35438551 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although multiple studies have shown that Angelica keiskei of the Umbelliferae family has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities and that it reduces the serum bile acids in humans, whether A. keiskei has protective effects against cholestasis-induced liver injury remains unexplored until now. This study tests the hypothesis that Angelica keiskei root extract (AKE) alleviates liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in mouse models of acute cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Oral administration of AKE (200 or 500 mg/kg) attenuated hepatocellular necrosis and significantly reduced serum levels of bile acids and bilirubin in BDL mice. The critical enzyme of bile acid synthesis, CYP7A1, was repressed by AKE, suggesting that reduced bile acid production may contribute to liver protection. Moreover, we determined through gene expression and cytokine analysis and histological examination that AKE treatment decreased liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. AKE also suppressed the NF-κB pathway, suggesting this as a possible mediator of its anti-inflammatory effect. Our findings substantiate that AKE may be promising for treating cholestatic liver diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui-Jin Bae
- Functional Food Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Korea
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Pang X, Gao X, Liu F, Jiang Y, Wang M, Li Q, Li Z. Xanthoangelol modulates Caspase-1-dependent pyroptotic death among hepatocellular carcinoma cells with high expression of GSDMD. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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7
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4-Hydroxyderricin Promotes Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest through Regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Hepatocellular Cells. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092036. [PMID: 34574146 PMCID: PMC8468691 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
4-hydroxyderricin (4-HD), as a natural flavonoid compound derived from Angelica keiskei, has largely unknown inhibition and mechanisms on liver cancer. Herein, we investigated the inhibitory effects of 4-HD on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and clarified the potential mechanisms by exploring apoptosis and cell cycle arrest mediated via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Our results show that 4-HD treatment dramatically decreased the survival rate and activities of HepG2 and Huh7 cells. The protein expressions of apoptosis-related genes significantly increased, while those related to the cell cycle were decreased by 4-HD. 4-HD also down-regulated PI3K, p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR protein expression. Moreover, PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) enhanced the promoting effect of 4-HD on apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HCC cells. Consequently, we demonstrate that 4-HD can suppress the proliferation of HCC cells by promoting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
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Vohra MS, Ahmad B, Serpell CJ, Parhar IS, Wong EH. Murine in vitro cellular models to better understand adipogenesis and its potential applications. Differentiation 2020; 115:62-84. [PMID: 32891960 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenesis has been extensively studied using in vitro models of cellular differentiation, enabling long-term regulation of fat cell metabolism in human adipose tissue (AT) material. Many studies promote the idea that manipulation of this process could potentially reduce the prevalence of obesity and its related diseases. It has now become essential to understand the molecular basis of fat cell development to tackle this pandemic disease, by identifying therapeutic targets and new biomarkers. This review explores murine cell models and their applications for study of the adipogenic differentiation process in vitro. We focus on the benefits and limitations of different cell line models to aid in interpreting data and selecting a good cell line model for successful understanding of adipose biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffery Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, PJ 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Yoshioka Y, Samukawa Y, Yamashita Y, Ashida H. 4-Hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol isolated from Angelica keiskei prevent dexamethasone-induced muscle loss. Food Funct 2020; 11:5498-5512. [PMID: 32510085 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00720j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since a decrease in muscle mass leads to an increased risk of mortality, the prevention of muscle wasting contributes to maintaining the quality of life. Recently, we reported that glabridin, a prenylated flavonoid in licorice, prevents dexamethasone-induced muscle loss. In this study, we focused on the other prenylated chalcones 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol in Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei) and investigated their prevention effect on dexamethasone-induced muscle loss. It was found that 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol significantly prevented dexamethasone-induced protein degradation in C2C12 myotubes by suppressing the expression of ubiquitin ligases, Cbl-b and MuRF-1. These prenylated chalcones acted as the antagonists of the glucocorticoid receptor and inhibited the binding of dexamethasone to this receptor and its subsequent nuclear translocation. In addition, the chalcones suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 and FoxO3a as the upstream factors for ubiquitin ligases. Dexamethasone-induced protein degradation and upregulation of Cbl-b were attenuated by the knockdown of the glucocorticoid receptor but not by the knockdown of p38. In male C57BL/6J mice, the Ashitaba extract, containing 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol, suppressed dexamethasone-induced muscle mass wasting accompanied by a decrease in the expression of ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor and phosphorylation of FoxO3a. In conclusion, 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol are effective compounds to inhibit steroid-induced muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukiyo Yoshioka
- Faculty of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Konan Women's University, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0001, Japan
| | - Yumi Samukawa
- Graduate school of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Yoko Yamashita
- Graduate school of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Ashida
- Graduate school of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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Dinda B, Dinda M, Roy A, Dinda S. Dietary plant flavonoids in prevention of obesity and diabetes. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 120:159-235. [PMID: 32085882 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are the most prevailing chronic metabolic diseases worldwide from mainly lipid and glucose metabolic dysfunctions and their incidence is increasing at an alarming high rate. Obesity is characterized by excess fat accumulation in WAT and liver and is the central player of insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues from chronic inflammation, lipotoxicity and gut dysbiosis, and plays a key role for development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and vascular diseases. Diabetes mellitus, known as diabetes, is chiefly characterized by hyperglycaemia from impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Several identified mutant genes in insulin secretion and resistance and various environmental factors are considered responsible for the onset of this disease. Currently available oral synthetic drugs, biguanides, incretin mimetic, GLP-1R and PPAR agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors for management of obesity and diabetes have several adverse effects in patients on long-term use. Emerging evidence supports the efficacy of dietary plant flavonoids in prevention and attenuation of obesity and diabetes by the protection and proliferation of pancreatic beta-cells and improvement of their insulin secretory function via activation of cAMP/PKA signaling pathway as well as in the improvement of insulin sensitivity in the peripheral metabolic tisssues for glucose uptake and utilization via inhibition of inflammation, lipotoxicity and oxidative stress. These flavonoids improve GLUT-4 expression and translocation to plasma membrane by activation of insulin-sensitive PI3K/Akt signaling and insulin-independent AMPK, SIRT-1 and MOR activation pathways for regulation of glucose homeostasis, and improve fat oxidation and reduce lipid synthesis by regulation of related genes for lipid homeostasis in the body of obese diabetic animals. In this chapter, we have highlighted all these beneficial anti-obesity and antidiabetic potentials of some dietary plant flavonoids along with their molecular actions, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. In addition, the present understanding and management of obesity and diabetes are also focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Manikarna Dinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Arup Roy
- Chemical Science & Technology Division, CSIR - North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Subhajit Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Dasaratha Deb Memorial College, Khowai, Tripura, India
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Oh HA, Lee H, Park SY, Lim Y, Kwon O, Kim JY, Kim D, Jung BH. Analysis of plasma metabolic profiling and evaluation of the effect of the intake of Angelica keiskei using metabolomics and lipidomics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112058. [PMID: 31283957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Angelica keiskei contains many bioactive components with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. It is also effective for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis, but the relationships between these effects and the active components in the herb have not been studied. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to confirm the effects of Angelica keiskei on humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS A metabolomics and lipidomics study was performed using human plasma samples from 20 subjects after the intake of Angelica keiskei, and the components of Angelica keiskei in the plasma were profiled. UPLC-Orbitrap-MS was used to analyze the plasma and plant extracts, and multivariate analysis and correlation studies between the exogenous components from plant and endogenous metabolite in plasma were performed. RESULTS The levels of the 14 metabolites including kynurenic acid, prostaglandin E1, chenodeoxycholic acid, lysoPC (18:1), lysoPC (18:2), lysoPC (20:3), lysoPC (20:4), lysoPC (22:6), PC (34:1), PC (34:2), PC (38:3), PC (38:4), PC (38:6) and PC (40:7) in the plasma were changed. By monitoring the components originating from Angelica keiskei in plasma, five components including 5-methoxypsoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, 4-hydroxyderricin, xanthoangelol B and xanthoangelol F were detected and they reduced the levels of bile acids and fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS The levels of the metabolites, including bile acids, amino acids, glycerophospholipids and fatty acids, in the plasma were changed, and 14 significantly changed metabolites were closely related to the preventive effect against liver diseases, type 2 diabetes, anemia, obesity, atherosclerosis, depression and anti-inflammatory effects. The five components of Angelica keiskei were related the modulatory activity of reducing the levels of bile acids and fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-A Oh
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbeom Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeni Lim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hwa Jung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Xanthoangelol Prevents Ox-LDL–Induced Endothelial Cell Injury by Activating Nrf2/ARE Signaling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 74:162-171. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yang X, Xie J, Liu X, Li Z, Fang K, Zhang L, Han M, Zhang Z, Gong Z, Lin X, Shi X, Gao H, Lu K. Autophagy induction by xanthoangelol exhibits anti-metastatic activities in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:128-138. [PMID: 30883849 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Xanthoangelol (XAG), a prenylated chalcone isolated from the Japanese herb Angelica keiskei Koidzumi, has been reported to exhibit antineoplastic properties. However, the specific anti-tumor activity of XAG in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the relevant mechanisms are not known. Herein, we evaluated the effect of XAG against HCC in vitro and in vivo. Although XAG treatment did not significantly reduce the viability of the Hep3B and Huh7 cell lines, it suppressed cell migration, invasion, and EMT. This anti-metastatic effect of XAG was due to induction of autophagy, because treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyadenine (3-MA) or knockdown of the pro-autophagy Beclin-1 effectively abrogated the XAG-induced suppression of metastasis. Mechanistically, XAG induced autophagy via activation of the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, and XAG treatment dramatically increased the expression of p-AMPK while decreasing p-mTOR expression. In addition, blocking AMPK/mTOR axis with compound C abrogated the autophagy-mediated inhibition of metastasis. The murine model of HCC metastasis also showed that XAG effectively reduced the number of metastatic pulmonary nodules. Taken together, our results revealed that autophagy via the activation of AMPK/mTOR pathway is essential for the anti-metastatic effect of XAG against HCC. These findings not only contribute to our understanding of the anti-tumor activity of XAG but also provide a basis for its clinical application in HCC. Before this study, evidence of XAG on HCC was purely anecdotal; present study provides the first comprehensive assessments of XAG on HCC metastasis and investigates its underlying mechanism. Results suggest that XAG exerts anti-metastatic properties against HCC through inducing autophagy which is mediated by the activation of AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. This research extends our knowledge about the antineoplastic properties of XAG and suggests that induction autophagy may represent future treatment strategies for metastatic HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zichao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Fang
- Qingdao Fifth People's Hoespital (Shandong Qingdao Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine), Qingdao, China
| | - Luying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhuang Zhang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Gong
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuezhu Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianzhou Shi
- Northeast Yucai Bilingual School, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kui Lu
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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Li Z, Zhang L, Gao M, Han M, Liu K, Zhang Z, Gong Z, Xing L, Shi X, Lu K, Gao H. Endoplasmic reticulum stress triggers Xanthoangelol-induced protective autophagy via activation of JNK/c-Jun Axis in hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:8. [PMID: 30621754 PMCID: PMC6325734 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-1012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Xanthoangelol (XAG) was reported to exhibit antitumor properties in several cancer. However, the specific anti-tumor activity of XAG in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the relevant mechanisms are not known. Methods The effects of XAG on HCC cell proliferation and apoptosis were respectively examined by CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis kit. Western blotting was conducted to detect the expression of proteins. The effect of XAG on the development of acidic vesicle organelles was assessed using acridine orange staining. mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus was used to transfect HCC cells and the formation of autolysosome was detected using a confocal microscope. Results Mechanistically, XAG promotes HCC cell death through triggering intrinsic apoptosis pathway, not extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, XAG treatment induced autophagy in Bel 7402 and SMMC 7721 cells, as evidenced by an increase in autophagy-associated proteins, including LC3B-II, Beclin-1, and Atg5. Interestingly, inhibition of autophagy with 3-MA, Bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1), or siRNA targeting Atg5 effectively enhanced the apoptotic cell ratio in XAG-treated cells, indicating that protective effect of autophagy induced by XAG in HCC. Moreover, autophagy induced by XAG was mediated by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), along with administration of XAG, the expression levels of ERS-associated proteins, including CHOP, GRP78, ATF6, p-eIF2α, IRE1α, and cleaved caspase-12 were significantly increased in HCC cells. Meanwhile, suppressing ERS with chemical chaperones (TUDCA) or CHOP shRNA could effectively abrogate the autophagy-inducing effect of XAG, and increase the apoptotic cell death. Further mechanistic studies showed that ERS-induced autophagy in XAG-treated cells was mediated by activation of JNK/c-jun pathway. XAG treatment resulted in the increase of p-JNK and p-c-jun, while suppressing ERS with TUDCA or CHOP shRNA could effectively reverse it. Meanwhile, SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, effectively reversed XAG-induced protective autophagy and enhanced cell apoptosis in XAG-treated HCC cells. In vivo results demonstrated that XAG exerts potent antitumor properties with low toxicity. Conclusions Collectively, these results suggested that XAG could be served as a promising candidate for the treatment and prevention of HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-1012-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Luying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Mingquan Gao
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Kaili Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Zhuang Zhang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zhi Gong
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Lifei Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Xianzhou Shi
- Northeast Yucai Bilingual School, Shenyang, 110164, China
| | - Kui Lu
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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15
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Ohta M, Fujinami A, Oishi K, Kobayashi N, Ohnishi K, Ohkura N. Ashitaba (Angelica Keiskei) Exudate Prevents Increases in Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Induced by Obesity in Tsumura Suzuki Obese Diabetic Mice. J Diet Suppl 2018; 16:331-344. [PMID: 29708806 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1458366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angelica keiskei koidzumi (ashitaba) is consumed as a traditional folk medicine and health food in Japan. Ashitaba extract contains abundant flavonoids containing chalcones. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the primary physiological inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator. Excessive amounts of PAI-1 in plasma disrupt the fibrinolytic balance and promote a prothrombotic state with which thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases are associated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ashitaba yellow exudate (AE) on enhanced PAI-1 levels in Tsumura Suzuki obese diabetic (TSOD) mice. AE significantly decreased food efficiency and plasma PAI-1 in TSOD mice but did not affect lean control Tsumura Suzuki nonobese (TSNO) mice. AE also decreased some parameters in the plasma, such as glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gains in body weight, subcutaneous, mesenteric fat weight in TSOD mice but had little effect on these parameters in TSNO mice. Levels of adipose PAI-1 were significantly higher in TSOD than in TSNO mice. Major sources of plasma PAI-1 are thought to be adipose tissue and liver. AE significantly suppressed PAI-1 protein levels in the livers of both TSOD and TSNO mice. These results suggest that AE decreased plasma PAI-1 levels by suppressing both the adipose tissue retention of PAI-1 protein and liver PAI-1 production in TSOD mice. Supplementing the diet with AE might help to prevent thrombotic diseases or alleviate the risk of thrombotic diseases as well as to suppress metabolic state in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Ohta
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Kobe Pharmaceutical University , Kobe , Japan.,b Research Institute for Production Development , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Aya Fujinami
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Kobe Pharmaceutical University , Kobe , Japan
| | - Katsutaka Oishi
- c Biological Clock Research Group , Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Norihiro Kobayashi
- d Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry , Kobe Pharmaceutical University , Kobe , Japan
| | | | - Naoki Ohkura
- f Molecular Physiology and Pathology , School of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University , Itabashi, Tokyo , Japan
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16
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Abstract
Obesity is a key factor in metabolic syndrome. The study of metabolic syndrome focuses on the anti-weight gain properties of physiological mechanisms and food components. Abnormal energy metabolism is a major risk factor of metabolic syndrome. Chronic inflammation is a feature of obesity; cytokines from hypertrophied adipocytes cause inflammation in both adipose tissue and blood vessels, resulting in symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Tumor necrosis factor-α causes insulin resistance in adipocytes and regression of brown adipocytes, resulting in abnormal energy metabolism. Functional foods can serve as a strategy for prevention and treatment of obesity linked with metabolic processes in white and brown adipose tissues. Diet-induced thermogenesis caused by certain food components stimulates burning of stored fat within adipose tissues. A mechanistic understanding of dietary thermogenesis via the sympathetic nerve system will prove valuable for the development of precise strategies for the practical prevention of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Kawada
- a Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Uji , Japan.,b Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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17
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Mohri S, Takahashi H, Sakai M, Takahashi S, Waki N, Aizawa K, Suganuma H, Ara T, Matsumura Y, Shibata D, Goto T, Kawada T. Wide-range screening of anti-inflammatory compounds in tomato using LC-MS and elucidating the mechanism of their functions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191203. [PMID: 29329333 PMCID: PMC5766234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced chronic inflammation is a key factor in type 2 diabetes. A vicious cycle involving pro-inflammatory mediators between adipocytes and macrophages is a common cause of chronic inflammation in the adipose tissue. Tomato is one of the most popular vegetables and is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of tomato on diabetes is unclear. In this study, we focused on anti-inflammatory compounds in tomato. We found that the extract of tomato reduced plasma glucose and inflammatory markers in mice. We screened anti-inflammatory fractions in tomato using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, and active compounds were estimated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry over a wide range. Surprisingly, a large number of compounds including oxylipin and coumarin derivatives were estimated as anti-inflammatory compounds. Especially, 9-oxo-octadecadienoic acid and daphnetin suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and inhibitor of kappa B α protein degradation. These findings suggest that tomato containing diverse anti-inflammatory compounds ameliorates chronic inflammation in obese adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Mohri
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
- KAGOME Tomato Discoveries Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maiko Sakai
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Naoko Waki
- KAGOME Tomato Discoveries Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Innovation Division, KAGOME CO., LTD., Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koichi Aizawa
- Innovation Division, KAGOME CO., LTD., Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Ara
- KAGOME Tomato Discoveries Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuki Matsumura
- Laboratory of Quality Analysis and Assessment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- KAGOME Tomato Discoveries Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Kazusa DNA Research Institutes, Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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18
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Takeyama A, Nagata Y, Shirouchi B, Nonaka C, Aoki H, Haraguchi T, Sato M, Tamaya K, Yamamoto H, Tanaka K. Dietary Sparassis crispa Reduces Body Fat Mass and Hepatic Lipid Levels by Enhancing Energy Expenditure and Suppressing Lipogenesis in Rats. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:1137-1147. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Takeyama
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki
| | - Yasuo Nagata
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki
| | - Bungo Shirouchi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University
| | - Chika Nonaka
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki
| | - Hiromu Aoki
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki
| | - Tsubasa Haraguchi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki
| | - Masao Sato
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University
| | - Kei Tamaya
- Industrial Technology Center of Nagasaki
| | | | - Kazunari Tanaka
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki
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19
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Yang HE, Li Y, Nishimura A, Jheng HF, Yuliana A, Kitano-Ohue R, Nomura W, Takahashi N, Kim CS, Yu R, Kitamura N, Park SB, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Kawada T, Goto T. Synthesized enone fatty acids resembling metabolites from gut microbiota suppress macrophage-mediated inflammation in adipocytes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Eun Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate school of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto Japan
| | - Yongjia Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate school of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto Japan
| | - Akira Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate school of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto Japan
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate school of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto Japan
| | - Ana Yuliana
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate school of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto Japan
| | - Ryuji Kitano-Ohue
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate school of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry; The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research; Kyoto University; Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate school of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry; The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research; Kyoto University; Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate school of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry; The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research; Kyoto University; Japan
| | - Chu-Sook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Ulsan; Ulsan South Korea
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Ulsan; Ulsan South Korea
| | - Nahoko Kitamura
- Division of Applied Life Science; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Si-Bum Park
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Division of Applied Life Science; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry; The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research; Kyoto University; Japan
- Division of Applied Life Science; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate school of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry; The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research; Kyoto University; Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate school of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry; The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research; Kyoto University; Japan
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20
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Abstract
Interactions between macrophages and adipocytes influence both metabolism and inflammation. Obesity-induced changes to macrophages and adipocytes lead to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. This paper reviews the various functions of macrophages in lean and obese adipose tissue and how obesity alters adipose tissue macrophage phenotypes. Metabolic disease and insulin resistance shift the balance between numerous pro- and anti-inflammatory regulators of macrophages and create a feed-forward loop of increasing inflammatory macrophage activation and worsening adipocyte dysfunction. This ultimately leads to adipose tissue fibrosis and diabetes. The molecular mechanisms underlying these processes have therapeutic implications for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Thomas
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston Medical Center, 88 East Newton Street, H-3600, Boston, MA 02118.
| | - Caroline Apovian
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston Medical Center, 88 East Newton Street, Robinson 4400, Boston, MA 02118.
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