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Zhang J, Clayton GL, Overvad K, Olsen A, Lawlor DA, Dahm CC. Body mass index in parents and their adult offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13644. [PMID: 37783229 PMCID: PMC10909538 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity may track across generations, due to genetics and shared family environmental factors, or possibly intrauterine programming. However, many studies only assess associations between maternal body mass index (BMI) and offspring BMI in childhood. To determine whether maternal and paternal associations with offspring BMI differ and whether associations persist into adulthood, a systematic review and meta-analysis was done. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (to October 2022) were searched. Observational studies reporting associations between maternal or paternal BMI and adult offspring BMI were included. Offspring BMIs were reported as continuous or categorical measures. Forty-six studies were included in the systematic review. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models. Parental BMI was positively associated with offspring BMI in adulthood. The pooled mother-offspring standardized mean difference (SMD) was 0.23 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20, 0.26), and father-offspring SMD was similar: 0.22 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.25) in adjusted models. Offspring of mothers with overweight or obesity had the same risk of higher BMI as offspring of fathers with overweight or obesity. If these associations are causal, they support interventions targeting all family members, rather than focusing solely on mothers, to obtain a healthy weight development among offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Public HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Gemma L. Clayton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Anja Olsen
- Department of Public HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Danish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
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Ulloa E, Saure C, Giudici V, Armeno M. Causes of possible excessive weight gain in exclusively breastfed infants in the first six months of life. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2023; 75:844-851. [PMID: 32731728 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.20.05735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to describe factors related to the infant, mother, and breastmilk composition that may be associated with excessive weight gain in a cohort of exclusively breastfed infants younger than 6 months of life with excessive weight gain, and to compare these findings with data from a group of normal-weight exclusively breastfed infants. METHODS Thirty-six exclusively breastfed infants younger than 6 months of life seen at two health-care centers between July 2016 and 2017 were enrolled in the study. The clinical features of the infants, their mothers, and the macronutrient composition of the breast milk were evaluated. We classified infants according to weight gain velocity between birth and 6 months of life into an excessive weight gain (EWG) and an adequate weight gain (AWG) group. RESULTS Mean age at protocol entry was 3.8 months. Thirteen patients were classified as EWG and 23 patients as AWG. Co-sleeping was more often observed in EWG than in AWG infants. Mothers in the EWG group were younger and more often had gained more than 18 kg during pregnancy than those in the AWG group. No significant differences were found in the macronutrient content of the breast milk between both groups. CONCLUSIONS Greater weight gain in infants under 6 months of age may be related to greater weight gain of the mother during pregnancy, younger age of the mother, and co-sleeping of the mother and child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Ulloa
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, J. P. Garrahan National Pediatrics Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carola Saure
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, J. P. Garrahan National Pediatrics Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina -
| | - Vanesa Giudici
- Laboratory for Physical-chemical Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, National University of Entre Ríos, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Marisa Armeno
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, J. P. Garrahan National Pediatrics Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Bauer LO. Intraindividual variability in brain activation-A novel correlate of obesity risk among female college students. Brain Cogn 2023; 168:105985. [PMID: 37084591 PMCID: PMC10175168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
There are published data describing impairments in the brain function of adolescents or young adults who have a genetic or familial predisposition for obesity. From these descriptions, it is often assumed that the impairments are appropriately captured by a central tendency estimate and therefore consistently detectable. The present study questions this assumption and shows that the variability in brain function over the time course of a cognitive task is a better predictor of familial risk than its central tendency. Sixty-nine female young adults lacking an obese parent and 24 female young adults with an obese parent were compared on the average amplitude and inter-trial variability (ITV) in amplitude of their P300 electroencephalographic responses to rarely-occurring stimuli during a selective attention task. Simple group comparisons revealed statistically significant findings with effect sizes that were markedly greater for analyses of P300 ITV versus P300 average amplitude. It is suggested that the elevation in P300 ITV among young adults with familial risk indicates temporal instability in systems responsible for the maintenance of attention. These fluctuations may episodically disrupt their attention to satiety cues as well as other cues that influence behavior regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance O Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1410, USA.
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Deveci AC, Keown-Stoneman CDG, Maguire JL, O'Connor DL, Anderson LN, Dennis CL, Birken CS. Maternal BMI in the preconception period, and association with child zBMI growth rates. Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e12999. [PMID: 36573480 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated body mass index (BMI) and rapid growth in early childhood are important predictors of obesity risk. The association between maternal preconception BMI and child growth rates is unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess the association between measured maternal preconception BMI and child age- and sex- standardized WHO BMI z-score (zBMI) growth rates and mean zBMI, in children aged 0-10 years old. METHODS A longitudinal cohort study was conducted with children (n = 499) enrolled in The Applied Research Group for Kids (TARGet Kids!) primary care practice-based research cohort. Maternal BMI was measured during the preconception period, defined as the 2 years prior to pregnancy. Repeated measures of child weight and height were obtained between 0 and 10 years of age. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the association between maternal BMI and child zBMI growth rates and mean zBMI. RESULTS Maternal preconception BMI was associated with child zBMI growth rate during some growth periods, with the strongest association from age 0 to 4 months; a 5 kg/m2 higher maternal BMI was associated with 0.031 zBMI SD unit/mo higher growth rate (p = 0.004), and 0.186 SD unit higher mean child zBMI (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Maternal preconception BMI was associated with growth rate and mean zBMI in early childhood. The preconception period may be an important target for health interventions to promote healthy child growth rate and weight outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin C Deveci
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charles D G Keown-Stoneman
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathon L Maguire
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Deborah L O'Connor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Translational Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, Mount Sinai Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Laura N Anderson
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Cindy-Lee Dennis
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine S Birken
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Gutierrez MW, Mercer EM, Moossavi S, Laforest-Lapointe I, Reyna ME, Becker AB, Simons E, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Moraes TJ, Sears MR, Subbarao P, Azad MB, Arrieta MC. Maturational patterns of the infant gut mycobiome are associated with early-life body mass index. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100928. [PMID: 36736319 PMCID: PMC9975311 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the bacterial microbiome, the role of early-life gut fungi in host metabolism and childhood obesity development remains poorly characterized. To address this, we investigate the relationship between the gut mycobiome of 100 infants from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) Cohort Study and body mass index Z scores (BMIz) in the first 5 years of life. An increase in fungal richness during the first year of life is linked to parental and infant BMI. The relationship between richness pattern and early-life BMIz is modified by maternal BMI, maternal diet, infant antibiotic exposure, and bacterial beta diversity. Further, the abundances of Saccharomyces, Rhodotorula, and Malassezia are differentially associated with early-life BMIz. Using structural equation modeling, we determine that the mycobiome's contribution to BMIz is likely mediated by the bacterial microbiome. This demonstrates that mycobiome maturation and infant growth trajectories are distinctly linked, advocating for inclusion of fungi in larger pediatric microbiome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie W Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; International Microbiome Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Emily M Mercer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; International Microbiome Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Shirin Moossavi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; International Microbiome Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Myrtha E Reyna
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Allan B Becker
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada; Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Elinor Simons
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada; Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Piush J Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Malcolm R Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada; Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; International Microbiome Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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6
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Paternal BMI in the preconception period, and the association with child zBMI. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:280-287. [PMID: 36737513 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid growth and excess weight in early childhood are associated with obesity risk. While maternal preconception BMI has been identified as a potential risk factor, the role of paternal preconception BMI is less clear. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between paternal preconception BMI and age- and sex-standardized WHO BMI z-score (zBMI) growth rates, zBMI, and weight status, in 0- to 10-year-old children. To determine whether these associations differed by child sex and maternal preconception weight status. METHODS A longitudinal cohort study was conducted through The Applied Research Group for Kids (TARGet Kids!). Children (n = 218) underwent repeated measures of height and weight from birth to 10 years old. Piecewise linear mixed models were used to assess the association between paternal preconception BMI and child zBMI growth rates (zBMI SD units/month) between 0, 4, 30, 48 and 120 months of age. Linear mixed models were used to examine the association with child zBMI, and logistic generalized estimation equations (GEE) were used to assess the association with child weight status. Child sex and maternal preconception weight status were tested as effect modifiers. RESULTS Paternal preconception BMI was associated with child zBMI growth rate, mean zBMI and weight status in boys, but not girls. A 5 kg/m2 higher paternal preconception BMI was associated with approximately 0.01 zBMI SD unit/month higher growth rate for boys born to mothers with preconception overweight. Higher paternal BMI was associated with higher mean zBMI and increased odds of overweight and obesity in boys, with greater effects seen when mothers had preconception overweight compared to normal weight. CONCLUSION Paternal preconception BMI was associated with child zBMI growth rate, zBMI and weight status in boys, with greater effects when the biological mother had preconception overweight or obesity. Further understanding of sex differences in paternal preconception weight effects in children is needed.
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Naghibi M, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Soleimani Rad J, Gholami Farashah MS, Mohammadnejad D. The effects of metformin and forskolin on sperm quality parameters and sexual hormones in type II diabetic male rats. Andrologia 2022; 54:1605-1617. [PMID: 35396719 DOI: 10.1111/and.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of metformin and forskolin independently and in combinations on the sperm quality parameters and sexual hormones of diabetic male rats. Fifty adult male rats were divided randomly into five identical groups, and diabetes mellitus was induced to the rats, except for the rats in the control group, using a high-fat diet and injection of Streptozotocin. Daily administration of metformin and forskolin independently and in combinations were performed for 8 weeks in different groups. Sperm quality parameters (including sperm count, morphology, sperm motility and Johnson score), testosterone, blood sugar level, Bax to Bcl-2 ratio mRNA expression level and oxidative stress levels were measured and compared between the investigated groups. Treating diabetic rats with metformin and forskolin resulted in significant improvement in sperm quality parameters, increased testosterone levels, reduced oxidative stress in blood and testicular tissue, and decreased blood sugar, and Bax to Bcl-2 ratio level. Although the combination of metformin with forskolin had a higher effect in some parameters such as testosterone levels compared to treatment with metformin or forskolin alone, this combination had not shown a synergistic effect in all the sperm quality parameters. Metformin and forskolin are effective anti-diabetic agents, which significantly improve the sperm quality and sexual hormone levels in diabetic rats. Combining metformin and gorskolin resulted in significantly better testosterone level and antioxidant activity in blood serum without significant effect on sperm quality of diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Naghibi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Daryoush Mohammadnejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Murphy CC, Cirillo PM, Krigbaum NY, Singal AG, Lee M, Zaki T, Burstein E, Cohn BA. Maternal obesity, pregnancy weight gain, and birth weight and risk of colorectal cancer. Gut 2022; 71:1332-1339. [PMID: 34429385 PMCID: PMC8866526 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Obesity is a well-established risk factor for CRC, and fetal or developmental origins of obesity may underlie its effect on cancer in adulthood. We examined associations of maternal obesity, pregnancy weight gain, and birth weight and CRC in adult offspring. DESIGN The Child Health and Development Studies is a prospective cohort of women receiving prenatal care between 1959 and 1966 in Oakland, California (N=18 751 live births among 14 507 mothers). Clinical information was abstracted from mothers' medical records 6 months prior to pregnancy through delivery. Diagnoses of CRC in adult (age ≥18 years) offspring were ascertained through 2019 by linkage with the California Cancer Registry. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate adjusted HR (aHR); we examined effect measure modification using single-referent models to estimate the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). RESULTS 68 offspring were diagnosed with CRC over 738 048 person-years of follow-up, and half (48.5%) were diagnosed younger than age 50 years. Maternal obesity (≥30 kg/m2) increased the risk of CRC in offspring (aHR 2.51, 95% CI 1.05 to 6.02). Total weight gain modified the association of rate of early weight gain (RERI -4.37, 95% CI -9.49 to 0.76), suggesting discordant growth from early to late pregnancy increases risk. There was an elevated association with birth weight (≥4000 g: aHR 1.95, 95% CI 0.8 to 4.38). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that in utero events are important risk factors for CRC and may contribute to increasing incidence rates in younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Murphy
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Piera M Cirillo
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Nickilou Y Krigbaum
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Amit G Singal
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - MinJae Lee
- Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy Zaki
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Barbara A Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Oakland, California, USA
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Ren X, Larsen SC, Lauritzen L, Olsen NJ, Rohde JF, Specht IO, Heitmann BL. Association between intake of marine fat and adiposity development among 2-6 year old children: Substitution analyses from the Healthy Start intervention study. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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McPherson NO, Vincent AD, Zander-Fox D, Grieger JA. Birthweight associations with parental obesity: retrospective analysis of 1,778 singleton term births following assisted reproductive treatment. F S Rep 2021; 2:405-412. [PMID: 34934980 PMCID: PMC8655430 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfre.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the association of combined parental preconception overweight and obesity on infant birthweight. Design Retrospective study of fresh in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles (2009–2017). Setting Repromed, South Australia, assisted reproductive technology clinic. Patients Couples undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection insemination with their own gametes and transfer of a fresh single blastocyst (N = 1,778). Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measures Parental body mass index (BMI) was recorded prior to cycle initiation. Infant birthweight was recorded at delivery. The impact of parental obesity and their interaction on first singleton term (≥37 weeks’ gestation) birthweight was assessed using linear regressions assessing nonlinearity and a pairwise linear interactions. Results In the base model where parental BMI is assumed linear, there was strong evidence for higher birthweight with increasing maternal BMI (11.2 g per maternal kg/m2; 95% confidence interval, 7.2, 15.1) but not paternal BMI. The inclusion of a pairwise linear interaction indicated that paternal BMI attenuates the positive association between maternal BMI and infant birthweight (interaction −0.88; 95% confidence interval, −1.49, −0.27). The inclusion of nonlinear maternal BMI terms did not change the conclusions. Conclusions Increases in the mean infant birthweight associated with maternal obesity are attenuated when the father is obese. While maternal BMI contributed more to the mean infant birthweight than paternal BMI, a couple-centered approach to preconception health advice is recommended, given the documented relationships between parental obesity and childhood weight beyond infancy. Further studies in both assisted reproductive technology and general population cohorts assessing the parental BMI interaction on infant birthweight are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole O McPherson
- Freemasons Center for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Repromed, Dulwich, South Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew D Vincent
- Freemasons Center for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, South Australia, Australia
| | - Deirdre Zander-Fox
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Repromed, Dulwich, South Australia, Australia.,Monash IVF Group, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica A Grieger
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Laforest ME, Ward S, Landry LA, Mobetty F. The Relationship Between Paternal Preconception Obesity and Health Behaviors and Childhood Obesity: Protocol for a Systematic Review. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e31254. [PMID: 34860672 PMCID: PMC8686461 DOI: 10.2196/31254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity is a global public health concern and is a priority for researchers and policy makers. To overcome the epidemic of obesity, influencing factors throughout the life span need to be addressed, including those in the preconception period. A better understanding of the association between paternal preconception factors and childhood obesity is important for public health interventions. Objective This systematic review will examine the relationship between paternal preconception obesity and health behaviors and their offspring’s overweight or obesity. Methods Peer-reviewed quantitative studies and grey literature that report associations between paternal preconception obesity and health behaviors—such as smoking, exercise, and eating habits—and childhood overweight and obesity will be identified through a computerized literature search in 7 databases. The quality of each study will be assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Characteristics of the included studies will be reported, and relevant findings from each paternal preconception exposure will be narratively synthesized. This review will follow the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 guidelines. Results This systematic review is anticipated to begin in December 2021 and be completed by the end of August 2022. Conclusions This systematic review will contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between preconception paternal exposures and their offspring’s overweight or obesity. Findings will help support health professionals working with prospective parents to educate fathers on the benefits of improving their weight and health behaviors during the preconception period. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/31254
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Laforest
- École de Science Infirmière, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé et des Services Communautaires, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Stephanie Ward
- École des Sciences des Aliments, de Nutrition et d'Etudes Familiales, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé et des Services Communautaires, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Liette-Andrée Landry
- École de Science Infirmière, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé et des Services Communautaires, Université de Moncton, Campus de Shippagan, Shippagan, NB, Canada
| | - Fabrice Mobetty
- Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Schjenken JE, Moldenhauer LM, Sharkey DJ, Chan HY, Chin PY, Fullston T, McPherson NO, Robertson SA. High-fat Diet Alters Male Seminal Plasma Composition to Impair Female Immune Adaptation for Pregnancy in Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6309474. [PMID: 34170298 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paternal experiences and exposures before conception can influence fetal development and offspring phenotype. The composition of seminal plasma contributes to paternal programming effects through modulating the female reproductive tract immune response after mating. To investigate whether paternal obesity affects seminal plasma immune-regulatory activity, C57Bl/6 male mice were fed an obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD) or control diet (CD) for 14 weeks. Although HFD consumption caused only minor changes to parameters of sperm quality, the volume of seminal vesicle fluid secretions was increased by 65%, and the concentrations and total content of immune-regulatory TGF-β isoforms were decreased by 75% to 80% and 43% to 55%, respectively. Mating with BALB/c females revealed differences in the strength and properties of the postmating immune response elicited. Transcriptional analysis showed >300 inflammatory genes were similarly regulated in the uterine endometrium by mating independently of paternal diet, and 13 were dysregulated by HFD-fed compared with CD-fed males. Seminal vesicle fluid factors reduced in HFD-fed males, including TGF-β1, IL-10, and TNF, were among the predicted upstream regulators of differentially regulated genes. Additionally, the T-cell response induced by mating with CD-fed males was blunted after mating with HFD-fed males, with 27% fewer CD4+ T cells, 26% fewer FOXP3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) cells, and 19% fewer CTLA4+ Treg cells, particularly within the NRP1+ thymic Treg cell population. These findings demonstrate that an obesogenic HFD alters the composition of seminal vesicle fluid and impairs seminal plasma capacity to elicit a favorable pro-tolerogenic immune response in females at conception.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Schjenken
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Lachlan M Moldenhauer
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - David J Sharkey
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Hon Y Chan
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Peck Y Chin
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Tod Fullston
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Repromed, Dulwich, Adelaide, South Australia, 5065, Australia
| | - Nicole O McPherson
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Repromed, Dulwich, Adelaide, South Australia, 5065, Australia
- Freemasons Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Monash IVF Group, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
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Association between maternal prepregnancy body mass index with offspring cardiometabolic risk factors: analysis of three Brazilian birth cohorts. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 13:161-167. [PMID: 33941308 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174421000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) is associated with offspring cardiometabolic risk factors. This study was aimed at assessing the association of maternal prepregnancy BMI with offspring cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence and adulthood. We also evaluated whether offspring BMI was a mediator in this association. The study included mother-offspring pairs from three Pelotas birth cohorts. Offspring cardiometabolic risk factors were collected in the last follow-up of each cohort [mean age (in years) 30.2, 22.6, 10.9]. Blood pressure was measured using an automatic device, cholesterol by using an enzymatic colorimetric method, and glucose from fingertip blood, using a portable glucose meter. In a pooled analysis of the cohorts, multiple linear regression was used to control for confounding. Mediation analysis was conducted using G-computation formula. In the adjusted model, mean systolic blood pressure of offspring from overweight and obese mothers was on average 1.25 (95% CI: 0.45; 2.05) and 2.13 (95% CI: 0.66; 3.59) mmHg higher than that of offspring from normal-weight mothers; for diastolic blood pressure, the means were 0.80 (95% CI: 0.26; 1.34) and 2.60 (95% CI: 1.62; 3.59) mmHg higher, respectively. Non-HDL cholesterol was positively associated with maternal BMI, whereas blood glucose was not associated. Mediation analyses showed that offspring BMI explained completely the association of maternal prepregnancy BMI with offspring systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and non-HDL cholesterol. Our findings suggest that maternal prepregnancy BMI is positively associated with offspring blood pressure, and blood lipids, and this association is explained by offspring BMI.
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Influence of maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status on offspring anthropometric measurements and body composition in three Brazilian Birth Cohorts. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:882-894. [PMID: 33261702 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020004887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed at evaluating the association of maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status with offspring anthropometry and body composition. We also evaluated whether these associations were modified by gender, diet and physical activity and mediated by birth weight. DESIGN Birth cohort study. SETTING Waist circumference was measured with an inextensible tape, and fat and lean mass were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for possible confounders and allele score of BMI. We carried out mediation analysis using G-formula. PARTICIPANTS In 1982, 1993 and 2004, all maternity hospitals in Pelotas (South Brazil) were visited daily and all live births whose families lived in the urban area of the city were evaluated. These subjects have been followed up at different ages. RESULTS Offspring of obese mothers had on average higher BMI, waist circumference and fat mass index than those of normal weight mothers, and these differences were higher among daughters. The magnitudes of the association were similar in the cohorts, except for height, where the association pattern was not clear. In the 1982 cohort, further adjustment for a BMI allele score had no material influence on the magnitude of the associations. Mediation analyses showed that birth weight captured part of this association. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status is positively associated with offspring BMI and adiposity in offspring. And this association is higher among daughters whose mother was overweight or obese and, birth weight explains part of this association.
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15
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Jesuino BG, Foratori-Junior GA, Missio ALT, Mascoli LS, Sales-Peres SHDC. Periodontal status of women with excessive gestational weight gain and the association with their newborns' health. Int Dent J 2020; 70:396-404. [PMID: 32501575 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the association between high gestational weight gain and systemic and periodontal status of women between the 32nd and 36th gestational weeks of pregnancy (T1) and after delivery (T2), and the association of these factors with newborns' health. METHODS The sample was divided into excessive gestational weight gain (GE = 25) and normal gestational weight gain (GN = 25) and was evaluated regarding: (i) socio-economic status; (ii) systemic and periodontal status; and (iii) newborns' health. The results were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U-test, the t-test, the Friedman test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Cochran's Q test (P < 0.05). RESULTS Women with GE had lower household income (P = 0.010) and higher body mass index (BMI) at both T1 and T2. The prevalence of hypertension at T1 was higher in women with GE, but the condition resolved post-delivery (P = 0.001). Worsening in oral hygiene was observed at T2 in both groups (P < 0.001). Sixty-eight percent of women with GE and 16% of women with GN had periodontitis at T1, and 52% and 12%, respectively, had periodontitis at T2. In women with GE, the BMI of newborns was higher (P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS Women with high gestational weight gain also showed a high prevalence of hypertension and periodontitis during pregnancy, and persistent periodontitis after delivery. High gestational weight gain was related to high BMI of newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gualtieri Jesuino
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Aparecido Foratori-Junior
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alana Luiza Trenhago Missio
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Silva Mascoli
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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McPherson NO, Lane M. Metformin treatment of high-fat diet-fed obese male mice restores sperm function and fetal growth, without requiring weight loss. Asian J Androl 2020; 22:560-568. [PMID: 32098932 PMCID: PMC7705976 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_141_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Male obesity is associated with subfertility and increased disease risk of offspring. It is unknown if effects can be reversed through pharmacological interventions. Five- to 6-week-old C57BL6 male mice were fed control diet (n = 10, CD) or high-fat diet (n = 20, HFD) for 16 weeks. Animals fed with a HFD were then allocated to continuation of HFD (n = 8) or HFD with metformin 28 mg kg−1 day−1 (n = 8) for 6 weeks. Animals fed with CD continued on a CD (n = 9). Males were mated with fertile C57BL6 females for the assessment of pregnancy and fetal growth. Sperm motility, spermatozoa and testicular morphology, sperm-zona pellucida binding, sperm reactive oxygen species (ROS) (intracellular [DCFDA], superoxide [MSR], and oxidative DNA lesions [8OHdG]), and mitochondrial membrane potential (JC1) were assessed. Metformin treatment of HFD males improved glucose tolerance (+12%, P < 0.05) and reduced Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR; −36%, P < 0.05). This occurred in the absence of a change in body weight or adiposity. Metformin treatment of HFD-fed males restored testicular morphology (+33%, P < 0.05), sperm motility (+66%, P < 0.05), sperm–zona pellucida binding (+25%, P < 0.05), sperm intracellular ROS concentrations (−32%, P < 0.05), and oxidative DNA lesions (−45%, P < 0.05) to the levels of the CD males. Metformin treatment of HFD fathers increased fetal weights and lengths compared with those born to HFD fathers (+8%, P < 0.05), with fetal lengths restored to those of fetuses of CD males. Short-term metformin treatment in men who are obese could be a potential intervention for the treatment of subfertility, without the need for a reduction in body weight/adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole O McPherson
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.,Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.,Repromed, Dulwich 5065, Australia
| | - Michelle Lane
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.,Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.,Monash IVF Group, Melbourne 3000, Australia
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17
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Campbell JM, McPherson NO. Influence of increased paternal BMI on pregnancy and child health outcomes independent of maternal effects: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract 2019; 13:511-521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Dietary Micronutrient Supplementation for 12 Days in Obese Male Mice Restores Sperm Oxidative Stress. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092196. [PMID: 31547309 PMCID: PMC6770166 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Male obesity, which often co-presents with micronutrient deficiencies, is associated with sub-fertility. Here we investigate whether short-term dietary supplementation of micronutrients (zinc, selenium, lycopene, vitamins E and C, folic acid, and green tea extract) to obese mice for 12 days (designed to span the epididymal transit) could improve sperm quality and fetal outcomes. Five-week-old C57BL6 males were fed a control diet (CD, n = 24) or high fat diet (HFD, n = 24) for 10 weeks before allocation to the 12-day intervention of maintaining their original diets (CD, n = 12, HFD n = 12) or with micronutrient supplementation (CD + S, n = 12, HFD + S, n = 12). Measures of sperm quality (motility, morphology, capacitation, binding), sperm oxidative stress (DCFDA, MSR, and 8OHdG), early embryo development (2-cell cleavage, 8OHdG), and fetal outcomes were assessed. HFD + S males had reduced sperm intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations and 8OHdG lesions, which resulted in reduced 8OHdG lesions in the male pronucleus, increased 2-cell cleavage rates, and partial restoration of fetal weight similar to controls. Sub-fertility associated with male obesity may be restored with very short-term micronutrient supplementation that targets the timing of the transit of sperm through the epididymis, which is the developmental window where sperm are the most susceptible to oxidative damage.
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Vézina-Im LA, Nicklas TA, Baranowski T. Intergenerational Effects of Health Issues Among Women of Childbearing Age: a Review of the Recent Literature. Curr Nutr Rep 2019; 7:274-285. [PMID: 30259413 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-018-0246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the latest scientific evidence, primarily from systematic reviews/meta-analyses and large cohort studies, on the impact of health issues among women of childbearing age and their effect on their offspring during pregnancy and from birth to adulthood. RECENT FINDINGS Women of childbearing age with overweight/obesity, diabetes, and hypertension prior to pregnancy are at increased risk for adverse outcomes during pregnancy, such as excessive gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes mellitus, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. These adverse outcomes could complicate delivery and put their offspring at risk of developing overweight/obesity, diabetes, and hypertension (i.e., intergenerational transmission of health issues). Interventions should target women of childbearing age, especially those who wish to conceive, in order to possibly stop the transmission of women's health issues to the offspring and favor a healthy pregnancy from the start. This could be one of the best strategies to promote both maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydi-Anne Vézina-Im
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Theresa A Nicklas
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tom Baranowski
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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20
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Heslehurst N, Vieira R, Akhter Z, Bailey H, Slack E, Ngongalah L, Pemu A, Rankin J. The association between maternal body mass index and child obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002817. [PMID: 31185012 PMCID: PMC6559702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a global obesity crisis, particularly among women and disadvantaged populations. Early-life intervention to prevent childhood obesity is a priority for public health, global health, and clinical practice. Understanding the association between childhood obesity and maternal pre-pregnancy weight status would inform policy and practice by allowing one to estimate the potential for offspring health gain through channelling resources into intervention. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the dose-response association between maternal body mass index (BMI) and childhood obesity in the offspring. METHODS AND FINDINGS Searches in MEDLINE, Child Development & Adolescent Studies, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycInfo were carried out in August 2017 and updated in March 2019. Supplementary searches included hand-searching reference lists, performing citation searching, and contacting authors. Two researchers carried out independent screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. Observational studies published in English and reporting associations between continuous and/or categorical maternal and child BMI or z-score were included. Categorical outcomes were child obesity (≥95th percentile, primary outcome), overweight/obesity (≥85th percentile), and overweight (85th to 95th percentile). Linear and nonlinear dose-response meta-analyses were conducted using random effects models. Studies that could not be included in meta-analyses were summarised narratively. Seventy-nine of 41,301 studies identified met the inclusion criteria (n = 59 cohorts). Meta-analyses of child obesity included 20 studies (n = 88,872); child overweight/obesity, 22 studies (n = 181,800); and overweight, 10 studies (n = 53,238). Associations were nonlinear and there were significantly increased odds of child obesity with maternal obesity (odds ratio [OR] 3.64, 95% CI 2.68-4.95) and maternal overweight (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.62-2.19). Significantly increased odds were observed for child overweight/obesity (OR 2.69, 95% CI 2.10-3.46) and for child overweight (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.25, 2.59) with maternal obesity. A limitation of this research is that the included studies did not always report the data in a format that enabled inclusion in this complex meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS This research has identified a 264% increase in the odds of child obesity when mothers have obesity before conception. This study provides substantial evidence for the need to develop interventions that commence prior to conception, to support women of childbearing age with weight management in order to halt intergenerational obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Heslehurst
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rute Vieira
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,
United Kingdom
| | - Zainab Akhter
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Bailey
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Slack
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lem Ngongalah
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Augustina Pemu
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Rankin
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
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Olszewski PK, Wood EL, Klockars A, Levine AS. Excessive Consumption of Sugar: an Insatiable Drive for Reward. Curr Nutr Rep 2019; 8:120-128. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-0270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Andraos S, de Seymour JV, O'Sullivan JM, Kussmann M. The Impact of Nutritional Interventions in Pregnant Women on DNA Methylation Patterns of the Offspring: A Systematic Review. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800034. [PMID: 30035846 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that environmental exposures in early life are associated with later-life health status and disease susceptibility. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, have been suggested as potential mechanisms linking the intrauterine environment with offspring health status. The present systematic review compiles peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of maternal nutritional interventions on DNA methylation patterns of the offspring. The results of the included trials are consistent with micronutrient supplementation not significantly affecting offspring tissue DNA methylation patterns, yet subgrouping by sex, BMI, and smoking status increased the significance of nutritional supplementation on DNA methylation. Maternal BMI and smoking status as well as offspring sex were factors influencing offspring DNA methylation responsiveness to nutritional interventions during pregnancy. Future research should aim at assessing the impact of nutritional interventions on DNA methylation patterns of neonates comparing single versus multi-micronutrient supplementation, within populations having high versus low baseline nutritional statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Andraos
- The Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jamie Violet de Seymour
- The Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Martin O'Sullivan
- The Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Kussmann
- The Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,New Zealand National Science Challenge, High-Value Nutrition, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
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23
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Clinical relevance and validity of tools to predict infant, childhood and adulthood obesity: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:3135-3147. [PMID: 29996950 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018001684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the global availability of a multicomponent tool predicting overweight/obesity in infancy, childhood, adolescence or adulthood; and to compare their predictive validity and clinical relevance.Design/SettingThe PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed. The databases PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO were searched. Additional articles were identified via reference lists of included articles. Risk of bias was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics' Quality Criteria Checklist. The National Health and Medical Research Council's Levels of Evidence hierarchy was used to assess quality of evidence. Predictive performance was evaluated using the ABCD framework. SUBJECTS Eligible studies: tool could be administered at any life stage; quantified the risk of overweight/obesity onset; used more than one predictor variable; and reported appropriate prediction statistical outcomes. RESULTS Of the initial 4490 articles identified, twelve articles (describing twelve tools) were included. Most tools aimed to predict overweight and/or obesity within childhood (age 2-12 years). Predictive accuracy of tools was consistently adequate; however, the predictive validity of most tools was questioned secondary to poor methodology and statistical reporting. Globally, five tools were developed for dissemination into clinical practice, but no tools were tested within a clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, a clinically relevant and highly predictive overweight/obesity prediction tool is yet to be developed. Clinicians can, however, act now to identify the strongest predictors of future overweight/obesity. Further research is necessary to optimise the predictive strength and clinical applicability of such a tool.
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24
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Shearrer GE, Stice E, Burger KS. Adolescents at high risk of obesity show greater striatal response to increased sugar content in milkshakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:859-866. [PMID: 29771283 PMCID: PMC6037118 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children of overweight or obese parents are at a high risk of developing obesity. Objective This study sought to examine the underlying neural factors related to parental obesity risk and the relative impact of sugar and fat when consuming a palatable food, as well as the impact of obesity risk status on brain response to appetizing food images. Design With the use of functional MRI, the responses of 108 healthy-weight adolescents [mean ± SD body mass index (kg/m2): 20.9 ± 1.9; n = 53 who were at high risk by virtue of parental obesity status, n = 55 who were low risk] to food stimuli were examined. Stimuli included 4 milkshakes, which systematically varied in sugar and fat content, a calorie-free tasteless solution, and images of appetizing foods and glasses of water. Results High-risk compared with low-risk adolescents showed greater blood oxygen-dependent response to milkshakes (all variants collapsed) compared with the tasteless solution in the primary gustatory and oral somatosensory cortices (P-family-wise error rate < 0.05), replicating a previous report. Notably, high-risk adolescents showed greater caudate, gustatory, and oral somatosensory responses to the high-sugar milkshake than to the tasteless solution; however, no effect of risk status was observed in the high-fat milkshake condition. Responses to food images were not related to obesity risk status. Conclusion Collectively, the data presented here suggest that parental weight status is associated with greater striatal, gustatory, and somatosensory responses to palatable foods-in particular, high-sugar foods-in their adolescent offspring, which theoretically contributes to an increased risk of future overeating. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01949636.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Shearrer
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Address correspondence to KSB (e-mail: )
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25
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Rath SR, Long TM, Bear NL, Miles GCP, Bullock AM, Gottardo NG, Cole CH, Naylor LH, Choong CSY. Metabolic and Psychological Impact of a Pragmatic Exercise Intervention Program in Adolescent and Young Adult Survivors of Pediatric Cancer-Related Cerebral Insult. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2018; 7:349-357. [PMID: 29565763 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2017.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess metabolic function among adolescent and young adult (AYA) survivors of childhood cancer-related brain surgery or cranial irradiation (CRT) and to determine feasibility, safety, and metabolic as well as psychological impact of a 6-month exercise program in this cohort. METHODS Twenty AYAs aged 15-23 years were recruited. All had completed cancer treatment by age 15.5 and were more than 1 year after end of treatment. Metabolic function was assessed at baseline (T1), after a 6-month non-intervention period (T2), and after the 6-month intervention (T3). Psychological assessments were performed at T1 and T3. Eight to 12 months after the program (T4), its lasting impact was assessed by questionnaire. The 6-month intervention consisted of small group-based, tailored, supervised exercise sessions combining resistance and aerobic exercise. Sessions were offered up to thrice per week and adherence defined as participation in ≥24 sessions. Flexibility was built into the design with an alternative home-based program offered to those who could not attend the gymnasium. RESULTS Thirteen of the 20 recruited participants were adherent to the program. There was one fall during exercise, but no injury was sustained. Higher rates of metabolic impairment than would be expected in a healthy cohort were found at baseline both among brain tumor survivors and survivors of total body irradiation. Central adiposity reduced post-intervention (p = 0.014) and improvements in adaptive function were seen. Participants enjoyed the program, but work and study commitments limited attendance. CONCLUSION AYA survivors of childhood brain tumors and CRT should be screened for metabolic and psychological well-being. Small group-based exercise is safe, feasible, and enjoyable for this cohort and may benefit them both metabolically and psychologically. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12614000796684. Retrospectively registered July 28, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana R Rath
- 1 Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Margaret Hospital , Perth, Australia
- 2 Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Treya M Long
- 3 School of Human Sciences, Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia
| | - Natasha L Bear
- 4 Department of Clinical Research and Education, Child Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Australia
| | - Gordon C P Miles
- 5 Department of Haematology and Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children , Perth, Australia
| | - Andrew M Bullock
- 6 Department of Cardiology, Princess Margaret Hospital , Perth, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Gottardo
- 2 Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- 5 Department of Haematology and Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children , Perth, Australia
- 7 Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute , Perth, Australia
| | - Catherine H Cole
- 2 Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- 5 Department of Haematology and Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children , Perth, Australia
- 7 Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute , Perth, Australia
- 8 Haematology, PathWest Laboratory Services , Perth, Australia
| | - Louise H Naylor
- 3 School of Human Sciences, Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia
| | - Catherine S Y Choong
- 1 Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Margaret Hospital , Perth, Australia
- 2 Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Ayonrinde OT, Adams LA, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, de Klerk N, Pennell CE, White S, Olynyk JK. Sex differences between parental pregnancy characteristics and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents. Hepatology 2018; 67:108-122. [PMID: 28665032 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex chronic liver disorder. Examination of parental pregnancy-related characteristics may provide insights into the origins of risk of NAFLD in offspring. We examined relationships between parental pregnancy-related characteristics and NAFLD in 1,170 adolescent offspring aged 17 years participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort Study. Fatty liver was diagnosed using liver ultrasound. NAFLD was diagnosed in 15.2% of adolescents at age 17 years. In univariate analysis, maternal factors associated with NAFLD in female offspring were younger maternal age (P = 0.02), higher maternal prepregnancy BMI (P < 0.001), higher maternal weight gain by 18 weeks' gestation (P < 0.001), and maternal smoking during pregnancy (P = 0.04). Paternal age or body mass index (BMI) were not associated with NAFLD in female offspring. In contrast, higher paternal BMI (P < 0.001), maternal prepregnancy BMI (P < 0.001), and lower family socioeconomic status (SES) at time of birth (P = 0.001), but not parental age nor maternal gestational weight gain, were associated with NAFLD in male offspring. Using multivariate logistic regression, factors independently associated with NAFLD after adjusting for obesity in adolescent females included maternal obesity (odds ratio [OR], 3.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-8.05; P = 0.004) and maternal weight gain ≥6.0 kg by the 18th week of gestation (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.15; P < 0.001). In adolescent males, family SES at the time of birth (OR, 9.07; 95% CI, 1.54-53.29; P = 0.02) remained significantly associated with NAFLD after multivariate modeling adjusted for adolescent obesity. CONCLUSION Early-life contributors to NAFLD show considerable sexual dimorphism. Maternal obesity and higher early-mid gestational weight gain were associated with NAFLD in female offspring, whereas lower family SES at birth was associated with NAFLD in male offspring independent of adolescent obesity. (Hepatology 2018;67:108-122).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyekoya T Ayonrinde
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Leon A Adams
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicholas de Klerk
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Scott White
- School of Women's and Infants Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - John K Olynyk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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27
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Robson SJ, Norman RJ. It is ethical to recommend against assisted reproductive treatment for women with a high body mass index. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 57:575-578. [PMID: 28872659 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Robson
- Australian National University Medical School, Garran, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Norman
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Fertility SA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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28
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Zalbahar N, Najman J, McIntyre HD, Mamun A. Parental pre-pregnancy obesity and the risk of offspring weight and body mass index change from childhood to adulthood. Clin Obes 2017; 7:206-215. [PMID: 28557382 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the association of parental pre-pregnancy weight and body mass index (BMI) on offspring weight and BMI change from childhood to adulthood. We analysed BMI data from a subsample of parents (n = 1494) from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy cohort that started in the early 1980s in Brisbane, Australia: data were collected at pre-pregnancy and then also for offspring at 5, 14 and 21-year follow-ups. Multiple regression for continuous outcomes and multinomial regression for categorical outcomes were performed. A total of 14.7% of offspring experienced BMI change from normal at 5 years to overweight or obese (OW/OB) at 14 years, 15.3% of normal at 14 years to OW/OB at 21 years and 22.8% from normal at 5 years to OW/OB at 21 years. Overall, the strength of the association of parental BMI with offspring BMI was stronger as offspring become older. Pre-pregnancy parental BMI differentially impacts offspring OW/OB across the life course. For every unit increase in paternal and maternal BMI z-score, offspring BMI z-score increased, on average, by between 0.15% (kg m-2 ) and 0.24% (kg m-2 ) throughout all three stages of life when both parents were OW/OB; these associations were stronger than with one parent. Parental pre-pregnancy BMI and OW/OB is a strong predictor of offspring weight and BMI change from early life to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zalbahar
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - J Najman
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - H D McIntyre
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Mamun
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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29
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Rath SR, Marsh JA, Newnham JP, Zhu K, Atkinson HC, Mountain J, Oddy WH, Hughes IP, Harris M, Leong GM, Cotterill AM, Sly PD, Pennell CE, Choong CS. Parental pre-pregnancy BMI is a dominant early-life risk factor influencing BMI of offspring in adulthood. Obes Sci Pract 2016; 2:48-57. [PMID: 27812379 PMCID: PMC5067549 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We examined parental and early‐life variables in order to identify risk factors for adulthood overweight and obesity in offspring. We report here on the longitudinal prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children born between 1989 and 1991 and followed from birth to age 22. Methods Data were analysed on 1355 participants from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study, with anthropometry collected during pregnancy, at birth, one year and at three yearly intervals thereafter. Multivariate analyses and cross‐sectional logistic regression quantified the timing and contribution of early‐life risk factors for overweight and obesity in young‐adulthood. Results At five years of age 12.6% of children were overweight and 5.2% were obese. By early adulthood, the prevalence of obesity had increased to 12.8%, whilst overweight remained relatively stable at 14.2% (range from early childhood to adulthood 11–16%). Parental pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was the strongest determinant of adult offspring BMI. Although rapid first year weight gain was associated with increased offspring BMI, the impact of first year weight‐gain diminished over childhood, whilst the impact of parental BMI increased over time. Conclusions Parental pre‐pregnancy BMI and rapid early‐life weight gain predispose offspring to obesity in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Rath
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Princess Margaret Hospital Subiaco WA Australia; School of Paediatrics and Child Health The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - J A Marsh
- Telethon Kids Institute The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - J P Newnham
- School of Women's and Infants' Health The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - K Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Nedlands WA Australia
| | - H C Atkinson
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - J Mountain
- School of Population Health The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - W H Oddy
- Telethon Kids Institute The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - I P Hughes
- Mater Research University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - M Harris
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Lady Cilento Children's Hospital Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - G M Leong
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Lady Cilento Children's Hospital Brisbane Qld Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - A M Cotterill
- Mater Research University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Lady Cilento Children's Hospital Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - P D Sly
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute Brisbane Qld Australia; Children's Lung Environment and Asthma Research Group The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - C E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - C S Choong
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Princess Margaret Hospital Subiaco WA Australia; School of Paediatrics and Child Health The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
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Drąsutis J, Barkus A, Kairienė E, Drąsutienė G, Norvilaitė K, Tutkuvienė J. Nėščiųjų ir jaunų negimdžiusių moterų krūtų tūrio, kūno dydžio ir pasyviosios masės lyginamasis tyrimas. Acta Med Litu 2016; 23:206-218. [PMID: 28356811 PMCID: PMC5287995 DOI: 10.6001/actamedica.v23i4.3422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BREAST VOLUME BODY SIZE AND PASSIVE BODY MASS IN PREGNANT AND YOUNG NULLIPAROUS WOMEN The aim. To compare the relation between the changes in the body and breast size in pregnant and young nulliparous women. Materials and methods. In 2008-2009, 82 young nulliparous nineteen-year-old women were examined in Šiauliai (Study I). Their body mass and breast size data were compared with the findings obtained from the examination of pregnant women during their first trimester in Vilnius from 2013 to 2015 (Study II). These findings involved longitudinal and transverse dimensions, the volume of various parts of the body, skin folds, breast dimensions, waist, hips, body mass indices, breast volume, and passive body mass. Both studies used standard anthropometric techniques and Martin instruments. The breast volume was calculated according to the formula of Kramer and Dexler (1981). The percentage of the passive body mass (fat tissue) were determined from the skin folds and the subcutaneous adipose tissue according to the formulae of Wilmore and Behnke (1970), and of Siri (1961). The differences between the groups were assessed by Student's t test. The selected reliability level was p < 0.05. Results. The following indicators were found to be statistically significantly higher in the group of pregnant women: chest, waist, hips, breast volume and the waist-hip index. The adipose tissue in pregnant women increased in the upper part of the body, although the relative and absolute passive body weight between the groups differed insignificantly. a comparison of the measurements of primiparous and multiparous young women with the measurements of the nulliparous subjects shows that the multiparous women had a larger amount of fat tissue, while in primiparous and young nulliparous women these indicators were not significantly different. Body size indices of the subgroups of pregnant women with small, medium, and large breasts were higher than those of the young nulliparous with similar measurements. The body size of lean women (below 25 percentile) was higher than that of young nulliparous women in the group of pregnant women. Differences in the body size indices of medium obese women (between 25 and 75 percentiles) were similar to the indicators of medium-sized female breasts in the group of pregnant women. The differences found in obese women (above 75 percentile) were similar to the indices recorded in the women of medium obesity. Conclusions. The passive body mass of pregnant women was accumulating in the upper part of the body. The body mass index in pregnant women was higher than that in nulliparous young women. Over the course of time (the age difference between the studied groups was ~10 years), the female body increases, the topography of the distribution of the adipose tissue changes. Pregnant women's breast volume was significantly higher than that of young nulliparous women. This phenomenon can be explained by pregnant women's higher passive body mass and older age. Keywords: anthropometry, passive body mass, pregnancy, breasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Drąsutis
- Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto Anatomijos, histologijos ir antropologijos katedra
| | - Arūnas Barkus
- Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto Anatomijos, histologijos ir antropologijos katedra
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