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Rai MF, Cai L, Zhang Q, Townsend RR, Brophy RH. Synovial Fluid Proteomics From Serial Aspirations of ACL-Injured Knees Identifies Candidate Biomarkers. Am J Sports Med 2023:3635465231169526. [PMID: 37191559 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231169526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears often result in knee effusion and an increased risk for developing knee osteoarthritis (OA) in the long run. The molecular profile of these effusions could be informative regarding initial steps in the development of posttraumatic OA after an ACL tear. HYPOTHESIS The proteomics of knee synovial fluid changes over time after ACL injury. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS Synovial fluid was collected from patients with an acute traumatic ACL tear presenting to the office for evaluation (18.31 ± 19.07 days from injury) (aspiration 1) and again at the time of surgery (35.41 ± 58.15 days after aspiration 1 (aspiration 2). High-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was used to assess the quantitative protein profile of synovial fluid, and differences in protein profile between the 2 aspirations were determined computationally. RESULTS A total of 58 synovial fluid samples collected from 29 patients (12 male, 17 female; 12 isolated ACL tear, 17 combined ACL and meniscal tear) with a mean age and body mass index of 27.01 ± 12.78 years and 26.30 ± 4.93, respectively, underwent unbiased proteomics analysis. The levels of 130 proteins in the synovial fluid changed over time (87 high, 43 low). Proteins of interest that were significantly higher in aspiration 2 included CRIP1, S100A11, PLS3, POSTN, and VIM, which represent catabolic/inflammatory activities in the joint. Proteins with a known role in chondroprotection and joint homeostasis such as CHI3L2 (YKL-39), TNFAIP6/TSG6, DEFA1, SPP1, and CILP were lower in aspiration 2. CONCLUSION Synovial fluid from knees with ACL tears exhibits an increased burden of inflammatory (catabolic) proteins relevant to OA with reduced levels of chondroprotective (anabolic) proteins. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study identified a set of novel proteins that provide new biological insights into the aftermath of ACL tears. Elevated inflammation and decreased chondroprotection could represent initial disruption of homeostasis, potentially initiating the development of OA. Longitudinal follow-up and mechanistic studies are necessary to assess the functional role of these proteins in the joint. Ultimately, these investigations could lead to better approaches to predict and possibly improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq Rai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - R Reid Townsend
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert H Brophy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Capriotti L, Iuliano M, Lande R, Frasca L, Falchi M, Rosa P, Mangino G, Romeo G. Potential Pathogenetic Role of Antimicrobial Peptides Carried by Extracellular Vesicles in an in vitro Psoriatic Model. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5387-5399. [PMID: 36147689 PMCID: PMC9488619 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s373150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous nanoparticles involved in several physiopathological processes. EVs play a crucial role in the definition of the extracellular microenvironment through the transfer of their cargo. Psoriasis is a prototypical chronic inflammatory disease characterized by several secreted mediators, among which antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered pivotal in the development of the psoriatic inflammatory microenvironment. The role of EVs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis has not been elucidated yet, even if emerging evidence demonstrated that interleukin-17A (IL-17A), the psoriasis-related principal cytokine, modifies EVs release and cargo content. The aim of this work was to analyze whether, besides IL-17A, other psoriasis-related cytokines (ie, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-22 and IL-23) could affect EVs release and their AMPs mRNAs cargo as well as to analyze the potential biological effect due to EVs internalization by different acceptor cells. Methods Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was performed on supernatants of HaCaT cells stimulated with IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-22 or IL-23 to enumerate EVs. Real-Time RT-PCR was used for gene expression analysis in cells and EVs. Confocal microscopy and Flow cytometry were used to, respectively, study Netosis and EVs internalization. Results IL-17A and IFN-γ increased EVs release by HaCaT cells. All the tested cytokines modulated AMPs mRNA expression in parental cells and in their respective EVs. S100A12 and hBD2 mRNAs were upregulated following IL-17A and IL-22 treatments. Interestingly, EVs derived from cytokine treated HaCaT cells induced Netosis in freshly isolated neutrophils. Upregulation of S100A12 and hBD2 mRNA was also detectable in acceptor cells incubated with EVs derived from cells treated with psoriasis-related cytokines. Conclusion The obtained results highlighted the role of EVs in the composition of psoriasis-associated secretome and microenvironment also suggesting the EV involvement in the spreading of the disease mediators and in the possible associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Capriotti
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome - Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Marco Iuliano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome - Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Roberto Lande
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Frasca
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rosa
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome - Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome - Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romeo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome - Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
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Saffery NSI, Genasan K, Chan CK, Ayob KA, Teo SH, Al-Fayyadh MZM, Othman I, Abidin SAZ, Raman MM, Raghavendran HRB, Kamarul T. Typical response of CD14++CD16– monocyte to knee synovial derived mediators as a key target to overcome the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:904721. [PMID: 36106324 PMCID: PMC9464827 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.904721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveSynovitis with increased infiltration of immune cells is observed in osteoarthritis (OA). Given the inflammatory condition of synovitis, we explored the protein profile of OA synovium (OAS) and its effect on circulating monocytes activation, migration, and functional commitments.MethodsKnee-synovium was acquired from end-stage OA (N = 8) and trauma patients (Trauma baseline control: TBC; N = 8) for characterization using H&E histology, IHC (iNOS), LCMS-QTOF, and MALDI-imaging. Response of peripheral blood monocytes to OAS conditioned-media (OACM) was observed using transwell (n = 6). The migrated cells were captured in SEM, quantified using phase-contrast microphotographs, and their activation receptors (CCR2, CXCR2, CX3CR1, and CD11b), pro-inflammatory genes, and phagocytic potential were studied using flow cytometry, gene expression array/qPCR, and latex beads (LB) phagocytosis assay, respectively.ResultsThe Venn diagram displayed 119 typical proteins in OAS, while 55 proteins in TBCS. The STRING protein network analysis indicated distinctive links between proteins and gene ontology (GO) and revealed proteins associated with leukocyte-mediated immunity in OAS as compared to TBC. The MALDI-imaging showed typical localized proteins at 2234.97, 2522.61, 2627.21, 3329.50, and 3539.69 m/z and IHC confirmed pro-inflammatory iNOS expression in OA synovium. CD14++CD16– classical monocytes significantly migrated in OACM and expressed CCR2, CXCR2, and CD11b receptors, TNFRSF11A, MAPK1, S100A8, HSPB1, ITGAL, NFATC1, IL13RA1, CD93, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MYD88 genes and increased LB uptake as compared to SFM.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the differential protein profile of OA synovium and the classical monocytes migrated, activated, and functionally committed in response to these mediators could be of therapeutic advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Syazana Izyan Saffery
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Orthopedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Krishnamurithy Genasan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Orthopedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Krishnamurithy Genasan,
| | - Chee Ken Chan
- Mahkota Medical Centre, Jalan Merdeka, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Anwar Ayob
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Orthopedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seow Hui Teo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Orthopedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Zubair Mohamed Al-Fayyadh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Orthopedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Murali Malliga Raman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Orthopedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanumantha Rao Balaji Raghavendran
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Faculty of Clinical Research, Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Tunku Kamarul
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Orthopedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Tunku Kamarul,
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Phenotype Diversity of Macrophages in Osteoarthritis: Implications for Development of Macrophage Modulating Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158381. [PMID: 35955514 PMCID: PMC9369350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is implicated in numerous human pathologies. In particular, low-grade inflammation is currently recognized as an important mechanism of osteoarthritis (OA), at least in some patients. Among the signs of the inflammatory process are elevated macrophage numbers detected in the OA synovium compared to healthy controls. High macrophage counts also correlate with clinical symptoms of the disease. Macrophages are central players in the development of chronic inflammation, pain, cartilage destruction, and bone remodeling. However, macrophages are also involved in tissue repair and remodeling, including cartilage. Therefore, reduction of macrophage content in the joints correlates with deleterious effects in OA models. Macrophage population is heterogeneous and dynamic, with phenotype transitions being induced by a variety of stimuli. In order to effectively use the macrophage inflammatory circuit for treatment of OA, it is important to understand macrophage heterogeneity and interactions with surrounding cells and tissues in the joint. In this review, we discuss functional phenotypes of macrophages and specific targeting approaches relevant for OA treatment development.
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Mendez-Frausto G, Uresti-Rivera EE, Godina-Gonzalez S, Portales-Perez DP, Gonzalez-Amaro R, Garcia-Hernandez MH. Expression of mBD4, mBD3 and CRAMP during type II collagen-induced arthritis/CIA and their association with inflammation and bone-remodeling markers. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 123:104689. [PMID: 34592200 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of mBD4, mBD3 and CRAMP in joint of mice with type II collagen-induced arthritis/CIA and to explore its possible association with IL-10, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-17, MMP3, RANK/RANKL/OPG and histological parameters. METHODS CIA was induced in 44 DBA/1 J mice. The joints from mice were classified into the onset, peak and remission phase of CIA. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and safranin O. The expression of CRAMP, mBD-3, mBD-4, and MMP-3 was evaluated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. The expression of IL-10, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-17, RANK/RANKL/OPG was analyzed by RT-PCR. RESULTS We observed that inflammation and immunostained cells for CRAMP increased in the peak and remission phases compared to the control group. In addition, increments in relative expressions of CRAMP were detected for the remission phase and in IL-4 and IL-17 in the peak phase compared to the control and onset phase. In addition, an increase in IL-10 in a peak phase compared to the control, as well as the relative expression of IFN-γ in remission phase was higher than in the onset phase. This was accompanied by an increase in cartilage damage in the peak phase compared to the control. Cells immunostained to MMP3 increased in the peak phase compared to the onset and control group, and relative expression of MMP3 was detected in the peak phase compared to the onset, remission, and control group. We observed that the relative expression of RANK and RANKL in the peak phase was higher than in control and onset phase. Finally, the relative expression of OPG in the peak phase compared to the onset, remission, and control group was detected. Regarding CRAMP behavior in the different phases studied, it was positively correlated with IL-4 and RANK, and showed a negative correlation with IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, RANKL, OPG and RANKL/OPG ratio in the control group. Also was positively correlated with IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, IL-10, as well as with RANK, RANKL, and OPG in the onset and peak phases of the CIA. In the peak phase, CRAMP showed a positive association with MMP3, and we observed a direct correlation between CRAMP and IFN-γ and RANKL/OPG ratio in remission phase. mBD3 correlates positively with IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, RANKL, OPG and RANKL/OPG ratio, and showed a negative correlation with CRAMP, MMP3, and RANK in the control group. Also, it was directly associated with IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, IL-10 and RANKL in the onset phase while it was inversely associated with CRAMP, MMP-3, RANK, RANKL, and OPG in the peak phase. Finally, mBD3 was inversely correlated with MMP3 in the remission phase and was directly associated with CRAMP, IFN-γ and RANKL/OPG ratio in this phase. mBD4 was directly associated with CRAMP, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, IL-10, RANKL / OPG in the onset phase, and with CRAMP, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, IL-10, MMP3, RANK, RANKL and OPG in the peak phase. Finally, mBD4 was positively associated with mBD3, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, RANK, RANKL OPG and RANKL/OPG in the CIA remission phase. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that CRAMP plays an important role in CIA progress and suggest that its abundance is associated with local pro- and anti-inflammatory status. This makes us propose CRAMP as a possible contributor of bone reconstruction in the last stage of CIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mendez-Frausto
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Delegación Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico.; Translational and Molecular Medicine Department, Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - E E Uresti-Rivera
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Department, Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - S Godina-Gonzalez
- Academic Unit of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - D P Portales-Perez
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Department, Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - R Gonzalez-Amaro
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Department, Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - M H Garcia-Hernandez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Delegación Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico..
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Bolt JW, van Ansenwoude CMJ, Hammoura I, van de Sande MG, van Baarsen LGM. Translational Research Studies Unraveling the Origins of Psoriatic Arthritis: Moving Beyond Skin and Joints. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:711823. [PMID: 34485340 PMCID: PMC8415974 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.711823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are suffering from a decreased quality of life despite currently available treatments. In the latest years, novel therapies targeting the IL-17/IL-23 and TNF pathways improved clinical outcome. Despite this, remission of disease is not achieved in a considerable group of patients, continuous treatment is very often required to reach clinical remission, and prevention of PsA in patients with psoriasis (PsO) is currently impossible. A better understanding of PsA pathogenesis is required to develop novel treatment strategies that target inflammation and destruction more effectively and at an early stage of the disease, or even before clinically manifest disease. The skin is considered as one of the sites of onset of immune activation, triggering the inflammatory cascade in PsA. PsO develops into PsA in 30% of the PsO patients. Influenced by environmental and genetic factors, the inflammatory process in the skin, entheses, and/or gut may evolve into synovial tissue inflammation, characterized by influx of immune cells. The exact role of the innate and adaptive immune cells in disease pathogenesis is not completely known. The involvement of activated IL-17A+ T cells could implicate early immunomodulatory events generated in lymphoid organs thereby shaping the pathogenic inflammatory response leading to disease. In this perspective article, we provide the reader with an overview of the current literature regarding the immunological changes observed during the earliest stages of PsA. Moreover, we will postulate future areas of translational research aimed at increasing our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms driving disease development, which will aid the identification of novel potential therapeutic targets to limit the progression of PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne W. Bolt
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chaja M. J. van Ansenwoude
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ihsan Hammoura
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marleen G. van de Sande
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisa G. M. van Baarsen
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Liu X, Jiang N, Wang T, Yu B. Serum and Synovial Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Implant-Associated Infection After Orthopedic Surgery. Orthopedics 2021; 44:e158-e166. [PMID: 33416900 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20210104-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Implant-associated infection is one of the most devastating complications following orthopedic surgery. Early identification is crucial for treatment. Currently, however, a reliable diagnostic tool is lacking, partly due to disparate bacteria colonies (virulent vs non-virulent), difficulty in distinguishing infection from inflammatory disease, and highly diverse diagnostic thresholds and testing methods. Given the importance of biomarkers in the initial screening for the infection, an extensive effort has been made to develop serum and synovial biomarkers. In this review, the authors summarize the results from the most relevant studies to provide comprehensive information on biomarkers for the diagnosis of implant-associated infection. [Orthopedics. 2021;44(2):e158-e166.].
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Wang J, Wang L. Novel therapeutic interventions towards improved management of septic arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:530. [PMID: 34107951 PMCID: PMC8191206 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic arthritis (SA) represents a medical emergency that needs immediate diagnosis and urgent treatment. Despite aggressive treatment and rapid diagnosis of the causative agent, the mortality and lifelong disability, associated with septic arthritis remain high as close to 11%. Moreover, with the rise in drug resistance, the rates of failure of conventional antibiotic therapy have also increased. Among the etiological agents frequently isolated from cases of septic arthritis, Staphylococcus aureus emerges as a dominating pathogen, and to worsen, the rise in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates in bone and joint infections is worrisome. MRSA associated cases of septic arthritis exhibit higher mortality, longer hospital stay, and higher treatment failure with poorer clinical outcomes as compared to cases caused by the sensitive strain i.e methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). In addition to this, equal or even greater damage is imposed by the exacerbated immune response mounted by the patient’s body in a futile attempt to eradicate the bacteria. The antibiotic therapy may not be sufficient enough to control the progression of damage to the joint involved thus, adding to higher mortality and disability rates despite the prompt and timely start of treatment. This situation implies that efforts and focus towards studying/understanding new strategies for improved management of sepsis arthritis is prudent and worth exploring. The review article aims to give a complete insight into the new therapeutic approaches studied by workers lately in this field. To the best of our knowledge studies highlighting the novel therapeutic strategies against septic arthritis are limited in the literature, although articles on pathogenic mechanism and choice of antibiotics for therapy, current treatment algorithms followed have been discussed by workers in the past. The present study presents and discusses the new alternative approaches, their mechanism of action, proof of concept, and work done so far towards their clinical success. This will surely help to enlighten the researchers with comprehensive knowledge of the new interventions that can be used as an adjunct therapy along with conventional treatment protocol for improved success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Nursing, The Third Hospital of Jinan, Shandong Province, Jinan, 250132, China.
| | - Liucai Wang
- Hand and Foot Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, 250000, China
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Hawerkamp HC, Domdey A, Radau L, Sewerin P, Oláh P, Homey B, Meller S. Tofacitinib downregulates antiviral immune defence in keratinocytes and reduces T cell activation. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:144. [PMID: 34020693 PMCID: PMC8138978 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tofacitinib is a novel Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. In clinical trials, the most common adverse events observed were nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infections, and zoster. JAKs are found downstream of the type II cytokine receptor family used by a number of TH17 cell-associated cytokines for signal transduction. These cytokines lead to the secretion of antiviral and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) by keratinocytes or synoviocytes. Blocking the JAK pathway might result in a diminished secretion of antimicrobial and antiviral peptides causing higher susceptibility to infections in patients treated with JAK inhibitors. METHODS We treated primary human keratinocytes and synoviocytes with tofacitinib and subsequently added various cytokines and bacterial surface proteins before evaluation of the response via RT-qPCR. CD69 expression on tofacitinib-treated PBMCs was investigated via flow cytometry. RESULTS We found a markedly reduced gene expression of all tested antiviral peptides such as MX1 or ISG15 in keratinocytes and synoviocytes in the presence of tofacitinib in vitro. Additionally, we found that JAK inhibition reduced activation of T cells after stimulation with bacterial LPS or viral VZV gE. CONCLUSIONS The antiviral immunity is strongly inhibited in the presence of tofacitinib in vitro, while the antimicrobial immunity does not seem to be affected. In T cells, the overall activation process seems to be influenced by tofacitinib. These findings suggest that tofacitinib has an impact on antiviral immunity such as patients treated with tofacitinib often show adverse events like herpes zoster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike C Hawerkamp
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alina Domdey
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Radau
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Sewerin
- Department and Hiller Research Unit for Rheumatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Péter Oláh
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Meller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Intra-Articular Administration of Cramp into Mouse Knee Joint Exacerbates Experimental Osteoarthritis Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073429. [PMID: 33810460 PMCID: PMC8037447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis and is associated with wear and tear, aging, and inflammation. Previous studies revealed that several antimicrobial peptides are up-regulated in the knee synovium of patients with OA or rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we investigated the functional effects of cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (Cramp) on OA pathogenesis. We found that Cramp is highly induced by IL-1β via the NF-κB signaling pathway in mouse primary chondrocytes. Elevated Cramp was also detected in the cartilage and synovium of mice suffering from OA cartilage destruction. The treatment of chondrocytes with Cramp stimulated the expression of catabolic factors, and the knockdown of Cramp by small interfering RNA reduced chondrocyte catabolism mediated by IL-1β. Moreover, intra-articular injection of Cramp into mouse knee joints at a low dose accelerated traumatic OA progression. At high doses, Cramp affected meniscal ossification and tears, leading to cartilage degeneration. These findings demonstrate that Cramp is associated with OA pathophysiology.
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11
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Quemé-Peña M, Ricci M, Juhász T, Horváti K, Bősze S, Biri-Kovács B, Szeder B, Zsila F, Beke-Somfai T. Old Polyanionic Drug Suramin Suppresses Detrimental Cytotoxicity of the Host Defense Peptide LL-37. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 4:155-167. [PMID: 33615169 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The host defense peptide LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin, characterized by pleiotropic activity ranging from immunological to anti-neoplastic functions. However, its overexpression has been associated with harmful inflammatory responses and apoptosis. Thus, for the latter cases, the development of strategies aiming to reduce LL-37 toxicity is highly desired as these have the potential to provide a viable solution. Here, we demonstrate that the reduction of LL-37 toxicity might be achieved by the impairment of its cell surface binding through interaction with small organic compounds that are able to alter the peptide conformation and minimize its cell penetration ability. In this regard, the performed cell viability and internalization studies showed a remarkable attenuation of LL-37 cytotoxicity toward colon and monocytic cells in the presence of the polysulfonated drug suramin. The mechanistic examinations of the molecular details indicated that this effect was coupled with the ability of suramin to alter LL-37 secondary structure via the formation of peptide-drug complexes. Moreover, a comparison with other therapeutic agents having common features unveiled the peculiar ability of suramin to optimize the binding to the peptide sequence. The newly discovered suramin action is hoped to inspire the elaboration of novel repurposing strategies aimed to reduce LL-37 cytotoxicity under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Quemé-Peña
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Maria Ricci
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Tünde Juhász
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Bálint Szeder
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Zsila
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Tamás Beke-Somfai
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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12
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Alder KD, Lee I, Munger AM, Kwon HK, Morris MT, Cahill SV, Back J, Yu KE, Lee FY. Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus in bone and joint infections: A mechanism of disease recurrence, inflammation, and bone and cartilage destruction. Bone 2020; 141:115568. [PMID: 32745687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone and joint infections are devastating afflictions. Although medical interventions and advents have improved their care, bone and joint infections still portend dismal outcomes. Indeed, bone and joint infections are associated with extremely high mortality and morbidity rates and, generally, occur secondary to the aggressive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The consequences of bone and joint infections are further compounded by the fact that although they are aggressively treated, they frequently recur and result in massive bone and articular cartilage loss. Here, we review the literature and chronicle the fact that the fundamental cellular components of the musculoskeletal system can be internally infected with Staphylococcus aureus, which explains the ready recurrence of bone and joint infections even after extensive administration of antibiotic therapy and debridement and offer potential treatment solutions for further study. Moreover, we review the ramifications of intracellular infection and expound that the massive bone and articular cartilage loss is caused by the sustained proinflammatory state induced by infection and offer potential combination therapies for further study to protect bone and cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareme D Alder
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, 330 Cedar St, TMP 523, PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA.
| | - Inkyu Lee
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, 330 Cedar St, TMP 523, PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA.
| | - Alana M Munger
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, 330 Cedar St, TMP 523, PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA.
| | - Hyuk-Kwon Kwon
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, 330 Cedar St, TMP 523, PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA.
| | - Montana T Morris
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, 330 Cedar St, TMP 523, PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA.
| | - Sean V Cahill
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, 330 Cedar St, TMP 523, PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA.
| | - JungHo Back
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, 330 Cedar St, TMP 523, PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA.
| | - Kristin E Yu
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, 330 Cedar St, TMP 523, PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA.
| | - Francis Y Lee
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, 330 Cedar St, TMP 523, PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA.
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Role of 4-hydroxybutyrate in increased resistance to surgical site infections associated with surgical meshes. Biomaterials 2020; 267:120493. [PMID: 33202331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An increased resistance to surgical site infections has been associated with surgical meshes composed of naturally occurring materials, including poly-4-hydroxybutrate (4HB). 4HB is a naturally occurring short-chain fatty acid that has been shown to promote endogenous expression of the Cramp gene coding for the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) cathelicidin LL-37 in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. The molecular pathways involved in the 4HB-induced cathelicidin LL-37 expression have not yet been identified. The present study showed that transcriptional activation of the Cramp gene by 4HB is independent of inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and that upregulation of Cramp is modulated by the G-protein coupled receptor GPR109A. Furthermore, an intracellular signaling cascade that promotes the activation of the MAP kinases, p38 and JNK, and a subsequent NF-κB phosphorylation downstream from p38 is essential for the AMP transcriptional response in 4HB-stimulated macrophages. The findings provide a solid scientific basis and rationale for the decreased incidence of surgical site infections with the use of this type of surgical meshes. Further clinical significance is found in the fact that the 4HB activated molecular pathway includes common targets of frequently used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other FDA approved drugs recognizing G-protein coupled receptors.
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14
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Effects of Acanthopanax senticosus supplementation on innate immunity and changes of related immune factors in healthy mice. Innate Immun 2020; 27:461-469. [PMID: 32938286 PMCID: PMC8504262 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920955200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern scientific research has shown that Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) can regulate the innate immunity of healthy animals, thus affecting the health of animals. However, there are few systematic reports on the changes of innate immune indices of healthy animals after consuming AS. The purpose of this project was to study the effect on healthy mice’s innate immunity and changes of related immune factors induced by feeding AS root powder supplementation. The results showed that the killing rate of natural cells increased in a dose-dependent manner in a certain time period. Compared to the control group, the treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) improved significantly in the innate immune index (lysozyme, β-defensin-2 and duodenal secretory IgA (SIgA) to varying degrees) and induced corresponding changes of immune factors at certain time periods. The correlation between SIgA and IFN-γ in mouse serum was enhanced, and the higher the concentration of AS in the diet, the stronger the correlation was. However, there was no significant difference in growth performance among groups. It is proved that AS supplementation can enhance innate immunity and change several relevant immune factors and cells of healthy mice without affecting growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- YunQiang Zhang
- Hunan Agricultural University Veterinary Faculty, PR China
| | - YunLu Zhang
- Hunan Agricultural University Veterinary Faculty, PR China
| | - ZiKui Liu
- Hunan Agricultural University Veterinary Faculty, PR China.,Hunan Canzoho Biological Technology Co. Ltd, PR China
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15
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Pahar B, Madonna S, Das A, Albanesi C, Girolomoni G. Immunomodulatory Role of the Antimicrobial LL-37 Peptide in Autoimmune Diseases and Viral Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E517. [PMID: 32927756 PMCID: PMC7565865 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, as well as epithelial cells, and are an essential component of innate immunity system against infection, including several viral infections. AMPs, in particular the cathelicidin LL-37, also exert numerous immunomodulatory activities by inducing cytokine production and attracting and regulating the activity of immune cells. AMPs are scarcely expressed in normal skin, but their expression increases when skin is injured by external factors, such as trauma, inflammation, or infection. LL-37 complexed to self-DNA acts as autoantigen in psoriasis and lupus erythematosus (LE), where it also induces production of interferon by plasmocytoid dendritic cells and thus initiates a cascade of autocrine and paracrine processes, leading to a disease state. In these disorders, epidermal keratinocytes express high amounts of AMPs, which can lead to uncontrolled inflammation. Similarly, LL-37 had several favorable and unfavorable roles in virus replication and disease pathogenesis. Targeting the antiviral and immunomodulatory functions of LL-37 opens a new approach to limit virus dissemination and the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Stefania Madonna
- IDI-IRCCS, Dermopathic Institute of the Immaculate IDI, 00167 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Cristina Albanesi
- IDI-IRCCS, Dermopathic Institute of the Immaculate IDI, 00167 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy;
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16
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The Antimicrobial Cathelicidin CRAMP Augments Platelet Activation during Psoriasis in Mice. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091267. [PMID: 32887440 PMCID: PMC7565973 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-associated complications including thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and haemorrhage are commonly observed during various inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis. Although several mechanisms that may contribute to the dysfunction of platelets during inflammatory diseases have been reported, knowledge on the primary molecules/mechanisms that underpin platelet-associated complications in such conditions is not fully established. Here, we report the significance of the mouse antimicrobial cathelicidin, mouse cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (mCRAMP) (an orthologue of LL37 in humans), on the modulation of platelet reactivity during psoriasis using Imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice as an inflammatory disease model for psoriasis vulgaris in humans. The activation of platelets during psoriasis is increased as evidenced by the elevated levels of fibrinogen binding and P-selectin exposure on the surface of platelets, and the level of soluble P-selectin in the plasma of psoriatic mice. The skin and plasma of psoriatic mice displayed increased levels of mCRAMP. Moreover, the plasma of psoriatic mice augmented the activation of platelets obtained from healthy mice. The effect of mCRAMP is partially mediated through formyl peptide receptor 2/3 (Fpr2/3, the orthologue to human FPR2/ALX) in platelets as a significant reduction in their activation was observed when FPR2/ALX-selective inhibitors such as WRW4 or Fpr2/3-deficient mouse platelets were used in these assays. Since the level of antimicrobial cathelicidin is increased in numerous inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease, the results of this study point towards a critical role for antimicrobial cathelicidin and FPR2/ALX in the development of platelet-related complications in such diseases.
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17
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Hemshekhar M, Piyadasa H, Mostafa D, Chow LNY, Halayko AJ, Mookherjee N. Cathelicidin and Calprotectin Are Disparately Altered in Murine Models of Inflammatory Arthritis and Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1932. [PMID: 32973796 PMCID: PMC7468387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic host defense peptides (CHDP) are immunomodulatory molecules that control infections and contribute to immune homeostasis. CHDP such as cathelicidin and calprotectin expression is altered in the arthritic synovium, and in the lungs of asthma and COPD patients. Recent studies suggest a link between airway inflammation and the immunopathology of arthritis. Therefore, in this study we compared the abundance of mouse cathelicidin (CRAMP), defensins, and calprotectin subunits (S100A8 and S100A9) in murine models of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and allergen house dust mite (HDM)-challenged airway inflammation. CRAMP, S100A8, and S100A9 abundance were significantly elevated in the joint tissues of CIA mice, whereas these were decreased in the lung tissues of HDM-challenged mice, compared to naïve. We further compared the effects of administration of two different synthetic immunomodulatory peptides, IG-19 and IDR-1002, on cathelicidin and calprotectin abundance in the two models. Administration of IG-19, which controls disease progression and inflammation in CIA mice, significantly decreased CRAMP, S100A8, and S100A9 levels to baseline in the joints of the CIA mice, which correlated with the decrease in cellular influx in the joints. However, administration of IDR-1002, which suppresses HDM-induced airway inflammation, did not prevent the decrease in the levels of cathelicidin and calprotectin in the lungs of HDM-challenged mice. Cathelicidin and calprotectin levels did not correlate with leukocyte accumulation in the lungs of the HDM-challenged mice. Results of this study suggest that endogenous cathelicidin and calprotectin abundance are disparately altered, and may be differentially regulated, within local tissues in airway inflammation compared to arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevappa Hemshekhar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hadeesha Piyadasa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Dina Mostafa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Leola N Y Chow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Neeloffer Mookherjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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18
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Banke IJ, Stade N, Prodinger PM, Tübel J, Hapfelmeier A, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, van Griensven M, Gollwitzer H, Burgkart R. Antimicrobial peptides in human synovial membrane as (low-grade) periprosthetic joint infection biomarkers. Eur J Med Res 2020; 25:33. [PMID: 32799924 PMCID: PMC7429885 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Safe diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is of utmost importance for successful exchange arthroplasty. However, current diagnostic tools show insufficient accuracy in the clinically common and challenging chronic low-grade infections. To close this diagnostic gap, reliable (bio)markers display the most promising candidates. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the innate immune response towards microbial growth. Recently we could show significant intraarticular levels of human cathelicidin LL-37 and β-defensin-3 (HBD-3) with high diagnostic accuracy in PJI synovial fluid. Consequently, these promising biomarkers were evaluated in PJI synovial membrane and synoviocytes, which may significantly facilitate histological diagnosis of PJI to improve outcome of septic joint replacement. Methods In this prospective single-center controlled clinical study (diagnostic level II), consecutive patients with total hip (THR) and knee (TKR) replacements were included undergoing primary arthroplasty (n = 8), surgical revision due to aseptic loosening (n = 9) and septic arthroplasty with coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 8) according to the criteria of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS). Semiquantitative immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of LL-37, HBD-3 and HBD-2 in synovial membrane and isolated synoviocytes based on Total Allred Score (TS) and Immunoreactive Remmele and Stegner score (IRS) was performed. For statistical analysis, SPSS 26.0/R3.6.3 (p < 0.05) was used. Results The AMPs LL-37 and HBD-3 were significantly elevated (up to 20×) in synovial membranes from PJI compared to aseptic loosening or primary arthroplasty. The area under the curve (AUC) in a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was equal to 1.0 for both scores revealing excellent diagnostic accuracy. Isolated synoviocytes as cellular AMP source showed comparable results with a significant LL-37/HBD-3-increase up to 3 × in PJI. In contrast, local HBD-2 levels were negligible (p > 0.23) upon PJI with a lower diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.65) in analogy to our previous findings with synovial fluid. Conclusions Our results implicate AMPs as promising and specific biomarkers for the histological diagnosis of PJI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo J Banke
- Clinic of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Niko Stade
- Clinic of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter M Prodinger
- Clinic of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Jutta Tübel
- Clinic of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Hapfelmeier
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger von Eisenhart-Rothe
- Clinic of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Department cBITE, MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Gollwitzer
- Clinic of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,ECOM-Excellent Center of Medicine, Arabellastrasse 17, 81925, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Burgkart
- Clinic of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Native LL37 and Citrullinated LL37 That Discriminate the Two LL37 Forms in the Skin and Circulation of Cutaneous/Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9020014. [PMID: 32403306 PMCID: PMC7345132 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cathelicidin LL37 is a cationic antimicrobial peptide active against bacteria and viruses and exerting immune modulatory functions. LL37 can be also a target of autoreactive B- and T-lymphocytes in autoimmune settings. Irreversible post-translational modifications, such as citrullination and carbamylation, mainly occurring at the level of cationic amino acids arginine and lysine, can affect the inflammatory properties and reduce antibacterial effects. Moreover, these modifications could be implicated in the rupture of immune tolerance to LL37 in chronic conditions such as psoriatic disease and cutaneous lupus (LE)/systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we describe the generation and fine specificity of six recombinant antibodies (MRB137–MRB142), produced as a monovalent mouse antibody with the antigen-binding scFv portion fused to a mouse IgG2a Fc, and their ability to recognize either native or citrullinated LL37 (cit-LL37) and not cross-react to carbamylated LL37. By using these antibodies, we detected native LL37 or cit-LL37 in SLE and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera, and in LE skin, by ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Such antibodies represent previously unavailable and useful tools to address relationships between the presence of post-translational modified LL37 and the immune system status (in terms of innate/adaptive responses activation) and the clinical characteristics of patients affected by chronic immune-mediated diseases or infectious diseases.
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography as a Novel Method for the Determination of α-Defensins in Synovial Fluid for Diagnosis of Orthopedic Infections. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10010033. [PMID: 31936486 PMCID: PMC7167866 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-defensins (AD) present in synovial fluid have been regarded as constituting the most accurate periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) biomarker. The methods most commonly used for estimating AD as a biomarker are the qualitative Synovasure® PJI tests, based on the technique of lateral flow, and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here, we propose a novel test based on detecting α-defensins in synovial fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Synovial fluid was collected from 157 patients diagnosed with PJI, infectious arthritis (IA), arthrosis, reactive arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. AD concentrations in the fluid were determined by HPLC, and these same samples were used for additional diagnostic analyses. The results were statistically processed to calculate cutoff concentrations for PJI and IA. HPLC testing showed a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 92% for diagnosis of PJI, and a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 87% for diagnosis of IA. Using HPLC, we detected in synovial fluid a combination of three α-defensins: human neutrophil peptides HNP1, HNP2, and HNP3. All measured AD concentration values shown in this work refer to the sum of these three individual concentrations. Our study shows that the HPLC method meets the conditions for measuring precise concentrations of the sum of AD and can be recommended as part of a diagnostic array for PJI and IA diagnostics. By this method, we have verified that higher levels of AD in synovial fluid can also be seen in rheumatoid illnesses, crystal arthropathies, and reactive arthritis.
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21
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Umnyakova ES, Zharkova MS, Berlov MN, Shamova OV, Kokryakov VN. Human antimicrobial peptides in autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2020; 53:137-147. [PMID: 31914804 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1711517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were firstly discovered as cytotoxic substances that killed bacteria. Later they were described as biologically active peptides that are able not only to kill invaders but also to modulate host immunity. In particular, it is shown that human antimicrobial peptides are able to influence the activity of different innate and adaptive immunity components, thus, obviously, they also participate in autoimmune processes. In this review we discuss the nature of human AMPs and analyze their role in such autoimmune disorders like type 1 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, Crohn's disease and sarcoidosis. These peptides were shown to have a "double-sided" influence on the autoimmune disease pathogenesis. Thus, described facts should be taken into account for the development of new pharmaceutical agents to cure patients with autoimmune disorders. These agents could derive from natural antimicrobial peptides that in some cases modulate immune response. For example, it was shown that human AMPs are able to modulate complement system dysregulation of which is known to be one of the most dangerous pathogenic factors during autoimmune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S Umnyakova
- Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria S Zharkova
- Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail N Berlov
- Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V Shamova
- Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Kokryakov
- Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Moreno-Angarita A, Aragón CC, Tobón GJ. Cathelicidin LL-37: A new important molecule in the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Transl Autoimmun 2019; 3:100029. [PMID: 32743514 PMCID: PMC7388365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidin LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide that is synthesized by epithelial cells, neutrophils, or lymphocytes and act as an essential defense mechanism against bacterial, viral, or fungi infection of eukaryotic organisms. However, in recent years, this cathelicidin has gained the interest of the scientific community because, besides its antimicrobial properties, LL-37 is an immunomodulator that can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. The other non-antimicrobial function of this cathelicidin is its ability to form complexes with the DNA, stimulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to produce type I IFN, deciding the course of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The chronic activation of pDCs by surrounding complexes is a crucial factor for the early development of autoimmunity in SLE patients. This stimulation is given by the complexes (LL-37-DNA/anti-DNA) recognized by the receptor FcγRII on pDCs, allowing its endocytosis and its recognition via TLR9, leading to the activation of pDCs and enhanced type I IFN production. In this article, we reviewed the structure, function, and importance of LL-37 in innate immunity, as well as its biological plausibility in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases such as SLE. In this narrative review, we included primary journal articles describing the function, structure, prevalence, and importance of LL-37 in various manifestations of SLE, as well as LL-37 and anti-LL37 antibodies in patients with SLE or other autoimmune diseases. In conclusion, LL-37 is an essential molecule in the pathophysiology of SLE, mainly by its role in increasing the production of IFN by pDCs, which postulates it as a crucial molecule in the pathophysiology of SLE and, given plausibility biology, could serve as a biomarker of the disease. LL-37 is an essential molecule in inflammatory processes. The complexes LL-37/DNA stimulates the production of type I interferon in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Based on its pathophysiology, LL-37 is a useful biomarker of SLE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Moreno-Angarita
- Universidad Icesi, Medical School, Cali, Colombia.,GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Cristian C Aragón
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Gabriel J Tobón
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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Emami J, Ansarypour Z. Receptor targeting drug delivery strategies and prospects in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:471-487. [PMID: 32038727 PMCID: PMC6937749 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.272534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, is characterized by cartilage damage, bone tissue destruction, morphological changes in synovial fluids, and synovial joint inflammation. The inflamed synovial tissue has potential for passive and active targeting because of enhanced permeability and retention effect and the existence of RA synovial macrophages and fibroblasts that selectively express surface receptors such as folate receptor β, CD44 and integrin αVβ. Although there are numerous interventions in RA treatment, they are not safe and effective. Therefore, it is important to develop new drug or drug delivery systems that specifically targets inflamed/swollen joints but attenuates other possible damages to healthy tissues. Recently some receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, and Fc-γ receptor have been identified in synovial tissue and immune cells that are involved in induction or suppression of arthritis. Analysis of the TLR pathway has moreover suggested new insights into the pathogenesis of RA. In the present paper, we have reviewed drug delivery strategies based on receptor targeting with novel ligand-anchored carriers exploiting CD44, folate and integrin αVβ as well as TLRs expressed on synovial monocytes and macrophages and antigen presenting cells, for possible active targeting in RA. TLRs could not only open a new horizon for developing new drugs but also their antagonists or humanized monoclonal antibodies that block TLRS specially TLR4 and TLR9 signaling could be used as targeting agents to antigen presenting cells and dendritic cells. As a conclusion, common conventional receptors and multifunctional ligands that arte involved in targeting receptors or developing nanocarriers with appropriate ligands for TLRs can provide profoundly targeting drug delivery systems for the effective treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Emami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Zahra Ansarypour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Elezagic D, Mörgelin M, Hermes G, Hamprecht A, Sengle G, Lau D, Höllriegl S, Wagener R, Paulsson M, Streichert T, Klatt AR. Antimicrobial peptides derived from the cartilage.-specific C-type Lectin Domain Family 3 Member A (CLEC3A) - potential in the prevention and treatment of septic arthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1564-1573. [PMID: 31279936 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antimicrobial activity of peptides derived from C-type Lectin Domain Family 3 Member A (CLEC3A), shed light on the mechanism of antimicrobial activity and assess their potential application in prevention and treatment of septic arthritis. DESIGN We performed immunoblot to detect CLEC3A peptides in human cartilage extracts. To investigate their antimicrobial activity, we designed peptides and recombinantly expressed CLEC3A domains and used them to perform viable count assays using E.coli, P.aeruginosa and S.aureus. We investigated the mechanism of their antimicrobial activity by fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, performed ELISA-style immunoassays and transmission electron microscopy to test for lipopolysaccharide binding and surface plasmon resonance to test for lipoteichoic acid (LTA) binding. We coated CLEC3A peptides on titanium, a commonly used prosthetic material, and performed fluorescence microscopy to quantify bacterial adhesion. Moreover, we assessed the peptides' cytotoxicity against primary human chondrocytes using MTT cell viability assays. RESULTS CLEC3A fragments were detected in human cartilage extracts. Moreover, bacterial supernatants lead to fragmentation of recombinant and cartilage-derived CLEC3A. CLEC3A-derived peptides killed E.coli, P.aeruginosa and S.aureus, permeabilized bacterial membranes and bound lipopolysaccharide and LTA. Coating CLEC3A antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on titanium lead to significantly reduced bacterial adhesion to the material. In addition, microbicidal concentrations of CLEC3A peptides in vitro displayed no direct cytotoxicity against primary human chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS We identify cartilage-specific AMPs originating from CLEC3A, resolve the mechanism of their antimicrobial activity and point to a novel approach in the prevention and treatment of septic arthritis using potent, non-toxic, AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Elezagic
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - M Mörgelin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Biomedical Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - G Hermes
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - A Hamprecht
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - G Sengle
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - D Lau
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - S Höllriegl
- Cologne Braunsfeld Trinity Hospital, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - R Wagener
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - M Paulsson
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - T Streichert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - A R Klatt
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Mahendran SM, Keystone EC, Krawetz RJ, Liang K, Diamandis EP, Chandran V. Elucidating the endogenous synovial fluid proteome and peptidome of inflammatory arthritis using label-free mass spectrometry. Clin Proteomics 2019; 16:23. [PMID: 31160890 PMCID: PMC6542032 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-019-9243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory arthritis (IA) is an immunological disorder in which loss of immune tolerance to endogenous self-antigens perpetuates synovitis and eventual destruction of the underlying cartilage and bone. Pathological changes in the joint are expected to be represented by synovial fluid (SF) proteins and peptides. In the present study, a mass spectrometry-based approach was utilized for the identification of key protein and peptide mediators of IA. Methods Age-matched SF samples from 10 rheumatoid arthritis patients, 10 psoriatic arthritis patients and 10 cadaveric controls were subjected to an integrated proteomic and peptidomic protocol using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Significant differentially abundant proteins and peptides were identified between cohorts according to the results of a Mann-Whitney U test coupled to the Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple hypothesis testing. Fold change ratios were computed for each protein and peptide according to their log-transformed extracted ion current. Pathway analysis and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) prediction were conducted to clarify the pathophysiological relevance of identified proteins and peptides to IA. Results We determined that 144 proteins showed significant differential abundance between the IA and control SF proteomes, of which 11 protein candidates were selected for future follow-up studies. Similar analyses applied to our peptidomic data identified 15 peptide sequences, originating from 4 protein precursors, to have significant differential abundance in IA compared to the control SF peptidome. Pathway enrichment analysis of the IA SF peptidome along with AMP prediction suggests a possible mechanistic role of microbes in eliciting an immune response which drives the development of IA. Conclusions The discovery-phase data generated herein has provided a basis for the identification of candidates with the greatest potential to serve as novel serum biomarkers specific to inflammatory arthritides. Moreover, these findings facilitate the understanding of possible disease mechanisms specific to each subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini M Mahendran
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.,2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Edward C Keystone
- 3Department of Rheumatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Roman J Krawetz
- 4McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada.,5Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada.,6Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Kun Liang
- 7Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.,2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada.,8Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.,9Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada.,10Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.,11Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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26
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Marongiu L, Gornati L, Artuso I, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Below the surface: The inner lives of TLR4 and TLR9. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:147-160. [PMID: 30900780 PMCID: PMC6597292 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir1218-483rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect invading microbes by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Upon PAMP engagement, TLRs activate a signaling cascade that leads to the production of inflammatory mediators. The localization of TLRs, either on the plasma membrane or in the endolysosomal compartment, has been considered to be a fundamental aspect to determine to which ligands the receptors bind, and which transduction pathways are induced. However, new observations have challenged this view by identifying complex trafficking events that occur upon TLR-ligand binding. These findings have highlighted the central role that endocytosis and receptor trafficking play in the regulation of the innate immune response. Here, we review the TLR4 and TLR9 transduction pathways and the importance of their different subcellular localization during the inflammatory response. Finally, we discuss the implications of TLR9 subcellular localization in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Gornati
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Artuso
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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27
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Caggiu E, Arru G, Hosseini S, Niegowska M, Sechi G, Zarbo IR, Sechi LA. Inflammation, Infectious Triggers, and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30837941 PMCID: PMC6389614 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta with a reduction of dopamine concentration in the striatum. The complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors seems to play a role in determining susceptibility to PD and may explain the heterogeneity observed in clinical presentations. The exact etiology is not yet clear, but different possible causes have been identified. Inflammation has been increasingly studied as part of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, corroborating the hypothesis that the immune system may be the nexus between environmental and genetic factors, and the abnormal immune function can lead to disease. In this review we report the different aspects of inflammation and immune system in Parkinson's disease, with particular interest in the possible role played by immune dysfunctions in PD, with focus on autoimmunity and processes involving infectious agents as a trigger and alpha-synuclein protein (α-syn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caggiu
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giannina Arru
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sepideh Hosseini
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Niegowska
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - GianPietro Sechi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Roberto Zarbo
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Ribon M, Seninet S, Mussard J, Sebbag M, Clavel C, Serre G, Boissier MC, Semerano L, Decker P. Neutrophil extracellular traps exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions in rheumatoid arthritis that are modulated by C1q and LL-37. J Autoimmun 2019; 98:122-131. [PMID: 30704942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), produced by activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), are supposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). Indeed, NET contain citrullinated autoantigens and some RA autoantibodies recognize NET. However, the mechanisms by which NET trigger or perpetuate the inflammatory process in RA are hitherto not elucidated. We hypothesized that, in addition to citrullination, NET might also contain stimulatory proteins and directly activate inflammatory target cells, as PMN and macrophages. METHODS NET antigenic and inflammatory properties were analyzed in 157 healthy donors (HD) and RA patients, the largest analysis reported so far. Primary PMN and monocyte-derived macrophages were isolated and immunoglobulin G (IgG) purified. NET were induced (NETosis), isolated and quantified. NET antigenicity was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. PMN and macrophages were stimulated with NET with/without ACPA, C1q, LL-37 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cell activation was estimated by flow cytometry and ELISA. RESULTS PMN from RA patients produced more NET than HD PMN. We next dissected how NET mechanistically affect inflammatory cells. Particularly, we show for the first time that RA and HD NET activated both resting macrophages and PMN, but importantly RA NET were more stimulatory, leading to secretion of inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of HLA/CD86/CD11b. IgG from ACPA-positive RA patients specifically recognized RA and even HD NET. Nevertheless, NET-induced cell activation occurs independently of immune complex formation with ACPA. Likewise, endosomal acidification was not required. Notably, we also report that complement C1q increased the NET stimulatory activity on macrophages only, due to higher expression of C1q receptors, which was further supported by the LL-37 antimicrobial peptide. In contrast, NET specifically inhibited interleukin (IL)-6 secretion by LPS-activated macrophages and not PMN, especially with C1q/LL-37. This inhibition was not mediated by NET-derived proteases or LPS neutralization and was associated with the simultaneous induction of IL-10 secretion. CONCLUSION We show that NET possess both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on target cells, their activation levels and C1q/LL-37. Thus, independently of ACPA, NET modulate RA chronic inflammation via this new dual activity we identified. In addition, NET may trigger autoimmunity in RA as ACPA recognize NET antigens but not non-activated PMN. Therefore, we conclude that excess of NETosis together with enhanced NET activity participate to RA pathogenesis at different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Ribon
- University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France; Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Bobigny, France
| | - Sarra Seninet
- University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France; Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Bobigny, France
| | - Julie Mussard
- University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France; Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Bobigny, France
| | - Mireille Sebbag
- University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR 1056, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR 1220, Toulouse, France
| | - Cyril Clavel
- University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR 1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Guy Serre
- University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR 1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Christophe Boissier
- University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France; Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Bobigny, France; Avicenne Hospital, Rheumatology Department, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Luca Semerano
- University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France; Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Bobigny, France; Avicenne Hospital, Rheumatology Department, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Patrice Decker
- University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France; Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Bobigny, France.
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Bicho D, Ajami S, Liu C, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Peptide-biofunctionalization of biomaterials for osteochondral tissue regeneration in early stage osteoarthritis: challenges and opportunities. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1027-1044. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03173h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the progressive deterioration of articular cartilage, synovial inflammation and changes in periarticular and subchondral bone, being a leading cause of disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Bicho
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra
- Guimarães
- Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory
- Braga/Guimarães
| | - S. Ajami
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculo-Skeletal Sci, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
- Stanmore
- UK
| | - C. Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculo-Skeletal Sci, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
- Stanmore
- UK
| | - R. L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra
- Guimarães
- Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory
- Braga/Guimarães
| | - J. M. Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra
- Guimarães
- Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory
- Braga/Guimarães
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30
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Differential protein expression in human knee articular cartilage and medial meniscus using two different proteomic methods: a pilot analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018; 19:416. [PMID: 30497455 PMCID: PMC6267052 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proteomics is an emerging field in the study of joint disease. Our two aims with this pilot analysis were to compare healthy human knee articular cartilage with meniscus, two tissues both known to become affected in the osteoarthritic disease process, and to compare two mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods: data-dependent acquisition (DDA) and data-independent acquisition (DIA). Methods Healthy knee articular cartilage taken from the medial tibial condyle and medial meniscus samples taken from the body region were obtained from three adult forensic medicine cases. Proteins were extracted from tissue pieces and prepared for MS analysis. Each sample was subjected to liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS analysis using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer, and run in both DDA and DIA mode. Linear mixed effects models were used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 653 proteins were identified in the DDA analysis, of which the majority was present in both tissue types. Only proteins with quantitation information in both tissues (n = 90) were selected for more detailed analysis, of which the majority did not statistically significantly differ in abundance between the two tissue types, in either of the MS analyses. However, 21 proteins were statistically significantly different (p < 0.05) between meniscus and cartilage in the DIA analysis. Out of these, 11 proteins were also significantly different in the DDA analysis. Aggrecan core protein was the most abundant protein in articular cartilage and significantly differed between the two tissues in both methods. The corresponding protein in meniscus was serum albumin. Dermatopontin exhibited the highest meniscus vs articular cartilage ratio among the statistically significant proteins. The DIA method led to narrower confidence intervals for the abundance differences between the two tissue types than DDA. Conclusions Although articular cartilage and meniscus had similar proteomic composition, we detected several differences by MS. Between the two analyses, DIA yielded more precise estimates and more statistically significant different proteins than DDA, and had no missing values, which makes it preferable for future LC-MS/MS analyses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12891-018-2346-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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31
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Hartjen N, Bräuer L, Reiß B, Claassen H, Beileke S, Garreis F, Hoogeboom S, Tsokos M, Etzold S, Müller-Hilke B, Gelse K, Müller T, Goldring MB, Paulsen F, Schicht M. Evaluation of surfactant proteins A, B, C, and D in articular cartilage, synovial membrane and synovial fluid of healthy as well as patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203502. [PMID: 30235245 PMCID: PMC6147433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surfactant Proteins (SPs) are well known from lung and form, along with phospholipids, a surface-active-layer at the liquid-air-interface of the alveolar lining. They play a major protective role by lowering surface tension, activating innate and adaptive immune defense at the lung mucosal interface, especially during infection. We analyzed the regulation of SPs in human and mouse articular chondrocytes, synoviocytes, and synovial fluid under healthy and inflammatory conditions, as well as in tissues of patients suffering from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, ELISA, Western blotting were performed in cell cultures and tissue samples to determine localization, regulation, and concentration of SPs. RESULTS All four SPs, were expressed by healthy human and mouse articular chondrocytes and synoviocytes and were also present in synovial fluid. Treatment with inflammatory mediators like IL-1β and TNF-α led to short-term upregulation of individual SPs in vitro. In tissues from patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, protein levels of all four SPs increased significantly compared to the controls used. CONCLUSION These results show the distribution and amount of SPs in tissues of articular joints. They are produced by chondrocytes and synoviocytes and occur in measurable amounts in synovial fluid. All four SPs seem to be differently regulated under pathologic conditions. Their physiological functions in lowering surface tension and immune defense need further elucidation and make them potential candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hartjen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Bräuer
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Reiß
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Horst Claassen
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephanie Beileke
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Garreis
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Tsokos
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin Germany
| | - Saskia Etzold
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin Germany
| | | | - Kolja Gelse
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of child and adolescent medicine, Pediatrics I, Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Children's Hospital, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mary B. Goldring
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS Research Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Schicht
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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32
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Frasca L, Palazzo R, Chimenti MS, Alivernini S, Tolusso B, Bui L, Botti E, Giunta A, Bianchi L, Petricca L, Auteri SE, Spadaro F, Fonti GL, Falchi M, Evangelista A, Marinari B, Pietraforte I, Spinelli FR, Colasanti T, Alessandri C, Conti F, Gremese E, Costanzo A, Valesini G, Perricone R, Lande R. Anti-LL37 Antibodies Are Present in Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) Patients: New Biomarkers in PsA. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1936. [PMID: 30279686 PMCID: PMC6154218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. A third of psoriatic patients develop PsA via unknown mechanisms. No reliable diagnostic markers are available for PsA, or prognostic biomarkers for PsA development in psoriasis. We previously uncovered a pro-inflammatory role for cathelicidin LL37 in lesional psoriasis skin. LL37 binds nucleic acids and stimulates plasmacytoid/myeloid dendritic cells (pDC, mDCs) to secrete type I interferon (IFN-I) and pro-inflammatory factors. LL37 becomes an autoantigen for psoriatic Th1-Th17/CD8 T cells. Anti-LL37 antibodies were detected in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease characterized by neutrophil-extracellular-traps release (NETosis) in target organs. LL37 can be substrate of irreversible post-translational modifications, citrullination or carbamylation, linked to neutrophil activity. Here we analyzed inflammatory factors, included LL37, in PsA and psoriasis plasma and PsA synovial fluids (SF)/biopsies. We show that LL37 (as a product of infiltrating neutrophils) and autoantibodies to LL37 are elevated in PsA, but not OA SF. Anti-LL37 antibodies correlate with clinical inflammatory markers. Anti-carbamylated/citrullinated-LL37 antibodies are present in PsA SF/plasma and, at lower extent, in psoriasis plasma, but not in controls. Plasma anti-carbamylated-LL37 antibodies correlate with PsA (DAS44) but not psoriasis (PASI) disease activity. Ectopic lymphoid structures, and deposition of immunoglobulin-(Ig)G-complexes (IC) co-localizing with infiltrating neutrophils, are observed in PsA and not OA synovial tissues (ST). Activated complement (C5a, C9), GM-CSF and IFN-I are up-regulated in PsA and not OA synovia and in PsA and psoriasis plasma but not in HD. C9 and GM-CSF levels in PsA SF correlate with clinical inflammatory markers and DAS44 (C9) and with anti-carbamylated/citrullinated-LL37 antibodies (GM-CSF and IFN-I). Thus, we uncover a role for LL37 as a novel PsA autoantibody target and correlation studies suggest participation of anti-LL37 antibodies to PsA pathogenesis. Notably, plasma antibodies to carbamylated-LL37, which correlate with DAS44, suggest their use as new disease activity markers. GM-CSF and complement C5a and C9 elevation may be responsible for autoantigens release by neutrophils and their modification, fueling inflammation and autoreactivity establishment. Finally, targeting GM-CSF, C5a, C9 can be beneficial in PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Frasca
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Palazzo
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria S Chimenti
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Alivernini
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Division of Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Tolusso
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bui
- Institute of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Botti
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giunta
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Petricca
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone E Auteri
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Spadaro
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia L Fonti
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Evangelista
- Institute of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Marinari
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Immacolata Pietraforte
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca R Spinelli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tania Colasanti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Alessandri
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Conti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Gremese
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Division of Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- Skin Pathology Lab, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Valesini
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Perricone
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Lande
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
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Hemshekhar M, Choi KYG, Mookherjee N. Host Defense Peptide LL-37-Mediated Chemoattractant Properties, but Not Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine IL-1RA Production, Is Selectively Controlled by Cdc42 Rho GTPase via G Protein-Coupled Receptors and JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1871. [PMID: 30158931 PMCID: PMC6104452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human host defense peptide LL-37 promotes immune activation such as induction of chemokine production and recruitment of leukocytes. Conversely, LL-37 also mediates anti-inflammatory responses such as production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., IL-1RA, and the control of pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF. The mechanisms regulating these disparate immunomodulatory functions of LL-37 are not completely understood. Rho GTPases are GTP-binding proteins that promote fundamental immune functions such as chemokine production and recruitment of leukocytes. However, recent studies have shown that distinct Rho proteins can both negatively and positively regulate inflammation. Therefore, we interrogated the role of Rho GTPases in LL-37-mediated immunomodulation. We demonstrate that LL-37-induced production of chemokines, e.g., GRO-α and IL-8 is largely dependent on Cdc42/Rac1 Rho GTPase, but independent of the Ras pathway. In contrast, LL-37-induced production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA is not dependent on either Cdc42/Rac1 RhoGTPase or Ras GTPase. Functional studies confirmed that LL-37-induced recruitment of leukocytes (monocytes and neutrophils) is also dependent on Cdc42/Rac1 RhoGTPase activity. We demonstrate that Cdc42/Rac1-dependent bioactivity of LL-37 involves G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, but not p38 or ERK MAPK signaling. We further show that LL-37 specifically enhances the activity of Cdc42 Rho GTPase, and that the knockdown of Cdc42 suppresses LL-37-induced production of chemokines without altering the peptide's ability to induce IL-1RA. This is the first study to demonstrate the role of Rho GTPases in LL-37-mediated responses. We demonstrate that LL-37 facilitates chemokine production and leukocyte recruitment engaging Cdc42/Rac1 Rho GTPase via GPCR and the JNK MAPK pathway. In contrast, LL-37-mediated anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA production is independent of either Rho or Ras GTPase. The results of this study suggest that Cdc42 Rho GTPase may be the molecular switch that controls the opposing functions of LL-37 in the process of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevappa Hemshekhar
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ka-Yee Grace Choi
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Neeloffer Mookherjee
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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34
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Eimer WA, Vijaya Kumar DK, Navalpur Shanmugam NK, Rodriguez AS, Mitchell T, Washicosky KJ, György B, Breakefield XO, Tanzi RE, Moir RD. Alzheimer's Disease-Associated β-Amyloid Is Rapidly Seeded by Herpesviridae to Protect against Brain Infection. Neuron 2018; 99:56-63.e3. [PMID: 30001512 PMCID: PMC6075814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) fibrilization and deposition as β-amyloid are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. We recently reported Aβ is an innate immune protein that protects against fungal and bacterial infections. Fibrilization pathways mediate Aβ antimicrobial activities. Thus, infection can seed and dramatically accelerate β-amyloid deposition. Here, we show Aβ oligomers bind herpesvirus surface glycoproteins, accelerating β-amyloid deposition and leading to protective viral entrapment activity in 5XFAD mouse and 3D human neural cell culture infection models against neurotropic herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) and human herpesvirus 6A and B. Herpesviridae are linked to AD, but it has been unclear how viruses may induce β-amyloidosis in brain. These data support the notion that Aβ might play a protective role in CNS innate immunity, and suggest an AD etiological mechanism in which herpesviridae infection may directly promote Aβ amyloidosis.
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MESH Headings
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/virology
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
- Amyloidosis/metabolism
- Amyloidosis/virology
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/virology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/metabolism
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/virology
- Encephalitis, Viral/metabolism
- Encephalitis, Viral/virology
- Herpesviridae
- Herpesvirus 1, Human
- Herpesvirus 6, Human
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neurofibrillary Tangles/metabolism
- Neurons
- Plaque, Amyloid/metabolism
- Roseolovirus Infections/metabolism
- Roseolovirus Infections/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Eimer
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar Vijaya Kumar
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nanda Kumar Navalpur Shanmugam
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alex S Rodriguez
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Teryn Mitchell
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kevin J Washicosky
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Bence György
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Robert D Moir
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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35
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Lee EY, Lee MW, Wong GCL. Modulation of toll-like receptor signaling by antimicrobial peptides. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 88:173-184. [PMID: 29432957 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are typically thought of as molecular hole punchers that directly kill pathogens by membrane permeation. However, recent work has shown that AMPs are pleiotropic, multifunctional molecules that can strongly modulate immune responses. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the immunomodulatory properties of natural and synthetic antimicrobial peptides, with a special focus on human cathelicidin and defensins. We also summarize the various mechanisms of AMP immune modulation and outline key structural rules underlying the recently-discovered phenomenon of AMP-mediated Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. In particular, we describe several complementary studies demonstrating how AMPs self-assemble with nucleic acids to form nanocrystalline complexes that amplify TLR-mediated inflammation. In a broader scope, we discuss how this new conceptual framework allows for the prediction of immunomodulatory behavior in AMPs, how the discovery of hidden antimicrobial activity in known immune signaling proteins can inform these predictions, and how these findings reshape our understanding of AMPs in normal host defense and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Michelle W Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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36
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Li S, Schmalz G, Schmidt J, Krause F, Haak R, Ziebolz D. Antimicrobial peptides as a possible interlink between periodontal diseases and its risk factors: A systematic review. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:145-155. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Li
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - G. Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - J. Schmidt
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - F. Krause
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - R. Haak
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - D. Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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37
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Park OJ, Kim J, Ahn KB, Lee JY, Park YJ, Kum KY, Yun CH, Han SH. A 15-amino acid C-terminal peptide of beta-defensin-3 inhibits bone resorption by inhibiting the osteoclast differentiation and disrupting podosome belt formation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1315-1325. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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38
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D'Este F, Oro D, Boix-Lemonche G, Tossi A, Skerlavaj B. Evaluation of free or anchored antimicrobial peptides as candidates for the prevention of orthopaedic device-related infections. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:777-789. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Este
- Department of Medicine; University of Udine; P.le Kolbe 4 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Debora Oro
- Department of Medicine; University of Udine; P.le Kolbe 4 33100 Udine Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Tossi
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Trieste; Via Giorgieri 5 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Barbara Skerlavaj
- Department of Medicine; University of Udine; P.le Kolbe 4 33100 Udine Italy
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39
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Hawkes JE, Gonzalez JA, Krueger JG. Autoimmunity in Psoriasis: Evidence for Specific Autoantigens. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-017-0177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Beyond anti-microbial properties: The role of cathelicidin in allergic rhinitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:297-302. [PMID: 26777417 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathelicidin, an anti-microbial peptide, is a component of the innate immune system. Cathelicidin has anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions. Knowledge about the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases has expanded in recent years. We measured levels of the LL-37 peptide in the nasal fluids of children with allergic rhinitis (AR) and investigated the possible role of this peptide in the pathogenesis of AR. METHODS The study population included 46 children who were newly diagnosed with AR and not taking any medication. Thirty-three healthy control subjects were also enrolled. Nasal secretions were collected from the study and control groups using a polyurethane sponge nasal secretion collector, and nasal fluid LL-37 levels were determined using the ELISA method. RESULTS The levels of LL-37 in the nasal fluid of the AR patients were lower than those of the control group (median of 2.3ng/ml [minimum-maximum, 2.1-3.2] vs. 2.6ng/ml [2.1-5.4], respectively; p<0.001), and they were significantly reduced in patients with moderate/severe AR compared with those of patients with mild AR (2.2ng/ml [2.1-2.4] vs. 2.5ng/ml [2.1-3.1], respectively; p<0.001). CONCLUSION Our results show that children with AR have reduced nasal fluid LL-37 levels compared with healthy controls. Additionally, children with moderate/severe AR have decreased nasal fluid LL-37 levels compared with children with mild AR. These findings highlight the role of cathelicidin in the pathogenesis of AR.
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41
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Wang F, Qiao L, Lv X, Trivett A, Yang R, Oppenheim JJ, Yang D, Zhang N. Alarmin human α defensin HNP1 activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells by triggering NF-κB and IRF1 signaling pathways. Cytokine 2016; 83:53-60. [PMID: 27031443 PMCID: PMC7822553 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP1), a predominant α defensin in the azurophilic granules of human neutrophils, is an alarmin capable of inducing the migration and maturation of human myeloid/conventional dendritic cells. However, it is not determined whether it can activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Herein, we found that both human pDCs and CAL-1 cells, a pDC-like cell line, produced IFNα upon treatment with HNP1. Additionally, HNP1 could promote CpG ODN-induced pDC production of proinflammatory cytokines including IFNα. HNP1 triggered activation of NF-κB and nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) in CAL-1 cells. HNP1 upregulation of cytokine expression in pDCs was inhibited by blockade of NF-κB activation or knockdown of IRF1, demonstrating the importance of these two signaling events in HNP1-induced pDC activation. Using a human pDC-nude mouse model, HNP1 was shown to induce IFNα production by human pDCs in vivo. Thus, HNP1 can activate human pDCs using NF-κB and IRF signaling pathways, and HNP-induced IFN production may participate in the inflammatory pathogenesis in certain authoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Linan Qiao
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Lv
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Anna Trivett
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., and Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., and Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - De Yang
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., and Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China.
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Bierkarre H, Harder J, Cuthbert R, Emery P, Leuschner I, Mrowietz U, Hedderich J, McGonagle D, Gläser R. Differential expression of antimicrobial peptides in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis as a novel contributory mechanism for skin and joint disease heterogeneity. Scand J Rheumatol 2015; 45:188-96. [DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2015.1091497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Bierkarre
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - J Harder
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - R Cuthbert
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - P Emery
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - I Leuschner
- Department of Paediatric Pathology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - U Mrowietz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - J Hedderich
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - D McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - R Gläser
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Boot W, Moojen DJF, Visser E, Lehr AM, De Windt TS, Van Hellemondt G, Geurts J, Tulp NJA, Schreurs BW, Burger BJ, Dhert WJA, Gawlitta D, Vogely HC. Missed low-grade infection in suspected aseptic loosening has no consequences for the survival of total hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthop 2015; 86:678-83. [PMID: 26364842 PMCID: PMC4750766 DOI: 10.3109/17453674.2015.1086942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Aseptic loosening and infection are 2 of the most common causes of revision of hip implants. Antibiotic prophylaxis reduces not only the rate of revision due to infection but also the rate of revision due to aseptic loosening. This suggests under-diagnosis of infections in patients with presumed aseptic loosening and indicates that current diagnostic tools are suboptimal. In a previous multicenter study on 176 patients undergoing revision of a total hip arthroplasty due to presumed aseptic loosening, optimized diagnostics revealed that 4-13% of the patients had a low-grade infection. These infections were not treated as such, and in the current follow-up study the effect on mid- to long-term implant survival was investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were sent a 2-part questionnaire. Part A requested information about possible re-revisions of their total hip arthroplasty. Part B consisted of 3 patient-related outcome measure questionnaires (EQ5D, Oxford hip score, and visual analog scale for pain). Additional information was retrieved from the medical records. The group of patients found to have a low-grade infection was compared to those with aseptic loosening. RESULTS 173 of 176 patients from the original study were included. In the follow-up time between the revision surgery and the current study (mean 7.5 years), 31 patients had died. No statistically significant difference in the number of re-revisions was found between the infection group (2 out of 21) and the aseptic loosening group (13 out of 152); nor was there any significant difference in the time to re-revision. Quality of life, function, and pain were similar between the groups, but only 99 (57%) of the patients returned part B. INTERPRETATION Under-diagnosis of low-grade infection in conjunction with presumed aseptic revision of total hip arthroplasty may not affect implant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn Boot
- Departments of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan F Moojen
- Departments of Orthopaedics, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Els Visser
- Departments of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Mechteld Lehr
- Departments of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tommy S De Windt
- Departments of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Geurts
- Departments of Orthopaedics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Research Institute CAPHRI, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Niek J A Tulp
- Departments of Orthopaedics, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - B Wim Schreurs
- Departments of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center St. Radboud, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J Burger
- Departments of Orthopaedics, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- Departments of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - H Charles Vogely
- Departments of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Correspondence:
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Levón J, Al-Samadi A, Mackiewicz Z, Coer A, Trebse R, Waris E, Konttinen YT. Human beta-defensin-3 producing cells in septic implant loosening. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:98. [PMID: 25655501 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human β-defensin-3 (hBD-3) has been found in synovial fluid and later in periprosthetic tissues in septic joint implant loosening. The aim of the present study was to identify its cellular sources. Tissue samples from 12 patients were analyzed. A fully automatic Leica BOND MAX staining robot was used. Affinity-purified rabbit anti-human hBD-3 IgG was applied in a two-layer horse radish peroxidase/anti-rabbit-labeled polymer method. Double immunofluorescence of hBD3 together with CD68, CD31, heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) and mast cell tryptase (MCT) staining was done. Human BD-3 was found in monocyte/macrophage-like cells, vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts-like cells, but was weakly expressed in foreign body giant cells and negative in neutrophils. Human BD-3 was found in CD68 and CD31 immunoreactive cells, whereas HSP47 and MCT positive cells were hBD-3 negative. Immunostaining of hBD-3 was strong in some tissue areas but weak or absent in others. Monocyte/macrophages and endothelial cells were established in this study as the major cellular sources of hBD-3 in septic loosening, but fibroblasts and foreign body giant cells can also contribute to its production. The heterogeneous topological staining of hBD-3 suggests local regulation, possibly by bacterial products, damage-associated molecular patterns and cytokines. The results explain the increased synovial fluid/tissue concentrations of hBD-3 in septic loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Levón
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, BMH 1, PO Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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Heimlich DR, Harrison A, Mason KM. Host Antimicrobial Peptides in Bacterial Homeostasis and Pathogenesis of Disease. Antibiotics (Basel) 2014; 3:645-76. [PMID: 26029470 PMCID: PMC4448142 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3040645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses function as a first line of host defense against the development of bacterial infection, and in some cases to preserve the sterility of privileged sites in the human host. Bacteria that enter these sites must counter host responses for colonization. From the host's perspective, the innate immune system works expeditiously to minimize the bacterial threat before colonization and subsequent dysbiosis. The multifactorial nature of disease further challenges predictions of how each independent variable influences bacterial pathogenesis. From bacterial colonization to infection and through disease, the microenvironments of the host are in constant flux as bacterial and host factors contribute to changes at the host-pathogen interface, with the host attempting to eradicate bacteria and the bacteria fighting to maintain residency. A key component of this innate host response towards bacterial infection is the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). As an early component of the host response, AMPs modulate bacterial load and prevent establishment of infection. Under quiescent conditions, some AMPs are constitutively expressed by the epithelium. Bacterial infection can subsequently induce production of other AMPs in an effort to maintain sterility, or to restrict colonization. As demonstrated in various studies, the absence of a single AMP can influence pathogenesis, highlighting the importance of AMP concentration in maintaining homeostasis. Yet, AMPs can increase bacterial virulence through the co-opting of the peptides or alteration of bacterial virulence gene expression. Further, bacterial factors used to subvert AMPs can modify host microenvironments and alter colonization of the residential flora that principally maintain homeostasis. Thus, the dynamic interplay between host defense peptides and bacterial factors produced to quell peptide activity play a critical role in the progression and outcome of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R. Heimlich
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; E-Mails: (D.R.H.); (A.H.)
| | - Alistair Harrison
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; E-Mails: (D.R.H.); (A.H.)
| | - Kevin M. Mason
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; E-Mails: (D.R.H.); (A.H.)
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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Lim R, Barker G, Lappas M. Human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein 18 (hCAP18/LL-37) is increased in foetal membranes and myometrium after spontaneous labour and delivery. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 107:31-42. [PMID: 25435436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infection and/or inflammation are most commonly associated with preterm birth. Studies have shown that antimicrobial peptides can modulate the inflammatory response in non-gestational tissues; the human cathelicidin hCAP18 (and its active component LL-37) has such anti-microbial and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of human labour on hCAP18 expression in foetal membranes and myometrium, and to determine the effect of the synthetic LL-37 peptide on pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators in foetal membranes and myometrium. The localisation and expression of hCAP18 in non-labouring and labouring tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, respectively. Tissue explants were used to determine the effect of LL-37 on pro-labour mediators. hCAP18 was localised to the amnion epithelium, cytotrophoblasts and decidua in the foetal membranes, and in the longitudinal and transverse muscle fibres of the myometrium. Additional hCAP18 staining was present in leukocytes. In foetal membranes and myometrium, human labour was associated with significantly higher hCAP18 protein expression. Treatment of foetal membranes and myometrium with LL-37 significantly induced the expression and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1. LL-37 also induced expression of MMP-9 mRNA and pro MMP-9 expression in foetal membranes. Co-treatment with BAY 11-7082 was associated with a decrease in LL-37-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Moreover, inhibition of MyD88 in myometrial cells decreased LL-37-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and release. LL-37 also significantly increased NF-κB transcriptional activity. In conclusion, hCAP18/LL-37 induces pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators, via the MyD88/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Lim
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gillian Barker
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Cretu D, Prassas I, Saraon P, Batruch I, Gandhi R, Diamandis EP, Chandran V. Identification of psoriatic arthritis mediators in synovial fluid by quantitative mass spectrometry. Clin Proteomics 2014; 11:27. [PMID: 25097465 PMCID: PMC4108225 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-11-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Synovial fluid (SF) is a dynamic reservoir for proteins originating from the synovial membrane, cartilage, and plasma, and may therefore reflect the pathophysiological conditions that give rise to arthritis. Our goal was to identify and quantify protein mediators of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in SF. Methods Age and gender-matched pooled SF samples from 10 PsA and 10 controls [early osteoarthritis (OA)], were subjected to label-free quantitative proteomics using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), to identify differentially expressed proteins based on the ratios of the extracted ion current of each protein between the two groups. Pathway analysis and public database searches were conducted to ensure these proteins held relevance to PsA. Multiplexed selected reaction monitoring (SRM) assays were then utilized to confirm the elevated proteins in the discovery samples and in an independent set of samples from patients with PsA and controls. Results We determined that 137 proteins were differentially expressed between PsA and control SF, and 44 were upregulated. The pathways associated with these proteins were acute-phase response signalling, granulocyte adhesion and diapedesis, and production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in macrophages. The expression of 12 proteins was subsequently quantified using SRM assays. Conclusions Our in-depth proteomic analysis of the PSA SF proteome identified 12 proteins which were significantly elevated in PsA SF compared to early OA SF. These proteins may be linked to the pathogenesis of PsA, as well serve as putative biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cretu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Punit Saraon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajiv Gandhi
- Arthritis Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Room 1E 416, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada ; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Arthritis Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Room 1E 416, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada ; Psoriatic Arthritis Program, Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Liu GD, Yu HJ, Ou S, Luo X, Ni WD, Huang XK, Chen JY, Wang Y, Javard P, Fei J. Human beta-defensin-3 for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection and loosening. Orthopedics 2014; 37:e384-90. [PMID: 24762845 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20140401-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the difference in expression of human beta-defensin-3 in periprosthetic tissue and cancellous bone was observed in the periprosthetic tissue and cancellous bone of patients in the periprosthetic joint infection group, the aseptic loosening group, and the spacer treatment group as well as the synovial membrane and ilium of the normal control group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the synovial tissue showed different levels of neutrophil infiltration in all groups except for the normal control group. Immunofluorescence staining of periprosthetic tissue and cancellous bone showed the most positive cells expressing human beta-defensin-3 and the largest mean optical density in the periprosthetic joint infection group, followed by the aseptic loosening group, the spacer treatment group, and the normal control group, with a significant difference in comparison between the periprosthetic joint infection group and the other 3 groups (P<.01). White blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein level were highest in the periprosthetic joint infection group, whereas no difference was found between the other 3 groups. Taken together, high levels of human beta-defensin-3 protein expression were found in the periprosthetic tissue and cancellous bone of patients with periprosthetic joint infection and aseptic loosening, but there are differential expressions of human beta-defensin-3, and this may provide a new marker for the differential diagnosis of infection and loosening of the artificial joint.
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Zhu C, Wang J, Cheng T, Li Q, Shen H, Qin H, Cheng M, Zhang X. The potential role of increasing the release of mouse β- defensin-14 in the treatment of osteomyelitis in mice: a primary study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86874. [PMID: 24489798 PMCID: PMC3904979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian β-defensins are small cationic peptides that have been implicated in mediating innate immune defenses against microbial infection. Mouse β-defensin-14 (MBD-14), based on structural and functional similarities, appears to be an ortholog of human β-defensin-3 (HBD-3). Previous studies identified signaling pathway p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that contributed to the expression of MBD-14 in mouse osteoblasts upon contacted with methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) supernatant, which provided a theoretical basis as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of intramedullary infection with MRSA in vivo. In this study, the medullary cavities of tibiae were contaminated with MRSA 10(3) colony forming units and different doses of p38 MAPK agonists anisomycin were followed as group III or IV in 30 mice. Fifteen animals that received phosphate- buffered saline served as group II and 15 mice were not contaminated with MRSA and received phosphate-buffered saline served as controls (group I). Follow-up was 7 days. In day 1, day 4 and day 7 postoperatively, infection was evaluated by blood routine, microbiological and histological analyses after sacrifice. All animals of group II developed microbiological and histological signs of infection. Histological signs of infection, white blood counts and cultures of group III and IV showed significantly reduced bacterial growth compared to cultures of group II. Simultaneously, different doses of anisomycin significantly induced the expression of osteoblast-associated genes, including alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and collagen type I. In addition, the expression of HBD-3 in human interfacial membranes around infected periprosthetic joint by staphylococcus contaminated was evaluated, and the expression pattern changed with significant induction of HBD-3 in infected periprosthetic joint compared with aseptic loosening under inflammatory conditions. Our primary study indicated that the potential antibacterial role of increased MBD-14 in the osteomyelitis mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqi Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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50
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Thwaites R, Chamberlain G, Sacre S. Emerging role of endosomal toll-like receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:1. [PMID: 24474949 PMCID: PMC3893714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their downstream signaling pathways have been comprehensively characterized in innate immunity. In addition to this function, these receptors have also been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Murine in vivo models and human in vitro tissue models of RA have provided a wealth of information on the potential activity of TLRs and components of the downstream signaling pathways. Whilst most early work investigated the cell surface TLRs, more recently the focus has moved to the endosomal TLRs 3, 7, 8, and 9. These receptors recognize self and foreign double-stranded RNA and single-stranded RNA and DNA. The development of therapeutics to inhibit the endosomal TLRs or components of their signaling cascades may represent a way to target inflammation upstream of cytokine production. This may allow for greater specificity than existing therapies including cytokine blockade. Here, we review the current information suggesting a role for the endosomal TLRs in RA pathogenesis and the efforts to target these receptors therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thwaites
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
| | - Giselle Chamberlain
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
| | - Sandra Sacre
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
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