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Adediwura VA, Miao Y. Mechanistic Insights into Peptide Binding and Deactivation of an Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor. Molecules 2023; 29:164. [PMID: 38202747 PMCID: PMC10780249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (ADGRGs) play critical roles in the reproductive, neurological, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems. In particular, ADGRG2 plays a significant role in Ewing sarcoma cell proliferation, parathyroid cell function, and male fertility. In 2022, a cryo-EM structure was reported for the active ADGRG2 bound by an optimized peptide agonist IP15 and the Gs protein. The IP15 peptide agonist was also modified to antagonists 4PH-E and 4PH-D with mutations of the 4PH residue to Glu and Asp, respectively. However, experimental structures of inactive antagonist-bound ADGRs remain to be resolved, and the activation mechanism of ADGRs such as ADGRG2 is poorly understood. Here, we applied Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations to probe conformational dynamics of the agonist- and antagonist-bound ADGRG2. By performing GaMD simulations, we were able to identify important low-energy conformations of ADGRG2 in the active, intermediate, and inactive states, as well as explore the binding conformations of each peptide. Moreover, our simulations revealed critical peptide-receptor residue interactions during the deactivation of ADGRG2. In conclusion, through GaMD simulations, we uncovered mechanistic insights into peptide (agonist and antagonist) binding and deactivation of the ADGRG2. These findings will potentially facilitate rational design of new peptide modulators of ADGRG2 and other ADGRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Department of Pharmacology and Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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2
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Wu Q, Wang P, Peng Q, Kang Z, Deng Y, Li J, Chen Y, Li J, Ge F. Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor G2 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression and Serves as a Neutrophil-Related Prognostic Biomarker. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16986. [PMID: 38069309 PMCID: PMC10707058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G2 (ADGRG2) is an orphan adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), which performs a tumor-promoting role in certain cancers; however, it has not been systematically investigated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the current study, we utilized multiple databases to analyze the expression and diagnostic and prognostic value of ADGRG2 in HCC and its correlation with immune infiltration and inflammatory factors. The function and upstream regulatory miRNA of ADGRG2 were validated through qPCR, Western blot, CCK8, wound healing, and dual luciferase assays. It turned out that ADGRG2 was significantly higher in HCC and had a poor survival rate, especially in AFP ≤ 400 ng/mL subgroups. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that ADGRG2 may be involved in cancer pathways and immune-related pathways. In vitro, siRNA-mediated ADGRG2 silencing could inhibit the proliferation and migration of Huh7 and HepG2 cells. There was a highly significant positive correlation between ADGRG2 and neutrophils. Moreover, NET-related genes were filtered and confirmed, such as ENO1 and S100A9. Meanwhile, the high expression of ADGRG2 was also accompanied by the highest number of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors and good immunotherapy efficacy. Finally, AGDGR2 may be sensitive to two drugs (PIK-93 and NPK76-II-72-1) and can be targeted by miR-326. In conclusion, ADGRG2 may serve as a novel biomarker and drug target for HCC diagnosis, immunotherapy, and prognosis and was related to neutrophils and the inflammatory process of liver cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Pei Wang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Qihang Peng
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Zhongcui Kang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yiting Deng
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jin Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;
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3
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Gong H, Xue B, Ru J, Pei G, Li Y. Targeted Therapy for EWS-FLI1 in Ewing Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4035. [PMID: 37627063 PMCID: PMC10452796 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is a rare and predominantly pediatric malignancy of bone and soft tissue in children and adolescents. Although international collaborations have greatly improved the prognosis of most EwS, the occurrence of macrometastases or relapse remains challenging. The prototypic oncogene EWS-FLI1 acts as an aberrant transcription factor that drives the cellular transformation of EwS. In addition to its involvement in RNA splicing and the DNA damage response, this chimeric protein directly binds to GGAA repeats, thereby modifying the transcriptional profile of EwS. Direct pharmacological targeting of EWS-FLI1 is difficult because of its intrinsically disordered structure. However, targeting the EWS-FLI1 protein complex or downstream pathways provides additional therapeutic options. This review describes the EWS-FLI1 protein partners and downstream pathways, as well as the related target therapies for the treatment of EwS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Gong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, China;
| | - Busheng Xue
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Jinlong Ru
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Guoqing Pei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China;
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, China;
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Lala T, Hall RA. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: structure, signaling, physiology, and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1587-1624. [PMID: 35468004 PMCID: PMC9255715 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (AGPCRs) are a family of 33 receptors in humans exhibiting a conserved general structure but diverse expression patterns and physiological functions. The large NH2 termini characteristic of AGPCRs confer unique properties to each receptor and possess a variety of distinct domains that can bind to a diverse array of extracellular proteins and components of the extracellular matrix. The traditional view of AGPCRs, as implied by their name, is that their core function is the mediation of adhesion. In recent years, though, many surprising advances have been made regarding AGPCR signaling mechanisms, activation by mechanosensory forces, and stimulation by small-molecule ligands such as steroid hormones and bioactive lipids. Thus, a new view of AGPCRs has begun to emerge in which these receptors are seen as massive signaling platforms that are crucial for the integration of adhesive, mechanosensory, and chemical stimuli. This review article describes the recent advances that have led to this new understanding of AGPCR function and also discusses new insights into the physiological actions of these receptors as well as their roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Lala
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Sreepada A, Tiwari M, Pal K. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor gluing action guides tissue development and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1355-1372. [PMID: 35969283 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) divides these transmembrane signaling proteins into five groups: glutamate, rhodopsin, adhesion, frizzled, and secretin families, commonly abbreviated as the GRAFS classification system. The adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) sub-family comprises 33 different receptors in humans. Majority of the aGPCRs are orphan receptors with unknown ligands, structures, and tissue expression profiles. They have a long N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) with several adhesion sites similar to integrin receptors. Many aGPCRs undergo autoproteolysis at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS), enclosed within the larger GPCR autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain. Recent breakthroughs in aGPCR research have created new paradigms for understanding their roles in organogenesis. They play crucial roles in multiple aspects of organ development through cell signaling, intercellular adhesion, and cell-matrix associations. They are involved in essential physiological processes like regulation of cell polarity, mitotic spindle orientation, cell adhesion, and migration. Multiple aGPCRs have been associated with the development of the brain, musculoskeletal system, kidneys, cardiovascular system, hormone secretion, and regulation of immune functions. Since aGPCRs have crucial roles in tissue patterning and organogenesis, mutations in these receptors are often associated with diseases with loss of tissue integrity. Thus, aGPCRs include a group of enigmatic receptors with untapped potential for elucidating novel signaling pathways leading to drug discovery. We summarized the current knowledge on how aGPCRs play critical roles in organ development and discussed how aGPCR mutations/genetic variants cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Sreepada
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Mansi Tiwari
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India.
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Exploring ITM2A as a new potential target for brain delivery. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:25. [PMID: 35313913 PMCID: PMC8935840 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Integral membrane protein 2A (ITM2A) is a transmembrane protein expressed in a variety of tissues; little is known about its function, particularly in the brain. ITM2A was found to be highly enriched in human brain versus peripheral endothelial cells by transcriptomic and proteomic studies conducted within the European Collaboration on the Optimization of Macromolecular Pharmaceutical (COMPACT) Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) consortium. Here, we report the work that was undertaken to determine whether ITM2A could represent a potential target for delivering drugs to the brain. Methods A series of ITM2A constructs, cell lines and specific anti-human and mouse ITM2A antibodies were generated. Binding and internalization studies in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cells overexpressing ITM2A and in brain microvascular endothelial cells from mouse and non-human primate (NHP) were performed with these tools. The best ITM2A antibody was evaluated in an in vitro human blood brain barrier (BBB) model and in an in vivo mouse pharmacokinetic study to investigate its ability to cross the BBB. Results Antibodies specifically recognizing extracellular parts of ITM2A or tags inserted in its extracellular domain showed selective binding and uptake in ITM2A-overexpressing cells. However, despite high RNA expression in mouse and human microvessels, the ITM2A protein was rapidly downregulated when endothelial cells were grown in culture, probably explaining why transcytosis could not be observed in vitro. An attempt to directly demonstrate in vivo transcytosis in mice was inconclusive, using either a cross-reactive anti-ITM2A antibody or in vivo phage panning of an anti-ITM2A phage library. Conclusions The present work describes our efforts to explore the potential of ITM2A as a target mediating transcytosis through the BBB, and highlights the multiple challenges linked to the identification of new brain delivery targets. Our data provide evidence that antibodies against ITM2A are internalized in ITM2A-overexpressing HEK293 cells, and that ITM2A is expressed in brain microvessels, but further investigations will be needed to demonstrate that ITM2A is a potential target for brain delivery. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00321-3.
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Identification of Dysregulated Expression of G Protein Coupled Receptors in Endocrine Tumors by Bioinformatics Analysis: Potential Drug Targets? Cells 2022; 11:cells11040703. [PMID: 35203352 PMCID: PMC8870215 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many studies link G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to cancer. Some endocrine tumors are unresponsive to standard treatment and/or require long-term and poorly tolerated treatment. This study explored, by bioinformatics analysis, the tumoral profiling of the GPCR transcriptome to identify potential targets in these tumors aiming at drug repurposing. Methods: We explored the GPCR differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from public datasets (Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)). The GEO datasets were available for two medullary thyroid cancers (MTCs), eighty-seven pheochromocytomas (PHEOs), sixty-one paragangliomas (PGLs), forty-seven pituitary adenomas and one-hundred-fifty adrenocortical cancers (ACCs). The TCGA dataset covered 92 ACCs. We identified GPCRs targeted by approved drugs from pharmacological databases (ChEMBL and DrugBank). Results: The profiling of dysregulated GPCRs was tumor specific. In MTC, we found 14 GPCR DEGs, including an upregulation of the dopamine receptor (DRD2) and adenosine receptor (ADORA2B), which were the target of many drugs. In PGL, seven GPCR genes were downregulated, including vasopressin receptor (AVPR1A) and PTH receptor (PTH1R), which were targeted by approved drugs. In ACC, PTH1R was also downregulated in both the GEO and TCGA datasets and was the target of osteoporosis drugs. Conclusions: We highlight specific GPCR signatures across the major endocrine tumors. These data could help to identify new opportunities for drug repurposing.
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Nakamura K, Asanuma K, Okamoto T, Yoshida K, Matsuyama Y, Kita K, Hagi T, Nakamura T, Sudo A. GPR64, Screened from Ewing Sarcoma Cells, Is a Potential Target for Antibody-Based Therapy for Various Sarcomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030814. [PMID: 35159080 PMCID: PMC8834492 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary New strategies for immunotherapy have led to an increased interest in tumor-specific antigens on the cell surface in the field of oncology. Identifying markers in sarcomas is difficult because their tumor mutation burden is less than that of carcinomas. We assumed that a target protein may be acceptable as a therapeutic target, even if it is only expressed in the epididymis along with the tumor, because the epididymis has special barriers, known as the blood–epididymis barrier (BEB). We identified GPR64 as a therapeutic target for Ewing sarcoma via next-generation RNA-sequencing. GPR64 is located on the apical membranes of efferent ductules and separated from antibodies by the BEB. This study revealed, for the first time, that anti-GPR64 antibodies accumulate in various sarcomas and avoid targeting GPR64 in the epididymis in vivo. Furthermore, GPR64 is widely expressed in various sarcomas and is, therefore, a potential antibody-based therapeutic target for sarcomas. Abstract Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive and the second most common bone tumor in adolescent and young adult patients. The 5-year survival rate is 60–70% for localized disease but 30% for patients with metastases. Here, we aimed to identify a therapeutic target for Ewing sarcoma and evaluate antibody-based therapeutic agents using in vitro and in vivo models. We identified G protein-coupled receptor 64 (GPR64) as a therapeutic target for Ewing sarcoma via next-generation RNA-sequencing. GPR64v205 mRNA was expressed in HTB166, A673, MG63, 143B, HS-Sy II, and HT1080 cell lines as well as in Ewing sarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma, and synovial sarcoma tissues. GPR64 expression was observed in 62.5% of sarcoma cases and was overexpressed in 33.9% cases. GPR64-specific monoclonal antibodies were tested as near-infrared probes for in vivo imaging using subcutaneous tumor mouse xenografts. Fluorescence intensity was stronger for the AF700-labeled anti-GPR64 antibody than that for the AF700-labeled isotype control antibody. GPR64 was detected in engrafted tumors of A673, 143B, HT1080, and the epididymis but not in other resected tissues. The anti-GPR64 antibody showed excellent binding to GPR64-positive tumors but not to healthy tissues. This antibody has potential for drug delivery in the antibody-based treatment of sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.K.); (T.H.); (T.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Kunihiro Asanuma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.K.); (T.H.); (T.N.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-59-231-5022
| | - Takayuki Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan;
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.K.); (T.H.); (T.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Yumi Matsuyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.K.); (T.H.); (T.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Kouji Kita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.K.); (T.H.); (T.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Tomohito Hagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.K.); (T.H.); (T.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.K.); (T.H.); (T.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.K.); (T.H.); (T.N.); (A.S.)
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Liu Y, Ao X, Zhou X, Du C, Kuang S. The regulation of PBXs and their emerging role in cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1363-1379. [PMID: 35068042 PMCID: PMC8899182 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre‐B‐cell leukaemia transcription factor (PBX) proteins are a subfamily of evolutionarily conserved, atypical homeodomain transcription factors that belong to the superfamily of three amino acid loop extension (TALE) homeodomain proteins. Members of the PBX family play crucial roles in regulating multiple pathophysiological processes, such as the development of organs, congenital cardiac defects and carcinogenesis. The dysregulation of PBXs has been shown to be closely associated with many diseases, particularly cancer. However, the detailed mechanisms of PBX dysregulation in cancer progression are still inconclusive. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the structures, functions and regulatory mechanisms of PBXs, and discuss their underlying mechanisms in cancer progression. We also highlight the great potential of PBXs as biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of cancer as well as their therapeutic applications. The information reviewed here may expand researchers’ understanding of PBXs and could strengthen the clinical implication of PBXs in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Institute for Translational Medicine The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Qingdao Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Xiang Ao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Qingdao Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Xuehao Zhou
- Institute for Translational Medicine The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Qingdao Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Chengcheng Du
- Institute for Translational Medicine The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Qingdao Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Shouxiang Kuang
- Institute for Translational Medicine The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Qingdao Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao China
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10
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Pachva MC, Lai H, Jia A, Rouleau M, Sorensen PH. Extracellular Vesicles in Reprogramming of the Ewing Sarcoma Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:726205. [PMID: 34604225 PMCID: PMC8484747 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.726205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is a highly aggressive cancer and the second most common malignant bone tumor of children and young adults. Although patients with localized disease have a survival rate of approximately 75%, the prognosis for patients with metastatic disease remains dismal (<30%) and has not improved in decades. Standard-of-care treatments include local therapies such as surgery and radiotherapy, in addition to poly-agent adjuvant chemotherapy, and are often associated with long-term disability and reduced quality of life. Novel targeted therapeutic strategies that are more efficacious and less toxic are therefore desperately needed, particularly for metastatic disease, given that the presence of metastasis remains the most powerful predictor of poor outcome in EwS. Intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment is emerging as a crucial mechanism for cancer cells to establish immunosuppressive and cancer-permissive environments, potentially leading to metastasis. Altering this communication within the tumor microenvironment, thereby preventing the transfer of oncogenic signals and molecules, represents a highly promising therapeutic strategy. To achieve this, extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a candidate mechanism as they are actively released by tumor cells and enriched with proteins and RNAs. EVs are membrane-bound particles released by normal and tumor cells, that play pivotal roles in intercellular communication, including cross-talk between tumor, stromal fibroblast, and immune cells in the local tumor microenvironment and systemic circulation. EwS EVs, including the smaller exosomes and larger microvesicles, have the potential to reprogram a diversity of cells in the tumor microenvironment, by transferring various biomolecules in a cell-specific manner. Insights into the various biomolecules packed in EwS EVs as cargos and the molecular changes they trigger in recipient cells of the tumor microenvironment will shed light on various potential targets for therapeutic intervention in EwS. This review details EwS EVs composition, their potential role in metastasis and in the reprogramming of various cells of the tumor microenvironment, and the potential for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manideep C Pachva
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Horton Lai
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andy Jia
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melanie Rouleau
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Conserved residues in the extracellular loop 2 regulate Stachel-mediated activation of ADGRG2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14060. [PMID: 34234254 PMCID: PMC8263569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage and dissociation of a large N-terminal fragment and the consequent unmasking of a short sequence (Stachel) remaining on the N-terminus have been proposed as mechanisms of activation of some members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) family. However, the identity of residues that play a role in the activation of aGPCRs by the cognate Stachel remains largely unknown. Protein sequence alignments revealed a conserved stretch of residues in the extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) of all 33 members of the aGPCR family. ADGRG2, an orphan aGPCR, plays a major role in male fertility, Ewing sarcoma cell proliferation, and parathyroid cell function. We used ADGRG2 as a model aGPCR and generated mutants of the conserved residues in the ECL2 via site-directed mutagenesis. We show that tryptophan and isoleucine in the ECL2 are essential for receptor stability and surface expression in the HEK293 cells. By adjusting the receptor surface expression levels, we show that mutation of these residues of ECL2 ablates the Stachel-mediated activation of multiple signaling pathways of ADGRG2. This study provides a novel understanding of the role of the ECL2 in Stachel-mediated signaling and degradation of ADGRG2, which may lay the foundation for the rational design of therapeutics to target aGPCRs.
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12
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Zhou Y, Xu B, Wu S, Liu Y. Prognostic Immune-Related Genes of Patients With Ewing's Sarcoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:669549. [PMID: 34122521 PMCID: PMC8194304 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.669549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is an extremely aggressive malignant bone tumor with a high incidence among children and adolescents. The immune microenvironment plays an important role in ES development. The aim of the current study was to investigate the immune microenvironment in ES patients to identify immune-related gene signatures. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to cluster the RNA sequences of 117 ES patients, and their immune cell infiltration data were downloaded and evaluated based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. High, medium, and low immune cell infiltration clusters were identified. Based on the comparison of clusters with high and low immune cell infiltration, normal skeletal muscle cells, and ES, we identified 198 common differentially expressed genes. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated the underlying immune mechanism in ES. Cox and LASSO regression analyses were conducted to select immune-related prognostic genes. An external dataset from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) was used to validate our results. Ten immune-related, independent prognostic genes (FMO2, GLCE, GPR64, IGFBP4, LOXHD1, PBK, SNAI2, SPP1, TAPT1-AS1, and ZIC2) were selected for analysis. These 10 immune-related genes signature were determined to exhibit independent prognostic significance for ES. The results of this study provide an approach for predicting the prognosis and survival of ES patients, and the elucidated genes may be a promising target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shusheng Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Yulian Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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13
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Adhesion receptor ADGRG2/GPR64 is in the GI-tract selectively expressed in mature intestinal tuft cells. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101231. [PMID: 33831593 PMCID: PMC8105302 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective GPR64/ADGRG2 is an orphan Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (ADGR) known to be mainly expressed in the parathyroid gland and epididymis. This investigation aimed to delineate the cellular expression of GPR64 throughout the body with focus on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Methods Transgenic Gpr64mCherry reporter mice were histologically examined throughout the body and reporter protein expression in intestinal tuft cells was confirmed by specific cell ablation. The GPCR repertoire of intestinal Gpr64mCherry-positive tuft cells was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis and in situ hybridization. The Gpr64mCherry was crossed into the general tuft cell reporter Trpm5GFP to generate small intestinal organoids for time-lapse imaging. Intestinal tuft cells were isolated from small intestine, FACS-purified and transcriptionally compared using RNA-seq analysis. Results Expression of the Gpr64mCherry reporter was identified in multiple organs and specifically in olfactory microvillous cells, enteric nerves, and importantly in respiratory and GI tuft cells. In the small intestine, cell ablation targeting Gpr64-expressing epithelial cells eliminated tuft cells. Transcriptional analysis of small intestinal Gpr64mCherry -positive tuft cells confirmed expression of Gpr64 and the chemo-sensors Sucnr1, Gprc5c, Drd3, and Gpr41/Ffar3. Time-lapse studies of organoids from Trpm5GFP:Gpr64mCherry mice revealed sequential expression of initially Trpm5GFP and subsequently also Gpr64mCherry in maturing intestinal tuft cells. RNA-seq analysis of small intestinal tuft cells based on these two markers demonstrated a dynamic change in expression of transcription factors and GPCRs from young to mature tuft cells. Conclusions GPR64 is expressed in chemosensory epithelial cells across a broad range of tissues; however, in the GI tract, GPR64 is remarkably selectively expressed in mature versus young immunoregulatory tuft cells. GPR64-RFP is expressed mainly in chemosensory epithelial cells, including tuft cells. Maturing intestinal tuft cells initially express Trpm5 and subsequently Gpr64. Mature intestinal Gpr64+ tuft cells express Sucnr1, Gprc5c, Drd3, and Gpr41/Ffar3. RNAseq analysis reveals dynamic transcriptional change of mature vs. young tuft cells.
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14
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Gİrgİn B, KaradaĞ-Alpaslan M, KocabaŞ F. Oncogenic and tumor suppressor function of MEIS and associated factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 44:328-355. [PMID: 33402862 PMCID: PMC7759197 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2006-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MEIS proteins are historically associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and invasion in cancer. MEIS and associated PBX-HOX proteins may act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in different cellular settings. Their expressions tend to be misregulated in various cancers. Bioinformatic analyses have suggested their upregulation in leukemia/lymphoma, thymoma, pancreas, glioma, and glioblastoma, and downregulation in cervical, uterine, rectum, and colon cancers. However, every cancer type includes, at least, a subtype with high MEIS expression. In addition, studies have highlighted that MEIS proteins and associated factors may function as diagnostic or therapeutic biomarkers for various diseases. Herein, MEIS proteins and associated factors in tumorigenesis are discussed with recent discoveries in addition to how they could be modulated by noncoding RNAs or newly developed small-molecule MEIS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birkan Gİrgİn
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbul Turkey.,Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Yeditepe University, İstanbul Turkey.,Meinox Pharma Technologies, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Medine KaradaĞ-Alpaslan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun Turkey
| | - Fatih KocabaŞ
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbul Turkey.,Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Yeditepe University, İstanbul Turkey.,Meinox Pharma Technologies, İstanbul Turkey
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15
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Li C, Zhu J, Shi H, Luo J, Zhao W, Shi H, Xu H, Wang H, Loor JJ. Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiling of Dairy Goat Mammary Gland Identifies Genes and Networks Crucial for Lactation and Fatty Acid Metabolism. Front Genet 2020; 11:878. [PMID: 33101357 PMCID: PMC7545057 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fatty acids secreted by the mammary gland are one of the most important determinants of the nutritional value of goat milk. Unlike cow milk, limited data are available on the transcriptome-wide changes across stages of lactation in dairy goats. In this study, goat mammary gland tissue collected at peak lactation, cessation of milking, and involution were analyzed with digital gene expression (DGE) sequencing to generate longitudinal transcript profiles. A total of 51,299 unigenes were identified and further annotated to 12,763 genes, of which 9,131 were differentially expressed across various stages of lactation. Most abundant genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were functionally classified through clusters of euKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. A total of 16 possible expression patterns were uncovered, and 13 genes were deemed novel candidates for regulation of lactation in the goat: POLG, SPTA1, KLC, GIT2, COPS3, PDP, CD31, USP16/29/37, TLL1, NCAPH, ABI2, DNAJC4, and MAPK8IP3. In addition, PLA2, CPT1, PLD, GGA, SRPRB, and AP4S1 are proposed as novel and promising candidates regulating mammary fatty acid metabolism. “Butirosin and neomycin biosynthesis” and “Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism” were the most impacted pathways, and revealed novel metabolic alterations in lipid metabolism as lactation progressed. Overall, the present study provides new insights into the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids and lipid species in the mammary gland along with more detailed information on molecular regulation of lactogenesis. The major findings will benefit efforts to further improve milk quality in dairy goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province and Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengbo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Wangsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Huaiping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Huifen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province and Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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16
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Bondarev AD, Attwood MM, Jonsson J, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Opportunities and challenges for drug discovery in modulating Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) functions. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1291-1307. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1791075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D. Bondarev
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Misty M. Attwood
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jonsson
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir N. Chubarev
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V. Tarasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Pushpam D, Garg V, Ganguly S, Biswas B. Management of Refractory Pediatric Sarcoma: Current Challenges and Future Prospects. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5093-5112. [PMID: 32606731 PMCID: PMC7293381 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s193363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paediatric sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of disorders constituting bone sarcoma and various soft tissue sarcomas. Almost one-third of these presents with metastasis at baseline and another one-third recur after initial curative treatment. There is a huge unmet need in this cohort in terms of curative options and/or prolongation of survival. In this review, we have discussed the current treatment options, challenges and future strategies of managing relapsed/refractory paediatric sarcomas. Upfront risk-adapted treatment with multidisciplinary management remains the main strategy to prevent future recurrence or relapse of the disease. In the case of limited local and/or systemic relapse or late relapse, initial multimodality management can be administered. In treatment-refractory cases or where cure is not feasible, the treatment options are limited to novel therapeutics, immunotherapeutic approach, targeted therapies, and metronomic therapies. A better understanding of disease biology, mechanism of treatment refractoriness, identifications of driver mutation, the discovery of novel targeted therapies, cellular vaccine and adapted therapies should be explored in relapsed/refractory cases. Close national and international collaboration for translation research is needed to fulfil the unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikas Garg
- Department of Medical Oncology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandip Ganguly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Bivas Biswas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
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18
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Xie T, Tang Y, Luo R, Zhang X, Wu S, Gu Y, Liu T, Hu F. GPR64 promotes cAMP pathway in tumor aggressiveness in sparsely granulated growth hormone cell adenomas. Endocrine 2020; 68:629-639. [PMID: 32180116 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is an increasing agreement that acromegaly caused by growth hormone (GH) cell adenoma has two distinct subtypes: densely granulated (DG) and sparsely granulated (SG). We hypothesized that differential molecular signatures may explain their behavior. METHODS Total transcriptome sequencing was performed on ten DG and seven SG adenomas. The differentially expressed RNAs were identified by bioinformatic analyses, and a candidate RNA was verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Immunohistochemical staining was also performed to detect the protein expression of the candidate. Clinical parameters were correlated with protein expression. Subsequently, cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell cycle progression were analyzed after knockdown of the candidate in pituitary GH3 cells. Activation of the cAMP pathway was assessed by ELISA and Western blot. RESULTS We confirmed that there were obvious differentially expressed genes between the subtypes. Through gene profiling, we discovered that an orphan adhesion G protein-coupled receptor, GPR64, was overexpressed in more aggressive SG adenomas. Noticeably, GPR64 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation of GH3 tumor cells and decreased colony formation. The knockdown also induced cell cycle arrest in GH3 tumor cells. Further studies revealed that GPR64 knockdown decreased cAMP levels and the ratios of p-CREB/CREB, indicating that it suppressed the cAMP/CREB pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that GPR64 may promote aggressiveness in SG-type GH cell adenomas and that it is a key factor regulating the cAMP pathway to promote aggressiveness of GH cell adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongkui Luo
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Digital Medical Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Shanghai, China.
| | - Silin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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H.S. Richter G, Hensel T, Schmidt O, Saratov V, von Heyking K, Becker-Dettling F, Prexler C, Yen HY, Steiger K, Fulda S, Dirksen U, Weichert W, Wang S, Burdach S, Schäfer BW. Combined Inhibition of Epigenetic Readers and Transcription Initiation Targets the EWS-ETS Transcriptional Program in Ewing Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020304. [PMID: 32012890 PMCID: PMC7072515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previously, we used inhibitors blocking BET bromodomain binding proteins (BRDs) in Ewing sarcoma (EwS) and observed that long term treatment resulted in the development of resistance. Here, we analyze the possible interaction of BRD4 with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 9. Methods: Co-immunoprecipitation experiments (CoIP) to characterize BRD4 interaction and functional consequences of inhibiting transcriptional elongation were assessed using drugs targeting of BRD4 or CDK9, either alone or in combination. Results: CoIP revealed an interaction of BRD4 with EWS-FLI1 and CDK9 in EwS. Treatment of EwS cells with CDKI-73, a specific CDK9 inhibitor (CDK9i), induced a rapid downregulation of EWS-FLI1 expression and block of contact-dependent growth. CDKI-73 induced apoptosis in EwS, as depicted by cleavage of Caspase 7 (CASP7), PARP and increased CASP3 activity, similar to JQ1. Microarray analysis following CDKI-73 treatment uncovered a transcriptional program that was only partially comparable to BRD inhibition. Strikingly, combined treatment of EwS with BRD- and CDK9-inhibitors re-sensitized cells, and was overall more effective than individual drugs not only in vitro but also in a preclinical mouse model in vivo. Conclusion: Treatment with BRD inhibitors in combination with CDK9i offers a new treatment option that significantly blocks the pathognomonic EWS-ETS transcriptional program and malignant phenotype of EwS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther H.S. Richter
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Tim Hensel
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Oxana Schmidt
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Vadim Saratov
- Department of Oncology and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (V.S.); (B.W.S.)
| | - Kristina von Heyking
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Fiona Becker-Dettling
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Carolin Prexler
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Hsi-Yu Yen
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Paediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany;
| | - Uta Dirksen
- Pediatrics III, West German Cancer Centre, University Hospital of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia;
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Beat W. Schäfer
- Department of Oncology and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (V.S.); (B.W.S.)
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20
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Gad AA, Balenga N. The Emerging Role of Adhesion GPCRs in Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:29-42. [PMID: 32259086 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression, function, and mutation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling partners, G proteins, have been well documented in many forms of cancer. These cell surface receptors and their endogenous ligands are implicated in all aspects of cancer including proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) form the second largest family of GPCRs, most of which are orphan receptors with unknown physiological functions. This is mainly due to our limited insight into their structure, natural ligands, signaling pathways, and tissue expression profiles. Nevertheless, recent studies show that aGPCRs play important roles in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and cell-cell communication, processes that are dysregulated in cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that aGPCRs are implicated in migration, proliferation, and survival of tumor cells. We here review the role of aGPCRs in the five most common types of cancer (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and gastric) and emphasize the importance of further translational studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub A Gad
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Molecular and Structural Biology program at University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
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21
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Ahn JI, Yoo JY, Kim TH, Kim YI, Broaddus RR, Ahn JY, Lim JM, Jeong JW. G-protein coupled receptor 64 (GPR64) acts as a tumor suppressor in endometrial cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:810. [PMID: 31412816 PMCID: PMC6694613 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer. G-protein coupled receptor 64 (GPR64) belongs to a family of adhesion GPCRs and plays an important role in male fertility. However, the function of GPR64 has not been studied in endometrial cancer. Our objective is to investigate the role of GPR64 in endometrial cancer. METHODS We examined the levels of GPR64 in human endometrioid endometrial carcinoma by immunohistochemistry analysis. To determine a tumor suppressor role of GPR64 in endometrial cancer, we used a siRNA loss of function approach in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines. RESULTS GPR64 levels were remarkably lower in 10 of 21 (47.62%) of endometrial carcinoma samples compared to control. Depletion of GPR64 by siRNA transfection revealed an increase of colony formation ability, cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion activity in Ishikawa and HEC1A cells. The expression of Connexin 43 (Cx43), a member of the large family of gap junction proteins, was reduced through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in Ishikawa cells with GPR64-deficicy. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GPR64 plays an important tumor suppressor role in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Il Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yoon Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Young Im Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Russell R. Broaddus
- Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Ji Yeon Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Mook Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
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22
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Van Mater D, Wagner L. Management of recurrent Ewing sarcoma: challenges and approaches. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:2279-2288. [PMID: 30988632 PMCID: PMC6441548 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s170585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many patients with newly diagnosed Ewing sarcoma can become long-term survivors, relapse remains an important clinical problem for which there is no standard approach. Several prognostic factors have been identified, and these may help guide patient counseling and therapy decisions. A variety of chemotherapy regimens have produced responses in patients with recurrent Ewing sarcoma, but no comparative studies have been completed to show superiority of any one particular approach. In addition, the optimum length of therapy for salvage regimens and use of local control measures remains unknown. The likelihood of cure remains low and the gaps in our knowledge are great, and so enrollment on clinical trials should be strongly encouraged for these patients when feasible. Because Ewing sarcoma is relatively rare, some pediatric and adult oncologists may be less familiar with the management of relapsed patients. In this review, we address common questions facing the clinician and patient, and provide an update on new strategies for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Van Mater
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,
| | - Lars Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,
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23
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Grünewald TGP, Cidre-Aranaz F, Surdez D, Tomazou EM, de Álava E, Kovar H, Sorensen PH, Delattre O, Dirksen U. Ewing sarcoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4:5. [PMID: 29977059 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-018-0003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second most frequent bone tumour of childhood and adolescence that can also arise in soft tissue. Ewing sarcoma is a highly aggressive cancer, with a survival of 70-80% for patients with standard-risk and localized disease and ~30% for those with metastatic disease. Treatment comprises local surgery, radiotherapy and polychemotherapy, which are associated with acute and chronic adverse effects that may compromise quality of life in survivors. Histologically, Ewing sarcomas are composed of small round cells expressing high levels of CD99. Genetically, they are characterized by balanced chromosomal translocations in which a member of the FET gene family is fused with an ETS transcription factor, with the most common fusion being EWSR1-FLI1 (85% of cases). Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 protein (EWSR1)-Friend leukaemia integration 1 transcription factor (FLI1) is a tumour-specific chimeric transcription factor (EWSR1-FLI1) with neomorphic effects that massively rewires the transcriptome. Additionally, EWSR1-FLI1 reprogrammes the epigenome by inducing de novo enhancers at GGAA microsatellites and by altering the state of gene regulatory elements, creating a unique epigenetic signature. Additional mutations at diagnosis are rare and mainly involve STAG2, TP53 and CDKN2A deletions. Emerging studies on the molecular mechanisms of Ewing sarcoma hold promise for improvements in early detection, disease monitoring, lower treatment-related toxicity, overall survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G P Grünewald
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium, partner site Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Florencia Cidre-Aranaz
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium, partner site Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Didier Surdez
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisé LNCC, PSL Université, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eleni M Tomazou
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrique de Álava
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville/CIBERONC, Seville, Spain
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisé LNCC, PSL Université, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Uta Dirksen
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Study group, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, partner site Essen, Essen, Germany
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24
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Lebellec L, Bertucci F, Tresch-Bruneel E, Bompas E, Toiron Y, Camoin L, Mir O, Laurence V, Clisant S, Decoupigny E, Blay JY, Goncalves A, Penel N. Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as predictive factor of progression-free survival in patients with advanced chordoma receiving sorafenib: an analysis from a phase II trial of the french sarcoma group (GSF/GETO). Oncotarget 2018; 7:73984-73994. [PMID: 27659533 PMCID: PMC5342029 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with advanced chordoma are often treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors without any predictive factor to guide decision. We report herein an ancillary analysis of the the Angionext phase II trial (NCT 00874874). Results From May 2011 to January 2014, 26 were sampled. The 9-month PFS rate was 72.9% (95%-CI: 45.9-87.9). During sorafenib treatment, a significant increase in PlGF (18.4 vs 43.8 pg/mL, p<0.001) was noted along with a non-significant increase in VEGF (0.7 vs 1.0 ng/mL, p=0.07). VEGF at D1 >1.04 ng/mL (HR=12.5, 95%-CI: 1.37-114, p=0.025) and VEGF at D7 >1.36 ng/mL (HR=10.7, 95%-CI: 1.16-98, p=0.037) were associated with shorter PFS. The 9-month PFS rate was 92.3% (95%-CI: 56.6-98.9) when VEGF at D1 was ≤1.04 ng/mL versus 23.3% (95%-CI: 1.0-63.2) when >1.04 ng/mL. Patients and Methods Chordoma patients were treated with sorafenib 800 mg/day for 9 months, unless earlier occurrence of progression or toxicities. Six biomarkers (sE-Selectin, VEGF, VEGF-C, placental growth factor (PlGF), Thrombospondin, Stem Cell Factor (SCF)) were measured at baseline (day 1: D1) and day 7 (D7). Conclusion High levels of VEGF was associated with poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Lebellec
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - François Bertucci
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmette, Marseille, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Bompas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre René Gauducheau, Nantes, France
| | - Yves Toiron
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Camoin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Mir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Stephanie Clisant
- Clinical Research Unit, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France.,SIRIC OncoLille, Clinical Research and Methodological Platform, Lille, France
| | | | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Anthony Goncalves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Penel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France.,SIRIC OncoLille, Clinical Research and Methodological Platform, Lille, France
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25
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Cazorla-Vázquez S, Engel FB. Adhesion GPCRs in Kidney Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:9. [PMID: 29468160 PMCID: PMC5808184 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents the fastest growing pathology worldwide with a prevalence of >10% in many countries. In addition, kidney cancer represents 5% of all new diagnosed cancers. As currently no effective therapies exist to restore kidney function after CKD- as well as cancer-induced renal damage, it is important to elucidate new regulators of kidney development and disease as new therapeutic targets. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the most successful class of pharmaceutical targets. In recent years adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs), the second largest GPCR family, gained significant attention as they are present on almost all mammalian cells, are associated to a plethora of diseases and regulate important cellular processes. aGPCRs regulate for example cell polarity, mitotic spindle orientation, cell migration, and cell aggregation; all processes that play important roles in kidney development and/or disease. Moreover, polycystin-1, a major regulator of kidney development and disease, contains a GAIN domain, which is otherwise only found in aGPCRs. In this review, we assess the potential of aGPCRs as therapeutic targets for kidney disease. For this purpose we have summarized the available literature and analyzed data from the databases The Human Protein Atlas, EURExpress, Nephroseq, FireBrowse, cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics and the National Cancer Institute Genomic Data Commons data portal (NCIGDC). Our data indicate that most aGPCRs are expressed in different spatio-temporal patterns during kidney development and that altered aGPCR expression is associated with a variety of kidney diseases including CKD, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis as well as renal cell carcinoma. We conclude that aGPCRs present a promising new class of therapeutic targets and/or might be useful as diagnostic markers in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cazorla-Vázquez
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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26
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von Heyking K, Roth L, Ertl M, Schmidt O, Calzada-Wack J, Neff F, Lawlor ER, Burdach S, Richter GH. The posterior HOXD locus: Its contribution to phenotype and malignancy of Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41767-41780. [PMID: 27363011 PMCID: PMC5173095 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microarray analysis revealed genes of the posterior HOXD locus normally involved in bone formation to be over-expressed in primary Ewing sarcoma (ES). The expression of posterior HOXD genes was not influenced via ES pathognomonic EWS/ETS translocations. However, knock down of the dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 2 (DKK2) resulted in a significant suppression of HOXD10, HOXD11 and HOXD13 while over-expression of DKK2 and stimulation with factors of the WNT signaling pathway such as WNT3a, WNT5a or WNT11 increased their expression. RNA interference demonstrated that individual HOXD genes promoted chondrogenic differentiation potential, and enhanced expression of the bone-associated gene RUNX2. Furthermore, HOXD genes increased the level of the osteoblast- and osteoclast-specific genes, osteocalcin (BGLAP) and platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide (PDGFB), and may further regulate endochondral bone development via induction of parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH). Additionally, HOXD11 and HOXD13 promoted contact independent growth of ES, while in vitro invasiveness of ES lines was enhanced by all 3 HOXD genes investigated and seemed mediated via matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1). Consequently, knock down of HOXD11 or HOXD13 significantly suppressed lung metastasis in a xeno-transplant model in immune deficient mice, providing overall evidence that posterior HOXD genes promote clonogenicity and metastatic potential of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina von Heyking
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCM), and German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Roth
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCM), and German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Ertl
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCM), and German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Oxana Schmidt
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCM), and German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth R Lawlor
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCM), and German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Guenther Hs Richter
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCM), and German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
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27
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Grünewald TGP. [Functional genomics of Ewing sarcoma]. DER PATHOLOGE 2017; 38:198-201. [PMID: 28849372 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-017-0332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a highly aggressive bone or soft-tissue tumor mostly occurring in children and adolescents. Conventional multi-modal therapies are associated with considerable acute and chronic toxicity. Thus, more effective and in particular less toxic therapeutic strategies are urgently required. Despite the fact that Ewing sarcoma is characterized by specific EWSR1-ETS gene fusions, the resulting fusion oncoproteins are not suitable for targeted therapy due to their low immunogenicity and the ubiquitous expression of their constituents. However, functional genomics revealed several EWSR1-ETS target genes, which are only minimally expressed in normal tissues, and which could serve as surrogate-targets for (immuno-)therapeutic approaches. Moreover, functional genomic analyses yielded first mechanistic explanations for the relatively high incidence of Ewing sarcoma in Europeans, and first studies are exploring the value of circulating free DNA and/or exosomal mRNA of EWSR1-ETS fusion oncogenes as minimal-residual-disease markers in Ewing sarcoma. This review summarizes key contributions to these aspects and gives a perspective on their medical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G P Grünewald
- Max-Eder Nachwuchsgruppe für Pädiatrische Sarkombiologie, Pathologisches Institut, Medizinische Fakultät, LMU München, Thalkirchner Str. 36, 80337, München, Deutschland.
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28
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von Heyking K, Calzada-Wack J, Göllner S, Neff F, Schmidt O, Hensel T, Schirmer D, Fasan A, Esposito I, Müller-Tidow C, Sorensen PH, Burdach S, Richter GHS. The endochondral bone protein CHM1 sustains an undifferentiated, invasive phenotype, promoting lung metastasis in Ewing sarcoma. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1288-1301. [PMID: 28319320 PMCID: PMC5579336 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcomas (ES) are highly malignant, osteolytic bone or soft tissue tumors, which are characterized by EWS–ETS translocations and early metastasis to lung and bone. In this study, we investigated the role of the BRICHOS chaperone domain‐containing endochondral bone protein chondromodulin I (CHM1) in ES pathogenesis. CHM1 is significantly overexpressed in ES, and chromosome immunoprecipitation (ChIP) data demonstrate CHM1 to be directly bound by an EWS–ETS translocation, EWS‐FLI1. Using RNA interference, we observed that CHM1 promoted chondrogenic differentiation capacity of ES cells but decreased the expression of osteolytic genes such as HIF1A,IL6,JAG1, and VEGF. This was in line with the induction of the number of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP+)‐stained osteoclasts in an orthotopic model of local tumor growth after CHM1 knockdown, indicating that CHM1‐mediated inhibition of osteomimicry might play a role in homing, colonization, and invasion into bone tissues. We further demonstrate that CHM1 enhanced the invasive potential of ES cells in vitro. This invasiveness was in part mediated via CHM1‐regulated matrix metallopeptidase 9 expression and correlated with the observation that, in an xenograft mouse model, CHM1 was essential for the establishment of lung metastases. This finding is in line with the observed increase in CHM1 expression in patient specimens with ES lung metastases. Our results suggest that CHM1 seems to have pleiotropic functions in ES, which need to be further investigated, but appears to be essential for the invasive and metastatic capacities of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina von Heyking
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Göllner
- Department of Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Halle, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oxana Schmidt
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Hensel
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - David Schirmer
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Fasan
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Halle, Germany.,Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Günther H S Richter
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
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29
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Yoo JY, Ahn JI, Kim TH, Yu S, Ahn JY, Lim JM, Jeong JW. G-protein coupled receptor 64 is required for decidualization of endometrial stromal cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5021. [PMID: 28694502 PMCID: PMC5503986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although GPR64 has an important role for male fertility, its physiological roles in the female reproductive system are still unknown. In the present study, immunohistochemical analysis reveals a spatiotemporal expression of GPR64 in the uterus during early pregnancy. Observation of remarkable induction of GPR64 expression in uterine decidual cells points to its potential physiological significance on decidualization. The decidualization of uterine stromal cells is a key event in implantation. Progesterone (P4) signaling is crucial for the decidualization of the endometrial stromal cells for successful pregnancy. Therefore, we examined ovarian steroid hormone regulation of GPR64 expression in the murine uterus. P4 induced GPR64 expression in the epithelial and stromal cells of the uterus in ovariectomized wild-type mice, but not in PRKO mice. ChIP analysis confirmed that PGR proteins were recruited on progesterone response element of Gpr64 gene in the uteri of wild-type mice treated with P4. Furthermore, the expression of GPR64 was increased in human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) during in vitro decidualization. Interestingly, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of GPR64 in hESCs remarkably reduced decidualization. These results suggest that Gpr64 has a crucial role in the decidualization of endometrial stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yoon Yoo
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapid, MI, 49503, United States
| | - Jong Il Ahn
- Research Institutes of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapid, MI, 49503, United States
| | - Sungryul Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon, 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Mook Lim
- Research Institutes of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapid, MI, 49503, United States.
- Department of Women's Health, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, MI, 49341, United States.
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30
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Balenga N, Azimzadeh P, Hogue JA, Staats PN, Shi Y, Koh J, Dressman H, Olson JA. Orphan Adhesion GPCR GPR64/ADGRG2 Is Overexpressed in Parathyroid Tumors and Attenuates Calcium-Sensing Receptor-Mediated Signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:654-666. [PMID: 27760455 PMCID: PMC7211037 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal feedback of serum calcium to parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is the hallmark of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Although the molecular pathogenesis of parathyroid neoplasia in PHPT has been linked to abnormal expression of genes involved in cell growth (e.g., cyclin D1, retinoblastoma, and β-catenin), the molecular basis of abnormal calcium sensing by calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and PTH hypersecretion in PHPT are incompletely understood. Through gene expression profiling, we discovered that an orphan adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), GPR64/ADGRG2, is expressed in human normal parathyroid glands and is overexpressed in parathyroid tumors from patients with PHPT. Using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and coimmunoprecipitation, we found that GPR64 is expressed on the cell surface of parathyroid cells, is overexpressed in parathyroid tumors, and physically interacts with the CaSR. By using reporter gene assay and GPCR second messenger readouts we identified Gαs, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A, and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) as the signaling cascade downstream of GPR64. Furthermore, we found that an N-terminally truncated human GPR64 is constitutively active and a 15-amino acid-long peptide C-terminal to the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) of GPR64 activates this receptor. Functional characterization of GPR64 demonstrated its ability to increase PTH release from human parathyroid cells at a range of calcium concentrations. We discovered that the truncated constitutively active, but not the full-length GPR64 physically interacts with CaSR and attenuates the CaSR-mediated intracellular Ca2+ signaling and cAMP suppression in HEK293 cells. Our results indicate that GPR64 may be a physiologic regulator of PTH release that is dysregulated in parathyroid tumors, and suggest a role for GPR64 in pathologic calcium sensing in PHPT. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Balenga
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pedram Azimzadeh
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joyce A Hogue
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul N Staats
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuhong Shi
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Koh
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Holly Dressman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John A Olson
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Targeting the EWS-ETS transcriptional program by BET bromodomain inhibition in Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1451-63. [PMID: 26623725 PMCID: PMC4811472 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcomas (ES) are highly malignant bone or soft tissue tumors. Genetically, ES are defined by balanced chromosomal EWS/ETS translocations, which give rise to chimeric proteins (EWS-ETS) that generate an oncogenic transcriptional program associated with altered epigenetic marks throughout the genome. By use of an inhibitor (JQ1) blocking BET bromodomain binding proteins (BRDs) we strikingly observed a strong down-regulation of the predominant EWS-ETS protein EWS-FLI1 in a dose dependent manner. This was further enhanced by co-treatment with an inhibitor of the PI3K pathway. Microarray analysis further revealed JQ1 treatment to block a typical ES associated expression program. The effect on this expression program was mimicked by RNA interference with BRD3 or BRD4 expression, indicating that the EWS-FLI1 mediated expression profile is at least in part mediated via such epigenetic readers. Consequently, contact dependent and independent proliferation of different ES lines was strongly inhibited. Mechanistically, treatment of ES resulted in a partial arrest of the cell cycle as well as induction of apoptosis. Tumor development was suppressed dose dependently in a xeno-transplant model in immune deficient mice, overall indicating that ES may be susceptible to treatment with epigenetic inhibitors blocking BET bromodomain activity and the associated pathognomonic EWS-ETS transcriptional program.
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Jeon TW, Yang H, Lee CG, Oh ST, Seo D, Baik IH, Lee EH, Yun I, Park KR, Lee YH. Electro-hyperthermia up-regulates tumour suppressor Septin 4 to induce apoptotic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 32:648-56. [PMID: 27269053 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2016.1186290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) has been shown to be effective against various types of human tumours, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the cytotoxic effects of mEHT to HCC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human liver cancer cell lines, Huh7 and HepG2, were treated with mEHT (42 °C/60 min) three times at 2-day intervals. Growth inhibition and apoptotic induction were evaluated using MTS, microscopic analysis, a clonogenic assay, annexin V/PI staining and a ccK18 ELISA. Global changes in gene expression were examined using RNA sequencing to obtain insights into molecular changes in response to mEHT. For in vivo evaluation of mEHT we used HepG2 HCC xenografts grown in nude mice. RESULTS mEHT suppressed HCC cell proliferation and long-term colony formation through induction of apoptosis. The growth inhibitory effects are induced through a subset of molecular changes. Notably the expression level of septin 4 (SEPT4) (involved in pro-apoptotic activity and growth suppression) was up-regulated, whereas a key regulator of invasiveness G-Protein coupled receptor 64 (GPR64) was repressed. Subsequent Western blotting confirmed that the common increase in tumour suppressor SEPT4 in both Huh7 and HepG2 cells is accompanied by the restoration of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 and decrease in pro-caspase 7 and pro-caspase 3, thereby accelerating apoptotic signalling in HCC cells. Additionally, mEHT significantly inhibited the growth of human HCC xenografts in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that apoptotic cell death induced by mEHT is mediated by the up-regulation of tumour suppressor SEPT4 in human HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Won Jeon
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul ;,d Department of Molecular Medicine , Keimyung University School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Heebum Yang
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul
| | - Chang Geol Lee
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul
| | - Sang Taek Oh
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul
| | - Daekwan Seo
- b Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul
| | - In Hye Baik
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul ;,d Department of Molecular Medicine , Keimyung University School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul
| | - Ina Yun
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul
| | - Kyung Ran Park
- c Department of Radiation Oncology , Ewha Women's University Medical Center , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Han Lee
- d Department of Molecular Medicine , Keimyung University School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Alterations in the homeostasis of several adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) have been observed in cancer. The main cellular functions regulated by aGPCRs are cell adhesion, migration, polarity, and guidance, which are all highly relevant to tumor cell biology. Expression of aGPCRs can be induced, increased, decreased, or silenced in the tumor or in stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts and endothelial and/or immune cells. For example, ADGRE5 (CD97) and ADGRG1 (GPR56) show increased expression in many cancers, and initial functional studies suggest that both are relevant for tumor cell migration and invasion. aGPCRs can also impact the regulation of angiogenesis by releasing soluble fragments following the cleavage of their extracellular domain (ECD) at the conserved GPCR-proteolytic site (GPS) or other more distal cleavage sites as typical for the ADGRB (BAI) family. Interrogation of in silico cancer databases suggests alterations in other aGPCR members and provides the impetus for further exploration of their potential role in cancer. Integration of knowledge on the expression, regulation, and function of aGPCRs in tumorigenesis is currently spurring the first preclinical studies to examine the potential of aGPCR or the related pathways as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aust
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 19, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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Ludwig MG, Seuwen K, Bridges JP. Adhesion GPCR Function in Pulmonary Development and Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 234:309-327. [PMID: 27832494 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41523-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Classic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control multiple aspects of pulmonary physiology as demonstrated by loss-of-function experiments in mice and pharmacologic targeting of GPCRs for treatment of several pulmonary diseases. Emerging data demonstrate critical roles for members of the adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) family in pulmonary development, homeostasis, and disease. Although this field is still in its infancy, this chapter will review all available data regarding aGPCRs in pulmonary biology, with a particular focus on the aGPCR for which the most substantial data to date exist: Adgrf5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - James P Bridges
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML7029, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G2 (ADGRG2/GPR64) constitutively activates SRE and NFκB and is involved in cell adhesion and migration. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2579-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Identification of the tethered peptide agonist of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR64/ADGRG2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:743-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sand LGL, Szuhai K, Hogendoorn PCW. Sequencing Overview of Ewing Sarcoma: A Journey across Genomic, Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Landscapes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:16176-215. [PMID: 26193259 PMCID: PMC4519945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive neoplasm occurring predominantly in adolescent Caucasians. At the genome level, a pathognomonic EWSR1-ETS translocation is present. The resulting fusion protein acts as a molecular driver in the tumor development and interferes, amongst others, with endogenous transcription and splicing. The Ewing sarcoma cell shows a poorly differentiated, stem-cell like phenotype. Consequently, the cellular origin of Ewing sarcoma is still a hot discussed topic. To further characterize Ewing sarcoma and to further elucidate the role of EWSR1-ETS fusion protein multiple genome, epigenome and transcriptome level studies were performed. In this review, the data from these studies were combined into a comprehensive overview. Presently, classical morphological predictive markers are used in the clinic and the therapy is dominantly based on systemic chemotherapy in combination with surgical interventions. Using sequencing, novel predictive markers and candidates for immuno- and targeted therapy were identified which were summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens G L Sand
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
| | - Pancras C W Hogendoorn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
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Agarwal A, Sharma R, Durairajanayagam D, Ayaz A, Cui Z, Willard B, Gopalan B, Sabanegh E. Major protein alterations in spermatozoa from infertile men with unilateral varicocele. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:8. [PMID: 25890347 PMCID: PMC4383193 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of varicocele, a common cause of male factor infertility, remains unclear. Proteomic changes responsible for the underlying pathology of unilateral varicocele have not been evaluated. The objective of this prospective study was to employ proteomic techniques and bioinformatic tools to identify and analyze proteins of interest in infertile men with unilateral varicocele. METHODS Spermatozoa from infertile men with unilateral varicocele (n=5) and from fertile men (control; n=5) were pooled in two groups respectively. Proteins were extracted and separated by 1-D SDS-PAGE. Bands were digested and identified on a LTQ-Orbitrap Elite hybrid mass spectrometer system. Bioinformatic analysis identified the pathways and functions of the differentially expressed proteins (DEP). RESULTS Sperm concentration, motility and morphology were lower, and reactive oxygen species levels were higher in unilateral varicocele patients compared to healthy controls. The total number of proteins identified were 1055, 1010 and 1042 in the fertile group, and 795, 713 and 763 proteins in the unilateral varicocele group. Of the 369 DEP between both groups, 120 proteins were unique to the fertile group and 38 proteins were unique to the unilateral varicocele group. Compared to the control group, 114 proteins were overexpressed while 97 proteins were underexpressed in the unilateral varicocele group. We have identified 29 proteins of interest that are involved in spermatogenesis and other fundamental reproductive events such as sperm maturation, acquisition of sperm motility, hyperactivation, capacitation, acrosome reaction and fertilization. The major functional pathways of the 359 DEP related to the unilateral varicocele group involve metabolism, disease, immune system, gene expression, signal transduction and apoptosis. Functional annotations showed that unilateral varicocele mostly affected small molecule biochemistry and post-translational modification proteins. Proteins expressed uniquely in the unilateral varicocele group were cysteine-rich secretory protein 2 precursor (CRISP2) and arginase-2 (ARG2). CONCLUSIONS The expression of these proteins of interest are altered and possibly functionally compromised in infertile men with unilateral varicocele. If validated, these proteins may lead to potential biomarker(s) and help better understand the mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of unilateral varicocele in infertile men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Agarwal
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Mail Code X-11, 10681 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Mail Code X-11, 10681 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Damayanthi Durairajanayagam
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Mail Code X-11, 10681 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Ahmet Ayaz
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Mail Code X-11, 10681 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Zhihong Cui
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Mail Code X-11, 10681 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Banu Gopalan
- Proteomics Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Edmund Sabanegh
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Mail Code X-11, 10681 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Ahmad R, Wojciech S, Jockers R. Hunting for the function of orphan GPCRs - beyond the search for the endogenous ligand. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:3212-28. [PMID: 25231237 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven transmembrane-spanning proteins (7TM), also called GPCRs, are among the most versatile and evolutionary successful protein families. Out of the 400 non-odourant members identified in the human genome, approximately 100 remain orphans that have not been matched with an endogenous ligand. Apart from the classical deorphanization strategies, several alternative strategies provided recent new insights into the function of these proteins, which hold promise for high therapeutic potential. These alternative strategies consist of the phenotypical characterization of organisms silenced or overexpressing orphan 7TM proteins, the search for constitutive receptor activity and formation of protein complexes including 7TM proteins as well as the development of synthetic, surrogate ligands. Taken together, a variety of ligand-independent functions can be attributed to orphan 7TM proteins that range from constitutive activity to complex formation with other proteins and include 'true' orphans for which no ligand exist and 'conditional' orphans that behave like orphans in the absence of ligand and as non-orphans in the presence of ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raise Ahmad
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Wojciech
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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SWATH™- and iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analyses reveal an overexpression and biological relevance of CD109 in advanced NSCLC. J Proteomics 2014; 102:125-36. [PMID: 24667143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To identify cancer-related proteins, we used isobaric tags in a relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic approach and SWATH™ quantification approach to analyze the secretome of an isogenic pair of highly metastatic and low metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. In addition, we compared two groups of pooled serum samples (12 early-stage and 12 late-stage patients) to mine data for candidates screened by iTRAQ-labeled proteomic analysis. A total of 110 proteins and 71 proteins were observed to be significantly differentially expressed in the cell line secretome and NSCLC sera, respectively. Among these proteins, CD109 was found to be highly expressed in both the highly metastatic cell line secretome and the group of late-stage patients. A sandwich ELISA assay also demonstrated an elevation of serum CD109 levels in individual NSCLC patients (n=30) compared with healthy subjects (n=19). Furthermore, CD109 displayed higher expression in lung cancer tissues compared with their matched noncancerous lung tissues (n=72). In addition, the knockdown of CD109 influenced several NSCLC cell bio-functions, for instance, depressing cell growth, affecting cell cycle phases. These phenomena suggest that CD109 plays a critical role in NSCLC progression. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE We simultaneously applied two quantitative proteomic approaches-iTRAQ-labeling and SWATH™-to analyze the secretome of metastatic cell lines, in order to explore the cancer-associated proteins in conditioned media. In this study, our results indicate that CD109 plays a critical role in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression, and is overexpressed in advanced NSCLC.
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Whittier KL, Boese EA, Gibson-Corley KN, Kirby PA, Darbro BW, Qian Q, Ingram WJ, Robertson T, Remke M, Taylor MD, O’Dorisio MS. G-protein coupled receptor expression patterns delineate medulloblastoma subgroups. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:66. [PMID: 24252460 PMCID: PMC3893540 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Genetic profiling has identified four principle tumor subgroups; each subgroup is characterized by different initiating mutations, genetic and clinical profiles, and prognoses. The two most well-defined subgroups are caused by overactive signaling in the WNT and SHH mitogenic pathways; less is understood about Groups 3 and 4 medulloblastoma. Identification of tumor subgroup using molecular classification is set to become an important component of medulloblastoma diagnosis and staging, and will likely guide therapeutic options. However, thus far, few druggable targets have emerged. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) possess characteristics that make them ideal targets for molecular imaging and therapeutics; drugs targeting GPCRs account for 30-40% of all current pharmaceuticals. While expression patterns of many proteins in human medulloblastoma subgroups have been discerned, the expression pattern of GPCRs in medulloblastoma has not been investigated. We hypothesized that analysis of GPCR expression would identify clear subsets of medulloblastoma and suggest distinct GPCRs that might serve as molecular targets for both imaging and therapy. Results Our study found that medulloblastoma tumors fall into distinct clusters based solely on GPCR expression patterns. Normal cerebellum clustered separately from the tumor samples. Further, two of the tumor clusters correspond with high fidelity to the WNT and SHH subgroups of medulloblastoma. Distinct over-expressed GPCRs emerge; for example, LGR5 and GPR64 are significantly and uniquely over-expressed in the WNT subgroup of tumors, while PTGER4 is over-expressed in the SHH subgroup. Uniquely under-expressed GPCRs were also observed. Our key findings were independently validated using a large international dataset. Conclusions Our results identify GPCRs with potential to act as imaging and therapeutic targets. Elucidating tumorigenic pathways is a secondary benefit to identifying differential GPCR expression patterns in medulloblastoma tumors.
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Grunewald TGP, Willier S, Janik D, Unland R, Reiss C, da Costa OP, Buch T, Dirksen U, Richter GH, Neff F, Burdach S, Butt E. The Zyxin-related protein thyroid receptor interacting protein 6 (TRIP6) is overexpressed in Ewing's sarcoma and promotes migration, invasion and cell growth. Biol Cell 2013; 105:535-47. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. P. Grunewald
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center; Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technische Universität München; Munich 80804 Germany
| | - Semjon Willier
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry; University Clinic of Würzburg; Würzburg 97080 Germany
| | - Dirk Janik
- Institute of Pathology; Helmholtz Center Munich; Neuherberg 85764 Germany
| | - Rebekka Unland
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Hospital Muenster; Westphalian Wilhelms University; Muenster 48149 Germany
| | - Cora Reiss
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry; University Clinic of Würzburg; Würzburg 97080 Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis; University Medical Center Mainz; Mainz 55131 Germany
| | - Olivia Prazeres da Costa
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene; Technische Universität München; Munich 81675 Germany
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene; Technische Universität München; Munich 81675 Germany
| | - Uta Dirksen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Hospital Muenster; Westphalian Wilhelms University; Muenster 48149 Germany
| | - Günther H.S. Richter
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center; Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technische Universität München; Munich 80804 Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Pathology; Helmholtz Center Munich; Neuherberg 85764 Germany
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center; Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technische Universität München; Munich 80804 Germany
| | - Elke Butt
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry; University Clinic of Würzburg; Würzburg 97080 Germany
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Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 is involved in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-enhanced cell motility and matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression in human chondrosarcoma cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15459-78. [PMID: 23892595 PMCID: PMC3759868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is the primary malignancy of bone that is characterized by a potent capacity to invade locally and cause distant metastasis, and is therefore associated with poor prognoses. Chondrosarcoma further shows a predilection for metastasis to the lungs. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a small molecule in the neurotrophin family of growth factors that is associated with the disease status and outcome of cancers. However, the effect of BDNF on cell motility in human chondrosarcoma cells is mostly unknown. Here, we found that human chondrosarcoma cell lines had significantly higher cell motility and BDNF expression compared to normal chondrocytes. We also found that BDNF increased cell motility and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in human chondrosarcoma cells. BDNF-mediated cell motility and MMP-1 up-regulation were attenuated by Trk inhibitor (K252a), ASK1 inhibitor (thioredoxin), JNK inhibitor (SP600125), and p38 inhibitor (SB203580). Furthermore, BDNF also promoted Sp1 activation. Our results indicate that BDNF enhances the migration and invasion activity of chondrosarcoma cells by increasing MMP-1 expression through a signal transduction pathway that involves the TrkB receptor, ASK1, JNK/p38, and Sp1. BDNF thus represents a promising new target for treating chondrosarcoma metastasis.
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