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SARS-CoV-2 Specific Humoral Immune Responses after BNT162b2 Vaccination in Hospital Healthcare Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122038. [PMID: 36560450 PMCID: PMC9782529 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 pandemic has led to a loss of human life in millions and devastating socio-economic consequences worldwide. So far, vaccination is the most effective long-term strategy to control and prevent severe COVID-19 disease. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the humoral immune responses raised against the BNT162b2 vaccine in hospital healthcare workers. METHODS Total number of 173 healthcare workers enrolled in the study. Their blood samples were collected in three different time intervals after the second SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and evaluated by the ELISA method to detect anti-spike protein IgM and IgG antibodies. The baseline characteristics of all participants were collected using questionnaires and were evaluated for finding any significant data. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that the levels of antibodies were higher in the young group (21-30 years old) and also among male participants. Moreover, the highest levels of antibodies were detected from the group that received the third shot vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that age, gender and third-dose vaccination can affect the levels of humoral immune responses against the BNT162b2 vaccine in healthcare workers.
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Iguacel I, Maldonado AL, Ruiz-Cabello AL, Casaus M, Moreno LA, Martínez-Jarreta B. Association between COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects and Body Mass Index in Spain. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1321. [PMID: 34835252 PMCID: PMC8623604 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have shown high efficacy, with most side effects being mild-moderate and more frequently reported by females and people at younger ages. Since no studies have assessed the impact that weight status could have on the reported adverse reactions, we aim to study the association between weight status and reported side effects. We included data on 2136 adults from an online survey conducted from 6 May to 9 June 2021. The questionnaire was filled in by participants over Google forms. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were used. A higher risk of presenting fever ≥38°, vomiting, diarrhea and chills was found in those with a non-overweight status compared to those overweight after adjusting for age, sex, education, medication to prevent/relieve post-vaccination effects and vaccine administered. When adjusting, most of the significant effects, in the association between side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine and weight status, did not remain significant. In conclusion, a non-overweight status was associated with a higher risk of presenting fever ≥38°, vomiting, diarrhea and chills compared to those overweight. Nevertheless, most of the reported side effects to COVID-19 vaccine were not associated with a higher risk of presenting more adverse effects, and individual differences were determined by sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Iguacel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.C.); (L.A.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aurelio Luna Maldonado
- Department of Socio-sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.L.M.); (A.L.R.-C.)
| | - Aurelio Luna Ruiz-Cabello
- Department of Socio-sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.L.M.); (A.L.R.-C.)
| | - Marta Casaus
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.C.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Luis Alberto Moreno
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.C.); (L.A.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Begoña Martínez-Jarreta
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Bower WA, Schiffer J, Atmar RL, Keitel WA, Friedlander AM, Liu L, Yu Y, Stephens DS, Quinn CP, Hendricks K. Use of Anthrax Vaccine in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2019. MMWR Recomm Rep 2019; 68:1-14. [PMID: 31834290 PMCID: PMC6918956 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6804a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This report updates the 2009 recommendations from the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding use of anthrax vaccine in the United States (Wright JG, Quinn CP, Shadomy S, Messonnier N. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP)], 2009. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010;59[No. RR-6]). The report 1) summarizes data on estimated efficacy in humans using a correlates of protection model and safety data published since the last ACIP review, 2) provides updated guidance for use of anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and in conjunction with antimicrobials for postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), 3) provides updated guidance regarding PrEP vaccination of emergency and other responders, 4) summarizes the available data on an investigational anthrax vaccine (AV7909), and 5) discusses the use of anthrax antitoxins for PEP. Changes from previous guidance in this report include the following: 1) a booster dose of AVA for PrEP can be given every 3 years instead of annually to persons not at high risk for exposure to Bacillus anthracis who have previously received the initial AVA 3-dose priming and 2-dose booster series and want to maintain protection; 2) during a large-scale emergency response, AVA for PEP can be administered using an intramuscular route if the subcutaneous route of administration poses significant materiel, personnel, or clinical challenges that might delay or preclude vaccination; 3) recommendations on dose-sparing AVA PEP regimens if the anthrax vaccine supply is insufficient to vaccinate all potentially exposed persons; and 4) clarification on the duration of antimicrobial therapy when used in conjunction with vaccine for PEP. These updated recommendations can be used by health care providers and guide emergency preparedness officials and planners who are developing plans to provide anthrax vaccine, including preparations for a wide-area aerosol release of B. anthracis spores. The recommendations also provide guidance on dose-sparing options, if needed, to extend the supply of vaccine to increase the number of persons receiving PEP in a mass casualty event.
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Schiffer JM, McNeil MM, Quinn CP. Recent developments in the understanding and use of anthrax vaccine adsorbed: achieving more with less. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1151-62. [PMID: 26942655 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1162104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA, BioThrax™) is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vaccine for the prevention of anthrax in humans. Recent improvements in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use of AVA include intramuscular (IM) administration and simplification of the priming series to three doses over 6 months. Administration IM markedly reduced the frequency, severity and duration of injection site reactions. Refinement of animal models for inhalation anthrax, identification of immune correlates of protection and cross-species modeling have created opportunities for reductions in the PrEP booster schedule and were pivotal in FDA approval of a post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) indication. Clinical and nonclinical studies of accelerated PEP schedules and divided doses may provide prospects for shortening the PEP antimicrobial treatment period. These data may assist in determining feasibility of expanded coverage in a large-scale emergency when vaccine demand may exceed availability. Enhancements to the AVA formulation may broaden the vaccine's PEP application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarad M Schiffer
- a MPIR Laboratory, Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Michael M McNeil
- b Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion , National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Conrad P Quinn
- c Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases , National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Dhurandhar NV, Bailey D, Thomas D. Interaction of obesity and infections. Obes Rev 2015; 16:1017-29. [PMID: 26354800 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that certain infections may induce obesity. Obese persons may also have more severe infections and have compromised response to therapies. The objective of this study is to review the available literature identifying infections that potentially contribute to greater body mass index (BMI) and differential responses of overweight and obese persons to infections. A systematic literature review of human studies examining associations between infections and weight gain, differential susceptibility, severity, and response to prevention and treatment of infection according to BMI status (January 1980-July 2014) was conducted. Three hundred and forty-three studies were eligible for inclusion. Evidence indicated that viral infection by human adenovirus Ad36 and antibiotic eradication of Helicobacter pylori were followed by weight gain. People who were overweight or obese had higher susceptibility to developing post-surgical infections, H1N1 influenza and periodontal disease. More severe infections tended to be present in people with a larger BMI. People with a higher BMI had a reduced response to vaccinations and antimicrobial drugs. Higher doses of antibiotics were more effective in obese patients. Infections may influence BMI, and BMI status may influence response to certain infections, as well as to preventive and treatment measures. These observations have potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Dhurandhar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - D Bailey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - D Thomas
- Center for Quantitative Obesity Research, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
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Pondo T, Rose CE, Martin SW, Keitel WA, Keyserling HL, Babcock J, Parker S, Jacobson RM, Poland GA, McNeil MM. Evaluation of sex, race, body mass index and pre-vaccination serum progesterone levels and post-vaccination serum anti-anthrax protective immunoglobulin G on injection site adverse events following anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) in the CDC AVA human clinical trial. Vaccine 2014; 32:3548-54. [PMID: 24768633 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) administered intramuscularly (IM) results in fewer adverse events (AEs) than subcutaneous (SQ) administration. Women experience more AEs than men. Antibody response, female hormones, race, and body mass index (BMI) may contribute to increased frequency of reported injection site AEs. METHODS We analyzed data from the CDC AVA human clinical trial. This double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial enrolled 1563 participants and followed them through 8 injections (AVA or placebo) over a period of 42 months. For the trial's vaccinated cohort (n=1267), we used multivariable logistic regression to model the effects of study group (SQ or IM), sex, race, study site, BMI, age, and post-vaccination serum anti-PA IgG on occurrence of AEs of any severity grade. Also, in a women-only subset (n=227), we assessed effect of pre-vaccination serum progesterone level and menstrual phase on AEs. RESULTS Participants who received SQ injections had significantly higher proportions of itching, redness, swelling, tenderness and warmth compared to the IM study group after adjusting for other risk factors. The proportions of redness, swelling, tenderness and warmth were all significantly lower in blacks vs. non-black participants. We found arm motion limitation, itching, pain, swelling and tenderness were more likely to occur in participants with the highest anti-PA IgG concentrations. In the SQ study group, redness and swelling were more common for obese participants compared to participants who were not overweight. Females had significantly higher proportions of all AEs compared to males. Menstrual phase was not associated with any AEs. CONCLUSIONS Female and non-black participants had a higher proportion of AVA associated AEs and higher anti-PA IgG concentrations. Antibody responses to other vaccines may also vary by sex and race. Further studies may provide better understanding for higher proportions of AEs in women and non-black participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Pondo
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Charles E Rose
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stacey W Martin
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Janiine Babcock
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Scott Parker
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | | | - Michael M McNeil
- Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Friedlander AM, Grabenstein JD, Brachman PS. Anthrax vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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