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So MM, Suen YN, Wong SMY, Cheung C, Chan SKW, Lee EHM, Hui CLM, Chen EYH. Resilient, undercontrolled, and overcontrolled personality types in Hong Kong youths and the association with mental health outcomes. J Pers 2023. [PMID: 37718647 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the relationship between RUO types and mental health in a youth sample in Hong Kong. BACKGROUND Previous research has found that Resilient, Undercontrolled, and Overcontrolled (RUO) personality types derived from Big Five personality traits are associated with mental health outcomes. Most studies, however, have predominantly been conducted in Western societies. METHOD Clinical diagnostic interviews and self-rated measures of psychological constructs, covering resilience, rumination, self-esteem and more, were administered to 860 youths aged 15 to 24 recruited from an ongoing epidemiological youth mental health study in Hong Kong. RESULTS Three personality clusters were identified. The first (mean age = 19.6, 63.3% female) and second (mean age = 19.5, 60.7% female) cluster both have characteristics of the under- and overcontrolled personalities. The third personality type resembled the resilient profile in RUO typology (mean age = 19.6, 50.5% female) and showed the lowest prevalence of poor mental health. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the replicability of the RUO profiles was only partial in a Hong Kong sample predominantly Chinese. The resilient profile was replicated but not the undercontrolled and overcontrolled profiles proposed by previous studies. The findings of the current study implicated that culturally contextual considerations are necessary when relating mental health to personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Miriam So
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Nam Suen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Charlton Cheung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sherry Kit Wa Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Edwin Ho Ming Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Eric Yu Hai Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Clark DA, Durbin CE, Heitzeg MM, Iacono WG, McGue M, Hicks BM. Personality and peer groups in adolescence: Reciprocal associations and shared genetic and environmental influences. J Pers 2023; 91:464-481. [PMID: 35686934 PMCID: PMC10087543 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peer groups represent a critical developmental context in adolescence, and there are many well-documented associations between personality and peer behavior at this age. However, the precise nature and direction of these associations are difficult to determine as youth both select into, and are influenced by, their peers. METHOD We thus examined the phenotypic, genetic, and environmental links between antisocial and prosocial peer characteristics and several personality traits from middle childhood to late adolescence (ages 11, 14, and 17 years) in a longitudinal twin sample (N = 3762) using teacher ratings of personality and self-reports of peer characteristics. RESULTS Less adaptive trait profiles (i.e., high negative emotionality, low conscientiousness, and low agreeableness) were associated with more antisocial and fewer prosocial peer characteristics across time. Associations between personality traits related to emotionality (negative emotionality and extraversion) and peer behavior were largely attributable to shared genetic influences, while associations between personality traits related to behavioral control (conscientiousness and agreeableness) and peer behavior were due to overlapping genetic and shared environmental influences. CONCLUSIONS Overall, results suggest a set of environmental presses that push youth toward both behavioral undercontrol and antisocial peer affiliations, making the identification of such influences and their relative importance a critical avenue of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Angus Clark
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - C. Emily Durbin
- Department of PsychologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Mary M. Heitzeg
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - William G. Iacono
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Brian M. Hicks
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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3
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Ni Y, Geldhof GJ, Chen BB, Stawski RS. Maturation or disruption? Conscientiousness development in the transition into adolescence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/01650254221104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research to date has shown longitudinal changes in conscientiousness during early and middle adolescence, but most studies have been conducted in Western countries. The present study aimed to examine the pattern of mean-level conscientiousness change at the transition into early adolescence among a Chinese sample using curve of factors (CUFFS) models. Four waves of data from 661 Chinese children aged 8 years old at baseline in the China Family Panel Studies were used. Parents were asked to rate their children’s level of conscientiousness every 2 years. On average, mean-level conscientiousness showed a decelerating increase. Girls had higher average conscientiousness levels than boys, but they did not differ in change patterns. The inconsistency between the current study and previous research indicates that conscientiousness development may depend, in part, on cultural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ni
- Oregon State University, USA
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4
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Luciana M, Collins PF. Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for the Development of Incentive-Reward Motivation? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 53:79-99. [PMID: 34784026 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human adolescence is broadly construed as a time of heightened risk-taking and a vulnerability period for the emergence of psychopathology. These tendencies have been attributed to the age-related development of neural systems that mediate incentive motivation and other aspects of reward processing as well as individual difference factors that interact with ongoing development. Here, we describe the adolescent development of incentive motivation, which we view as an inherently positive developmental progression, and its associated neural mechanisms. We consider challenges in applying the sensitive period concept to these maturational events and discuss future directions that may help to clarify mechanisms of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Paul F Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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5
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Cuartero N, Tur AM. Emotional intelligence, resilience and personality traits neuroticism and extraversion: predictive capacity in perceived academic efficacy. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2021; 102:104933. [PMID: 33957394 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown the importance of promoting emotional intelligence and resilience, as well as knowing the personality (extraversion versus emotional instability or neuroticism) in both nursing students and nursing professionals, for better academic adherence, due to stressful situations derived from high academic and attendance requirements for healthcare practices in clinical settings. However, there is little research that analyzes the importance of the perceived academic effectiveness of university students and its relationship with the psychological variables of resilience, emotional intelligence and personality. OBJECTIVE To analyse the relationships between perceived academic efficacy, emotional intelligence (EI), resilience and the personality factors of emotional instability and extraversion, as well as to observe the variables that predict perceived academic efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study on a sample of 434 nursing students in Valencia (Spain) aged 17-54 (M = 21; SD = 0.320). They filled in standard tests on perceived academic efficacy, EI, resilience, emotional instability and extraversion. RESULTS Perceived academic efficacy is closely and positively related to EI and resilience; and to a lesser extent to emotional instability, but negatively. The academic efficacy predictor variables were EI (global trait, well-being and sociability), resilience (social support and emotional regulation) and emotional instability (R2 of 0.201). CONCLUSIONS Perceived academic efficacy is fundamentally related to EI and resilience positively, and to a lesser extent to emotional instability negatively, fundamentally via these factors: global trait, social support, well-being, problem-solving capacity. Nursing students' perception of academic efficacy is relevant for building professional skills and carrying out the nurse's role in organisations. So, it is necessary to promote training programs to increase the emotional intelligence and resilience of nursing students, aimed at promoting competence in professional practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Cuartero
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, C/Espartero 7, 46007 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana Mª Tur
- Department of Basic Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Wu L, Zhang X, Wang J, Sun J, Mao F, Han J, Cao F. The associations of executive functions with resilience in early adulthood: A prospective longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:1048-1054. [PMID: 33601677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive functions and resilience, the key components of an individual's ability to participate meaningfully and effectively in their environment, have become increasingly researched topics in psychology and education. However, little is known about the longitudinal associations of executive functions and resilience among emergent adults. METHODS We conducted a prospective study with 450 (baseline) participants aged 17-24 years; 420 of these participants also completed a 15-month follow-up. Participants answered questionnaires investigating socio-demographics, executive functions, and resilience, and results were analysed with multivariable logistic regression and cross-lagged analyses. RESULTS At baseline, the overall prevalence of low executive functions (T-score ≥ 60) among the sample was 18.2%. Relative to persistently low executive functions, newly developed or persistent high executive functions was significantly associated with higher level of resilience at follow-up (bOR = 8.26, 95% CI [2.57, 26.49]; bOR = 8.74, 95% CI [3.69, 20.70], respectively). Further cross-lagged analyses showed bidirectional relationships of executive functions and various executive functions subtypes with resilience. LIMITATIONS The use of self-report measures may lead to recall bias, and intervention or experimental studies are needed to examine causality. This study recruited participants from one vocational school, which may limit the generalisability of the results. Also, follow-up dropout was a potential bias in this study; the observed results should be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSIONS Our study proposes that enhancing executive functions may be associated with improved resilience, and vice versa. These findings could influence the development of targeted interventions via mental health professionals to support individuals' development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuliu Wu
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jiwei Sun
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Fangxiang Mao
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Fenglin Cao
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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7
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van Eldik WM, de Haan AD, Arends LR, Prinzie P. Moderation of associations between interparental stress and (mal)adaptation by adolescents' personality: Contrasting differential susceptibility and diathesis-stress models. J Pers 2020; 89:617-633. [PMID: 33107026 PMCID: PMC8518759 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to contrast differential susceptibility and diathesis–stress models in examining adolescents' Big Five personality dimensions as moderators of longitudinal associations between interparental stress and (mal)adaptation in emerging adulthood (i.e., self‐efficacy, externalizing and internalizing behavior). Method Data from the large longitudinal Flemish Study on Parenting, Personality and Development were used (475 families, adolescents' Mage = 15.82, SDage = 1.15), with both parents reporting on their interparental stress and mothers reporting on the adolescent's personality and in 2009, and emerging adults reporting on their own (mal)adaptive functioning in 2009 and 2015 and their personality in 2015. Results Multivariate models showed that extraversion, benevolence, emotional stability and imagination were uniquely related to (mal)adaptation across the 6‐year interval. In general, our results exhibited no consistent moderating role for adolescents' personality. Only for girls, high levels of extraversion functioned as a “susceptibility maker” in associations between father's interparental stress and self‐efficacy, and, low levels of emotional stability functioned as a “vulnerability marker” in associations between parents' interparental stress and self‐efficacy. Conclusions The interaction effects as well as their (restricted) generalizability across gender should be replicated before drawing firm conclusions. Adolescents' personality characteristics were important predictors of (mal)adaptation during the transition into emerging adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn M van Eldik
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amaranta D de Haan
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lidia R Arends
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Prinzie
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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8
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Dragan WŁ, Bates JE, Lansford JE, Dodge KA, Pettit GS. Individual and Environmental Predictors of Age of First Intercourse and Number of Children by Age 27. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1639. [PMID: 32733346 PMCID: PMC7362713 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive behavior characteristics may be influenced by both social and individual factors. Recent studies have revealed that personality traits might be related to reproductive characteristics in adulthood. Little is known about potential mediators or moderators of relations between personality and reproductive behavior. The present study examines the relation between personality traits measured in early adolescence and the number of children people have by age 27, with an attempt to identify moderation and mediation effects. We used data from the longitudinal cohort (N = 585) collected as a part of the Child Development Project. Personality was measured with the use of Lanthier's Big Five Personality Questionnaire. Results from regression analyses and structural equation models showed that four of the five personality traits (except extraversion) were related to the number of children individuals had by age 27, and these associations were mediated by the age of first intercourse and participants' familial and educational plans. We also identified moderation effects of IQ and SES both on the associations of personality traits with mediators and the number of children by age 27.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E Bates
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Jennifer E Lansford
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kenneth A Dodge
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gregory S Pettit
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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9
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Sun J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang J, Li J, Cao F. The associations of interpersonal sensitivity with mental distress and trait aggression in early adulthood: a prospective cohort study. J Affect Disord 2020; 272:50-57. [PMID: 32379620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the longitudinal associations of interpersonal sensitivity (IS) with mental distress and trait aggression among participants passing through adolescence into adulthood. METHODS A total of 306 participants were recruited at baseline and received a 24-month follow-up. Questionnaires investigating sociodemographics; IS; depression, anxiety, and stress; and trait aggression were used. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression and cross-lagged analyses were also performed. RESULTS At base, 22.5%, 18.3%, 24.2%, and 9.2% of the participants reported higher levels of IS, depressive, anxious, and stressful symptoms. IS at baseline was a partial risk factor for new problems, including anxiety, stress, and anger at follow-up. Newly developed or persistent IS was significantly associated with ongoing symptoms. Discontinued IS, however, only resolved the association with stress and anxiety symptoms. Similarly, newly developed or persistent IS was significantly associated with increased persistence of some problems (anxiety symptoms and physical aggression), while the discontinuation of IS was associated with a lessening of these outcomes. Cross-lagged analyses revealed bidirectional associations of IS with anxiety symptom and stress symptom. LIMITATIONS All subjects were recruited from one medical college, which could limit applicability. This study had a relatively small sample size. Self-reported questionnaires can lead to recall bias. Further research is needed to test causality. CONCLUSIONS IS can predict adolescents' newly developed partial mental distress and aggression. Our findings highlight the crucial role of early recognition of both higher levels of interpersonal sensitivity and associated behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Sun
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, China.
| | - Jiahuan Li
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, China.
| | - Fenglin Cao
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, China.
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10
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Toschi N, Passamonti L. Intra-cortical myelin mediates personality differences. J Pers 2019; 87:889-902. [PMID: 30317636 PMCID: PMC6767500 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differences in myelination in the cortical mantle are important neurobiological mediators of variability in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning. Past studies have found that personality traits reflecting such variability are linked to neuroanatomical and functional changes in prefrontal and temporo-parietal cortices. Whether these effects are partially mediated by the differences in intra-cortical myelin remains to be established. METHOD To test this hypothesis, we employed vertex-wise intra-cortical myelin maps in n = 1,003 people from the Human Connectome Project. Multivariate regression analyses were used to test for the relationship between intra-cortical myelin and each of the five-factor model's personality traits, while accounting for age, sex, intelligence quotient, total intracranial volume, and the remaining personality traits. RESULTS Neuroticism negatively related to frontal-pole myelin and positively to occipital cortex myelin. Extraversion positively related to superior parietal myelin. Openness negatively related to anterior cingulate myelin, while Agreeableness positively related to orbitofrontal myelin. Conscientiousness positively related to frontal-pole myelin and negatively to myelin content in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSIONS Intra-cortical myelin levels in brain regions with prolonged myelination are positively associated with personality traits linked to favorable outcome measures. These findings improve our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of variability in common behavioral dispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine & PreventionUniversity “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
- Department of RadiologyMartinos Center for Biomedical ImagingBostonMassachusetts
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Institute of Bioimaging & Molecular PhysiologyNational Research CouncilMilanoItaly
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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11
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Navas JF, Martín-Pérez C, Petrova D, Verdejo-García A, Cano M, Sagripanti-Mazuquín O, Perandrés-Gómez A, López-Martín Á, Cordovilla-Guardia S, Megías A, Perales JC, Vilar-López R. Sex differences in the association between impulsivity and driving under the influence of alcohol in young adults: The specific role of sensation seeking. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 124:174-179. [PMID: 30660833 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an outstanding need to identify predictors of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) among young adults, particularly women. Impulsivity, or the tendency to act without thinking, is a predictor of DUI, but the specific facets of impulsivity that predict DUI and their interaction with sex differences remain unclear. We aimed to investigate sex differences in the link between impulsivity facets and DUI. Moreover, we sought to replicate previous findings regarding sex differences on impulsivity, and associations between impulsivity facets and DUI. METHOD A total of 506 university students participated in the study (males, n = 128; females, n = 378). Participants completed measures of impulsivity (UPPS-P short version), alcohol use (AUDIT-C), frequency of DUI episodes and related perception of risk. The UPPS-P assesses five facets of impulsivity: sensation seeking, (lack of) premeditation and perseverance and positive and negative urgency. RESULTS Men showed higher sensation seeking and lack of perseverance, alcohol use and DUI frequency and lower risk perception than women. DUI frequency was negatively associated with perception of risk and positively associated with alcohol use and the five impulsivity facets. After controlling for alcohol use and risk perception, only lack of premeditation was associated with DUI frequency in the whole sample. Sensation seeking was positively associated with DUI frequency only in women. DISCUSSION The link between lack of premeditation and DUI suggest that pre-drinking planning strategies can contribute to prevent risky driving. In women, specific links between sensation seeking and DUI suggest the need for personality-tailored prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Navas
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain
| | | | - Dafina Petrova
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Verdejo-García
- School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Marta Cano
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Cordovilla-Guardia
- Nursing Department, Nursing and Occupational Therapy College, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alberto Megías
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain
| | - José C Perales
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Vilar-López
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain; Andalusian Observatory on Drugs and Addictions, Spain.
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12
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Oksman E, Rosenström T, Hintsanen M, Pulkki-Råback L, Viikari J, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. A Longitudinal Multilevel Study of the "Social" Genotype and Diversity of the Phenotype. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2034. [PMID: 30405505 PMCID: PMC6207617 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sociability and social domain-related behaviors have been associated with better well-being and endogenous oxytocin levels. Inspection of the literature, however, reveals that the effects between sociability and health outcomes, or between sociability and genotype, are often weak or inconsistent. In the field of personality psychology, the social phenotype is often measured by error-prone assessments based on different theoretical frameworks, which can partly explain the inconsistency of the previous findings. In this study, we evaluated the generalizability of “sociability” measures by partitioning the population variance in adulthood sociability using five indicators from three personality inventories and assessed in two to four follow-ups over a 15-year period (n = 1,573 participants, 28,323 person-observations; age range 20–50 years). Furthermore, we tested whether this variance partition would shed more light to the inconsistencies surrounding the “social” genotype, by using four genetic variants (rs1042778, rs2254298, rs53576, rs3796863) previously associated with a wide range of human social functions. Based on our results, trait (between-individual) variance explained 23% of the variance in overall sociability, differences between sociability indicators explained 41%, state (within-individual) variance explained 5% and measurement errors explained 32%. The genotype was associated only with the sociability indicator variance, suggesting it has specific effects on sentimentality and emotional sharing instead of reflecting general sociability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Oksman
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom Rosenström
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Departments of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Tuomas Raitakari
- Departments of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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13
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Durbin CE. Applied Implications of Understanding the Natural Development of Effortful Control. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018; 27:386-390. [PMID: 30416265 DOI: 10.1177/0963721418776643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effortful control (EC) is an important target for many interventions intended to facilitate positive psychosocial outcomes. The first wave of these efforts have emphasized adult-to-child instruction and individualized practice at target skills. Future tests of these ideas will be facilitated by efforts to critically evaluate and improve the construct validity of EC measures. New avenues for these applied approaches will also grow out of a more complete understanding of the processes that govern EC development. Specifically, I argue that the natural development of EC includes important roles for contextual and peer relationship factors that have yet to be capitalized on in efforts to increase EC in children.
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Hounkpatin HO, Boyce CJ, Dunn G, Wood AM. Modeling bivariate change in individual differences: Prospective associations between personality and life satisfaction. J Pers Soc Psychol 2017; 115:e12-e29. [PMID: 28921998 PMCID: PMC6292426 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A number of structural equation models have been developed to examine change in 1 variable or the longitudinal association between 2 variables. The most common of these are the latent growth model, the autoregressive cross-lagged model, the autoregressive latent trajectory model, and the latent change score model. The authors first overview each of these models through evaluating their different assumptions surrounding the nature of change and how these assumptions may result in different data interpretations. They then, to elucidate these issues in an empirical example, examine the longitudinal association between personality traits and life satisfaction. In a representative Dutch sample (N = 8,320), with participants providing data on both personality and life satisfaction measures every 2 years over an 8-year period, the authors reproduce findings from previous research. However, some of the structural equation models overviewed have not previously been applied to the personality-life satisfaction relation. The extended empirical examination suggests intraindividual changes in life satisfaction predict subsequent intraindividual changes in personality traits. The availability of data sets with 3 or more assessment waves allows the application of more advanced structural equation models such as the autoregressive latent trajectory or the extended latent change score model, which accounts for the complex dynamic nature of change processes and allows stronger inferences on the nature of the association between variables. However, the choice of model should be determined by theories of change processes in the variables being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J Boyce
- Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling
| | - Graham Dunn
- Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester
| | - Alex M Wood
- Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling
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Genetic and environmental influences on the codevelopment among borderline personality disorder traits, major depression symptoms, and substance use disorder symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 30:49-65. [PMID: 28420454 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although borderline personality disorder (BPD) traits decline from adolescence to adulthood, comorbid psychopathology such as symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), and drug use disorders (DUDs) likely disrupt this normative decline. Using a longitudinal sample of female twins (N = 1,763), we examined if levels of BPD traits were correlated with changes in MDD, AUD, and DUD symptoms from ages 14 to 24. A parallel process biometric latent growth model examined the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the relationships between developmental components of these phenotypes. Higher BPD trait levels predicted a greater rate of increase in AUD and DUD symptoms, and higher AUD and DUD symptoms predicted a slower rate of decline of BPD traits from ages 14 to 24. Common genetic influences accounted for the associations between BPD traits and each disorder, as well as the interrelationships of AUD and DUD symptoms. Both genetic and nonshared environmental influences accounted for the correlated levels between BPD traits and MDD symptoms, but solely environmental influences accounted for the correlated changes between the two over time. Results indicate that higher levels of BPD traits may contribute to an earlier onset and faster escalation of AUD and DUD symptoms, and substance use problems slow the normative decline in BPD traits. Overall, our data suggests that primarily genetic influences contribute to the comorbidity between BPD features and substance use disorder symptoms. We discuss our data in the context of two major theories of developmental psychopathology and comorbidity.
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Samek DR, Hicks BM, Durbin E, Hinnant JB, Iacono WG, McGue M. Codevelopment Between Key Personality Traits and Alcohol Use Disorder From Adolescence Through Young Adulthood. J Pers 2017; 86:261-282. [PMID: 28258610 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality traits related to negative emotionality and low constraint are strong correlates of alcohol use disorder (AUD), but few studies have evaluated the prospective interplay between these traits and AUD symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood. METHOD The Minnesota Twin Family Study (N = 2,769) was used to examine the developmental interplay between AUD symptoms and three personality measures of constraint, negative emotionality, and aggressive undercontrol from ages 17 to 29. RESULTS Results from random-intercept, cross-lagged panel models showed that low constraint and aggressive undercontrol predicted subsequent rank-order increases in AUD symptoms from ages 17 to 24. AUD symptoms did not predict rank-order change in these traits from ages 17 to 24. There was support for both cross-effects from ages 24 to 29. Biometric analysis of the twin data showed genetic influences accounted for most of the phenotypic correlations over time. CONCLUSION Results are consistent with the notion that personality traits related to low constraint and aggressive undercontrol are important vulnerability/predisposition factors for the development of early adult AUD. In later young adulthood, there is more evidence for the simultaneous codevelopment of personality and AUD. Implications are addressed with attention to personality-based risk assessments and targeted AUD prevention approaches.
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Wrzus C, Roberts BW. Processes of Personality Development in Adulthood: The TESSERA Framework. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 21:253-277. [PMID: 27260302 DOI: 10.1177/1088868316652279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current article presents a theoretical framework of the short- and long-term processes underlying personality development throughout adulthood. The newly developed TESSERA framework posits that long-term personality development occurs due to repeated short-term, situational processes. These short-term processes can be generalized as recursive sequence of Triggering situations, Expectancy, States/State expressions, and Reactions (TESSERA). Reflective and associative processes on TESSERA sequences can lead to personality development (i.e., continuity and lasting changes in explicit and implicit personality characteristics and behavioral patterns). We illustrate how the TESSERA framework facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of normative and differential personality development at various ages during the life span. The TESSERA framework extends previous theories by explicitly linking short- and long-term processes of personality development, by addressing different manifestations of personality, and by being applicable to different personality characteristics, for example, behavioral traits, motivational orientations, or life narratives.
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Blonigen DM, Durbin CE, Hicks BM, Johnson W, McGue M, Iacono WG. Alcohol use initiation is associated with changes in personality trait trajectories from early adolescence to young adulthood. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:2163-70. [PMID: 26419887 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work has demonstrated the codevelopment of personality traits and alcohol use characteristics from early adolescence to young adulthood. Few studies, however, have tested whether alcohol use initiation impacts trajectories of personality over this time period. We examined the effect of alcohol use initiation on personality development from early adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS Participants were male (nmen = 2,350) and female (nwomen = 2,618) twins and adoptees from 3 community-based longitudinal studies conducted at the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research. Data on personality traits of Positive Emotionality (PEM; Well-being), Negative Emotionality (NEM; Stress Reaction, Alienation, and Aggression), and Constraint (CON; Control and Harm Avoidance)-assessed via the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ)-and age of first drink were collected for up to 4 waves spanning ages 10 to 32. RESULTS Alcohol use initiation was associated with significant decreases in levels of Well-being and CON traits, most notably Control; and significant increases in levels of all NEM traits, particularly Aggression. In general, the effects of alcohol use initiation on personality traits were moderated by gender and enhanced among those with earlier age of first drink. CONCLUSIONS From early adolescence to young adulthood, alcohol use initiation predicts deviations from normative patterns of personality maturation. Such findings offer a potential mechanism underlying the codevelopment of personality traits and alcohol use characteristics during this formative period of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Blonigen
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California
| | - C Emily Durbin
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Brian M Hicks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wendy Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Durbin CE, Hicks BM. Personality and Psychopathology: A Stagnant Field in Need of Development. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2014; 28:362-386. [PMID: 25544802 PMCID: PMC4276423 DOI: 10.1002/per.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A dominant paradigm in psychopathology research proposes that individual differences in personality are centrally involved in the origins and manifestations of psychopathology, and structural models of personality and psychopathology have been extremely useful in helping to organize associations among many traits and disorders. However, these models merely describe patterns of covariation; they do not explain the processes by which these patterns emerge. We argue that the field is stagnated, as it is overly focused on the demonstration of concurrent associations and on confirming a spectrum model that proposes traits and disorders are manifestations of the same underlying constructs. We contend that if the field is to move toward an understanding of causal processes, it must integrate knowledge and principles of personality development and developmental psychopathology. To begin this integration, we review (1) normative trends in personality change, (2) age-related changes in the prevalence of disorders, and (3) the impact of onset and chronicity on the severity of disorders. We propose several developmental processes that may contribute to the co-development of personality and psychopathology. We then present novel empirical findings to illustrate how a developmental perspective on traits and disorders can inform new hypotheses, and propose principles and hypotheses that should guide future research.
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