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Caprara GV, Pastorelli C, Weiner B. At‐risk children's causal inferences given emotional feedback and their understanding of the excuse‐giving process. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2410080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Italian male school children, ranging in age from 7 to 10 years, were identified as at‐risk children on the basis of self‐reports, teacher questionnaires, and peer nominations assessing aggression, emotional instability, and pro‐social behaviour. Together with a normal control sample, these children participated in two studies guided by attribtional theory. In Study 1, following teacher emotional feedback of anger or sympathy for failure, attributional inferences regarding low ability or lack of effort as the cause of that failure were rated. In Study 2, controllable and uncontrollable causes of a social transgression were given, and participants rated the anticipated anger of the ‘victim’ and their intention to withhold or reveal the cause. Strong effects for both populations that were consistent with attributional predictions were reported. In addition, differences between the inferences, expectations, and behavioural intentions of the populations were found, with at‐risk children being less likely to perceive sympathy as a cue for low ability, and anticipating more anger from others following a transgression, particularly when there was a ‘good’ (i.e. uncontrollable) reason for the broken social agreement. It was contended that the results support the social‐cognitive approach to the understanding of mechanisms of risk and deviancy.
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Abstract
This report is a presentation of a longitudinal research programme which was established at the Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, in 1965 under the title of Individual Development and Adjustment (IDA). It briefly summarizes the interactional theoretical background and presents sub‐projects on (a) biological maturation and social development in girls, (b) educational and occupational careers of girls, (c) social development in boys, and (d) biological factors and antisocial behaviour in a developmental perspective. Methodological and ethical issues are discussed and the importance of longitudinal research for understanding the process of individual development is strongly emphasized.
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af Klinteberg B, Johansson SE, Levander M, Alm PO, Oreland L. Smoking habits – Associations with personality/behavior, platelet monoamine oxidase activity and plasma thyroid hormone levels. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Konareva IN. Psychological Adaptation Potential of the Personality: Peculiarities of Event-Related EEG Potentials. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-011-9213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nevéus T, Läckgren G, Tuvemo T, Jerker H, Hjälmås K, Stenberg A. Enuresis - Background and Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/003655900750169257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tryggve Nevéus
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Läckgren
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Tuvemo
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hetta Jerker
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kelm Hjälmås
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arne Stenberg
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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McBurnett K, Raine A, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Loeber R, Kumar AM, Kumar M, Lahey BB. Mood and hormone responses to psychological challenge in adolescent males with conduct problems. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:1109-16. [PMID: 15866550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Revised: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relations between stress hormones and antisocial behavior are understudied. METHODS A subsample (n = 335) of at-risk males recruited in first grade for a longitudinal study were recruited at approximately 16 years of age for a laboratory study, including two psychological challenges: describing their worst experience on videotape, and a task in which a loud tone could be avoided. Measures of affect, urine, and saliva were collected multiple times before and after challenges. RESULTS Negative affect increased following the worst-event challenge and decreased following the avoidance challenge. Mean conduct problems (CP) across ages 7-17 years were positively related to negative affect and inversely related to positive affect. CP were inversely related to post-challenge urinary epinephrine (E) levels when baseline E and potential confounds were controlled. Cortisol concentrations in saliva collected soon after the first challenge were positively related to CP in a post hoc subset of youths with extreme CP. CONCLUSIONS Key findings A) associated persistent CP with more negative affectivity and less positive affectivity, B) replicated and extended prior findings of an inverse association of CP and urinary E, and C) suggested provocative hypotheses for future study relating CP, trauma history, trauma recall, and cortisol reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith McBurnett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, Langley-Porter Psychiatric Institute, California 94146, USA.
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Eklund JM, Klinteberg BA. Childhood behaviour as related to subsequent drinking offences and violent offending: a prospective study of 11- to 14-year-old youths into their fourth decade. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2003; 13:294-309. [PMID: 14654865 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood hyperactivity has previously been found to be closely connected to subsequent alcohol problems and violent offending among men considered to be without major mental disorders. For others, these associations might be moderated or confounded by other factors, predominantly comorbid conduct disorder. AIMS The purpose of the study was to investigate aspects of childhood hyperactive behaviour in relation to alcohol or violent offences in adult life, taking the possible confounders of early criminality and aggressive behaviour into account. Method A total of 192 young male law breakers and 95 non-criminal controls were followed from age 11-14 years into their thirties. Information on aspects of hyperactivity, aggressive behaviour, early criminality and later offences was included in the analyses. RESULTS The results supported the hypothesis that aspects of childhood hyperactive behaviour were significantly associated with later drinking offences and violent offending. Further analyses revealed attention difficulties to be the component of hyperactivity most contributing to the relationship. When taking possible confounding variables into consideration, attention difficulties were related to subsequent violent offending among boys with early criminality, independently of early aggressive behaviour. Early criminality, attention difficulties and aggressive behaviour, however, often co-occurred in the same individual. Subsequent drinking offences or violent offending appeared seven times more often among individuals with all early behavioural problems as compared with those who had no such problems. CONCLUSION Complex antisocial behaviours in adult life commonly represent persistence of complex childhood behavioural difficulties, but among young law breakers there does appear to be a subgroup of boys with a main problem of attention difficulties who go on to violent offending, even in the absence of early manifestation of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Eklund
- Centre for Health Equity Studies, Sveav 160, Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, SE-106 91, Sweden
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Halpern CT, Campbell B, Agnew CR, Thompson V, Udry JR. Associations between stress reactivity and sexual and nonsexual risk taking in young adult human males. Horm Behav 2002; 42:387-98. [PMID: 12488106 DOI: 10.1006/hbeh.2002.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Release of the hormone cortisol represents a distress response to novel or stressful situations. Individual differences in such reactivity have been conceptualized as representing a relatively enduring, generalizable trait. In this study, cortisol responses to two experimentally manipulated "sexual" and "nonsexual" stressors were used to examine whether stress reactivity is related to sexual and nonsexual risk behavior in young adult males. Analyses were based on 150 males 18 to 25 years old; risk behavior was assessed in confidential, self-administered questionnaires. Analyses indicated that both stressors effectively elicited cortisol increases. Generalized reactivity, defined as a cortisol response to both stressors, was inversely associated with deviance (e.g., theft, substance use) and with two indicators of sexual risk taking (lifetime number of intercourse partners and frequency of condom use). Findings are discussed in terms of cross-situational consistency of stress responses, the utility of stress reactivity for understanding individual differences in risk taking, and the interpretive limitations imposed by study design.
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Comings DE, Gade-Andavolu R, Gonzalez N, Wu S, Muhleman D, Blake H, Dietz G, Saucier G, MacMurray JP. Comparison of the role of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline genes in ADHD, ODD and conduct disorder: multivariate regression analysis of 20 genes. Clin Genet 2000; 57:178-96. [PMID: 10782925 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2000.570304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study is based on the proposal that complex disorders resulting from the effects of multiple genes are best investigated by simultaneously examining multiple candidate genes in the same group of subjects. We have examined the effect of 20 genes for dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenergic metabolism on a quantitative score for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 336 unrelated Caucasian subjects. The genotypes of each gene were assigned a score from 0 to 2, based on results from the literature or studies in an independent set of subjects (literature-based scoring), or results based on analysis of variance for the sample (optimized gene scoring). Multivariate linear regression analysis with backward elimination was used to determine which genes contributed most to the phenotype for both coding methods. For optimized gene scoring, three dopamine genes contributed to 2.3% of the variance, p = 0.052; three serotonin genes contributed to 3%, p = 0.015; and six adrenergic genes contributed to 6.9%, p = 0.0006. For all genes combined, 12 genes contributed to 11.6% of the variance, p = 0.0001. These results indicate that the adrenergic genes play a greater role in ADHD than either the dopaminergic or serotonergic genes combined. The results using literature-based gene scoring were similar. An examination of two additional comorbid phenotypes, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), indicated they shared genes with ADHD. For ODD different genotypes of the same genes were often used. These results support the value of the simultaneous examination of multiple candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Comings
- Department of Medical Genetics, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Comings DE, Gade-Andavolu R, Gonzalez N, Blake H, Wu S, MacMurray JP. Additive effect of three noradrenergic genes (ADRA2a, ADRA2C, DBH) on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities in Tourette syndrome subjects. Clin Genet 1999; 55:160-72. [PMID: 10334470 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.550304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Halperin et al. (Halperin JM. Newcorn JH, Koda VH, Pick L, McKay KE, Knott P. Noradrenergic mechanisms in ADHD children with and without reading disabilities: a replication and extension. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997: 36: 1688 1696) reported a significant increase in plasma norepinephrine (NE) in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children with reading and other cognitive disabilities compared to ADHD children without learning disabilities (LD). We examined the hypothesis that ADHD + LD was associated with NE dysfunction at a molecular genetic level by testing for associations and additive effects between polymorphisms at three noradrenergic genes the adrenergic alpha2A receptor (ADRA2A), adrenergic alpha2C receptor (ADRA2C), and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) genes. A total of 336 subjects consisting of 274 individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) and 62 normal controls were genotyped. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation between scores for ADHD, a history of LD, and poor grade-school academic performance that was greatest for the additive effect of all three genes. Combined, these three genes accounted for 3.5% of the variance of the ADHD score (p = 0.0005). There was a significant increase in the number of variant NE genes progressing from subjects without ADHD (A-) or learning disorders (LD-) to A + LD - to A - LD + to A + LD + (p = 0.0017), but no comparable effect for dopamine genes. These data support an association between NE genes and ADHD, especially in ADHD + LD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Comings
- Department of Medical Genetics, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Hanna GL, Ornitz EM, Hariharan M. Urinary epinephrine excretion during intelligence testing in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal boys. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40:553-5. [PMID: 8879479 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(96)00103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G L Hanna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Pliszka SR, McCracken JT, Maas JW. Catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current perspectives. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35:264-72. [PMID: 8714313 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199603000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an update on the "catecholamine hypothesis" of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD Recent work examining the measurement of the norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine systems in ADHD and normal subjects is reviewed and discussed in the context of recent neuroimaging and animal studies. RESULTS While data clearly indicate a role for all three of the above neurotransmitters in ADHD, a hypothesis suggesting "too much" or "too little" of a single neurotransmitter will no longer suffice. The central norepinephrine system may be dysregulated in ADHD, such that this system does not efficiently "prime" the cortical posterior attention system to external stimuli. Effective mental processing of information involves an anterior "executive" attention system which may depend on dopaminergic input. The peripheral epinephrine system may be a critical factor in the response of individuals with ADHD to stimulant medication. CONCLUSION A multistage hypothesis is presented which emphasizes the interaction of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine in modulation of attention and impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Pliszka
- Department of Psychiatry, UTHSCSA, San Antonio 78284-7792, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- B Klinteberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Stockholm, Sweden
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Hyperactive and aggressive behaviors in childhood as related to low platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity at adult age: A longitudinal study of male subjects. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(95)00075-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pliszka SR, Maas JW, Javors MA, Rogeness GA, Baker J. Urinary catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid anxiety. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994; 33:1165-73. [PMID: 7982867 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199410000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether there are differences in noradrenergic or adrenergic functioning in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without anxiety. METHOD ADHD children with and without a comorbid overanxious (ANX) disorder were compared to each other and to normal controls in terms of 2-hour urinary excretion of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), and their metabolites. All subjects performed a fixed series of mentally stressful tasks during the collection period. RESULTS Children with ADHD, regardless of comorbid anxiety, excreted more normetanephrine (NMN), the chief extracellular metabolite of NE, than controls, as well as more vanillylmandelic acid. Children with ADHD alone had lower NE/NMN and EPI/metanephrine ratios compared to controls. Children with ADHD/ANX excreted more EPI than ADHD children without anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Children with ADHD may have a higher tonic activity of the noradrenergic system than controls, while children with comorbid ADHD/ANX may be differentiated from those with ADHD alone by higher adrenergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Pliszka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7792
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Hyperactive behavior in childhood as related to subsequent alcohol problems and violent offending: A longitudinal study of male subjects. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90065-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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A guide to the literature on aggressive behavior. Aggress Behav 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2337(1989)15:6<463::aid-ab2480150610>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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