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Dong L, Li L, Chen H, Cao Y, Lei H. Mechanochemistry: Fundamental Principles and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403949. [PMID: 39206931 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is an emerging research field at the interface of physics, mechanics, materials science, and chemistry. Complementary to traditional activation methods in chemistry, such as heat, electricity, and light, mechanochemistry focuses on the activation of chemical reactions by directly or indirectly applying mechanical forces. It has evolved as a powerful tool for controlling chemical reactions in solid state systems, sensing and responding to stresses in polymer materials, regulating interfacial adhesions, and stimulating biological processes. By combining theoretical approaches, simulations and experimental techniques, researchers have gained intricate insights into the mechanisms underlying mechanochemistry. In this review, the physical chemistry principles underpinning mechanochemistry are elucidated and a comprehensive overview of recent significant achievements in the discovery of mechanically responsive chemical processes is provided, with a particular emphasis on their applications in materials science. Additionally, The perspectives and insights into potential future directions for this exciting research field are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Luofei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Hai Lei
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
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2
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Das A, Datta A. Oriented External Electric Field Controls the Rupture Forces in Mechanophores. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6951-6956. [PMID: 38973239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the reactivity of molecules under a mechanical pull has generated significant interest in organic and polymer chemistry. Inducing mechano-lability for otherwise rigid molecules has been possible through structural alterations like adjusting the pulling group, ring strain, and electron density of the scissile bond. In this article, we report that an oriented external electric field (OEEF) can significantly assist in mechanochemical transformations. Using a structurally diverse set of ring-opening reactions, 1(a)-4(a), we show that the critical force required for bond-cleavage, Frup, gets appreciably reduced when the OEEF acts in-phase with the bond-polarity direction. The primary condition for utilizing OEEF along with mechanochemistry is the requirement of structural asymmetry along the target bond. Effectively therefore, any polar ring-opening reaction might be manipulated by OEEF. The versatility of the strategy of using OEEF and mechanical force together can also be appreciated by the enhanced rupture force when the direction of the OEEF is flipped. We show that mechanical pulling and electric field can act as entwined twins toward mechano-lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
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3
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Buche MR, Rimsza JM. Modeling single-molecule stretching experiments using statistical thermodynamics. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:064503. [PMID: 38243517 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.064503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Single-molecule stretching experiments are widely utilized within the fields of physics and chemistry to characterize the mechanics of individual bonds or molecules, as well as chemical reactions. Analytic relations describing these experiments are valuable, and these relations can be obtained through the statistical thermodynamics of idealized model systems representing the experiments. Since the specific thermodynamic ensembles manifested by the experiments affect the outcome, primarily for small molecules, the stretching device must be included in the idealized model system. Though the model for the stretched molecule might be exactly solvable, including the device in the model often prevents analytic solutions. In the limit of large or small device stiffness, the isometric or isotensional ensembles can provide effective approximations, but the device effects are missing. Here a dual set of asymptotically correct statistical thermodynamic theories are applied to develop accurate approximations for the full model system that includes both the molecule and the device. The asymptotic theories are first demonstrated to be accurate using the freely jointed chain model and then using molecular dynamics calculations of a single polyethylene chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Buche
- Computational Solid Mechanics and Structural Dynamics, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Jessica M Rimsza
- Geochemistry, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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4
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Scheele T, Neudecker T. Using oriented external electric fields to manipulate rupture forces of mechanophores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28070-28077. [PMID: 37823201 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03965j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) can facilitate chemical reactions by selectively weakening bonds. This makes them a topic of interest in mechanochemistry, where mechanical force is used to rupture specific bonds in molecules. Using electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), we investigate the effect of OEEFs on the mechanical force required to activate mechanophores. We demonstrate that OEEFs can greatly lower the rupture force of mechanophores, and that the degree of this effect highly depends on the angle relative to the mechanical force at which the field is being applied. The greatest lowering of the rupture force does not always occur at the point of perfect alignment between OEEF and the vector of mechanical force. Using natural bond orbital analysis, we show that mechanical force amplifies the effect that an OEEF has on the scissile bond of a mechanophore. By combining methods to simulate molecules in OEEFs with methods applying mechanical force, we present an effective tool for analyzing mechanophores in OEEFs and show that computationally determining optimal OEEFs for mechanophore activation can assist in the development of future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Scheele
- University of Bremen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Tim Neudecker
- University of Bremen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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5
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Li Z, Wang Z, Wang C, Li W, Fan W, Zhao R, Feng H, Peng D, Huang W. Mechanoluminescent Materials Enable Mechanochemically Controlled Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Polymer Mechanotransduction. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0243. [PMID: 37795336 PMCID: PMC10546606 DOI: 10.34133/research.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic mechanophores have been widely adopted for polymer mechanotransduction. However, most examples of polymer mechanotransduction inevitably experience macromolecular chain rupture, and few of them mimic mussel's mechanochemical regeneration, a mechanically mediated process from functional units to functional materials in a controlled manner. In this paper, inorganic mechanoluminescent (ML) materials composed of CaZnOS-ZnS-SrZnOS: Mn2+ were used as a mechanotransducer since it features both piezoelectricity and mechanolunimescence. The utilization of ML materials in polymerization enables both mechanochemically controlled radical polymerization and the synthesis of ML polymer composites. This procedure features a mechanochemically controlled manner for the design and synthesis of diverse mechanoresponsive polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Wenxi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Wenru Fan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Ruoqing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Haoyang Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Dengfeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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6
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Ren Z, Ding C, Ding R, Wang J, Li Z, Tan R, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhang Z. Enhancing Ultrasound-Assisted Iodine-Mediated Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization by Piezoelectric Nanoparticles. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1159-1165. [PMID: 37523272 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of mechanochemical tools for regulating the polymerization process has received an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Herein, we report the example of the mechanically controlled iodine-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (mechano-RDRP) using piezoelectric tetragonal BaTiO3 nanoparticles (T-BTO) as mechanoredox catalyst and alkyl iodide as the initiator. We demonstrated a more efficient mechanochemical initiation and reversible deactivation process than sonochemical activation via a mechanoredox-mediated alkyl iodide cleavage reaction. The mechanochemical activation of the C-I bond was verified by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Theoretical calculations together with experimental results confirmed the more efficient initiation and polymerization than the traditional sonochemical approach. The influence of BaTiO3, initiator, and solvent was further examined to reveal the mechanism of the mechano-RDRP. The results showed good controllability over molecular weight and capacity for a one-pot chain extension. This work expands the scope of mechanically controlled polymerization and shows good potential in the construction of adaptive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Ren
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ran Ding
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Junce Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengheng Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rui Tan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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7
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Poryvaev AS, Larionov KP, Albrekht YN, Efremov AA, Kiryutin AS, Smirnova KA, Evtushok VY, Fedin MV. UiO-66 framework with an encapsulated spin probe: synthesis and exceptional sensitivity to mechanical pressure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:13846-13853. [PMID: 37161549 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01063e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Probes sensitive to mechanical stress are in demand for the analysis of pressure distribution in materials, and the design of pressure sensors based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is highly promising due to their structural tunability. We report a new pressure-sensing material, which is based on the UiO-66 framework with trace amounts of a spin probe (0.03 wt%) encapsulated in cavities. To obtain this material, we developed an approach for encapsulation of stable nitroxide radical TEMPO ((2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl) into the micropores of UiO-66 during its solvothermal synthesis. Pressure read-out using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy allows monitoring the degradation of the defected MOF structure upon pressurization, where full collapse of pores occurs at as low a pressure as 0.13 GPa. The developed methodology can be used in and ex situ and provides sensitive tools for non-destructive mapping of pressure effects in various materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem S Poryvaev
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Kirill P Larionov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev av. 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Yana N Albrekht
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Alexander A Efremov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexey S Kiryutin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Kristina A Smirnova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Y Evtushok
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev av. 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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8
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Lloyd EM, Vakil JR, Yao Y, Sottos NR, Craig SL. Covalent Mechanochemistry and Contemporary Polymer Network Chemistry: A Marriage in the Making. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:751-768. [PMID: 36599076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the field of polymer mechanochemistry has amassed a toolbox of mechanophores that translate mechanical energy into a variety of functional responses ranging from color change to small-molecule release. These productive chemical changes typically occur at the length scale of a few covalent bonds (Å) but require large energy inputs and strains on the micro-to-macro scale in order to achieve even low levels of mechanophore activation. The minimal activation hinders the translation of the available chemical responses into materials and device applications. The mechanophore activation challenge inspires core questions at yet another length scale of chemical control, namely: What are the molecular-scale features of a polymeric material that determine the extent of mechanophore activation? Further, how do we marry advances in the chemistry of polymer networks with the chemistry of mechanophores to create stress-responsive materials that are well suited for an intended application? In this Perspective, we speculate as to the potential match between covalent polymer mechanochemistry and recent advances in polymer network chemistry, specifically, topologically controlled networks and the hierarchical material responses enabled by multi-network architectures and mechanically interlocked polymers. Both fundamental and applied opportunities unique to the union of these two fields are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Jafer R Vakil
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Yunxin Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
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9
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Liu X, Li Y, Zeng L, Li X, Chen N, Bai S, He H, Wang Q, Zhang C. A Review on Mechanochemistry: Approaching Advanced Energy Materials with Greener Force. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108327. [PMID: 35015320 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry with solvent-free and environmentally friendly characteristics is one of the most promising alternatives to traditional liquid-phase-based reactions, demonstrating epoch-making significance in the realization of different types of chemistry. Mechanochemistry utilizes mechanical energy to promote physical and chemical transformations to design complex molecules and nanostructured materials, encourage dispersion and recombination of multiphase components, and accelerate reaction rates and efficiencies via highly reactive surfaces. In particular, mechanochemistry deserves special attention because it is capable of endowing energy materials with unique characteristics and properties. Herein, the latest advances and progress in mechanochemistry for the preparation and modification of energy materials are reviewed. An outline of the basic knowledge, methods, and characteristics of different mechanochemical strategies is presented, distinguishing this review from most mechanochemistry reviews that only focus on ball-milling. Next, this outline is followed by a detailed and insightful discussion of mechanochemistry-involved energy conversion and storage applications. The discussion comprehensively covers aspects of energy transformations from mechanical/optical/chemical energy to electrical energy. Finally, next-generation advanced energy materials are proposed. This review is intended to bring mechanochemistry to the frontline and guide this burgeoning field of interdisciplinary research for developing advanced energy materials with greener mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Li Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shibing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hanna He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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10
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Akopova TA, Popyrina TN, Demina TS. Mechanochemical Transformations of Polysaccharides: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10458. [PMID: 36142370 PMCID: PMC9501544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Taking into consideration the items of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), this study reviews application of mechanochemical approaches to the modification of polysaccharides. The ability to avoid toxic solvents, initiators, or catalysts during processes is an important characteristic of the considered approach and is in line with current trends in the world. The mechanisms of chemical transformations in solid reactive systems during mechanical activation, the structure and physicochemical properties of the obtained products, their ability to dissolve and swell in different media, to form films and fibers, to self-organize in solution and stabilize nanodispersed inorganic particles and biologically active substances are considered using a number of polysaccharides and their derivatives as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A. Akopova
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsouznaya Str., 117393 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Tatiana S. Demina
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsouznaya Str., 117393 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Ultrasound triggered organic mechanoluminescence materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114343. [PMID: 35580814 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound induced organic mechanoluminescence materials have become one of the focal topics in wireless light sources since they exhibit high spatiotemporal resolution, biocompatibility and excellent tissue penetration depth. These properties promote great potential in ultrahigh sensitive bioimaging with no background noise and noninvasive nanodevices. Recent advances in chemistry, nanotechnology and biomedical research are revolutionizing ultrasound induced organic mechanoluminescence. Herein, we try to summarize some recent researches in ultrasound induced mechanoluminescence that use various materials design strategies based on the molecular conformational changes and cycloreversion reaction. Practical applications, like noninvasive bioimaging and noninvasive optogenetics, are also presented and prospected.
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12
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Birkin PR, Youngs JJ, Truscott TT, Martini S. Probing the mechanisms of enhanced crystallisation of APS in the presence of ultrasound. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11552-11561. [PMID: 35506755 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05701d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the origins of the enhancement of crystallisation of a lipid (all-purpose shortening, APS) through the application of ultrasound is a fundamental pre-requisite for the exploitation of this technique in a wider context. To this end, we show here a number of measurements designed to probe the mechanisms responsible for this effect. For example, we show how the type of bubble cluster, produced at the sound source, alters the bubble population and residency time. In addition, to probe the various contributions to the enhanced crystallisation rate, isolation of the cluster environment below the piston like emitter (PLE) used as the ultrasonic source was shown to reduce the enhancement observed, but did not remove it entirely. This implied that the exposure of the liquid to pressure shocks and the environment around the cluster has a positive effect on the crystallisation kinetics. In turn the addition of extra seed crystals and mechanical agitation also enhances the rate of crystallisation. Finally, the time at which ultrasonic irradiation of the fluid is applied is shown to alter the kinetics observed. These observations suggest that two components are important: large bubble populations and mechanical effects on pre-existing crystals. These findings suggest that maximising these effects could be an eloquent way to enhance and control the material characteristics of materials produced in this manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Birkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Jack J Youngs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Tadd T Truscott
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-4130, USA
| | - Silvana Martini
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-8700, USA
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13
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A perspective on the force-induced heterolytic bond cleavage in triarylmethane mechanophores. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1854-2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triarylmethane derivatives and their corresponding trityl carbocations are among the oldest chemical species synthesized and studied by chemists. The carbocationic platforms are particularly interesting due to their stability, high extinction coefficient, and tunable absorption of light in the visible spectrum, which can be achieved through structural modifications. These stable cations are traditionally obtained through heterolytic cleavage of judiciously designed, parent triarylmethanes by exposure to acids or UV light (λ < 300 nm), and methods based on electrochemistry or radiolysis. Our group has recently discovered that trityl carbocations can be generated also via mechanical stimulation of solid polymer materials featuring triarylmethane units as covalent crosslinks. In this Synpacts contribution, we expand on our previous finding by discussing some intriguing research questions that we aim to tackle in the immediate future.
1 Introduction
2 The development of our first triarylmethane mechanophore
3 The potential reversibility of triarylmethane mechanophores
4 A general molecular platform for force-induced, scissile, homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage?
5 Conclusion
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14
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Qiu W, Scofield JMP, Gurr PA, Qiao GG. Mechanochromophore-linked Polymeric Materials with Visible Color Changes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100866. [PMID: 35338794 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force as a type of stimuli for smart materials has obtained much attention in the past decade. Color-changing materials in response to mechanical stimuli have shown great potential in the applications such as sensors and displays. Mechanochromophore-linked polymeric materials, which are a growing sub-class of these materials, are discussed in detail in this review. Two main types of mechanochromophores which exhibit visible color change, summarized herein, involve either isomerization or radical generation mechanisms. This review focuses on their synthesis and incorporation into polymer matrices, the type of mechanical force used, factors affecting the mechanochromic properties, and their applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joel M P Scofield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gurr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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15
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Athanassiadis AG, Ma Z, Moreno-Gomez N, Melde K, Choi E, Goyal R, Fischer P. Ultrasound-Responsive Systems as Components for Smart Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5165-5208. [PMID: 34767350 PMCID: PMC8915171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Smart materials can respond to stimuli and adapt their responses based on external cues from their environments. Such behavior requires a way to transport energy efficiently and then convert it for use in applications such as actuation, sensing, or signaling. Ultrasound can carry energy safely and with low losses through complex and opaque media. It can be localized to small regions of space and couple to systems over a wide range of time scales. However, the same characteristics that allow ultrasound to propagate efficiently through materials make it difficult to convert acoustic energy into other useful forms. Recent work across diverse fields has begun to address this challenge, demonstrating ultrasonic effects that provide control over physical and chemical systems with surprisingly high specificity. Here, we review recent progress in ultrasound-matter interactions, focusing on effects that can be incorporated as components in smart materials. These techniques build on fundamental phenomena such as cavitation, microstreaming, scattering, and acoustic radiation forces to enable capabilities such as actuation, sensing, payload delivery, and the initiation of chemical or biological processes. The diversity of emerging techniques holds great promise for a wide range of smart capabilities supported by ultrasound and poses interesting questions for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios G. Athanassiadis
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicolas Moreno-Gomez
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kai Melde
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rahul Goyal
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peer Fischer
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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16
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Traeger H, Sagara Y, Berrocal JA, Schrettl S, Weder C. Strain-correlated mechanochromism in different polyurethanes featuring a supramolecular mechanophore. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00218c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A previously reported, supramolecular, loop-forming mechanophore comprised of two covalently connected perylene diimide (PDI) dyes was equipped with hydroxy groups and covalently incorporated into different polyurethanes (PUs). Four PUs with...
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17
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Davis CS, Rencheck ML, Woodcock JW, Beams R, Wang M, Stranick S, Forster AM, Gilman JW. Activation of Mechanophores in a Thermoset Matrix by Instrumented Scratch. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55498-55506. [PMID: 34780164 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Scratches in polymer coatings and barrier layers negatively impact optical properties (haze, light transmission, etc.), initiate routes of degradation or corrosion (moisture permeability), and nucleate delamination of the coating. Detecting scratches in coatings on advanced materials systems is an important component of structural health monitoring but can be difficult if the defects are too small to be detected by the naked eye. The primary focus of the present work is to investigate scratch damage using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and mechanical activation of a mechanophore (MP)-containing transparent epoxy coating. The approach utilizes a Berkovich tip to scratch MP-epoxy coatings under a linearly increasing normal load. The goal is to utilize the fluorescent behavior of activated MPs to enable the detection of microscale scratches and molecular scale changes in polymeric systems. Taking advantage of the amine functionality present in a polyetheramine/bisphenol A epoxy network, a modified rhodamine dye is covalently bonded into a transparent, thermoset polymer network. Following instrumented scratch application, subsequent fluorescence imaging of the scratched MP-epoxy reveals the extent of fluorescence activation induced by the mechanical deformation. In this work, the rhodamine-based mechanophore is used to identify both ductile and fracture-dominated processes during the scratch application. The fluorescence intensity increases linearly with the applied normal load and is sensitive to fracture dominated processes. Fluorescence lifetime and hyperspectral imaging of damage zones provide additional insight into the local (nanoscopic) environment and molecular structure of the MP around the fracture process zone, respectively. The mechanophore/scratch deformation approach allows a fluorescence microscope to probe local yielding and fracture events in a powerful way that enhances the optical characterization of damage zones formed by standard scratch test methods and leads to novel defect detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea S Davis
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-3460, United States
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2045, United States
| | - Mitchell L Rencheck
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2045, United States
| | - Jeremiah W Woodcock
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-3460, United States
| | - Ryan Beams
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-3460, United States
| | - Muzhou Wang
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-3460, United States
| | - Stephan Stranick
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-3460, United States
| | - Aaron M Forster
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-3460, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Gilman
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-3460, United States
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19
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Traeger H, Sagara Y, Kiebala DJ, Schrettl S, Weder C. Folded Perylene Diimide Loops as Mechanoresponsive Motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16191-16199. [PMID: 33961723 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A supramolecular mechanophore that can be integrated into polymers and indicates deformation by a fluorescence color change is reported. Two perylene diimides (PDIs) were connected by a short spacer and equipped with peripheral atom transfer polymerization initiators. In the idle state, the motif folds into a loop and its emission is excimer dominated. Poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) chains were grown from the motif and the mechanophore-containing polymer was blended with unmodified PMA to afford materials that display a visually discernible fluorescence color change upon deformation, which causes the loops to unfold. The response is instant, and correlates linearly with the applied strain. Experiments with a reference polymer containing only one PDI moiety show that looped mechanophores that display intramolecular excimer formation offer considerable advantages over intermolecular dye aggregates, including a concentration-independent response, direct signaling of mechanical processes, and a more pronounced optical change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Derek J Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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20
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Bettens T, Eeckhoudt J, Hoffmann M, Alonso M, Geerlings P, Dreuw A, De Proft F. Designing Force Probes Based on Reversible 6π-Electrocyclizations in Polyenes Using Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7477-7489. [PMID: 33988028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conjugated π-system in polyenes can be interrupted by electrocyclic ring-closure reactions. In this work, this 6π-electrocylization is shown by means of density functional calculations to be reversible by the application of an external mechanical pulling force at the terminal ends of the interrupted polyene chain. The test systems were constrained in a fused ring system, thus locking the orientation of three π-bonds and generally promoting 6π-electrocyclic ring-closure reactions. For several systems, the forward reaction is exergonic and the corresponding reaction barrier is comparable to those reported in the literature. The reverse reaction is triggered by an external pulling force of 2 nN (nano-Newton) or less and also becomes exergonic in all investigated polyenes under these force conditions. Moreover, it proceeds via a low reaction barrier when a pulling force of 2 nN is active, indicating that the mechanical force is an efficient stimulus for triggering ring-opening reactions. Analysis of the strain energy induced by this mechanical force confirms an optimal activation of the corresponding C-C σ-bond that breaks upon ring opening when the pulling positions are located on the polyene chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bettens
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jochen Eeckhoudt
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marvin Hoffmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205A, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205A, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Ehsani H, Boyd JD, Wang J, Grady ME. Evolution of the Laser-Induced Spallation Technique in Film Adhesion Measurement. APPLIED MECHANICS REVIEWS 2021; 73:030802. [PMID: 34168374 PMCID: PMC8208493 DOI: 10.1115/1.4050700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced spallation is a process in which a stress wave generated from a rapid, high-energy laser pulse initiates the ejection of surface material opposite the surface of laser impingement. Through knowledge of the stress-wave amplitude that causes film separation, the adhesion and interfacial properties of a film-on-substrate system are determined. Some advantages of the laser spallation technique are the noncontact loading, development of large stresses (on the order of GPa), and high strain rates, up to 108/s. The applicability to both relatively thick films, tens of microns, and thin films, tens of nm, make it a unique technique for a wide range of materials and applications. This review combines the available knowledge and experience in laser spallation, as a state-of-the-art measurement tool, in a comprehensive pedagogical publication for the first time. An historical review of adhesion measurement by the laser-induced spallation technique, from its inception in the 1970s through the present day, is provided. An overview of the technique together with the physics governing the laser-induced spallation process, including functions of the absorbing and confining materials, are also discussed. Special attention is given to applications of laser spallation as an adhesion quantification technique in metals, polymers, composites, ceramics, and biological films. A compendium of available experimental parameters is provided that summarizes key laser spallation experiments across these thin-film materials. This review concludes with a future outlook for the laser spallation technique, which approaches its semicentennial anniversary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ehsani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky,Lexington, KY 40506
| | - James D. Boyd
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky,Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Junlan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Martha E. Grady
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky,Lexington, KY 40506
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22
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Chen Y, Li W, Luo J, Liu R, Sun G, Liu X. Robust Damage-Reporting Strategy Enabled by Dual-Compartment Microcapsules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14518-14529. [PMID: 33739100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dye-filled microcapsules are an attractive way to identify microscopic damage of materials by the naked eye. However, there are many disadvantages in traditional microcapsule-based self-reporting materials, such as a poor self-reporting effect. A new concept for the design of self-reporting microcapsules is presented here. Our work develops a novel kind of dual-compartmental microcapsule via Pickering emulsion photopolymerization, which can encapsulate two interacting species ("pro-dye" and "developer") separately in a single microcapsule. In our strategy, SiO2 microspheres encapsulating polyetheramine (PEA, developer) were first prepared and employed as a Pickering emulsifier to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions, in which the oil phase consisted of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF, pro-dye) and a monomer. After the monomer polymerization, a dual-compartment microcapsule, which encapsulated the pro-dye in the core and the developer in the shell, was obtained. Upon the rupture of the microcapsule, the pro-dye and the developer were released simultaneously and reacted to yield a pronounced chromogenic response. Compared with traditional double-microcapsule systems, this dual-compartment microcapsule system demonstrated a more efficient and pronounced self-reporting effect. This is the first time that a double-encapsulation scheme involving the compartmentalized release of two interacting species within a single microcapsule has been demonstrated for self-reporting, which overcomes the tough problems of the uneven distribution of the traditional double-microcapsule systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Ren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Guanqing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
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23
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Li G, Pan Z, Jia Z, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang N, Pan M, Yuan J. An effective approach for fabricating high-strength polyurethane hydrogels with reversible photochromic performance as a photoswitch. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00429h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible high-strength photochromic polyurethane hydrogel which can realize information storage was successfully prepared by a polyaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Li
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Pan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Zhanyu Jia
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Mingwang Pan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
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24
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Chen Y, Mellot G, van Luijk D, Creton C, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4100-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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25
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Martínez‐Tong DE, Pomposo JA, Verde‐Sesto E. Triggering Forces at the Nanoscale: Technologies for Single‐Chain Mechanical Activation and Manipulation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000654. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Martínez‐Tong
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) P. Manuel Lardizábal 3 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20018 Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (UPV/EHU‐CSIC) P. Manuel Lardizábal 5 San Sebastián 20018 Spain
| | - José A. Pomposo
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) P. Manuel Lardizábal 3 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20018 Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC‐UPV/EHU)—Materials Physics Center (MPC) Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20018 Spain
- IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for Science Plaza Euskadi 5 Bilbao 48009 Spain
| | - Ester Verde‐Sesto
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC‐UPV/EHU)—Materials Physics Center (MPC) Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20018 Spain
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26
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Traeger H, Kiebala DJ, Weder C, Schrettl S. From Molecules to Polymers-Harnessing Inter- and Intramolecular Interactions to Create Mechanochromic Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000573. [PMID: 33191595 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of mechanophores as building blocks that serve as predefined weak linkages has enabled the creation of mechanoresponsive and mechanochromic polymer materials, which are interesting for a range of applications including the study of biological specimens or advanced security features. In typical mechanophores, covalent bonds are broken when polymers that contain these chemical motifs are exposed to mechanical forces, and changes of the optical properties upon bond scission can be harnessed as a signal that enables the detection of applied mechanical stresses and strains. Similar chromic effects upon mechanical deformation of polymers can also be achieved without relying on the scission of covalent bonds. The dissociation of motifs that feature directional noncovalent interactions, the disruption of aggregated molecules, and conformational changes in molecules or polymers constitute an attractive element for the design of mechanoresponsive and mechanochromic materials. In this article, it is reviewed how such alterations of molecules and polymers can be exploited for the development of mechanochromic materials that signal deformation without breaking covalent bonds. Recent illustrative examples are highlighted that showcase how the use of such mechanoresponsive motifs enables the visual mapping of stresses and damage in a reversible and highly sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Derek J Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
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27
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Rupp H, Binder WH. Multicomponent Stress‐Sensing Composites Fabricated by 3D‐Printing Methodologies. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000450. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Rupp
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 Halle D‐06120 Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 Halle D‐06120 Germany
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28
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Deneke N, Rencheck ML, Davis CS. An engineer's introduction to mechanophores. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6230-6252. [PMID: 32567642 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanophores (MPs) are a class of stimuli-responsive materials that are of increasing interest to engineers due to their potential applications as stress sensors. These mechanically responsive molecules change color or become fluorescent upon application of a mechanical stimulus as they undergo a chemical reaction when a load is applied. By incorporating MPs such as spirolactam, spiropyran, or dianthracene into a material system, the real-time stress distribution of the matrix can be directly observed through a visual response, ideal for damage and failure sensing applications. A wide array of applications that require continuous structural health monitoring could benefit from MPs including flexible electronics, protective coatings, and polymer matrix composites. However, there are significant technical challenges preventing MP implementation in industry. Effective strategies to quantitatively calibrate the photo response of the MP with applied stress magnitudes must be developed. Additionally, environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet light exposure can potentially impact the performance of MPs. By addressing these limitations, engineers can work to move MPs from the synthetic chemistry bench to the field. This review aims to highlight recent progress in MP research, discuss barriers to implementation, and provide an outlook on the future of MPs, specifically focused on polymeric material systems. Although the focus is on engineering MPs for bulk materials, a brief overview of mechanochemistry will be discussed followed by methods for activation and quantification of MP photo response (concentrating specifically on fluorescently active species). Finally, current challenges and future directions in MP research will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Deneke
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Mitchell L Rencheck
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Chelsea S Davis
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
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29
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Calvino C, Henriet E, Muff LF, Schrettl S, Weder C. Mechanochromic Polymers Based on Microencapsulated Solvatochromic Dyes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900654. [PMID: 32134544 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of polymers with built-in sensors that provide readily perceptible optical warning signs of mechanical events has received considerable interest. A simple and versatile concept to bestow polymers with mechanochromic behavior is the incorporation of dye-filled microcapsules. Such capsules release their cargo when their shell is damaged, and the dye is subsequently activated through a chemical or physical change that causes a chromogenic response. Here, we report the preparation of fluorescent poly(urea-formaldehyde) microcapsules containing solutions of a solvatochromic cyanostilbene dye and their integration in different polymers. When objects made from such composites are damaged, the dye solution is released from the containers, diffuses into the matrix, and the solvent evaporates. As a result, the polarity around the dye molecules changes, and this leads to a change of the fluorescence color. Alternatively, the dye is blended into the polymer matrix, microcapsules are loaded with a solvent, and the release of the latter triggers the color change. Both mechanisms afford ratiometric signals because the capsules that remain intact or dye molecules that are not exposed to the solvent can be used as a built-in reference; therefore, a quantitative assessment of the damage inflicted on the material is a priori possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Calvino
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Emma Henriet
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland.,Université de Technologie Belfort-Montbéliard, Rue de Leupe, Sevenans, 90400, France
| | - Livius F Muff
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
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30
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Lordi V. Delving into dynamic effects. Nat Chem 2020; 12:225-226. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Stratigaki M, Göstl R. Methods for Exerting and Sensing Force in Polymer Materials Using Mechanophores. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1095-1103. [PMID: 31958366 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, polymer mechanochemistry has evolved as a methodology to provide insights into the action-reaction relationships of polymers and polymer-based materials and composites in terms of macroscopic force application (stress) and subsequent deformation (strain) through a mechanophore-assisted coupling of mechanical and chemical phenomena. The perplexity of the process, however, from the viewpoint of mechanophore activation via a molecular-scaled disruption of the structure that yields a macroscopically detectable optical signal, renders this otherwise rapidly evolving field challenging. Motivated by this, we highlight here recent advancements of polymer mechanochemistry with particular focus on the establishment of methodologies for the efficient activation and quantification of mechanophores and anticipate to aptly pinpoint unresolved matters and limitations of the respective approaches, thus highlighting possible developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stratigaki
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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32
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Schwartz JJ, Behrou R, Cao B, Bassford M, Mendible A, Shaeffer C, Boydston AJ, Boechler N. Reduced strain mechanochemical activation onset in microstructured materials. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01875a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show that mechanochemical activation in responsive materials with designed, periodic microstructures can be achieved at lower applied strains than their bulk counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Reza Behrou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - Morgan Bassford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - Ariana Mendible
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - Courtney Shaeffer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Nicholas Boechler
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
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33
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Zhao P, Gao X, Lu C, Wang X, He Y, Yao D. Fabricating a partial wetting structure for improving the toughness of intumescent flame‐retardant HDPE. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhao
- Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics SchoolHenan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
| | - Xiping Gao
- Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics SchoolHenan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and DevicesEast China University of Technology Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Chang Lu
- Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics SchoolHenan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics SchoolHenan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
| | - Yuxin He
- Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics SchoolHenan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
| | - Dahu Yao
- Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics SchoolHenan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and DevicesEast China University of Technology Nanchang 330013 China
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34
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Hannewald N, Enke M, Nischang I, Zechel S, Hager MD, Schubert US. Mechanical Activation of Terpyridine Metal Complexes in Polymers. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-019-01274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Levy A, Feinstein R, Diesendruck CE. Mechanical Unfolding and Thermal Refolding of Single-Chain Nanoparticles Using Ligand–Metal Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7256-7260. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avishai Levy
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Roi Feinstein
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
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36
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Sulkanen AR, Sung J, Robb MJ, Moore JS, Sottos NR, Liu GY. Spatially Selective and Density-Controlled Activation of Interfacial Mechanophores. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4080-4085. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R. Sulkanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | | | - Gang-yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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37
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Bettens T, Alonso M, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Implementing the mechanical force into the conceptual DFT framework: understanding and predicting molecular mechanochemical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7378-7388. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Studying mechanochemical properties through the implementation of the mechanical force into the conceptual DFT framework (E = E[N,v,Fext]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bettens
- Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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38
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Calvino C, Sagara Y, Buclin V, Haehnel AP, Del Prado A, Aeby C, Simon YC, Schrettl S, Weder C. Mechanoresponsive, Luminescent Polymer Blends Based on an Excimer-Forming Telechelic Macromolecule. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800705. [PMID: 30417478 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A well-known approach toward mechanochromic polymers relies on the incorporation of excimer-forming fluorophores into a matrix polymer and the disruption of aggregated chromophores when such materials undergo macroscopic mechanical deformation. However, the required aggregates and stress-transfer processes have so far only been realized with select dye/polymer combinations. As demonstrated here, the utility of this approach can be extended by tethering an excimer-forming cyano-substituted oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) fluorophore to the two ends of a telechelic poly(ethylene-co-butylene) and blending small amounts (0.1-2 wt%) of the resulting aggregachromic macromolecule into polymer matrices such as poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(isoprene), or poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene). All blends display mechanofluorochromic responses, and the ratio between the monomer and excimer emission intensities can be used to correlate the luminescence signal to the extent of deformation and to follow subsequent relaxation processes. The developed approach significantly expands the scope of blend-based mechanoresponsive luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Calvino
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Véronique Buclin
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alexander P Haehnel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Freudenberg Sealing Technologies GmbH & Co. KG, Hoehnerweg 2-4, 69469, Weinheim, Germany
| | - Anselmo Del Prado
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Aeby
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoan C Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.,School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr., Box 5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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39
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Calvino C, Weder C. Microcapsule-Containing Self-Reporting Polymers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802489. [PMID: 30265445 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-reporting polymers, which can indicate damage or exposure to excessive stress with a clearly perceptible optical signal, are potentially useful for several technological applications, including stress-sensitive sensors that enable in situ monitoring of mechanical events and structural health monitoring systems. A versatile and simple concept to realize this function is the exploitation of microcapsules that are filled with solutions of dyes that are released and chemically or physically activated when the protective shell is damaged. Such microcapsules can readily be incorporated into polymers and the composites thus made can be processed into films, coatings, or other objects. Mechanochromic effects can be realized with different types of dyes and activation schemes. In this concept article, a selection of recent key studies is presented to provide an overview of the state of the field. Different architectures and operating principles and their advantages and drawbacks are reviewed. The parameters that influence the design of microcapsule-based mechanochromic systems are considered and unexplored chromophore systems that might be useful to design future self-reporting polymers are discussed. Finally, specific aspects of capsule design, fabrication, and integration into polymers are presented. Throughout the article, challenges and opportunities of the concept are highlighted and possible future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Calvino
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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40
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41
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Karman M, Verde-Sesto E, Weder C, Simon YC. Mechanochemical Fluorescence Switching in Polymers Containing Dithiomaleimide Moieties. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1099-1104. [PMID: 35632942 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymers that display useful mechanochemical responses, such as changes of their fluorescence characteristics, are attracting great interest. Here, we introduce the fluorescent dithiomaleimide (DTM) motif as a mechanofluorophore and report the mechanoresponse of two polymer types containing this motif. Poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) and poly(ε-caprolactone)s (PCL) featuring one DTM moiety in the center of each chain (PMA-DTM and PCL-DTM) were synthesized by controlled radical and coordination-insertion ring-opening polymerizations using bifunctional DTM-containing initiators. Upon ultrasonic treatment of PMA-DTM or PCL-DTM of sufficiently high initial molecular weight, both the molecular weight and the fluorescence intensity decreased with similar kinetics, while no significant fluorescence changes were observed for DTM-free reference polymers. The results show that the DTM motif can serve as a mechanophore that displays a mechanically induced fluorescence turn-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Karman
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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42
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43
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Sung J, Robb MJ, White SR, Moore JS, Sottos NR. Interfacial Mechanophore Activation Using Laser-Induced Stress Waves. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5000-5003. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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44
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Bofill JM, Ribas-Ariño J, García SP, Quapp W. An algorithm to locate optimal bond breaking points on a potential energy surface for applications in mechanochemistry and catalysis. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:152710. [PMID: 29055306 DOI: 10.1063/1.4994925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction path of a mechanically induced chemical transformation changes under stress. It is well established that the force-induced structural changes of minima and saddle points, i.e., the movement of the stationary points on the original or stress-free potential energy surface, can be described by a Newton Trajectory (NT). Given a reactive molecular system, a well-fitted pulling direction, and a sufficiently large value of the force, the minimum configuration of the reactant and the saddle point configuration of a transition state collapse at a point on the corresponding NT trajectory. This point is called barrier breakdown point or bond breaking point (BBP). The Hessian matrix at the BBP has a zero eigenvector which coincides with the gradient. It indicates which force (both in magnitude and direction) should be applied to the system to induce the reaction in a barrierless process. Within the manifold of BBPs, there exist optimal BBPs which indicate what is the optimal pulling direction and what is the minimal magnitude of the force to be applied for a given mechanochemical transformation. Since these special points are very important in the context of mechanochemistry and catalysis, it is crucial to develop efficient algorithms for their location. Here, we propose a Gauss-Newton algorithm that is based on the minimization of a positively defined function (the so-called σ-function). The behavior and efficiency of the new algorithm are shown for 2D test functions and for a real chemical example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Maria Bofill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribas-Ariño
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Pablo García
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Quapp
- Mathematisches Institut, Universität Leipzig, PF 100920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
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45
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Chen H, Yang F, Chen Q, Zheng J. A Novel Design of Multi-Mechanoresponsive and Mechanically Strong Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606900. [PMID: 28295677 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A newly developed polyacrylamide-co-methyl acrylate/spiropyran (SP) hydrogel crosslinked by SP mechanophore demonstrates multi-stimuli-responsive and mechanically strong properties. The hydrogels not only exhibit thermo-, photo-, and mechano-induced color changes, but also achieve super-strong mechanical properties (tensile stress of 1.45 MPa, tensile strain of ≈600%, and fracture energy of 7300 J m-2 ). Due to a reversible structural transformation between spiropyran (a ring-close) and merocyanine (a ring-open) states, simple exposure of the hydrogels to white light can reverse color changes and restore mechanical properties. The new design approach for a new mechanoresponsive hydrogel is easily transformative to the development of other mechanophore-based hydrogels for sensing, imaging, and display applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Fengyu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454003, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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46
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Hua Z, Nie M, Liu X, Wang Q. A Clean Strategy to Prepare Polylactide/Hydroxyapatite Bionanocomposites via Solid Mechanochemistry. J MACROMOL SCI B 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2017.1301301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Glazyrin AB, Abdullin MI. Properties of modified polymers based on syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427216100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Makarov DE. Perspective: Mechanochemistry of biological and synthetic molecules. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:030901. [PMID: 26801011 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coupling of mechanical forces and chemical transformations is central to the biophysics of molecular machines, polymer chemistry, fracture mechanics, tribology, and other disciplines. As a consequence, the same physical principles and theoretical models should be applicable in all of those fields; in fact, similar models have been invoked (and often repeatedly reinvented) to describe, for example, cell adhesion, dry and wet friction, propagation of cracks, and action of molecular motors. This perspective offers a unified view of these phenomena, described in terms of chemical kinetics with rates of elementary steps that are force dependent. The central question is then to describe how the rate of a chemical transformation (and its other measurable properties such as the transition path) depends on the applied force. I will describe physical models used to answer this question and compare them with experimental measurements, which employ single-molecule force spectroscopy and which become increasingly common. Multidimensionality of the underlying molecular energy landscapes and the ensuing frequent misalignment between chemical and mechanical coordinates result in a number of distinct scenarios, each showing a nontrivial force dependence of the reaction rate. I will discuss these scenarios, their commonness (or its lack), and the prospects for their experimental validation. Finally, I will discuss open issues in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii E Makarov
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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49
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Stauch T, Dreuw A. Advances in Quantum Mechanochemistry: Electronic Structure Methods and Force Analysis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14137-14180. [PMID: 27767298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In quantum mechanochemistry, quantum chemical methods are used to describe molecules under the influence of an external force. The calculation of geometries, energies, transition states, reaction rates, and spectroscopic properties of molecules on the force-modified potential energy surfaces is the key to gain an in-depth understanding of mechanochemical processes at the molecular level. In this review, we present recent advances in the field of quantum mechanochemistry and introduce the quantum chemical methods used to calculate the properties of molecules under an external force. We place special emphasis on quantum chemical force analysis tools, which can be used to identify the mechanochemically relevant degrees of freedom in a deformed molecule, and spotlight selected applications of quantum mechanochemical methods to point out their synergistic relationship with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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50
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Araujo JV, Rifaie-Graham O, Apebende EA, Bruns N. Self-reporting Polymeric Materials with Mechanochromic Properties. BIO-INSPIRED POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782626664-00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical transduction of force onto molecules is an essential feature of many biological processes that results in the senses of touch and hearing, gives important cues for cellular interactions and can lead to optically detectable signals, such as a change in colour, fluorescence or chemoluminescence. Polymeric materials that are able to visually indicate deformation, stress, strain or the occurrence of microdamage draw inspiration from these biological events. The field of self-reporting (or self-assessing) materials is reviewed. First, mechanochromic events in nature are discussed, such as the formation of bruises on skin, the bleeding of a wound, or marine glow caused by dinoflagellates. Then, materials based on force-responsive mechanophores, such as spiropyrans, cyclobutanes, cyclooctanes, Diels–Alder adducts, diarylbibenzofuranone and bis(adamantyl)-1,2-dioxetane are reviewed, followed by mechanochromic blends, chromophores stabilised by hydrogen bonds, and pressure sensors based on ionic interactions between fluorescent dyes and polyelectrolyte brushes. Mechanobiochemistry is introduced as an important tool to create self-reporting hybrid materials that combine polymers with the force-responsive properties of fluorescent proteins, protein FRET pairs, and other biomacromolecules. Finally, dye-filled microcapsules, microvascular networks, and hollow fibres are demonstrated to be important technologies to create damage-indicating coatings, self-reporting fibre-reinforced composites and self-healing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V. Araujo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Edward A. Apebende
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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