1
|
Yusuf J, Sapuan SM, Rashid U, Ilyas RA, Hassan MR. Thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of oil palm cellulose nanofibril reinforced green epoxy nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:134421. [PMID: 39227276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, significant improvements in mechanical properties have been seen through the efficient inclusion of Oil Palm Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) as nano-fillers into green polymer matrices produced from biomass with a 28 % carbon content. The goal of the research was to make green epoxy nanocomposites utilizing solution blending process with acetone as the solvent with the different CNF loadings (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 wt%). An ultrasonic bath was used in conjunction with mechanical stirring to guarantee that CNF was effectively dispersed throughout the green epoxy. The resultant nanocomposites underwent thorough evaluation, comparing them to unfilled green epoxy and evaluating their morphological, mechanical, and thermal behavior using a variety of instruments. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to validate findings, which showed that the CNF were dispersed optimally inside the nanocomposites. The thermal degradation temperature (Td) of the nanocomposites showed a marginal decrement of 0.8 % in temperatures (from 348 °C to 345 °C), between unfilled green epoxy (neat) and 0.1 wt% of CNF loading. The mechanical test results, which showed a 13.3 % improvement in hardness and a 6.45 % rise in tensile strength when compared to unfilled green epoxy, were in line with previously published research. Overall, the outcomes showed that green nanocomposites have significantly improved in performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Yusuf
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S M Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Malaysia.
| | - Umer Rashid
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ION2), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Center of Excellence in Catalysis for Bioenergy and Renewable Chemicals (CBRC), Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - R A Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M R Hassan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xia J, Li S, Gao R, Zhang Y, Wang L, Ye Y, Cao C, Xue H. Bio-Based Epoxy Vitrimers with Excellent Properties of Self-Healing, Recyclability, and Welding. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2113. [PMID: 39125140 PMCID: PMC11314141 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of more recyclable materials is a key requirement for a transition towards a more circular economy. Thanks to exchange reactions, vitrimer, an attractive alternative for recyclable materials, is an innovative class of polymers that is able to change its topology without decreasing its connectivity. In this work, a bisphenol compound (VP) was prepared from saturated cardanol, i.e., 3-pentadecylphenol and vanillyl alcohol. Then, VP was epoxidized to obtain epoxide (VPGE). Finally, VPGE and citric acid (CA) were polymerized in the presence of catalyst TBD to prepare a fully bio-based vitrimer based on transesterification. The results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the VPGE/CA system could be crosslinked at around 163 °C. The cardanol-derived vitrimers had good network rearrangement properties. Meanwhile, because of the dynamic structural elements in the network, the material was endowed with excellent self-healing, welding, and recyclability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Xia
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shuyun Li
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Renjin Gao
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuchi Zhang
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Liwei Wang
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuansong Ye
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Changlin Cao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Hanyu Xue
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bergoglio M, Rossegger E, Schlögl S, Griesser T, Waly C, Arbeiter F, Sangermano M. Multi-Material 3D Printing of Biobased Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1510. [PMID: 38891457 PMCID: PMC11174478 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionised the manufacturing industry, offering versatile capabilities for creating complex geometries directly from a digital design. Among the various 3D printing methods for polymers, vat photopolymerisation combines photochemistry and 3D printing. Despite the fact that single-epoxy 3D printing has been explored, the fabrication of multi-material bioderived epoxy thermosets remains unexplored. This study introduces the feasibility and potential of multi-material 3D printing by means of a dual-vat Digital Light Processing (DLP) technology, focusing on bioderived epoxy resins such as ELO (epoxidized linseed oil) and DGEVA (vanillin alcohol diglycidyl ether). By integrating different materials with different mechanical properties into one sample, this approach enhances sustainability and offers versatility for different applications. Through experimental characterisation, including mechanical and thermal analysis, the study demonstrates the ability to produce structures composed of different materials with tailored mechanical properties and shapes that change on demand. The findings underscore the promising technology of dual-vat DLP technology applied to sustainable bioderived epoxy monomers, allowing sustainable material production and complex structure fabrication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bergoglio
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Christoph Waly
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (C.W.); (F.A.)
| | - Florian Arbeiter
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (C.W.); (F.A.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tian H, Wang L, Zhu X, Zhang M, Li L, Liu Z, Abolfathi S. Biodegradation of microplastics derived from controlled release fertilizer coating: Selective microbial colonization and metabolism in plastisphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170978. [PMID: 38365031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Coated controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) are widely used in agriculture, and the persistent presence of residual polymer coating has raised environmental concerns. This study investigates the underlying degradation dynamics of microplastics (MPs) derived from three typical materials used in CRFs, including polyethylene (PE), epoxy (EP), and polyurethane (PU), through a soil degradation test. The formation of surface biofilm, the succession process, and metabolic characteristics of microbial community are revealed by laser scanning confocal microscope, 16S rRNA sequencing, and non-targeted metabolomics analysis. The weight loss rates of PE, EP, and PU after 807 days of degradation were 16.70 %, 2.79 %, and 4.86 %, respectively. Significant secondary MPs were produced with tears and holes appeared in the coating cross sections and pyrolysis products were produced such as ethers, acids, and esters for PE; alkanes, olefins and their branched-chain derivatives for EP; and short-chain fatty acids and benzene molecules for PU. The coating surface selectively recruited the bacteria of Chujaibacter and Ralstonia and fungus of Fusarium and Penicillium, forming biofilm composed of lipids, proteins, and living cells. The metabolism of amino acids and polymers was enhanced to protect against MP-induced stress. The metabolites or intermediates of organic acids and derivatives, oxygen-contained organic compounds, and benzenoids on CRF surface increased significantly compared with soil, but there were no significant differences among different coating types. This study provides insights to the underlying mechanisms of biodegradation and microenvironmental changes of MPs in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Tian
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Recourses and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Recourses and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhu
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | - Min Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Recourses and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, United States
| | - Zhiguang Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Recourses and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Soroush Abolfathi
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gomes AS, Fiadeiro PT, Vieira AC, Vieira JC. Viability Study of Serra da Estrela Dog Wool to Produce Green Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:718. [PMID: 38475401 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The environmental emergency has alerted consumers and industries to choose products derived from renewable sources over petroleum derivatives. Natural fibers of plant origin for reinforcing composite materials dominate the field of research aiming to replace synthetic fibers. The field of application of green dog wool composite materials needs to be reinforced and proven, as the industry is looking for more sustainable solutions and on the other hand this type of raw material (pet grooming waste) tends to grow. Hence, in the present work, the feasibility of applying natural fibers of dog origin (mainly composed by keratin) in green composites was studied. The green composites were developed using chemically treated dog wool of the breed Serra da Estrela (with NaOH and PVA) as reinforcement and a green epoxy resin as a matrix. The chemical treatments aimed to improve adhesion between fibers and matrix. The fibers' composition was determined using X-ray Diffraction (X-RD). Their morphology was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The wettability of the fiber was also evaluated qualitatively by analyzing drops of resin placed on the fibers treated with the different treatments. The mechanical properties of the composites were also studied through mechanical tensile, flexural, and relaxation tests. Overall, the best results were obtained for the dog wool fibers without treatment. The tensile and flexural strength of this biocomposite were 11 MPa and 26.8 MPa, respectively, while the tensile and flexural elastic modulus were 555 MPa and 1100 MPa, respectively. It was also possible to verify that the PVA treatment caused degradation of the fiber, resulting in a decrease in mechanical tensile strength of approximately 42.7%, 59.7% in flexural strength and approximately 59% of the stress after 120 min of relaxation when compared to fiber made from untreated dog wool. On the other hand, the NaOH treatment worked as a fiber wash process, removing waxes and fats naturally present on the fiber surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Soledade Gomes
- Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês D'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paulo Torrão Fiadeiro
- Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês D'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - André Costa Vieira
- Center for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês D'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Joana Costa Vieira
- Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês D'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang Y, Li J, Li D, Ma Y, Zhou S, Wang Y, Zhang D. Bio-based hyperbranched epoxy resins: synthesis and recycling. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:624-655. [PMID: 38109059 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00713h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins (EPs), accounting for about 70% of the thermosetting resin market, have been recognized as the most widely used thermosetting resins in the world. Nowadays, 90% of the world's EPs are obtained from the bisphenol A (BPA)-based epoxide prepolymer. However, certain limitations severely impede further applications of this advanced material, such as limited fossil-based resources, skyrocketing oil prices, nondegradability, and a "seesaw" between toughness and strength. In recent years, more and more research has been devoted to the preparation of novel epoxy materials to overcome the compromise between toughness and strength and solve plastic waste problems. Among them, the development of bio-based hyperbranched epoxy resins (HERs) is unique and attractive. Bio-based HERs synthesized from bio-derived monomers can be used as a matrix resin or a toughener resulting in partially or fully bio-based epoxy thermosets. The introduction of a hyperbranched structure can balance the strength and toughness of epoxy thermosets. Here, we especially focused on the recent progress in the development of bio-based HERs, including the monomer design, synthesis approaches, mechanical properties, degradation, and recycling strategies. In addition, we advance the challenges and perspectives to engineering application of bio-based HERs in the future. Overall, this review presents an up-to-date overview of bio-based HERs and guidance for emerging research on the sustainable development of EPs in versatile high-tech fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunke Ma
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shucun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Daohong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beigmoradi F, Rohani Moghadam M, Garkani-Nejad Z, Bazmandegan-Shamili A, Masoodi HR. Dual-template imprinted polymer electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of malathion and carbendazim using graphene quantum dots. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5027-5037. [PMID: 37740360 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01054f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Malathion (MAL) and carbendazim (CBZ) are organophosphate pesticides and fungicides, respectively. They are often used simultaneously in agriculture, and both have been shown to have harmful effects on humans and animals. Therefore, it is important to be able to measure both of these toxins simultaneously in order to assess their potential risks. This study aims to design a dual template electrochemical sensor using a cost-effective graphite-epoxy composite electrode (GECE) modified with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) coated on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) for simultaneous detection of MAL and CBZ in real samples. GQDs were synthesized initially, and their surface was coated with MIPs that were formed using MAL and CBZ as the template molecules, ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate as the cross-linker, and methacrylic acid as the functional monomer. The GQDs@MIP were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray scattering spectroscopy. Parameters affecting the sensor response, such as the percentage of GQDs@MIP in the fabricated electrode, the pH of the rebinding solution and analysis solution, and the incubation time, were optimized. The optimum pH values of the rebinding solution were verified using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Under the optimized conditions, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) response calibration curves of MAL and CBZ were generated, and the results showed that the sensor had a linear response to MAL in the range of 0.02-55.00 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2 nM (S/N = 3) and to CBZ in the range of 0.02-45.00 μM with a low LOD of 1 nM (S/N = 3). The results also demonstrated the proposed sensor's long-term stability and anti-interference capability. The practical applicability of the fabricated electrode was evaluated for real sample analysis, and good recovery values were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Beigmoradi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Masoud Rohani Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Zahra Garkani-Nejad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Masoodi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Islam MH, Afroj S, Karim N. Toward Sustainable Composites: Graphene-Modified Jute Fiber Composites with Bio-Based Epoxy Resin. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2300111. [PMID: 37745826 PMCID: PMC10517308 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable natural fiber reinforced composites have attracted significant interest due to the growing environmental concerns with conventional synthetic fiber as well as petroleum-based resins. One promising approach to reducing the large carbon footprint of petroleum-based resins is the use of bio-based thermoset resins. However, current fiber-reinforced bio-based epoxy composites exhibit relatively lower mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural strength, and modulus, which limits their wider application. Here the fabrication of high-performance composites using jute fibers is reported, modified with graphene nanoplates (GNP) and graphene oxide (GO), and reinforced with bio-based epoxy resin. It is demonstrated that physical and chemical treatments of jute fibers significantly improve their fiber volume fraction (Vf) and matrix adhesion, leading to enhanced mechanical properties of the resulting Jute/Bio-epoxy (J/BE) composites. Furthermore, the incorporation of GNP and GO further increases the tensile and flexural strength of the J/BE composites. The study reveals the potential of graphene-based jute fiber-reinforced composites with bio-based epoxy resin as a sustainable and high-performance material for a wide range of applications. This work contributes to the development of sustainable composites that have the potential to reduce the negative environmental impact of conventional materials while also offering improved mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaila Afroj
- Centre for Print ResearchThe University of the West of EnglandBristolBS16 1QYUK
| | - Nazmul Karim
- Centre for Print ResearchThe University of the West of EnglandBristolBS16 1QYUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ares-Elejoste P, Seoane-Rivero R, Gandarias I, Iturmendi A, Gondra K. Sustainable Alternatives for the Development of Thermoset Composites with Low Environmental Impact. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2939. [PMID: 37447584 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current concerns of both society and the materials industries about the environmental impact of thermoset composites, as well as new legislation, have led the scientific sector to search for more sustainable alternatives to reduce the environmental impact of thermoset composites. Until now, to a large extent, sustainable reinforcements have been used to manufacture more sustainable composites and thus contribute to the reduction of pollutants. However, in recent years, new alternatives have been developed, such as thermosetting resins with bio-based content and/or systems such as recyclable amines and vitrimers that enable recycling/reuse. Throughout this review, some new bio-based thermoset systems as well as new recyclable systems and sustainable reinforcements are described, and a brief overview of the biocomposites market and its impact is shown. By way of conclusion, it should be noted that although significant improvements have been achieved, other alternatives ought to be researched.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ares-Elejoste
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | - Ruben Seoane-Rivero
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | - Iñaki Gandarias
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Alameda Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aitziber Iturmendi
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | - Koldo Gondra
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Frone AN, Uşurelu CD, Oprică GM, Panaitescu DM, Gabor AR, Nicolae CA, Ciuprina F, Damian CM, Raduly FM. Contribution of the Surface Treatment of Nanofibrillated Cellulose on the Properties of Bio-Based Epoxy Nanocomposites Intended for Flexible Electronics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076544. [PMID: 37047517 PMCID: PMC10095063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in materials derived from biomass has generated a multitude of solutions for the development of new sustainable materials with low environmental impact. We report here, for the first time, a strategy to obtain bio-based nanocomposites from epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), itaconic acid (IA), and surface-treated nanofibrillated cellulose (NC). The effect of nanofibrillated cellulose functionalized with silane (NC/S) and then grafted with methacrylic acid (NC/SM) on the properties of the resulted bio-based epoxy systems was thoroughly investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the addition of NCs did not influence the curing process and had a slight impact on the maximum peak temperature. Moreover, the NCs improved the onset degradation temperature of the epoxy-based nanocomposites by more than 30 °C, regardless of their treatment. The most important effect on the mechanical properties of bio-based epoxy nanocomposites, i.e., an increase in the storage modulus by more than 60% at room temperature was observed in the case of NC/SM addition. Therefore, NC’s treatment with silane and methacrylic acid improved the epoxy–nanofiber interface and led to a very good dispersion of the NC/SM in the epoxy network, as observed by the SEM investigation. The dielectric results proved the suitability of the obtained bio-based epoxy/NCs materials as substitutes for petroleum-based thermosets in the fabrication of flexible electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Nicoleta Frone
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Cătălina Diana Uşurelu
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Gabriela Mădălina Oprică
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Denis Mihaela Panaitescu
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Augusta Raluca Gabor
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Cristian-Andi Nicolae
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Florin Ciuprina
- ELMAT Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Celina Maria Damian
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Florentina Monica Raduly
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Papanicolaou GC, Kontaxis LC, Kouris N, Portan DV. Application of an Eco-Friendly Adhesive and Electrochemical Nanostructuring for Joining of Aluminum A1050 Plates. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2428. [PMID: 36984307 PMCID: PMC10054908 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In adhesive joints used in several industrial applications, the adherends' bonding is made using an adhesive, which is usually an epoxy resin. However, since these adhesives are derived from petroleum fractions, they are harmful to the environment, due to the pollutants produced both during their manufacture and subsequent use. Thus, in recent years, effective steps have been made to replace these adhesives with ecological (green) ones. The present work focuses on the study of aluminum A1050 joints bonded with a green adhesive; the study also involves the electrochemical anodization method applied to adherends for nano-functionalization. The nanostructured aluminum adherends allow the formation of an expanded surface area for adhesion, compared to the non-anodized adherends. For comparison reasons, two different adhesives (Araldite LY1564 and Green Super Sap) were used. In addition, for the same reasons, both anodized and non-anodized aluminum adherends were joined with both types of adhesives. The lap joints were subsequently tested under both shear-tension and three-point bending conditions. The major findings were that aluminum A1050 anodization in all cases resulted in shear strength enhancement of the joints, while joints with both aluminum anodized and non-anodized adherends and bonded with the eco-friendly adhesive showed a superior shear behavior as compared to the respective joints bonded with Araldite adhesive.
Collapse
|
12
|
Jaras J, Navaruckiene A, Ostrauskaite J. Thermoresponsive Shape-Memory Biobased Photopolymers of Tetrahydrofurfuryl Acrylate and Tridecyl Methacrylate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2156. [PMID: 36984035 PMCID: PMC10056724 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of thermoresponsive shape-memory photopolymers have been synthesized from the mixtures of two biobased monomers, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate and tridecyl methacrylate, with the addition of a small amount of 1,3-benzendithiol (molar ratio of monomers 0-10:0.5:0.03, respectively). Ethyl (2,4,6 trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphinate was used as photoinitiator. The calculated biorenewable carbon content of these photopolymers was in the range of (63.7-74.9)%. The increase in tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate content in the photocurable resins resulted in a higher rate of photocuring, increased rigidity, as well as mechanical and thermal characteristics of the obtained polymers. All photopolymer samples showed thermoresponsive shape-memory behavior when reaching their glass transition temperature. The developed biobased photopolymers can replace petroleum-derived thermoresponsive shape-memory polymer analogues in a wide range of applications.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar A, Connal LA. Biobased Transesterification Vitrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200892. [PMID: 36661130 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the use of plastics and the related sustainability issues, including the depletion of global petroleum reserves, have rightly sparked interest in the use of biobased polymer feedstocks. Thermosets cannot be remolded, processed, or recycled, and hence cannot be reused because of their permanent molecular architecture. Vitrimers have emerged as a novel polymer family capable of bridging the difference between thermoplastic and thermosets. Vitrimers enable unique recycling strategies, however, it is still important to understand where the raw material feedstocks originate from. Transesterification vitrimers derived from renewable resources are a massive opportunity, however, limited research has been conducted in this specific family of vitrimers. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of transesterification vitrimers produced from biobased monomers. The focus is on the biomass structural suitability with dynamic covalent chemistry, as well as the viability of the synthetic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen J, Zhang Y, He F, Ying J, Li S, Peng L, Wu Q, Fan Z, Jiang B. Facile synthesis of intrinsically flame‐retardant epoxy thermosets with high mechanical properties from lignin derivatives. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jituo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Zhejiang A & F University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Zhejiang A & F University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Feng He
- Zhejiang Longsheng Chemical Research Institute Co., Ltd. Shaoxing People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ying
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Zhejiang A & F University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Shi‐Neng Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Zhejiang A & F University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Li Peng
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, School of Micro‐Nano Electronics Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Zhejiang A & F University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Baiyu Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Zhejiang A & F University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Agro-byproduct-based hydrophobic polyurethane films/coatings: synthesis, characterization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-022-01104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
16
|
Rashid MA, Liu W, Wei Y, Jiang Q. Review of intrinsically recyclable biobased epoxy thermosets enabled by dynamic chemical bonds. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2080559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdur Rashid
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Wanshuang Liu
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumar B, Roy S, Agumba DO, Pham DH, Kim J. Effect of bio-based derived epoxy resin on interfacial adhesion of cellulose film and applicability towards natural jute fiber-reinforced composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1304-1313. [PMID: 36198365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a bio-based vanillin-derived epoxy (VDE) resin for bio-based natural fiber-reinforced composites. VDE monomer was synthesized, and curing agents, namely, 4,4´-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) and isophorone diamine, were used. The prepared VDE resins with various curing parameters were characterized using FTIR, NMR, tensile test, bending test and water contact angle. Further, the interfacial adhesion feasibility of VDE resins on cellulose film was studied through the single-lap shear joint examination and compared with a commercial epoxy, DGEBA. The VDE-DDM resin exhibited excellent interfacial adhesion with cellulose than VDE-IPDA and DGEBA-DDM resins. The cured VDE-DDM thermoset showed a tensile strength of 86.0 ± 6.5 MPa, thermal stability of 241.0 °C at Td5%, and an elastic modulus of 2.9 ± 0.3 GPa, which is better than the commercial epoxy resin. Besides, the developed VDE-DDM resin was used to fabricate treated-jute fiber (TJF)-reinforced composites. The bio-based VDE-DDM/TJF composite's flexural strength was higher than the commercial epoxy resin composite, DGEBA-DDM/TJF. Furthermore, the phosphorus moiety of the VDE-DDM resin endows flame retardancy to the VDE-DDM/TJF composite during combustion. Overall, the appealing properties of bio-based VDE-DDM/TJF composite render environment-friendly and high-performance structural applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Swarup Roy
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dickens O Agumba
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc H Pham
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bu M, Zhang X, Zhou T, Lei C. Fully bio-based epoxy resins derived from magnolol and varying furan amines: cure kinetics, superior mechanical and thermal properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
19
|
Matykiewicz D, Skórczewska K. Characteristics and Application of Eugenol in the Production of Epoxy and Thermosetting Resin Composites: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:4824. [PMID: 35888291 PMCID: PMC9321166 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The review article presents an analysis of the properties of epoxy and thermosetting resin composites containing eugenol derivatives. Moreover, eugenol properties were characterized using thermogravimeters (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The aim of this work was to determine the possibility of using eugenol derivatives in polymer composites based on thermoset resins, which can be used as eco-friendly high-performance materials. Eugenol has been successfully used in the production of epoxy composites as a component of coupling agents, epoxy monomers, flame retardants, curing agents, and modifiers. In addition, it reduced the negative impact of thermoset composites on the environment and, in some cases, enabled their biodegradation. Eugenol-based silane coupling agent improved the properties of natural filler epoxy composites. Moreover, eugenol flame retardant had a positive effect on the fire resistance of the epoxy resin. In turn, eugenol glycidyl ether (GE) was used as a diluent of epoxy ester resins during the vacuum infusion process of epoxy composites with the glass fiber. Eugenol-based epoxy resin was used to make composites with carbon fiber with enhanced thermomechanical properties. Likewise, resins such as bismaleimide resin, phthalonitrile resin, and palm oil-based resin have been used for the production of composites with eugenol derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Matykiewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pezzana L, Wolff R, Melilli G, Guigo N, Sbirrazzuoli N, Stampfl J, Liska R, Sangermano M. Hot-lithography 3D printing of biobased epoxy resins. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
21
|
Jadhav NC, Jadhav AC. Synthesis of acrylate epoxidized rice bran oil (AERBO) and its modification using styrene & Shellac to study its properties as a composite material. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
Schirmeister CG, Mülhaupt R. Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200247. [PMID: 35635841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Today, plastics are ubiquitous in everyday life, problem solvers of modern technologies, and crucial for sustainable development. Yet the surge in global demand for plastics of the growing world population has triggered a tidal wave of plastic debris in the environment. Moving from a linear to a zero-waste and carbon-neutral circular plastic economy is vital for the future of the planet. Taming the plastic waste flood requires closing the carbon loop through plastic reuse, mechanical and molecular recycling, carbon capture, and use of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the quest for eco-friendly products, plastics do not need to be reinvented but tuned for reuse and recycling. Their full potential must be exploited regarding energy, resource, and eco efficiency, waste prevention, circular economy, climate change mitigation, and lowering environmental pollution. Biodegradation holds promise for composting and bio-feedstock recovery, but it is neither the Holy Grail of circular plastics economy nor a panacea for plastic littering. As an alternative to mechanical downcycling, molecular recycling enables both closed-loop recovery of virgin plastics and open-loop valorization, producing hydrogen, fuels, refinery feeds, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. Closing the carbon loop does not create a Perpetuum Mobile and requires renewable energy to achieve sustainability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Schirmeister
- Freiburg Materials Research Center and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Sustainability Center, University of Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jadhav NC, Kale RD. Mustard oil thermosets using N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone as crosslinking agent for scrap paper composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
24
|
Wang D, Tang Z, Wang Z, Zhang L, Guo B. A bio-based, robust and recyclable thermoset polyester elastomer by using an inverse vulcanised polysulfide as a crosslinker. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01287h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a bio-based, robust and recyclable thermoset polyester elastomer by using an inverse vulcanised sulfur-polymer (SP) as a crosslinker for the bio-based polyester elastomer (BPE).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghai Tang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic/Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic/Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Baochun Guo
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gonçalves F, Ferreira P, Alves P. Synthesis and characterization of itaconic-based epoxy resin: Chemical and thermal properties of partially biobased epoxy resins. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
26
|
Ramdani N, Zaimeche H, Derradji M. Biobased thermally-stable aromatic cyanate ester thermosets: A review. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
27
|
Tsuji Y, Yoshizawa K. Competition between Hydrogen Bonding and Dispersion Force in Water Adsorption and Epoxy Adhesion to Boron Nitride: From the Flat to the Curved. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11351-11364. [PMID: 34519515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a material with excellent thermal conductivity and electrical insulation, used as an additive to various matrices. To increase the affinity of h-BN to them, hydrogen bonds should be formed at the interface. In reality, however, they are not formed; the N atoms are not capable of accepting hydrogen bonds due to the delocalization of their lone pair electrons over the B-N π bonds. To make it form hydrogen bonds, one may need to break the planarity of h-BN so that the orbital overlap in the B-N π bonds can be reduced. This idea is verified with first-principles calculations on the adsorption of a water molecule on hypothetical h-BN surfaces, the planarity of which is broken. One can do it in silico but not in vitro. BN nanotubes (BNNTs) are considered as a more realistic BN surface with nonplanarity. The hydrogen bond is shown to become stronger as the curvature of the tube increases. On the contrary, the strength of the dispersion force acting at the interface becomes weaker. In water adsorption, these two interactions are in competition with each other. However, in epoxy adhesion, the interaction due to dispersion forces is overwhelmingly stronger than that due to hydrogen bonding. The smaller the curvature of the surface, the smaller the distance between more atoms at the interface; thus, the interaction due to dispersion forces maximized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yang PB, Davidson MG, Edler KJ, Brown S. Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Bio-Based Cyclic Aliphatic Polyesters. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3649-3667. [PMID: 34415743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers have long been reported in the literature, but their development has often been stunted by synthetic difficulties such as the presence of linear contaminants. Research into the synthesis of these polymers has made great progress in the past decade, and this review covers the synthesis, properties, and applications of cyclic polymers, with an emphasis on bio-based aliphatic polyesters. Synthetic routes to cyclic polymers synthesized from bioderived monomers, alongside mechanistic descriptions for both ring closure and ring expansion polymerization approaches, are reviewed. The review also highlights some of the unique physical properties of cyclic polymers together with potential applications. The findings illustrate the substantial recent developments made in the syntheses of cyclic polymers, as well as the progress which can be made in the commercialization of bio-based polymers through the versatility this topology provides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Yang
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen J Edler
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY United Kingdom
| | - Steven Brown
- Scott Bader, Wollaston, Wellingborough, NN29 7RJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dai T, Yuan S, Zou H, Liu P. Synthesis and thermal degradable property of novel tertiary ester‐containing four‐functional epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shuaiwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Huawei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Pengbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wei Z, Wang Y, Fu X, Jiang L, Wang Y, Yuan A, Xu H, Lei J. Recyclable and Reprocessable Thermosetting Polyurea with High Performance Based on Diels-Alder Dynamic Covalent Crosslinking. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
31
|
Composition and Properties of Protective Coatings Made of Biologically-Derived Polyester Reactive Binder. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111700. [PMID: 34067496 PMCID: PMC8196985 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically derived polymers are a very attractive subject for investigation, due to the strict pro-ecological requirements imposed by developed countries, including zero-waste and zero-carbon policies as well as volatile organic compound (VOC) limits. Synthesis of biologically-derived polyesters from natural rosin and bio-diols, showing softening temperatures suitable for application in VOC-free paints and varnishes, was performed to create a desired, future commercial product, that meet the aforementioned requirements regarding VOC and elimination of petroleum-based raw materials. Prepared polymers were used in the formulation of coating materials whose properties: cross-linking behavior, glass transition temperature, thermal stability, storage modulus, hardness, cupping resistance, adhesion, chemical resistance, gloss, haze, color, and anti-corrosive behavior in the salt chamber were investigated and discussed. As a result, coatings with prepared bio-polyesters contained over 80 wt.% of natural resources and showed competitive/better properties than petroleum-based references. They can be applied in the prototyping of “green” powder paints for the protection of steel substrates from corrosion and aggressive solvents.
Collapse
|
32
|
Hu J, Wang C, Dai J, Teng N, Wang S, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Liu X. Epoxy resin with excellent ultraviolet resistance and mechanical properties derived from renewable camphoric acid. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Hu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Chunhong Wang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Jinyue Dai
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Na Teng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shuaipeng Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Liyue Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Yaming Jiang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li X, Lin H, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Liu B, Sun Y, Zhao C. Preparation and properties of a new bio-based epoxy resin/diatomite composite. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
34
|
Liguori F, Moreno-Marrodan C, Barbaro P. Biomass-derived chemical substitutes for bisphenol A: recent advancements in catalytic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 49:6329-6363. [PMID: 32749443 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A is an oil-derived, large market volume chemical with a wide spectrum of applications in plastics, adhesives and thermal papers. However, bisphenol A is not considered safe due to its endocrine disrupting properties and reproductive toxicity. Several functional substitutes of bisphenol A have been proposed in the literature, produced from plant biomass. Unless otherwise specified, the present review covers the most significant contributions that appeared in the time span January 2015-August 2019, describing the sustainable catalytic synthesis of rigid diols from biomass derivatives. The focus is thereupon on heterogeneous catalysis, use of green solvents and mild conditions, cascade processes in one-pot, and continuous flow setups. More than 500 up-to-date references describe the various substitutes proposed and the catalytic methods for their manufacture, broken down according to the main biomass types from which they originate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Liguori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Carmen Moreno-Marrodan
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Barbaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhen X, Li H, Xu Z, Wang Q, Zhu S, Wang Z, Yuan Z. Facile synthesis of lignin-based epoxy resins with excellent thermal-mechanical performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:276-285. [PMID: 33838187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, various approaches have been used to fabricate lignin-based epoxy thermosets by utilizing lignin or lignin-derivatives, but there is still lack of a simple, effective and environmental-friendly pathway for producing lignin-based epoxy resins from industrial lignin. In this work, a novel strategy - one-pot to synthesize phenolated lignin incorporated novolac epoxy networks (PLIENs) was proposed. As expected, PLIENs obtained from the novel route exhibited preferable mechanical and thermal properties compared with the epoxy resins which obtained from common route. Moreover, increasing the loading of lignin did not significantly deteriorate the thermal-mechanical performance of cured epoxy resins. However, the Tg of PLIENs was slightly lowered compared with conventional petroleum-based epoxy resins (DGEBA). Nonetheless, the flexural strength and storage modulus of PLIENs were higher than that of DGEBA. Especially, the char yield of PLIENs at 800 °C was up to 28.9%, much higher than that of DGEBA (only 6.9%), which indicated that lignin has a certain promoting effect on the flame retardancy of epoxy resins. This research provides a new insight for producing commercially viable lignin-based epoxy thermosets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhen
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Huiwen Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Zhongbin Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shunni Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Zhongming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Zhenhong Yuan
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kumar B, Agumba DO, Pham DH, Latif M, Dinesh, Kim HC, Alrobei H, Kim J. Recent Research Progress on Lignin-Derived Resins for Natural Fiber Composite Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1162. [PMID: 33916412 PMCID: PMC8038635 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By increasing the environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources, bio-based resins have gained interest. Recently, lignin, vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde), and divanillin (6,6'-dihydroxy-5,5'-dimethoxybiphenyl-3,3'-dicarbaldehyde)-based resins have attracted attention due to the low cost, environmental benefits, good thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties, and suitability for high-performance natural fiber composite applications. This review highlights the recent use of lignin, vanillin, and divanillin-based resins with natural fiber composites and their synthesized processes. Finally, discussions are made on the curing kinetics, mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and bio-based resins' adhesion property.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Dickens O. Agumba
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Duc H. Pham
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Muhammad Latif
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Dinesh
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Hyun Chan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Hussein Alrobei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
He X, Chen M, Wu H, Liao S, Luo Y, Hu J, Zeng K, Yang G. A novel, facile and straightforward approach to achieve high-performance and efficient utilization of sustainable tyrosine cyclic peptide. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
Liu J, Wang S, Peng Y, Zhu J, Zhao W, Liu X. Advances in sustainable thermosetting resins: From renewable feedstock to high performance and recyclability. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
39
|
Lee N, Kim YT, Lee J. Recent Advances in Renewable Polymer Production from Lignin-Derived Aldehydes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:364. [PMID: 33498847 PMCID: PMC7865860 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin directly derived from lignocellulosic biomass has been named a promising source of platform chemicals for the production of bio-based polymers. This review discusses potentially relevant routes to produce renewable aromatic aldehydes (e.g., syringaldehyde and vanillin) from lignin feedstocks (pre-isolated lignin or lignocellulose) that are used to synthesize a range of bio-based polymers. To do this, the processes to make aromatic aldehydes from lignin with their highest available yields are first presented. After that, the routes from such aldehydes to different polymers are explored. Challenges and perspectives of the production the lignin-derived renewable chemicals and polymers are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahyeon Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Yong Tae Kim
- C1 Gas & Carbon Convergent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea;
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Promising UV-curable starch-based coatings were fabricated by utilizing methacrylated starch. The aqueous methacrylated starch solution was cast on a glass substrate, and UV-cured after drying. The efficiency of UV-curing process was monitored with gel percentage measurements. The thermal and mechanical properties of the fabricated UV-cured coatings were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry and tensile test and compared with the starch-based uncured casted coatings. A complete characterization of the surface properties was performed by means of pencil hardness, adhesion, solvent resistance, and surface tension measurements. The cross-linking by UV-curing significantly enhanced the mechanical and surface properties of the coating. The effect of UV-curing on the biodegradability of the coating was evaluated by following the enzymatic degradation by α-amylase by determining the amount of glucose and maltose released from the coatings. UV-cured methacrylated starch based coating with promising material and surface properties and retained biodegradation potential was demonstrated.
Collapse
|
41
|
Comparison of Rheological Behaviour of Bio-Based and Synthetic Epoxy Resins for Making Ecocomposites. FLUIDS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids6010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the rheological behaviour of a petroleum-based epoxy (EL2 laminating epoxy) was compared with the Super Sap CLR clear bio-resin epoxy. The focus of the work was on the viscous and viscoelastic performance of these epoxy resins. Rheological tests were carried out at 15, 30, and 60 min after the mixing of the pure epoxies and the hardeners at a constant temperature of 25 °C. The results obtained from the rheometer tests showed that the viscosity of both epoxy systems decreased with increasing shear rate, which is typical behaviour of a shear thinning fluid. Regarding the oscillatory rheology tests, the viscoelastic properties of both epoxy resins were studied within their linear viscoelastic region (LVER) by amplitude sweep test, which was also carried out 15, 30, and 60 min after mixing the epoxies with the hardeners. It was noticed that the petroleum-based epoxy possessed a more significant LVER relative to the bio-based resin. Finally, the storage modulus (G′), the loss modulus (G″), and the phase angle were extracted, and these parameters were investigated over low and high frequencies. From the test results, we observed that both epoxy resins showed a liquid-like viscoelastic behaviour due to their phase angle values, which were always between 45° and 90°, and by the general tendency of the G″ predominance over G′ at low and high frequencies.
Collapse
|
42
|
Noè C, Hakkarainen M, Sangermano M. Cationic UV-Curing of Epoxidized Biobased Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E89. [PMID: 33379390 PMCID: PMC7795534 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resins are among the most important building blocks for fabrication of thermosets for many different applications thanks to their superior thermo-mechanical properties and chemical resistance. The recent concerns on the environmental problems and the progressive depletion of petroleum feedstocks have drawn the research interest in finding biobased alternatives. Many curing techniques can be used to obtain the final crosslinked thermoset networks. The UV-curing technology can be considered the most environmentally friendly because of the absence of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and mild curing conditions. This review provides an overview of the state of the art of bio-based cationic UV-curable epoxy resins. Particular focus has been given to the sources of the bio-based epoxy monomers and the applications of the obtained products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Noè
- Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, C.so Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, C.so Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bahrami M, Abenojar J, Martínez MÁ. Recent Progress in Hybrid Biocomposites: Mechanical Properties, Water Absorption, and Flame Retardancy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5145. [PMID: 33203190 PMCID: PMC7696046 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based composites are reinforced polymeric materials in which one of the matrix and reinforcement components or both are from bio-based origins. The biocomposite industry has recently drawn great attention for diverse applications, from household articles to automobiles. This is owing to their low cost, biodegradability, being lightweight, availability, and environmental concerns over synthetic and nonrenewable materials derived from limited resources like fossil fuel. The focus has slowly shifted from traditional biocomposite systems, including thermoplastic polymers reinforced with natural fibers, to more advanced systems called hybrid biocomposites. Hybridization of bio-based fibers/matrices and synthetic ones offers a new strategy to overcome the shortcomings of purely natural fibers or matrices. By incorporating two or more reinforcement types into a single composite, it is possible to not only maintain the advantages of both types but also alleviate some disadvantages of one type of reinforcement by another one. This approach leads to improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of biocomposites for extensive applications. The present review article intends to provide a general overview of selecting the materials to manufacture hybrid biocomposite systems with improved strength properties, water, and burning resistance in recent years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bahrami
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang F, Zhang L, Yaseen M, Huang K. A review on the self‐healing ability of epoxy polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei Zhang
- Intelligent Transportation System Research Center Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Intelligent Transportation System Research Center Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Muhammad Yaseen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences University of Peshawar Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dubé MA, Gabriel VA, Pakdel AS, Zhang Y. Sustainable polymer reaction engineering: Are we there yet? CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Vida A. Gabriel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Amir S. Pakdel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mattar N, Renard E, Langlois V, Rios de Anda A. Multiscale Network Structure Analysis by Time Domain 1H DQ NMR and DMA of Resorcinol Diglycidyl Ether‐Jeffamine Matrices. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Mattar
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est - Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS 2 rue Henri Dunant 94320 Thiais France
| | - Estelle Renard
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est - Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS 2 rue Henri Dunant 94320 Thiais France
| | - Valérie Langlois
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est - Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS 2 rue Henri Dunant 94320 Thiais France
| | - Agustin Rios de Anda
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est - Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS 2 rue Henri Dunant 94320 Thiais France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Desnoes E, Toubal L, Bouazza AH, Montplaisir D. Biosourced vanillin Schiff base platform monomers as substitutes for
DGEBA
in thermoset epoxy. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Desnoes
- Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Renouvelables, Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières Trois‐Rivières Canada
| | - Lotfi Toubal
- Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Renouvelables, Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières Trois‐Rivières Canada
| | - Amel Hadj Bouazza
- Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Renouvelables, Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières Trois‐Rivières Canada
| | - Daniel Montplaisir
- Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Renouvelables, Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières Trois‐Rivières Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lu M, Liu Y, Liang L, Lu M. Synthesis and characterization of easily degradable acrylate-epoxy resin with superior dielectric properties and high transmittance. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
49
|
Chitosan Solution Containing Zein and Essential Oil as Bio Based Coating on Packaging Paper. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of the packaging paper surface play an important role in a variety of industries, especially in the food sector. Uncoated paper has poor water and oil barrier properties due to its porous structure. In this study, packaging paper was successfully coated with six different coating solutions containing combinations of chitosan, zein and rosemary essential oil. The chitosan and zein were actually coated in two layers; the mixed chitosan–rosemary oil and the mixed zein–rosemary oil were each applied as one layer to the paper. The results showed increased oil barrier properties in the papers coated with mixed zein–rosemary oil and reduced water permeability in the papers coated with the chitosan–rosemary oil coating solution. The result of this two-layer coating showed excellent water (Cobb60 value of 2.18 g/m2) and oil barrier properties. All the coated papers showed a high thermal stability, especially those coated with chitosan, zein and rosemary oil layer by layer. Scanning electron microscopy was used to verify the surface differences of the coated papers, such as the closed structure, pores and smoother surface, especially in the layer-wise coated samples. Due to their good mechanical and chemical properties, coated papers with rosemary oil can be used in many applications, possibly also in the field of repellents.
Collapse
|
50
|
Noè C, Malburet S, Milani E, Bouvet‐Marchand A, Graillot A, Sangermano M. Cationic UV‐curing of epoxidized cardanol derivatives. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Noè
- Dipartimento di scienza Applicata e tecnologiaPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di scienza Applicata e tecnologiaPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| |
Collapse
|