1
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Selvaraj SP, Chen JY. Conjugation of antimicrobial peptides to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115680. [PMID: 37515922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The growing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has brought with it a continual increase in the numbers of deaths from multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections. Since the current arsenal of antibiotics has become increasingly ineffective, there exists an urgent need for discovery and development of novel antimicrobials. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered to be a promising class of molecules due to their broad-spectrum activities and low resistance rates compared with other types of antibiotics. Since AMPs also often play major roles in elevating the host immune response, the molecules may also be called "host defense peptides." Despite the great promise of AMPs, the majority remain unsuitable for clinical use due to issues of structural instability, degradation by proteases, and/or toxicity to host cells. Moreover, AMP activities in vivo can be influenced by many factors, such as interaction with blood and serum biomolecules, physiological salt concentrations or different pH values. To overcome these limitations, structural modifications can be made to the AMP. Among several modifications, physical and chemical conjugation of AMP to other biomolecules is widely considered an effective strategy. In this review, we discuss structural modification strategies related to conjugation of AMPs and their possible effects on mode of action. The conjugation of fatty acids, glycans, antibiotics, photosensitizers, polymers, nucleic acids, nanoparticles, and immobilization to biomaterials are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Prasad Selvaraj
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Science Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center and the Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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2
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Przybylska A, Szymańska A, Maciejewski H. A library of new organofunctional silanes obtained by thiol-(meth)acrylate Michael addition reaction. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14010-14017. [PMID: 37181512 PMCID: PMC10167801 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01583a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of organofunctional silanes by the thiol-(meth)acrylate addition reaction is presented. At first, systematic studies were carried out to select an optimum initiator/catalyst of the addition reaction for the model reaction involving 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and hexyl acrylate. Photoinitiators (in the presence of UV light energy), thermal initiators (such as aza compound and peroxide) as well as catalysts (primary and tertiary amines, phosphines and Lewis acid) were studied. After selecting an effective catalytic system and optimizing the reaction conditions, reactions between the thiol group (i.e. 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane) and (meth)acrylates containing various functional groups were carried out. All derivatives obtained were characterized by 1H, 13C, 29Si NMR and FT-IR analysis. In reactions carried out at room temperature, in an air atmosphere and in the presence of dimethylphenylphosphine (DMPP) as a catalyst, quantitative conversions of both substrates were obtained within a few minutes. The library of organofunctional silanes was expanded by compounds (containing various functional groups, i.e. alkenyl, epoxy, amino, ether, alkyl, aralkyl, fluoroalkyl) which were obtained in the thiol-Michael addition of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane to a group of organofunctional (meth)acrylic acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Przybylska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Anna Szymańska
- Poznań Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation Rubież 46 61-612 Poznań Poland
| | - Hieronim Maciejewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
- Poznań Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation Rubież 46 61-612 Poznań Poland
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3
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Fujita M, Nakashima N, Wanibuchi S, Yamamoto Y, Kojima H, Ono A, Kasahara T. Assessment of commercial polymers with and without reactive groups using amino acid derivative reactivity assay based on both molar concentration approach and gravimetric approach. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:446-457. [PMID: 36101970 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA), an alternative method for testing skin sensitization, has been established based on the molar concentration approach. However, the additional development of gravimetric concentration and fluorescence detection methods has expanded its range of application to mixtures, which cannot be evaluated using the conventional testing method, the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA). Although polymers are generally treated as mixtures, there have been no reports of actual polymer evaluations using alternative methods owing to their insolubility. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated skin sensitization potential of polymers, which is difficult to predict, using ADRA. As polymers have molecular weights ranging from several thousand to more than several tens of thousand Daltons, they are unlikely to cause skin sensitization due to their extremely low penetration into the skin, according to the 500-Da rule. However, if highly reactive functional groups remain at the ends or side chains of polymers, relatively low-molecular-weight polymer components may penetrate the skin to cause sensitization. Polymers can be roughly classified into three major types based on the features of their constituent monomers; we investigated the sensitization capacity of each type of polymer. Polymers with alert sensitization structures at their ends were classified as skin sensitizers, whereas those with no residual reactive groups were classified as nonsensitizers. Although polymers with a glycidyl group need to be evaluated carefully, we concluded that ADRA (0.5 mg/ml) is generally sufficient for polymer hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Fujita
- Safety Evaluation Center, FUJIFILM Corporation, Minamiashigara, Japan
| | - Natsumi Nakashima
- Safety Evaluation Center, FUJIFILM Corporation, Minamiashigara, Japan
| | - Sayaka Wanibuchi
- Safety Evaluation Center, FUJIFILM Corporation, Minamiashigara, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Safety Evaluation Center, FUJIFILM Corporation, Minamiashigara, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Biological Safety Research Center, Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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4
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Xiu K, Zhang J, Xu J, Chen YE, Ma PX. Recent progress in polymeric gene vectors: Delivery mechanisms, molecular designs, and applications. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:011313. [PMID: 37008888 PMCID: PMC10062053 DOI: 10.1063/5.0123664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy and gene delivery have drawn extensive attention in recent years especially when the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were developed to prevent severe symptoms caused by the corona virus. Delivering genes, such as DNA and RNA into cells, is the crucial step for successful gene therapy and remains a bottleneck. To address this issue, vehicles (vectors) that can load and deliver genes into cells are developed, including viral and non-viral vectors. Although viral gene vectors have considerable transfection efficiency and lipid-based gene vectors become popular since the application of COVID-19 vaccines, their potential issues including immunologic and biological safety concerns limited their applications. Alternatively, polymeric gene vectors are safer, cheaper, and more versatile compared to viral and lipid-based vectors. In recent years, various polymeric gene vectors with well-designed molecules were developed, achieving either high transfection efficiency or showing advantages in certain applications. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in polymeric gene vectors including the transfection mechanisms, molecular designs, and biomedical applications. Commercially available polymeric gene vectors/reagents are also introduced. Researchers in this field have never stopped seeking safe and efficient polymeric gene vectors via rational molecular designs and biomedical evaluations. The achievements in recent years have significantly accelerated the progress of polymeric gene vectors toward clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemao Xiu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter X. Ma
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: (734) 764-2209
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5
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PEGylated and functionalized polylactide-based nanocapsules: An overview. Int J Pharm 2023; 636:122760. [PMID: 36858134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanocapsules (NC) are versatile mixed vesicular nanocarriers, generally containing a lipid core with a polymeric wall. They have been first developed over four decades ago with outstanding applicability in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields. Biodegradable polyesters are frequently used in nanocapsule preparation and among them, polylactic acid (PLA) derivatives and copolymers, such as PLGA and amphiphilic block copolymers, are widely used and considered safe for different administration routes. PLA functionalization strategies have been developed to obtain more versatile polymers and to allow the conjugation with bioactive ligands for cell-targeted NC. This review intends to provide steps in the evolution of NC since its first report and the recent literature on PLA-based NC applications. PLA-based polymer synthesis and surface modifications are included, as well as the use of NC as a novel tool for combined treatment, diagnostics, and imaging in one delivery system. Furthermore, the use of NC to carry therapeutic and/or imaging agents for different diseases, mainly cancer, inflammation, and infections is presented and reviewed. Constraints that impair translation to the clinic are discussed to provide safe and reproducible PLA-based nanocapsules on the market. We reviewed the entire period in the literature where the term "nanocapsules" appears for the first time until the present day, selecting original scientific publications and the most relevant patent literature related to PLA-based NC. We presented to readers a historical overview of these Sui generis nanostructures.
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6
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Plank M, Frieß FV, Bitsch CV, Pieschel J, Reitenbach J, Gallei M. Modular Synthesis of Functional Block Copolymers by Thiol–Maleimide “Click” Chemistry for Porous Membrane Formation. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Plank
- Ernst-Berl Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Volker Frieß
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carina Vera Bitsch
- Ernst-Berl Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jens Pieschel
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julija Reitenbach
- Ernst-Berl Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarene, Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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7
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Maksó L, Kovács K, Andreidesz K, Gömöry Á, Mahó S, Skoda‐Földes R. Synthesis of Steroidal Thioethers via [HDBU][OAc]‐Mediated Michael Addition of Thiols to 16‐Dehydropregnenolone. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Maksó
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Pannonia Egyetem u. 10. P.O.Box 158) H-8200 Veszprém Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry University of Pécs, Medical School Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs Hungary
| | - Kitti Andreidesz
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry University of Pécs, Medical School Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs Hungary
| | - Ágnes Gömöry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences Eötvös Loránd Research Network Magyar tudósok körútja 2. H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Sándor Mahó
- Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Plc. Gyömrői út 19–21 Hungary
| | - Rita Skoda‐Földes
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Pannonia Egyetem u. 10. P.O.Box 158) H-8200 Veszprém Hungary
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8
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Townsend P, Farrar EHE, Grayson MN. Eliminating Transition State Calculations for Faster and More Accurate Reactivity Prediction in Sulfa-Michael Additions Relevant to Human Health and the Environment. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26945-26951. [PMID: 35936424 PMCID: PMC9352231 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fast and accurate computational approaches to predicting reactivity in sulfa-Michael additions are required for high-throughput screening in toxicology (e.g., predicting excess aquatic toxicity and skin sensitization), chemical synthesis, covalent drug design (e.g., targeting cysteine), and data set generation for machine learning. The kinetic glutathione chemoassay is a time-consuming in chemico method used to extract kinetic data in the form of log(k GSH) for organic electrophiles. In this work, we use density functional theory to compare the use of transition states (TSs) and enolate intermediate structures following C-S bond formation in the prediction of log(k GSH) for a diverse group of 1,4 Michael acceptors. Despite the widespread use of transition state calculations in the literature to predict sulfa-Michael reactivity, we observe that intermediate structures show much better performance for the prediction of log(k GSH), are faster to calculate, and easier to obtain than TSs. Furthermore, we show how linear combinations of atomic charges from the isolated Michael acceptors can further improve predictions, even when using inexpensive semiempirical quantum chemistry methods. Our models can be used widely in the chemical sciences (e.g., in the prediction of toxicity relevant to the environment and human health, synthesis planning, and the design of cysteine-targeting covalent inhibitors), and represent a low-cost, sustainable approach to reactivity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piers
A. Townsend
- Centre
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Elliot H. E. Farrar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Matthew N. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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9
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Cengiz B, Ejderyan N, Sanyal A. Functional polymeric coatings: thiol-maleimide ‘click’ chemistry as a powerful surface functionalization tool. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2022.2071725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Busra Cengiz
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nora Ejderyan
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Lang G, Grill C, Scheibel T. Site-Specific Functionalization of Recombinant Spider Silk Janus Fibers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115232. [PMID: 34986278 PMCID: PMC9303884 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnological production is a powerful tool to design materials with customized properties. The aim of this work was to apply designed spider silk proteins to produce Janus fibers with two different functional sides. First, functionalization was established through a cysteine‐modified silk protein, ntagCyseADF4(κ16). After fiber spinning, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were coupled via thiol‐ene click chemistry. Significantly reduced electrical resistivity indicated sufficient loading density of AuNPs on such fiber surfaces. Then, Janus fibers were electrospun in a side‐by‐side arrangement, with “non‐functional” eADF4(C16) on the one and “functional” ntagCyseADF4(κ16) on the other side. Post‐treatment was established to render silk fibers insoluble in water. Subsequent AuNP binding was highly selective on the ntagCyseADF4(κ16) side demonstrating the potential of such silk‐based systems to realize complex bifunctional structures with spatial resolutions in the nano scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Lang
- Biopolymer Processing Group, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig-Thoma-Straße 36A, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carolin Grill
- Chair of Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, TAO Gebäude, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Str. 1, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Chair of Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, TAO Gebäude, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Str. 1, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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11
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Lang G, Grill C, Scheibel T. Site‐specific functionalization of recombinant spider silk Janus fibers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Lang
- Universität Bayreuth: Universitat Bayreuth Biopolymerprocessing GERMANY
| | - Carolin Grill
- Universität Bayreuth: Universitat Bayreuth Biomaterials GERMANY
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- University of Bayreuth Biomaterials Prof. Rüdiger Bormann Str. 1 95447 Bayreuth GERMANY
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12
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Rambarran T, Sheardown HD. Block copolymer synthesis using free-radical polymerization and thiol-maleimide 'click' conjugation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34631-34635. [PMID: 35494753 PMCID: PMC9042902 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A method of making block copolymers utilizing free-radical polymerization and subsequent polymer conjugation is described. A disulphide functional radical initiator was used to polymerize methacrylic acid and 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid. After purification, the disulphide bond of the end group was cleaved, revealing a thiol group which was used for subsequent conjugation to a polylactide containing the complementary maleimide functional group. The method is versatile and can be applied to the synthesis of various block copolymers without requiring the use of controlled/living radical polymerization methods. A versatile method of making block copolymers using conventional radical polymerization of acrylic monomers from a functional radical initiator followed by ‘click’ ligation is described.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Talena Rambarran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Heather D Sheardown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
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13
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Lü JM, Liang Z, Liu D, Zhan B, Yao Q, Chen C. Two Antibody-Guided Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid-Polyethylenimine (LGA-PEI) Nanoparticle Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:841. [PMID: 34577541 PMCID: PMC8470087 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a new polymer, lactic-co-glycolic acid-polyethylenimine (LGA-PEI), as an improved nanoparticle (NP) delivery for therapeutic nucleic acids (TNAs). Here, we further developed two antibody (Ab)-conjugated LGA-PEI NP technologies for active-targeting delivery of TNAs. LGA-PEI was covalently conjugated with a single-chain variable fragment antibody (scFv) against mesothelin (MSLN), a biomarker for pancreatic cancer (PC), or a special Ab fragment crystallizable region-binding peptide (FcBP), which binds to any full Ab (IgG). TNAs used in the current study included tumor suppressor microRNA mimics (miR-198 and miR-520h) and non-coding RNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) fragments; green fluorescence protein gene (GFP plasmid DNA) was also used as an example of plasmid DNA. MSLN scFv-LGA-PEI NPs with TNAs significantly improved their binding and internalization in PC cells with high expression of MSLN in vitro and in vivo. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal Ab (Cetuximab) binding to FcBP-LGA-PEI showed active-targeting delivery of TNAs to EGFR-expressing PC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Lü
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.-M.L.); (Z.L.); (D.L.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Zhengdong Liang
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.-M.L.); (Z.L.); (D.L.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Dongliang Liu
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.-M.L.); (Z.L.); (D.L.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Qizhi Yao
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.-M.L.); (Z.L.); (D.L.); (Q.Y.)
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Changyi Chen
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.-M.L.); (Z.L.); (D.L.); (Q.Y.)
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14
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Worch JC, Stubbs CJ, Price MJ, Dove AP. Click Nucleophilic Conjugate Additions to Activated Alkynes: Exploring Thiol-yne, Amino-yne, and Hydroxyl-yne Reactions from (Bio)Organic to Polymer Chemistry. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6744-6776. [PMID: 33764739 PMCID: PMC8227514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The 1,4-conjugate addition reaction between activated alkynes or acetylenic Michael acceptors and nucleophiles (i.e., the nucleophilic Michael reaction) is a historically useful organic transformation. Despite its general utility, the efficiency and outcomes can vary widely and are often closely dependent upon specific reaction conditions. Nevertheless, with improvements in reaction design, including catalyst development and an expansion of the substrate scope to feature more electrophilic alkynes, many examples now present with features that are congruent with Click chemistry. Although several nucleophilic species can participate in these conjugate additions, ubiquitous nucleophiles such as thiols, amines, and alcohols are commonly employed and, consequently, among the most well developed. For many years, these conjugate additions were largely relegated to organic chemistry, but in the last few decades their use has expanded into other spheres such as bioorganic chemistry and polymer chemistry. Within these fields, they have been particularly useful for bioconjugation reactions and step-growth polymerizations, respectively, due to their excellent efficiency, orthogonality, and ambient reactivity. The reaction is expected to feature in increasingly divergent application settings as it continues to emerge as a Click reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Worch
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Connor J. Stubbs
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Price
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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15
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Kumar R, Santa Chalarca CF, Bockman MR, Bruggen CV, Grimme CJ, Dalal RJ, Hanson MG, Hexum JK, Reineke TM. Polymeric Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11527-11652. [PMID: 33939409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genome editing has transformed the therapeutic landscape for several debilitating diseases, and the clinical outlook for gene therapeutics has never been more promising. The therapeutic potential of nucleic acids has been limited by a reliance on engineered viral vectors for delivery. Chemically defined polymers can remediate technological, regulatory, and clinical challenges associated with viral modes of gene delivery. Because of their scalability, versatility, and exquisite tunability, polymers are ideal biomaterial platforms for delivering nucleic acid payloads efficiently while minimizing immune response and cellular toxicity. While polymeric gene delivery has progressed significantly in the past four decades, clinical translation of polymeric vehicles faces several formidable challenges. The aim of our Account is to illustrate diverse concepts in designing polymeric vectors towards meeting therapeutic goals of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we highlight several classes of polymers employed in gene delivery and summarize the recent work on understanding the contributions of chemical and architectural design parameters. We touch upon characterization methods used to visualize and understand events transpiring at the interfaces between polymer, nucleic acids, and the physiological environment. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches and methodologies motivated by fundamental questions are key to designing high-performing polymeric vehicles for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Matthew R Bockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rishad J Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K Hexum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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16
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Martin J, Desfoux A, Martinez J, Amblard M, Mehdi A, Vezenkov L, Subra G. Bottom-up strategies for the synthesis of peptide-based polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Gui W, Davidson GA, Zhuang Z. Chemical methods for protein site-specific ubiquitination. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:450-467. [PMID: 34381999 PMCID: PMC8323803 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an important protein post-translational modification regulating many cellular processes in eukaryotes. Ubiquitination is catalyzed by a three-enzyme cascade resulting in the conjugation of the C-terminal carboxylate of ubiquitin (Ub) to the ε-amino group of a lysine residue in the acceptor protein via an isopeptide bond. In vitro enzymatic ubiquitination utilizing Ub ligases has been successfully employed to generate Ub dimers and polymers. However, limitations of the enzymatic approach exist, particularly due to the requirement of specific Ub ligase for any given target protein and the low catalytic efficiency of the Ub ligase. To achieve an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of Ub signaling, new methods are needed to generate mono- and poly-ubiquitinated proteins at a specific site with defined polyubiquitin chain linkage and length. Chemical methods offer an attractive solution to the above-described challenges. In this review, we summarize the recently developed chemical methods for generating ubiquitinated proteins using synthetic and semisynthetic approaches. These new tools and approaches, as an important part of the Ub toolbox, are crucial to our understanding and exploitation of the Ub system for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Gui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware 214A Drake Hall Newark DE 19716 USA
| | - Gregory A Davidson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware 214A Drake Hall Newark DE 19716 USA
| | - Zhihao Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware 214A Drake Hall Newark DE 19716 USA
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18
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Pineda-Castañeda HM, Insuasty-Cepeda DS, Niño-Ramírez VA, Curtidor H, Rivera-Monroy ZJ. Designing Short Peptides: A Sisyphean Task? CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200910094034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, short peptides have become a powerful tool in basic and
applied research, with different uses like diagnostic, antimicrobial peptides, human health
promoters or bioactive peptides, therapeutic treatments, templates for peptidomimetic design,
and peptide-based vaccines. In this endeavor, different approaches and technologies
have been explored, such as bioinformatics, large-scale peptide synthesis, omics sciences,
structure-activity relationship studies, and a biophysical approach, among others, seeking to
obtain the shortest sequence with the best activity. The advantage of short peptides lies in
their stability, ease of production, safety, and low cost. There are many strategies for designing
short peptides with biomedical and industrial applications (targeting the structure, length,
charge, or polarity) or as a starting point for improving their properties (sequence data base,
de novo sequences, templates, or organic scaffolds). In peptide design, it is necessary to keep in mind factors
such as the application (peptidomimetic, immunogen, antimicrobial, bioactive, or protein-protein interaction
inhibitor), the expected target (membrane cell, nucleus, receptor proteins, or immune system), and particular
characteristics (shorter, conformationally constrained, cycled, charged, flexible, polymerized, or pseudopeptides).
This review summarizes the different synthetic approaches and strategies used to design new peptide analogs,
highlighting the achievements, constraints, and advantages of each.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Víctor A. Niño-Ramírez
- Chemistry Department, Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Zuly J. Rivera-Monroy
- Chemistry Department, Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
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19
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Drogkaris V, Northrop BH. Byproducts formed During Thiol-Acrylate Reactions Promoted by Nucleophilic Aprotic Amines: Persistent or Reactive? Chempluschem 2020; 85:2466-2474. [PMID: 33201598 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophile-initiated mechanism of thiol-Michael reactions naturally leads to the formation of undesired nucleophile byproducts. Three aza-Michael compounds representing nucleophile byproducts of thiol-acrylate reactions initiated by 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1-methylimidazole (MIM), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) have been synthesized and their reactivity in the presence of thiolate has been investigated. Spectroscopic analysis shows that each nucleophile byproduct reacts with thiolate to produce a desired thiol-acrylate product along with liberated aprotic amines DMAP, MIM, or DBU, thus demonstrating that these byproducts are reactive rather than persistent. Density functional theoretical computations support experimental observations and predict that a β-elimination mechanism is favored for converting each nucleophile byproduct into a desired thiol-acrylate product, though an SN 2 process can be competitive (i. e. within <2.5 kcal/mol) in less polar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Drogkaris
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - Brian H Northrop
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
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20
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Brown JS, Ruttinger AW, Vaidya AJ, Alabi CA, Clancy P. Decomplexation as a rate limitation in the thiol-Michael addition of N-acrylamides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6364-6377. [PMID: 32760955 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The thiol-Michael addition is a popular, selective, high-yield "click" reaction utilized for applications ranging from small-molecule synthesis to polymer or surface modification. Here, we combined experimental and quantum mechanical modeling approaches using density functional theory (DFT) to examine the thiol-Michael reaction of N-allyl-N-acrylamide monomers used to prepare sequence-defined oligothioetheramides (oligoTEAs). Experimentally, the reaction was evaluated with two fluorous tagged thiols and several monomers at room temperature (22 °C and 40 °C). Using the Eyring equation, the activation energies (enthalpies) were calculated, observing a wide range of energy barriers ranging from 28 kJ mol-1 to 108 kJ mol-1 within the same alkene class. Computationally, DFT coupled with the Nudged Elastic Band method was used to calculate the entire reaction coordinate of each monomer reaction using the B97-D3 functional and a hybrid implicit-explicit methanol solvation approach. The thiol-Michael reaction is traditionally rate-limited by the propagation or chain-transfer steps. However, our test case with N-acrylamides and fluorous thiols revealed experimental and computational data produced satisfactory agreement only when we considered a previously unconsidered step that we termed "product decomplexation", which occurs as the product physically dissociates from other co-reactants after chain transfer. Five monomers were investigated to support this finding, capturing a range of functional groups varying in alkyl chain length (methyl to hexyl) and aromaticity (benzyl and ethylenephenyl). Increased substrate alkyl chain length increased activation energy, explained by the inductive effect. Aromatic ring-stacking configurations significantly impacted the activation energy and contributed to improved molecular packing density. Hydrogen-bonding between reactants increased the activation energy emphasizing the rate-limitation of the product decomplexation. Our findings begin to describe a new structure-kinetic relationship for thiol-Michael acceptors to enable further design of reactive monomers for synthetic polymers and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Brown
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Andrew W Ruttinger
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Akash J Vaidya
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Christopher A Alabi
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Paulette Clancy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Bednarek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ilona Wehl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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22
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Azandaryani AH, Kashanian S, Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani T. Recent Insights into Effective Nanomaterials and Biomacromolecules Conjugation in Advanced Drug Targeting. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:526-541. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190417125101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery, also known as smart drug delivery or active drug delivery, is a subcategory of nanomedicine. Using this strategy, the medication is delivered into the infected organs in the patient’s body or to the targeted sites inside the cells. In order to improve therapeutic efficiency and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the active pharmaceutical agents, conjugation of biomacromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, monoclonal antibodies, aptamers, and nanoparticulate drug carriers, has been mostly recommended by scientists in the last decades. Several covalent conjugation pathways are used for biomacromolecules coupling with nanomaterials in nanomedicine including carbodiimides and “click” mediated reactions, thiol-mediated conjugation, and biotin-avidin interactions. However, choosing one or a combination of these methods with suitable coupling for application to advanced drug delivery is essential. This review focuses on new and high impacted published articles in the field of nanoparticles and biomacromolecules coupling studies, as well as their advantages and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas H. Azandaryani
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soheila Kashanian
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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23
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Guerzoni LPB, Rose JC, Gehlen DB, Jans A, Haraszti T, Wessling M, Kuehne AJC, De Laporte L. Cell Encapsulation in Soft, Anisometric Poly(ethylene) Glycol Microgels Using a Novel Radical-Free Microfluidic System. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900692. [PMID: 30993907 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Complex 3D artificial tissue constructs are extensively investigated for tissue regeneration. Frequently, materials and cells are delivered separately without benefitting from the synergistic effect of combined administration. Cell delivery inside a material construct provides the cells with a supportive environment by presenting biochemical, mechanical, and structural signals to direct cell behavior. Conversely, the cell/material interaction is poorly understood at the micron scale and new systems are required to investigate the effect of micron-scale features on cell functionality. Consequently, cells are encapsulated in microgels to avoid diffusion limitations of nutrients and waste and facilitate analysis techniques of single or collective cells. However, up to now, the production of soft cell-loaded microgels by microfluidics is limited to spherical microgels. Here, a novel method is presented to produce monodisperse, anisometric poly(ethylene) glycol microgels to study cells inside an anisometric architecture. These microgels can potentially direct cell growth and can be injected as rod-shaped mini-tissues that further assemble into organized macroscopic and macroporous structures post-injection. Their aspect ratios are adjusted with flow parameters, while mechanical and biochemical properties are altered by modifying the precursors. Encapsulated primary fibroblasts are viable and spread and migrate across the 3D microgel structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis P B Guerzoni
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas C Rose
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - David B Gehlen
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Jans
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tamàs Haraszti
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- AVT.CVT, Forckenbeckstrasse 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1-2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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24
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Oumari M, Goldfuss B, Stoffels C, Schmalz HG, Gründemann D. Regeneration of ergothioneine after reaction with singlet oxygen. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:498-504. [PMID: 30721726 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ET), an imidazole-2-thione derivative of histidine betaine, is generally considered an antioxidant. Important antioxidants are typically regenerated from their oxidized products, to prevent the interceptors from being lost after a single chemical reaction with a reactive oxygen species. However, no mechanism for the complete regeneration of ET has yet been uncovered. Here we define a non-enzymatic multi-step cycle for the regeneration of ET after reaction with singlet oxygen (1O2). All reaction steps were verified by density functional theory computations. Four molecules of GSH are used per turn to detoxify 1O2 to water. Pure 1O2 was generated by thermolysis at 37 °C of the endoperoxide DHPNO2. Addition of 1 mM ET to 10 mM DHPNO2 and 10 mM GSH increased the production of oxidized GSH (GSSG), measured by LC-MS/MS, by a factor of 26 (water) and 28 (D2O), respectively. In the same assay, the ring of ET alone was able to drive the cycle at equal speed; thus, the zwitterionic amino acid backbone was not involved. Our data suggest that ET reacts at least 4-fold faster with 1O2 than ascorbic acid. ET must now be viewed as tightly linked with the GSH/GSSG redox couple. The necessary thiol foundation is present in all mammalian and vertebrate cells, and also in all species that generate ET, such as cyanobacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi. Regeneration provides a decisive advantage for ET over other reactive, but non-recoverable, compounds. Our findings substantiate the importance of ET for the eradication of noxious 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhmd Oumari
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher Stoffels
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Schmalz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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25
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Amphoteric poly(amido amine)s with adjustable balance between transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity for gene delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 175:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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