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Piccinini L, Nirina Ramamonjy F, Ursache R. Imaging plant cell walls using fluorescent stains: The beauty is in the details. J Microsc 2024; 295:102-120. [PMID: 38477035 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Plants continuously face various environmental stressors throughout their lifetime. To be able to grow and adapt in different environments, they developed specialized tissues that allowed them to maintain a protected yet interconnected body. These tissues undergo specific primary and secondary cell wall modifications that are essential to ensure normal plant growth, adaptation and successful land colonization. The composition of cell walls can vary among different plant species, organs and tissues. The ability to remodel their cell walls is fundamental for plants to be able to cope with multiple biotic and abiotic stressors. A better understanding of the changes taking place in plant cell walls may help identify and develop new strategies as well as tools to enhance plants' survival under environmental stresses or prevent pathogen attack. Since the invention of microscopy, numerous imaging techniques have been developed to determine the composition and dynamics of plant cell walls during normal growth and in response to environmental stimuli. In this review, we discuss the main advances in imaging plant cell walls, with a particular focus on fluorescent stains for different cell wall components and their compatibility with tissue clearing techniques. Lay Description: Plants are continuously subjected to various environmental stresses during their lifespan. They evolved specialized tissues that thrive in different environments, enabling them to maintain a protected yet interconnected body. Such tissues undergo distinct primary and secondary cell wall alterations essential to normal plant growth, their adaptability and successful land colonization. Cell wall composition may differ among various plant species, organs and even tissues. To deal with various biotic and abiotic stresses, plants must have the capacity to remodel their cell walls. Gaining insight into changes that take place in plant cell walls will help identify and create novel tools and strategies to improve plants' ability to withstand environmental challenges. Multiple imaging techniques have been developed since the introduction of microscopy to analyse the composition and dynamics of plant cell walls during growth and in response to environmental changes. Advancements in plant tissue cleaning procedures and their compatibility with cell wall stains have significantly enhanced our ability to perform high-resolution cell wall imaging. At the same time, several factors influence the effectiveness of cleaning and staining plant specimens, as well as the time necessary for the process, including the specimen's size, thickness, tissue complexity and the presence of autofluorescence. In this review, we will discuss the major advances in imaging plant cell walls, with a particular emphasis on fluorescent stains for diverse cell wall components and their compatibility with tissue clearing techniques. We hope that this review will assist readers in selecting the most appropriate stain or combination of stains to highlight specific cell wall components of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Piccinini
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabien Nirina Ramamonjy
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robertas Ursache
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Huang Y, Lai X, Liu C, Zhu W, Hao Y, Zheng Z, Guo K. Overexpression of oHIOMT results in various morphological, anatomical, physiological and molecular changes in switchgrass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1379756. [PMID: 38952842 PMCID: PMC11215127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1379756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a molecule implicated in multiple biological functions, but exerts contrasting effects on plants owing to concentration differences. Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), which catalyzes the last step of melatonin synthesis, plays a crucial role in this context. Methods Transgenic switchgrass overexpressing oHIOMT with different melatonin levels displayed distinct morphological changes in a concentration-dependent manner. In this study, we divided the transgenic switchgrass into two groups: melatonin-moderate transgenic (MMT) plants and melatonin-rich transgenic (MRT) plants. To determine the concentration-dependent effect of melatonin on switchgrass growth and stress resistance, we conducted comparative morphological, physiological, omics and molecular analyses between MMT, MRT and wild-type (WT) plants. Results We found that oHIOMT overexpression, with moderate melatonin levels, was crucial in regulating switchgrass growth through changes in cell size rather than cell number. Moderate levels of melatonin were vital in regulating carbon fixation, stomatal development and chlorophyll metabolism. Regarding salt tolerance, melatonin with moderate levels activated numerous defense (e.g. morphological characteristics, anatomical structure, antioxidant enzymatic properties, non-enzymatic capacity and Na+/K+ homeostasis). Additionally, moderate levels of oHIOMT overexpression were sufficient to increase lignin content and alter monolignol compositions with an increase in the S/G lignin ratio. Discussion Taken together, oHIOMT overexpression in switchgrass with different melatonin levels resulted in morphological, anatomical, physiological and molecular changes in a concentration-dependent manner, which characterized by stimulation at low doses and inhibition at high doses. Our study presents new ideas and clues for further research on the mechanisms of the concentration-dependent effect of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zehui Zheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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Lu J, Yan S, Xue Z. Biosynthesis and functions of triterpenoids in cereals. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00211-X. [PMID: 38788922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triterpenoids are versatile secondary metabolites with a diverse array of physiological activities, possessing valuable pharmacological effects and influencing the growth and development of plants. As more triterpenoids in cereals are unearthed and characterized, their biological roles in plant growth and development are gaining recognition. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review provides an overview of the structures, biosynthetic pathways, and diverse biological functions of triterpenoids identified in cereals. Our goal is to establish a basis for further exploration of triterpenoids with novel structures and functional activities in cereals, and to facilitate the potential application of triterpenoids in grain breeding, thus accelerating the development of superior grain varieties. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF THE REVIEW This review consolidates information on various triterpenoid skeletons and derivatives found in cereals, and summarizes the pivotal enzyme genes involved, including oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) and other triterpenoid modifying enzymes like cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, and acyltransferase. Triterpenoid-modifying enzymes exhibit specificity towards catalytic sites within triterpenoid skeletons, generating a diverse array of functional triterpenoid derivatives. Furthermore, triterpenoids have been shown to significantly impact the nutritional value, yield, disease resistance, and stress response of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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Guo K, Liu M, Vella D, Suresh S, Hsia KJ. Dehydration-induced corrugated folding in Rhapis excelsa plant leaves. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320259121. [PMID: 38588439 PMCID: PMC11047117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320259121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant leaves, whose remarkable ability for morphogenesis results in a wide range of petal and leaf shapes in response to environmental cues, have inspired scientific studies as well as the development of engineering structures and devices. Although some typical shape changes in plants and the driving force for such shape evolution have been extensively studied, there remain many poorly understood mechanisms, characteristics, and principles associated with the vast array of shape formation of plant leaves in nature. Here, we present a comprehensive study that combines experiment, theory, and numerical simulations of one such topic-the mechanics and mechanisms of corrugated leaf folding induced by differential shrinking in Rhapis excelsa. Through systematic measurements of the dehydration process in sectioned leaves, we identify a linear correlation between change in the leaf-folding angle and water loss. Building on experimental findings, we develop a generalized model that provides a scaling relationship for water loss in sectioned leaves. Furthermore, our study reveals that corrugated folding induced by dehydration in R. excelsa leaves is achieved by the deformation of a structural architecture-the "hinge" cells. Utilizing such connections among structure, morphology, environmental stimuli, and mechanics, we fabricate several biomimetic machines, including a humidity sensor and morphing devices capable of folding in response to dehydration. The mechanisms of corrugated folding in R. excelsa identified in this work provide a general understanding of the interactions between plant leaves and water. The actuation mechanisms identified in this study also provide insights into the rational design of soft machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Guo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
| | - Mingchao Liu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Vella
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OxfordOX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Subra Suresh
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI02912
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - K. Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
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Wirojsirasak W, Songsri P, Jongrungklang N, Tangphatsornruang S, Klomsa-ard P, Ukoskit K. Determination of Morpho-Physiological Traits for Assessing Drought Tolerance in Sugarcane. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1072. [PMID: 38674481 PMCID: PMC11054708 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Drought is a significant constraint to sugarcane productivity. Therefore, understanding how different varieties of sugarcane respond to drought stress can facilitate breeding programs and set up criteria for selecting drought-tolerant varieties. In the present study, we examined eight morpho-physiological traits to distinguish 40 sugarcane genotypes categorized into four groups based on significant differences in cane yield under non-stressed conditions and reduction of cane yield under drought-stressed conditions. The study was conducted during the formative stage in a greenhouse, encompassing both control and drought conditions. Drought treatments resulted in significant changes and differences in the mean values of various morpho-physiological traits. The hierarchical clustering analysis, utilizing stay-green traits such as higher chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (Fv/Fm), leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf relative water content (RWC), and lower leaf rolling score (LR), leaf drying score (LD), and drought recovery score (DR), successfully grouped 40 sugarcane genotypes into four major clusters, similar to the previously categorized groups. Correlation analysis showed significant relationships among cane yield, reduction of cane yield under drought conditions, and the stay-green traits. Our results demonstrated that morpho-physiological traits contributing to the "stay-green" phenotypes could be useful as selection criteria for drought tolerance in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warodom Wirojsirasak
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
- Mitr Phol Innovation and Research Center, Chaiyaphum 36110, Thailand;
| | - Patcharin Songsri
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Northeast Thailand Cane and Sugar Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nakorn Jongrungklang
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Northeast Thailand Cane and Sugar Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | | | - Kittipat Ukoskit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
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Basharat S, Ahmad F, Hameed M, Ahmad MSA, Asghar A, Fatima S, Ahmad KS, Shah SMR, Hashem A, Avila-Quezada GD, Abd_Allah EF, Abbas Z. Structural and Functional Strategies in Cenchrus Species to Combat Environmental Extremities Imposed by Multiple Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:203. [PMID: 38256756 PMCID: PMC10818359 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Multiple abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat, and cold stress prevailing in natural habitats affect plant growth and development. Different species modify their structural and functional traits to combat these abiotic stresses while growing in stressful environments. Cenchrus species, i.e., Cenchrus pennisetiformis, C. setiger, and C. prieurii are widely distributed grasses found growing all over the world. Samples from natural populations were collected from different ecological regions in the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa that were exposed to aridity, salinity, and cold, while one site was designated as normal control. In the present study, structural and functional modifications of three Cenchrus species under abiotic stresses were evaluated. It was expected that each Cenchrus species may evolve different strategies to cope with multiple abiotic stresses. All Cenchrus species responded differently whether growing in normal environment or stressful conditions. The most remarkable feature for survival in C. pennisetiformis under cold stress was increased inflorescence and increased stem and root lignification. C. prieurii showed better tolerance to saline and cold environments. C. setiger showed better development of leaf sheath anatomical traits. The structural and functional modifications in Cenchrus species such as development of mechanical tissues provided structural support, while dermal and parenchymatous tissues increased water storage capacity and minimized water loss. An increase in the concentration of organic osmolytes and ionic content aids turgor pressure maintenance and ionic content crucial for plant growth and development. It was concluded that structural and functional alterations in all Cenchrus species were very specific and critical for survival under different environmental stresses. The ecological fitness of these species relied on maintenance of growth and biomass production, and the development of mechanical, vascular, dermal and parenchyma tissues under stressful environmental conditions. Moreover, accumulation of beneficial ions (K+ and Ca2+) and organic osmolytes were critical in turgor maintenance, hence survival of Cenchrus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Basharat
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.B.); (F.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Farooq Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.B.); (F.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Mansoor Hameed
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.B.); (F.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.B.); (F.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Ansa Asghar
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.B.); (F.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Sana Fatima
- Department of Botany, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Khawaja Shafique Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot 12350, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan;
| | - Syed Mohsan Raza Shah
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54700, Pakistan;
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 1451, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zaheer Abbas
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54700, Pakistan;
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Huang H, Liu H, Ma W, Qin L, Chen L, Guo H, Xu H, Li J, Yang C, Hu H, Wu R, Chen D, Feng J, Zhou Y, Wang J, Wang X. High-throughput MALDI-MSI metabolite analysis of plant tissue microarrays. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2574-2584. [PMID: 37561662 PMCID: PMC10651148 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel metabolomics analysis technique, termed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging-based plant tissue microarray (MALDI-MSI-PTMA), was successfully developed for high-throughput metabolite detection and imaging from plant tissues. This technique completely overcomes the disadvantage that metabolites cannot be accessible on an intact plant tissue due to the limitations of the special structures of plant cells (e.g. epicuticular wax, cuticle and cell wall) through homogenization of plant tissues, preparation of PTMA moulds and matrix spraying of PTMA sections. Our study shows several properties of MALDI-MSI-PTMA, including no need of sample separation and enrichment, high-throughput metabolite detection and imaging (>1000 samples per day), high-stability mass spectrometry data acquisition and imaging reconstruction and high reproducibility of data. This novel technique was successfully used to quickly evaluate the effects of two plant growth regulator treatments (i.e. 6-benzylaminopurine and N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea) on endogenous metabolite expression in plant tissue culture specimens of Dracocephalum rupestre Hance (D. rupestre). Intra-day and inter-day evaluations indicated that the metabolite data detected on PTMA sections had good reproducibility and stability. A total of 312 metabolite ion signals in leaves tissues of D. rupestre were detected, of which 228 metabolite ion signals were identified, they were composed of 122 primary metabolites, 90 secondary metabolites and 16 identified metabolites of unknown classification. The results demonstrated the advantages of MALDI-MSI-PTMA technique for enhancing the overall detection ability of metabolites in plant tissues, indicating that MALDI-MSI-PTMA has the potential to become a powerful routine practice for high-throughput metabolite study in plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjun Huang
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Haiqiang Liu
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Weiwei Ma
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Liang Qin
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Lulu Chen
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Hua Guo
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Hualei Xu
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Jinrong Li
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Chenyu Yang
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Ran Wu
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Difan Chen
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Jinchao Feng
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Junli Wang
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems BiologyMinzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
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Wang X, Huang J, Peng S, Xiong D. Leaf rolling precedes stomatal closure in rice (Oryza sativa) under drought conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6650-6661. [PMID: 37551729 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rolling is a physiological response to drought that may help to reduce water loss, but its significance as a contribution to drought tolerance is uncertain. We scored the leaf rolling of four rice genotypes along an experimental drought gradient using an improved cryo-microscopy method. Leaf water potential (Ψleaf), gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf hydraulic conductance, rehydration capacity, and the bulk turgor loss point were also analysed. During the drought process, stomatal conductance declined sharply to reduce water loss, and leaves rolled up before the stomata completely closed. The leaf water loss rate of rolled leaves was significantly reduced compared with artificially flattened leaves. The Ψleaf threshold of initial leaf rolling ranged from -1.95 to -1.04 MPa across genotypes. When a leaf rolled so that the leaf edges were touching, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance declined more than 80%. Across genotypes, leaf hydraulic conductance declined first, followed by gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. However, the Ψleaf threshold for a given functional trait decline differed significantly among genotypes, with the exception of leaf hydraulic conductance. Our results suggested that leaf rolling was mechanistically linked to drought avoidance and tolerance traits and might serve as a useful phenotypic trait for rice breeding in future drought scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Boukrouh S, Noutfia A, Moula N, Avril C, Louvieaux J, Hornick JL, Cabaraux JF, Chentouf M. Ecological, morpho-agronomical, and bromatological assessment of sorghum ecotypes in Northern Morocco. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15548. [PMID: 37730680 PMCID: PMC10511723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorghum Bicolor is a cereal used for grains as feed and food, mainly cultivated in dry areas. To study the possibilities of increasing its cultivation for feed purposes, ecological, morpho-agronomical, and bromatological characterization of some local ecotypes was conducted as the first steps toward selecting better cultivars. Indeed, twenty-one ecotypes were collected from farms in Northern Morocco in 2018. The edapho-climatic parameters of the collection sites were evaluated. The ecotypes were cultivated in 2019 in an experimental field with a randomized complete block design with three replicates. At the maturity stage, plants were evaluated for agro-morphological parameters, and grains and straw (leaves and stems) were harvested and analyzed. The results indicated significant variations between ecotypes for almost all parameters and an interesting grain yield of 3.5 T/ha with a 176% yield variation. The nutritive value of grains was interesting compared to straw, especially for mean protein contents (10.5% DM) and organic matter digestibility (81.4%). The calculated genetic parameters emphasized the possibility of selecting highly productive and nutritive cultivars. Multivariate analysis clustered the ecotypes into five groups based on agro-morphological, bromatological, and antioxidant activity parameters; the third group was characterized by high grain-yielding ecotypes, and the fifth one by high nutritive ecotypes. The E21 ecotype, belonging to this last group, was a promising selection candidate as it combines both. No significant correlation link between agro-morphological and bromatological traits of grains and geographical distances was discerned. Sorghum bicolor could thus be improved only according to the researched agro-morphological and bromatological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boukrouh
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
- Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Tangier, National Institute of Agricultural Research, 10090, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - A Noutfia
- Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Tangier, National Institute of Agricultural Research, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
| | - N Moula
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - C Avril
- Haute École Provinciale de Hainaut Condorcet, Agronomy Category, 7800, Ath, Belgium
| | - J Louvieaux
- Haute École Provinciale de Hainaut Condorcet, Agronomy Category, 7800, Ath, Belgium
| | - J L Hornick
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - J F Cabaraux
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - M Chentouf
- Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Tangier, National Institute of Agricultural Research, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
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10
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Gao T, Bico J, Roman B. Pneumatic cells toward absolute Gaussian morphing. Science 2023; 381:862-867. [PMID: 37616347 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
On a flat map of the Earth, continents are inevitably distorted. Reciprocally, curving a plate simultaneously in two directions requires a modification of in-plane distances, as Gauss stated in his seminal theorem. Although emerging architectured materials with programmed in-plane distortions are capable of such shape morphing, an additional control of local bending is required to precisely set the final shape of the resulting three-dimensional surface. Inspired by bulliform cells in leaves of monocotyledon plants, we show how the internal structure of flat panels can be designed to program bending and in-plane distortions simultaneously when pressurized, leading to a targeted shell shape. These surfaces with controlled stiffness and fast actuation are manufactured using consumer-grade materials and open a route to large-scale shape-morphing robotics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Gao
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - José Bico
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Roman
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
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11
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Boscaro R, Panozzo A, Piotto S, Moore SS, Barion G, Wang Y, Vamerali T. Effects of Foliar-Applied Mixed Mineral Fertilizers and Organic Biostimulants on the Growth and Hybrid Seed Production of a Male-Sterile Inbred Maize Line. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2837. [PMID: 37570991 PMCID: PMC10421008 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants of inbred maize lines are characterized by low vigor due to their high rates of homozygosity and may, therefore, benefit from additional nutrients and biostimulants supplied via foliar spraying. The present study innovatively investigated the effects of foliar treatment with three commercial organic-mineral fertilizers/biostimulants on a male-sterile inbred line of maize at the five-leaf stage. The three fertilizers were characterized by their following content: (i) NPK + hydrolyzed animal epithelium + micronutrients (named 'NPK + Hae + micro'), (ii) NK + humified peat (named 'NK + Hp'), and (iii) PK + Ascophyllum nodosum extracts (named 'PK + An'). The resulting shoot and root growth and seed yield and quality were compared to a control (C). Both NPK + Hae + micro and PK + An treatments enhanced root growth in the top 20 cm soil layer at the ten-leaf stage: root dry biomass increased by 80 and 24%, respectively, and the volumetric root length density by 61 and 17%. The two treatments also allowed for a larger number of commercial seeds to be produced (on average +16 bags per gross hectare vs. C) owing to a better seed caliber, which consequently reduced rates of seed disposal (-11 and -20% for PK + An and NPK + Hae + micro, respectively) and, in the case of NPK + Hae + micro, due to an increment in the number of kernels per ear (+5% vs. C). These effects were not associated with any significant changes in shoot growth, height, or leaf net CO2 assimilation. In this preliminary trial, peak commercial benefit was obtained with the use of hydrolyzed epithelium together with macro- and micronutrients. Further investigation into application timing and dose, and the means by which these products alleviate the effects of low vigor and stress conditions observed particularly under mechanical emasculation is, however, necessary for their full exploitation in the production of hybrid maize seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Boscaro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.P.); (S.S.M.); (G.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Anna Panozzo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.P.); (S.S.M.); (G.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Simone Piotto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.P.); (S.S.M.); (G.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Selina Sterup Moore
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.P.); (S.S.M.); (G.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Barion
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.P.); (S.S.M.); (G.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Teofilo Vamerali
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.P.); (S.S.M.); (G.B.); (T.V.)
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12
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Al-Salman Y, Cano FJ, Pan L, Koller F, Piñeiro J, Jordan D, Ghannoum O. Anatomical drivers of stomatal conductance in sorghum lines with different leaf widths grown under different temperatures. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2142-2158. [PMID: 37066624 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sustaining crop productivity and resilience in water-limited environments and under rising temperatures are matters of concern worldwide. We investigated the leaf anatomical traits that underpin our recently identified link between leaf width (LW) and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), as traits of interest in plant breeding. Ten sorghum lines with varying LW were grown under three temperatures to expand the range of variation of both LW and gas exchange rates. Leaf gas exchange, surface morphology and cross-sectional anatomy were measured and analysed using structural equations modelling. Narrower leaves had lower stomatal conductance (gs ) and higher iWUE across growth temperatures. They also had smaller intercellular airspaces, stomatal size, percentage of open stomatal aperture relative to maximum, hydraulic pathway, mesophyll thickness, and leaf mass per area. Structural modelling revealed a developmental association among leaf anatomical traits that underpinned gs variation in sorghum. Growing temperature and LW both impacted leaf gas exchange rates, but only LW directly impacted leaf anatomy. Wider leaves may be more productive under well-watered conditions, but consume more water for growth and development, which is detrimental under water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazen Al-Salman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francisco J Cano
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Instituto de Ciencias Forestales (ICIFOR-INIA), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ling Pan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fiona Koller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juan Piñeiro
- Department of Biology, IVAGRO, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Capus del Rio San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - David Jordan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Hermitage Research Facility, The University of Queensland, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
- Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture & Fisheries, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Tufail A, Ahmad F, Hameed M, Ahsan M, Okla MK, Siddiqua UH, Khalid N, Rashid M, Shah AA, Hegab MM, AbdElgawad H. Structural modifications in Bermuda grass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] ecotypes for adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1084706. [PMID: 36756232 PMCID: PMC9901487 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1084706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is well known that different ecotypes adopt different mechanisms to survive under environmental stress conditions. In this regard, each ecotype showed different type of modifications for their existence in a specific habitat that reflects to their ecological success. METHODS Here, differently adapted ecotypes of Bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] were collected to evaluate their differential structural and functional modifications that are specific to cope with environmental stress conditions. The soil that adheres ecotypes roots were highly saline in case of DF-SD (Derawar Fort-Saline Desert), UL-HS (Ucchali Lake-Hyper Saline) and G-SSA (Gatwala-Saline Semiarid) ecotypes. Soils of S- HS (Sahianwala-Hyper Saline), S-SW (Sahianwala-Saline Wetland) and PA-RF (Pakka Anna-Reclaimed Field) were basic (pH 9 to 10). Soils of UL-HS and PA- HS (Pakka Anna-Hyper Saline), KKL-S (Kalar Kahar Lake-Saline), BG-NS (Botanic Garden-Non Saline) and G-SSA were rich in organic matter, and soil of BG-NS and DF-SD were rich in minerals. Anatomical modifications were performed by using the free hand sectioning technique and light microscopy. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DF-SD is one of the best ecotypes which showed anatomical modifications to cope with environmental changes. These modifications included stem cross-sectional area and leaf sheath thickness that contribute towards water storage, vascular tissues for proficient translocation of solutes and trichomes that provide resistance to water loss. On the other hand, sclerification in root is the only notable modification in the Gatwala Saline Semiarid (G-SSA) ecotype from saline arid habitat where rainfall is not as low as in the Cholistan Desert. Two ecotypes from hyper-saline wetlands, UL-HS and KL-HS showed increased number and size of vascular tissue, central cavity and sclerification in stem which are important for solutes conduction, water loss and salts bulk movement, respectively. The ecotype from reclaimed site was not much different from its counterpart from hyper-saline dryland. Overall, anatomical modifications to maintain water conservation are key mechanisms that have been identified as mediating stress tolerance in C. dactylon ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasma Tufail
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mansoor Hameed
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahsan
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad K. Okla
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Noreen Khalid
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Rashid
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anis Ali Shah
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Momtaz M. Hegab
- Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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14
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Lin M, Qiao P, Matschi S, Vasquez M, Ramstein GP, Bourgault R, Mohammadi M, Scanlon MJ, Molina I, Smith LG, Gore MA. Integrating GWAS and TWAS to elucidate the genetic architecture of maize leaf cuticular conductance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2144-2158. [PMID: 35512195 PMCID: PMC9342973 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle, a hydrophobic layer of cutin and waxes synthesized by plant epidermal cells, is the major barrier to water loss when stomata are closed. Dissecting the genetic architecture of natural variation for maize (Zea mays L.) leaf cuticular conductance (gc) is important for identifying genes relevant to improving crop productivity in drought-prone environments. To this end, we performed an integrated genome- and transcriptome-wide association studies (GWAS and TWAS) to identify candidate genes putatively regulating variation in leaf gc. Of the 22 plausible candidate genes identified, 4 were predicted to be involved in cuticle precursor biosynthesis and export, 2 in cell wall modification, 9 in intracellular membrane trafficking, and 7 in the regulation of cuticle development. A gene encoding an INCREASED SALT TOLERANCE1-LIKE1 (ISTL1) protein putatively involved in intracellular protein and membrane trafficking was identified in GWAS and TWAS as the strongest candidate causal gene. A set of maize nested near-isogenic lines that harbor the ISTL1 genomic region from eight donor parents were evaluated for gc, confirming the association between gc and ISTL1 in a haplotype-based association analysis. The findings of this study provide insights into the role of regulatory variation in the development of the maize leaf cuticle and will ultimately assist breeders to develop drought-tolerant maize for target environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lin
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Pengfei Qiao
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Miguel Vasquez
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Richard Bourgault
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Marc Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Isabel Molina
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Laurie G Smith
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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15
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Kumachova T, Babosha A, Ryabchenko A. Outer and internal cuticle in the leaves of Malus (Rosaceae) in mountains and plains. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3439-3454. [PMID: 35804489 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The outer and internal cuticles in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves on the plain and in the mountains was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The outer cuticle consisted of lamellate and homogeneous layers of the cuticle proper and cuticular layer containing electron-transparent plates and electron-dense dendrites. Blue fluorescence predominated in the cell wall. The cuticle fluoresced green and red. The intensity of the red part of the spectrum in the cuticle increased with altitude, and the number of electron-transparent plates increased within the cuticular layer. The cell wall on both leaf sides was the thinnest in the arid conditions (300 m). At an altitude of 600 m, under favorable temperature and rainfall conditions, the cuticle thickness increased due to the cuticular layer adjacent to the cell wall. The internal cuticle was distinguished by intense yellow or red autofluorescence, similar in color and spectrum to the outer cuticle. The outer and internal cuticles had cuticular folds. The average distance between the ridges of the internal cuticle was almost the same in the samples at different altitudes. The ridge height was maximum at 600 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kumachova
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian State Agrarian University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Babosha
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Ryabchenko
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Habermann E, Contin DR, Afonso LF, Barosela JR, de Pinho Costa KA, Viciedo DO, Groppo M, Martinez CA. Future warming will change the chemical composition and leaf blade structure of tropical C 3 and C 4 forage species depending on soil moisture levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153342. [PMID: 35093366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and soil moisture strongly affect the nutritional value and digestibility of forage plants through changes in leaf chemical composition or the proportion of leaf blade tissues. In this study, we aimed to evaluate leaf blade anatomical modifications of two tropical forage species, Stylosanthes capitata (C3) and Megathyrsus maximus (C4) under warmed conditions (+2 °C) at well-watered and rainfed conditions and investigate the interactions between leaf anatomical alterations, leaf chemical composition, and leaf digestibility. Experiments were conducted under field conditions using a Temperature-free air-controlled enhancement (T-FACE) system. We observed that plants under elevated temperature produced leaves with smaller stomata and thinner mesophyll tissue and reduced total leaf thickness, potentially impacting gas exchange. On the other hand, reduced soil moisture increased stomatal density and thickness of the adaxial epidermis. In both species, leaf fibrous fractions concentration increased under warmed and non-irrigated conditions, while crude protein concentration and digestibility decreased. However, leaf digestibility was associated with leaf chemical composition rather than the proportion of different leaf blade tissues. We concluded that although both species developed leaf anatomical modifications to acclimate under future warming conditions, leaf nutritional value and digestibility will be reduced, potentially impacting future livestock production and methane emissions by ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Habermann
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele Ribeiro Contin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, FCFRP, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Dilier Olivera Viciedo
- Department of Soils and Fertilizers, FCAV, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Milton Groppo
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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17
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Kalliola R, Linna A, Ruokolainen K, Tyystjärvi E, Lange C. Foliar element distributions in Guadua bamboo, a major forest dominant in southwestern Amazonia. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSilica is the best-known component filling the spaces that form phytoliths in many plants, but phytoliths may also contain other elements. We used scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) to map element distributions in the leaves of Guadua bamboo, which is a successful competitor in southwestern Amazonian forests. We emphasize immobile elements that can be mineralized (silicon and calcium) as well as potassium, an abundant mobile nutrient with many vital functions. We discovered high silicon (Si) content with little or no calcium (Ca) or potassium (K) in bulliform cells, bilobate shaped short cells and stomata, all of which can form phytoliths, and moderately high Si content in the bundle sheet, prickle tips and papillae. K often surrounded Si-loaded cells, Si and K had overlapping distributions in the intercostal areas near vein margins, and Ca showed abundant spotted distribution in the intercostal areas. The dark inside content of the costal zones of some samples in light microscopy showed no mineralization but prominently contained sulfur. Adjacent fusoid cells showed different Si, K and Ca combinations, which may suggest potentially variable functions of these cells. Widespread Si deposition strengthens Guadua bamboo leaves and may help it to outcompete tree species during periods of drought.
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18
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Zhang P, Sun M, Wang X, Guo R, Sun Y, Gui M, Li J, Wang T, Zhang L. Morphological Characterization and Transcriptional Regulation of Corolla Closure in Ipomoea purpurea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:697764. [PMID: 34557209 PMCID: PMC8453026 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Corolla closure protects pollen from high-temperature stress during pollen germination and fertilization in the ornamental plant morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea). However, the morphological nature of this process and the molecular events underpinning it remain largely unclear. Here, we examined the cellular and gene expression changes that occur during corolla closure in the I. purpurea. We divided the corolla closure process into eight stages (S0-S7) based on corolla morphology. During flower opening, bulliform cells appear papillate, with pigments in the adaxial epidermis of the corolla. These cells have distinct morphology from the smaller, flat cells in the abaxial epidermis in the corolla limb and intermediate of the corolla. During corolla closure, the bulliform cells of the adaxial epidermis severely collapse compared to cells on the abaxial side. Analysis of transparent tissue and cross sections revealed that acuminate veins in the corolla are composed of spiral vessels that begin to curve during corolla closure. When the acuminate veins were compromised, the corolla failed to close normally. We performed transcriptome analysis to obtain a time-course profile of gene expression during the process from the open corolla stage (S0) to semi-closure (S3). Genes that were upregulated from S0 to S1 were enriched in the polysaccharide degradation pathway, which positively regulates cell wall reorganization. Senescence-related transcription factor genes were expressed beginning at S1, leading to the activation of downstream autophagy-related genes at S2. Genes associated with peroxisomes and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis were upregulated at S3 to enhance reactive oxygen species scavenging and protein degradation. Therefore, bulliform cells and acuminate veins play essential roles in corolla closure. Our findings provide a global understanding of the gene regulatory processes that occur during corolla closure in I. purpurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mingyue Sun
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Runjiu Guo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuchu Sun
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mengyuan Gui
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Taixia Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilisation of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
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Structure, Assembly and Function of Cuticle from Mechanical Perspective with Special Focus on Perianth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084160. [PMID: 33923850 PMCID: PMC8072621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the structure, assembly and function of cuticle. The topics are discussed from the mechanical perspective and whenever the data are available a special attention is paid to the cuticle of perianth organs, i.e., sepals, petals or tepals. The cuticle covering these organs is special in both its structure and function and some of these peculiarities are related to the cuticle mechanics. In particular, strengthening of the perianth surface is often provided by a folded cuticle that functionally resembles profiled plates, while on the surface of the petal epidermis of some plants, the cuticle is the only integral continuous layer. The perianth cuticle is distinguished also by those aspects of its mechanics and development that need further studies. In particular, more investigations are needed to explain the formation and maintenance of cuticle folding, which is typical for the perianth epidermis, and also to elucidate the mechanical properties and behavior of the perianth cuticle in situ. Gaps in our knowledge are partly due to technical problems caused by very small thicknesses of the perianth cuticle but modern tools may help to overcome these obstacles.
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