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Thomas KE, Gagniuc PA, Gagniuc E. Moonlighting genes harbor antisense ORFs that encode potential membrane proteins. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12591. [PMID: 37537268 PMCID: PMC10400600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting genes encode for single polypeptide molecules that perform multiple and often unrelated functions. These genes occur across all domains of life. Their ubiquity and functional diversity raise many questions as to their origins, evolution, and role in the cell cycle. In this study, we present a simple bioinformatics probe that allows us to rank genes by antisense translation potential, and we show that this probe enriches, reliably, for moonlighting genes across a variety of organisms. We find that moonlighting genes harbor putative antisense open reading frames (ORFs) rich in codons for non-polar amino acids. We also find that moonlighting genes tend to co-locate with genes involved in cell wall, cell membrane, or cell envelope production. On the basis of this and other findings, we offer a model in which we propose that moonlighting gene products are likely to escape the cell through gaps in the cell wall and membrane, at wall/membrane construction sites; and we propose that antisense ORFs produce "membrane-sticky" protein products, effectively binding moonlighting-gene DNA to the cell membrane in porous areas where intensive cell-wall/cell-membrane construction is underway. This leads to high potential for escape of moonlighting proteins to the cell surface. Evolutionary and other implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A Gagniuc
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Elvira Gagniuc
- Synevovet Laboratory, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Maharajh R, Pillay M, Senzani S. A computational method for the prediction and functional analysis of potential Mycobacterium tuberculosis adhesin-related proteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:483-493. [PMID: 37873953 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2275678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mycobacterial adherence plays a major role in the establishment of infection within the host. Adhesin-related proteins attach to host receptors and cell-surface components. The current study aimed to utilize in-silico strategies to determine the adhesin potential of conserved hypothetical (CH) proteins. METHODS Computational analysis was performed on the whole Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv proteome using a software program for the prediction of adhesin and adhesin-like proteins using neural networks (SPAAN) to determine the adhesin potential of CH proteins. A robust pipeline of computational analysis tools: Phyre2 and pFam for homology prediction; Mycosub, PsortB, and Loctree3 for subcellular localization; SignalP-5.0 and SecretomeP-2.0 for secretory prediction, were utilized to identify adhesin candidates. RESULTS SPAAN revealed 776 potential adhesins within the whole MTB H37Rv proteome. Comprehensive analysis of the literature was cross-tabulated with SPAAN to verify the adhesin prediction potential of known adhesin (n = 34). However, approximately a third of known adhesins were below the probability of adhesin (Pad) threshold (Pad ≥0.51). Subsequently, 167 CH proteins of interest were categorized using essential in-silico tools. CONCLUSION The use of SPAAN with supporting in-silico tools should be fundamental when identifying novel adhesins. This study provides a pipeline to identify CH proteins as functional adhesin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivesh Maharajh
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Manormoney Pillay
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sibusiso Senzani
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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3
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Morales-Ruiz V, López-Recinos D, Castañeda MG, Guevara-Salinas A, Parada-Colin C, Gómez-Fuentes S, Espitia-Pinzón C, Hernández-González M, Adalid-Peralta L. Characterization of excretory/secretory products of the Taenia crassiceps cysticercus involved in the induction of regulatory T cells in vivo. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07847-x. [PMID: 37115316 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The ability to modulate the host immune response has allowed some parasites to establish themselves in the tissues of an immunocompetent organism. While some parasite excretion/secretion products (ESPs) were recently reported to induce differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), their identity is not known. This work is aimed to identify and characterize ESPs of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci linked with Treg induction in vivo. ESPs were obtained from cultures of T. crassiceps cysticerci and inoculated in mice, measuring Treg levels by flow cytometry. Proteins in ESPs were analyzed by electrophoresis; then, ESPs were classified as either differential or conserved. Differentially included proteins were MS-sequenced and functionally characterized. Only 4 of 10 ESPs induced Tregs. Proteins with catalytic activity and those involved in immunological processes predominated, supporting the idea that these molecules could play an important role in the induction of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Morales-Ruiz
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de La UNAM en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía. Insurgentes Sur, 3877, Col. La Fama, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dina López-Recinos
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de La UNAM en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía. Insurgentes Sur, 3877, Col. La Fama, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Gracia Castañeda
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de La UNAM en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía. Insurgentes Sur, 3877, Col. La Fama, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Genética del Centro Médico Naval, Cirujano Mayor Santiago Távara de La Marina de Guerra del Perú, Avenida S/N, Avenida República de Venezuela, Bellavista, Peru
| | - Adrián Guevara-Salinas
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de La UNAM en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía. Insurgentes Sur, 3877, Col. La Fama, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristina Parada-Colin
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Gómez-Fuentes
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de La UNAM en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía. Insurgentes Sur, 3877, Col. La Fama, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Clara Espitia-Pinzón
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisela Hernández-González
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Adalid-Peralta
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de La UNAM en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía. Insurgentes Sur, 3877, Col. La Fama, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Yadav P, Singh R, Sur S, Bansal S, Chaudhry U, Tandon V. Moonlighting proteins: beacon of hope in era of drug resistance in bacteria. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:57-81. [PMID: 35220864 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2036695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins (MLPs) are ubiquitous and provide a unique advantage to bacteria performing multiple functions using the same genomic content. Targeting MLPs can be considered as a futuristic approach in fighting drug resistance problem. This review follows the MLP trail from its inception to the present-day state, describing a few bacterial MLPs, viz., glyceraldehyde 3'-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucose isomerase glutamate racemase (GR), and DNA gyrase. Here, we carve out that targeting MLPs are the beacon of hope in an era of increasing drug resistance in bacteria. Evolutionary stability, structure-functional relationships, protein diversity, possible drug targets, and identification of new drugs against bacterial MLP are given due consideration. Before the final curtain calls, we provide a comprehensive list of small molecules that inhibit the biochemical activity of MLPs, which can aid the development of novel molecules to target MLPs for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Yadav
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Raja Singh
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Souvik Sur
- Research and Development Center, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandhya Bansal
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Uma Chaudhry
- Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Moonlighting in Rickettsiales: Expanding Virulence Landscape. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7020032. [PMID: 35202227 PMCID: PMC8877226 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Rickettsiales includes species that cause a range of human diseases such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), human monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis), scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi), epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii), murine typhus (R. typhi), Mediterranean spotted fever (R. conorii), or Rocky Mountain spotted fever (R. rickettsii). These diseases are gaining a new momentum given their resurgence patterns and geographical expansion due to the overall rise in temperature and other human-induced pressure, thereby remaining a major public health concern. As obligate intracellular bacteria, Rickettsiales are characterized by their small genome sizes due to reductive evolution. Many pathogens employ moonlighting/multitasking proteins as virulence factors to interfere with multiple cellular processes, in different compartments, at different times during infection, augmenting their virulence. The utilization of this multitasking phenomenon by Rickettsiales as a strategy to maximize the use of their reduced protein repertoire is an emerging theme. Here, we provide an overview of the role of various moonlighting proteins in the pathogenicity of these species. Despite the challenges that lie ahead to determine the multiple potential faces of every single protein in Rickettsiales, the available examples anticipate this multifunctionality as an essential and intrinsic feature of these obligates and should be integrated into available moonlighting repositories.
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Lassak J, Sieber A, Hellwig M. Exceptionally versatile take II: post-translational modifications of lysine and their impact on bacterial physiology. Biol Chem 2022; 403:819-858. [PMID: 35172419 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, lysine sticks out due to its unparalleled chemical diversity of post-translational modifications. This results in a wide range of possibilities to influence protein function and hence modulate cellular physiology. Concomitantly, lysine derivatives form a metabolic reservoir that can confer selective advantages to those organisms that can utilize it. In this review, we provide examples of selected lysine modifications and describe their role in bacterial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Lassak
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Alina Sieber
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig - Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Marques da Silva W, Seyffert N, Silva A, Azevedo V. A journey through the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis proteome promotes insights into its functional genome. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12456. [PMID: 35036114 PMCID: PMC8710256 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen and the etiologic agent of illnesses like caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants, mastitis in dairy cattle, ulcerative lymphangitis in equines, and oedematous skin disease in buffalos. With the growing advance in high-throughput technologies, genomic studies have been carried out to explore the molecular basis of its virulence and pathogenicity. However, data large-scale functional genomics studies are necessary to complement genomics data and better understating the molecular basis of a given organism. Here we summarize, MS-based proteomics techniques and bioinformatics tools incorporated in genomic functional studies of C. pseudotuberculosis to discover the different patterns of protein modulation under distinct environmental conditions, and antigenic and drugs targets. Methodology In this study we performed an extensive search in Web of Science of original and relevant articles related to methods, strategy, technology, approaches, and bioinformatics tools focused on the functional study of the genome of C. pseudotuberculosis at the protein level. Results Here, we highlight the use of proteomics for understating several aspects of the physiology and pathogenesis of C. pseudotuberculosis at the protein level. The implementation and use of protocols, strategies, and proteomics approach to characterize the different subcellular fractions of the proteome of this pathogen. In addition, we have discussed the immunoproteomics, immunoinformatics and genetic tools employed to identify targets for immunoassays, drugs, and vaccines against C. pseudotuberculosis infection. Conclusion In this review, we showed that the combination of proteomics and bioinformatics studies is a suitable strategy to elucidate the functional aspects of the C. pseudotuberculosis genome. Together, all information generated from these proteomics studies allowed expanding our knowledge about factors related to the pathophysiology of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Marques da Silva
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology-(INTA/CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nubia Seyffert
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Artur Silva
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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8
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Virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii in proteins moonlighting. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Parada C, Neri-Badillo IC, Vallecillo AJ, Segura E, Silva-Miranda M, Guzmán-Gutiérrez SL, Ortega PA, Coronado-Aceves EW, Cancino-Villeda L, Torres-Larios A, Aceves Sánchez MDJ, Flores Valdez MA, Espitia C. New Insights into the Methylation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Heparin Binding Hemagglutinin Adhesin Expressed in Rhodococcus erythropolis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091139. [PMID: 34578171 PMCID: PMC8467707 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, knowledge of the role that protein methylation is playing on the physiopathogenesis of bacteria has grown. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, methylation of the heparin binding hemagglutinin adhesin modulates the immune response, making this protein a subunit vaccine candidate. Through its C-terminal lysine-rich domain, this surface antigen interacts with heparan sulfate proteoglycans present in non-phagocytic cells, leading to extrapulmonary dissemination of the pathogen. In this study, the adhesin was expressed as a recombinant methylated protein in Rhodococcus erythropolis L88 and it was found associated to lipid droplets when bacteria were grown under nitrogen limitation. In order to delve into the role methylation could have in host–pathogen interactions, a comparative analysis was carried out between methylated and unmethylated protein produced in Escherichia coli. We found that methylation had an impact on lowering protein isoelectric point, but no differences between the proteins were found in their capacity to interact with heparin and A549 epithelial cells. An important finding was that HbhA is a Fatty Acid Binding Protein and differences in the conformational stability of the protein in complex with the fatty acid were observed between methylated and unmethylated protein. Together, these results suggest that the described role for this mycobacteria protein in lipid bodies formation could be related to its capacity to transport fatty acids. Obtained results also provide new clues about the role HbhA methylation could have in tuberculosis and point out the importance of having heterologous expression systems to obtain modified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parada
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Isabel Cecilia Neri-Badillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Antonio J. Vallecillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010220, Ecuador
| | - Erika Segura
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Mayra Silva-Miranda
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACyT, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
| | - Silvia Laura Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACyT, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
| | - Paola A. Ortega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Enrique Wenceslao Coronado-Aceves
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Laura Cancino-Villeda
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Alfredo Torres-Larios
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves Sánchez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.d.J.A.S.); (M.A.F.V.)
| | - Mario Alberto Flores Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.d.J.A.S.); (M.A.F.V.)
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
- Correspondence:
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Pirovich DB, Da’dara AA, Skelly PJ. Multifunctional Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase as a Therapeutic Target. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:719678. [PMID: 34458323 PMCID: PMC8385298 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.719678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is a ubiquitous cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the fourth step of glycolysis. Aldolases are classified into three groups: Class-I, Class-IA, and Class-II; all classes share similar structural features but low amino acid identity. Apart from their conserved role in carbohydrate metabolism, aldolases have been reported to perform numerous non-enzymatic functions. Here we review the myriad "moonlighting" functions of this classical enzyme, many of which are centered on its ability to bind to an array of partner proteins that impact cellular scaffolding, signaling, transcription, and motility. In addition to the cytosolic location, aldolase has been found the extracellular surface of several pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and metazoans. In the extracellular space, the enzyme has been reported to perform virulence-enhancing moonlighting functions e.g., plasminogen binding, host cell adhesion, and immunomodulation. Aldolase's importance has made it both a drug target and vaccine candidate. In this review, we note the several inhibitors that have been synthesized with high specificity for the aldolases of pathogens and cancer cells and have been shown to inhibit classical enzyme activity and moonlighting functions. We also review the many trials in which recombinant aldolases have been used as vaccine targets against a wide variety of pathogenic organisms including bacteria, fungi, and metazoan parasites. Most of such trials generated significant protection from challenge infection, correlated with antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. We argue that refinement of aldolase antigen preparations and expansion of immunization trials should be encouraged to promote the advancement of promising, protective aldolase vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Pirovich
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
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Abiotrophia defectiva DnaK Promotes Fibronectin-Mediated Adherence to HUVECs and Induces a Proinflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168528. [PMID: 34445234 PMCID: PMC8395199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotrophia defectiva is a nutritionally variant streptococci that is found in the oral cavity, and it is an etiologic agent of infective endocarditis. We have previously reported the binding activity of A. defectiva to fibronectin and to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). However, the contribution of some adhesion factors on the binding properties has not been well delineated. In this study, we identified DnaK, a chaperon protein, as being one of the binding molecules of A. defectiva to fibronectin. Recombinant DnaK (rDnaK) bound immobilized fibronectin in a concentration-dependent manner, and anti-DnaK antiserum reduced the binding activity of A. defectiva with both fibronectin and HUVECs. Furthermore, DnaK were observed on the cell surfaces via immune-electroscopic analysis with anti-DnaK antiserum. Expression of IL-8, CCL2, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 was upregulated with the A. defectiva rDnaK treatment in HUVECs. Furthermore, TNF-α secretion of THP-1 macrophages was also upregulated with the rDnaK. We observed these upregulations in rDnaK treated with polymyxin B, but not in the heat-treated rDnaK. The findings show that A. defectiva DnaK functions not only as an adhesin to HUVECs via the binding to fibronectin but also as a proinflammatory agent in the pathogenicity to cause infective endocarditis.
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Ho JD, Takara LEM, Monaris D, Gonçalves AP, Souza-Filho AF, de Souza GO, Heinemann MB, Ho PL, Abreu PAE. GroEL protein of the Leptospira spp. interacts with host proteins and induces cytokines secretion on macrophages. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:99. [PMID: 33789603 PMCID: PMC8011160 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with spirochetes from Leptospira genus. It has been classified into at least 17 pathogenic species, with more than 250 serologic variants. This wide distribution may be a result of leptospiral ability to colonize the renal tubules of mammalian hosts, including humans, wildlife, and many domesticated animals. Previous studies showed that the expression of proteins belonging to the microbial heat shock protein (HSP) family is upregulated during infection and also during various stress stimuli. Several proteins of this family are known to have important roles in the infectious processes in other bacteria, but the role of HSPs in Leptospira spp. is poorly understood. In this study, we have evaluated the capacity of the protein GroEL, a member of HSP family, of interacting with host proteins and of stimulating the production of cytokines by macrophages. RESULTS The binding experiments demonstrated that the recombinant GroEL protein showed interaction with several host components in a dose-dependent manner. It was also observed that GroEL is a surface protein, and it is secreted extracellularly. Moreover, two cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6) were produced when macrophages cells were stimulated with this protein. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that GroEL protein may contribute to the adhesion of leptospires to host tissues and stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines during infection. These features might indicate an important role of GroEL in the pathogen-host interaction in the leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Dias Ho
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Denize Monaris
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Francisco Souza-Filho
- Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Oliveira de Souza
- Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Bioindustrial Division, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Medcalf RL, Keragala CB. Fibrinolysis: A Primordial System Linked to the Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3406. [PMID: 33810275 PMCID: PMC8037105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system provides an essential means to remove fibrin deposits and blood clots. The actual protease responsible for this is plasmin, formed from its precursor, plasminogen. Fibrin is heralded as it most renowned substrate but for many years plasmin has been known to cleave many other substrates, and to also activate other proteolytic systems. Recent clinical studies have shown that the promotion of plasmin can lead to an immunosuppressed phenotype, in part via its ability to modulate cytokine expression. Almost all immune cells harbor at least one of a dozen plasminogen receptors that allows plasmin formation on the cell surface that in turn modulates immune cell behavior. Similarly, a multitude of pathogens can also express their own plasminogen activators, or contain surface proteins that provide binding sites host plasminogen. Plasmin formed under these circumstances also empowers these pathogens to modulate host immune defense mechanisms. Phylogenetic studies have revealed that the plasminogen activating system predates the appearance of fibrin, indicating that plasmin did not evolve as a fibrinolytic protease but perhaps has its roots as an immune modifying protease. While its fibrin removing capacity became apparent in lower vertebrates these primitive under-appreciated immune modifying functions still remain and are now becoming more recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School Melbourne, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
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14
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Gani Z, Boradia VM, Kumar A, Patidar A, Talukdar S, Choudhary E, Singh R, Agarwal N, Raje M, Iyengar Raje C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase plays a dual role-As an adhesin and as a receptor for plasmin(ogen). Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13311. [PMID: 33486886 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spread of infection is directly determined by the ability of a pathogen to invade and infect host tissues. The process involves adherence due to host-pathogen interactions and traversal into deeper tissues. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) primarily infects the lung but is unique in its ability to infect almost any other organ of the human host including immune privileged sites such as the central nervous system (CNS). The extreme invasiveness of this bacterium is not fully understood. In the current study, we report that cell surface Mtb glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) functions as a virulence factor by multiple mechanisms. Firstly, it serves as a dual receptor for both plasminogen (Plg) and plasmin (Plm). CRISPRi-mediated silencing of this essential enzyme confirmed its role in the recruitment of Plg/Plm. Our studies further demonstrate that soluble GAPDH can re-associate on Mtb bacilli to promote plasmin(ogen) recruitment. The direct association of plasmin(ogen) via cell surface GAPDH or by the re-association of soluble GAPDH enhanced bacterial adherence to and traversal across lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, the association of GAPDH with host extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins coupled with its ability to recruit plasmin(ogen) may endow cells with the ability of directed proteolytic activity vital for tissue invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Gani
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India
| | - Vishant Mahendra Boradia
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Global Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ajay Kumar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India
| | - Anil Patidar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sharmila Talukdar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Eira Choudhary
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Symbiosis School of Biomedical Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ranvir Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India
| | - Nisheeth Agarwal
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Manoj Raje
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Chaaya Iyengar Raje
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India
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15
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Gomez-Fuentes S, Hernández-de la Fuente S, Morales-Ruiz V, López-Recinos D, Guevara-Salinas A, Parada-Colin MC, Espitia C, Ochoa-Leyva A, Sánchez F, Villalobos N, Arce-Sillas A, Hernández M, Mora SI, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Adalid-Peralta L. A novel, sequencing-free strategy for the functional characterization of Taenia solium proteomic fingerprint. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009104. [PMID: 33600419 PMCID: PMC7924735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The flatworm Taenia solium causes human and pig cysticercosis. When cysticerci are established in the human central nervous system, they cause neurocysticercosis, a potentially fatal disease. Neurocysticercosis is a persisting public health problem in rural regions of Mexico and other developing countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, where the infection is endemic. The great variability observed in the phenotypic and genotypic traits of cysticerci result in a great heterogeneity in the patterns of molecules secreted by them within their host. This work is aimed to identify and characterize cysticercal secretion proteins of T. solium cysticerci obtained from 5 naturally infected pigs from Guerrero, Mexico, using 2D-PAGE proteomic analysis. The isoelectric point (IP) and molecular weight (MW) of the spots were identified using the software ImageMaster 2D Platinum v.7.0. Since most secreted proteins are impossible to identify by mass spectrometry (MS) due to their low concentration in the sample, a novel strategy to predict their sequence was applied. In total, 108 conserved and 186 differential proteins were identified in five cysticercus cultures. Interestingly, we predicted the sequence of 14 proteins that were common in four out of five cysticercus cultures, which could be used to design vaccines or diagnostic methods for neurocysticercosis. A functional characterization of all sequences was performed using the algorithms SecretomeP, SignalP, and BlastKOALA. We found a possible link between signal transduction pathways in parasite cells and human cancer due to deregulation in signal transduction pathways. Bioinformatics analysis also demonstrated that the parasite release proteins by an exosome-like mechanism, which could be of biological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gomez-Fuentes
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación para el estudio de patologías neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Sarah Hernández-de la Fuente
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación para el estudio de patologías neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Valeria Morales-Ruiz
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación para el estudio de patologías neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Dina López-Recinos
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación para el estudio de patologías neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Adrián Guevara-Salinas
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación para el estudio de patologías neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - María Cristina Parada-Colin
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Adrián Ochoa-Leyva
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos
| | - Filiberto Sánchez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos
| | - Nelly Villalobos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Asiel Arce-Sillas
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación para el estudio de patologías neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Marisela Hernández
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Silvia Ivonne Mora
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Laura Adalid-Peralta
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación para el estudio de patologías neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, La Fama, México, México
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16
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Schwarz MGA, Antunes D, Corrêa PR, da Silva-Gonçalves AJ, Malaga W, Caffarena ER, Guilhot C, Mendonça-Lima L. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG Moreau Fumarate Reductase Operons Produce Different Polypeptides That May Be Related to Non-canonical Functions. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:624121. [PMID: 33510737 PMCID: PMC7835394 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.624121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a world widespread disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Although considered an obligate aerobe, this organism can resist life-limiting conditions such as microaerophily mainly due to its set of enzymes responsible for energy production and coenzyme restoration under these conditions. One of these enzymes is fumarate reductase, an heterotetrameric complex composed of a catalytic (FrdA), an iron-sulfur cluster (FrdB) and two transmembrane (FrdC and FrdD) subunits involved in anaerobic respiration and important for the maintenance of membrane potential. In this work, aiming to further characterize this enzyme function in mycobacteria, we analyzed the expression of FrdB-containing proteins in M.tb and Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Moreau, the Brazilian vaccine strain against tuberculosis. We identified three isoforms in both mycobacteria, two of them corresponding to the predicted encoded polypeptides of M.tb (27 kDa) and BCG Moreau (40 kDa) frd sequences, as due to an insertion on the latter’s operon a fused FrdBC protein is expected. The third 52 kDa band can be explained by a transcriptional slippage event, typically occurring when mutation arises in a repetitive region within a coding sequence, thought to reduce its impact allowing the production of both native and variant forms. Comparative modeling of the M.tb and BCG Moreau predicted protein complexes allowed the detection of subtle overall differences, showing a high degree of structure and maybe functional resemblance among them. Axenic growth and macrophage infection assays show that the frd locus is important for proper bacterial development in both scenarios, and that both M.tb’s and BCG Moreau’s alleles can partially revert the hampered phenotype of the knockout strain. Altogether, our results show that the frdABCD operon of Mycobacteria may have evolved to possess other yet non-described functions, such as those necessary during aerobic logarithmic growth and early stage steps of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Antunes
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paloma Rezende Corrêa
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Wladimir Malaga
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Ernesto Raul Caffarena
- Grupo de Biofísica Computacional e Modelagem Molecular, Programa de Computação Científica, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Leila Mendonça-Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Liu H, Jeffery CJ. Moonlighting Proteins in the Fuzzy Logic of Cellular Metabolism. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153440. [PMID: 32751110 PMCID: PMC7435893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The numerous interconnected biochemical pathways that make up the metabolism of a living cell comprise a fuzzy logic system because of its high level of complexity and our inability to fully understand, predict, and model the many activities, how they interact, and their regulation. Each cell contains thousands of proteins with changing levels of expression, levels of activity, and patterns of interactions. Adding more layers of complexity is the number of proteins that have multiple functions. Moonlighting proteins include a wide variety of proteins where two or more functions are performed by one polypeptide chain. In this article, we discuss examples of proteins with variable functions that contribute to the fuzziness of cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Liu
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Constance J. Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-996-3168
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18
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Li H, Huang Y, Wang J, Yu H, Zhao J, Wan Q, Qi X, Li H, Wang C, Pan B. Molecular and biochemical characterization of enolase from Dermanyssus gallinae. Gene 2020; 756:144911. [PMID: 32574756 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enolase, a multifunctional glycolytic enzyme, is known to act as a plasminogen receptor in many species, involved in the pivotal processes such as motility, adhesion, invasion, growth, and differentiation of the parasites. Knowledge on the function of enolase from Dermanyssus gallinae is very limited. Here we report on the molecular cloning, enzymatic activity, tissue distribution and plasminogen binding activity of enolase from D. gallinae (DgENO). The full-length of cDNA was 1305 bp, specifying a peptide of 434 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that DgENO was highly conserved compared with a range of organisms, indicating the potentially similar functions in D. gallinae. A recombinant DgENO (rDgENO) protein was produced and characterized, it catalyzed the dehydration of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate, the optimal pH was 7.5. Polyclonal antibodies were generated in mice and western blotting indicated that antiserum specifically recognized the native enolase in the somatic extracts from D. gallinae. Immunohistochemical staining of mite sections revealed that the distribution of DgENO was ubiquitous with high level in salivary gland, mite digestive tissues and fat bodies in D. gallinae. Expression level of DgENO was observed mostly in engorged adult mites. Moreover, ELISA binding assay showed that rDgENO could bind plasminogen, and lysine analog ε-aminocaproic acid significantly inhibited this binding activity, indicating that D. gallinae enolase is a receptor of plasminogen. The present study provided foundation for understanding of the biological functions of DgENO and its application in development of vaccines against D. gallinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Bin Jiang District, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - He Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiang Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuanwen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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19
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Guzman Beltrán S, Sanchez Morales J, González Canto A, Escalona Montaño A, Torres Guerrero H. Human serum proteins bind to Sporothrix schenckii conidia with differential effects on phagocytosis. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:33-39. [PMID: 32382937 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum is an important source of proteins that interact with pathogens. Once bound to the cell surface, serum proteins can stimulate the innate immune system. The phagocytosis of Sporothrix schenckii conidia by human macrophages is activated through human serum opsonisation. In this study, we have attempted to characterise human blood serum proteins that bind to the cell wall of S. schenckii conidia. We systematically observed the same four proteins independent of the plasma donor: albumin, serum amyloid protein (SAP), α-1 antitrypsin (AAT), and transferrin were identified with the help of tandem mass spectrometry. Phagocytosis depended on the concentration of the SAP or α-1 antitrypsin that was used to opsonise the conidia; however, transferrin or albumin did not have any effect on conidia internalisation. The presence of mannose did not affect macrophage phagocytosis of the conidia opsonised with SAP or α-1 antitrypsin, which suggests that these proteins are not recognised by the mannose receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guzman Beltrán
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Ciudad de México, 14502, Mexico
| | - Jazmín Sanchez Morales
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Micología Básica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Augusto González Canto
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Patología Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alma Escalona Montaño
- Unidad Periferica de la Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional. Inmunobioquímica Molecular y Cardiopatías, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - Haydee Torres Guerrero
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Micología Básica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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20
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Vinod V, Vijayrajratnam S, Vasudevan AK, Biswas R. The cell surface adhesins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Res 2019; 232:126392. [PMID: 31841935 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell surface adhesins play a major role in facilitating host colonization and subsequent establishment of infection. The surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, owing to the complex architecture of its cell envelope, expresses numerous adhesins with varied chemical nature, including proteins, lipids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins and glycopolymers. Studies on mycobacterial adhesins show that they bind with multifarious host receptors and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In this review we have highlighted the adhesins that are abundantly present on the mycobacterial surface and their interactions with host receptors. M. tuberculosis interacts with various host cell surface receptors such as toll like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, scavenger receptors, and Fc and complement receptors. Apart from these, ECM components like fibronectin, collagen, elastin, laminin, fibrillin and vitronectin also provide binding sites for surface adhesins of the tubercle bacilli. M. tuberculosis adhesins include proteins with and without signal peptide sequence and transmembrane proteins. Other surface adhesin macromolecules of M. tuberculosis comprises of lipids, glycolipids and glycopolymers. The interaction between the mycobacterial adhesins and their host receptors result in adhesion of the microbe to the host cells, induction of immune response and aid in the pathogenesis of the disease. A thorough understanding of the different M. tuberculosis surface adhesins and host receptors will provide a better picture of interaction between them at molecular level. The information gained on adhesins and host receptors will prove beneficial in developing novel therapeutic strategies such as the use of anti-adhesin molecules to hinder the adhesion of bacteria to the host cells, thereby preventing establishment of infection. The surface molecules discussed in this review will also benefit in identification of new drug targets, diagnostic markers or vaccine candidates against the deadly pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Vinod
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Sukhithasri Vijayrajratnam
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar Vasudevan
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India.
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21
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Jiang P, Zao YJ, Yan SW, Song YY, Yang DM, Dai LY, Liu RD, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Molecular characterization of a Trichinella spiralis enolase and its interaction with the host's plasminogen. Vet Res 2019; 50:106. [PMID: 31806006 PMCID: PMC6894503 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding and activation of host plasminogen (PLG) by worm surface enolases has been verified to participate in parasite invasion, but the role of this processes during Trichinella spiralis infection has not been clarified. Therefore, the expression and immunolocalization of a T. spiralis enolase (TsENO) and its binding activity with PLG were evaluated in this study. Based on the three-dimensional (3D) molecular model of TsENO, the protein interaction between TsENO and human PLG was analysed by the ZDOCK server. The interacting residues were identified after analysis of the protein–protein interface by bioinformatics techniques. The key interacting residues were confirmed by a series of experiments. The qPCR analysis results demonstrated that Ts-eno was transcribed throughout the whole life cycle of T. spiralis. The immunofluorescence assay (IFA) results confirmed that TsENO was distributed on the T. spiralis surface. The binding assays showed that recombinant TsENO (rTsENO) and native TsENO were able to bind PLG. Four lysine residues (90, 289, 291 and 300) of TsENO were considered to be active residues for PLG interaction. The quadruple mutant (Lys90Ala + Lys289Ala + Lys291Ala + Lys300Ala) TsENO, in which the key lysine residues were substituted with alanine (Ala) residues, exhibited a reduction in PLG binding of nearly 50% (45.37%). These results revealed that TsENO has strong binding activity with human PLG. The four lysine residues (90, 289, 291 and 300) of TsENO play an important role in PLG binding and could accelerate PLG activation and invasion of the host’s intestinal wall by T. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - You Jiao Zao
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shu Wei Yan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Dong Min Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Li Yuan Dai
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Ning M, Xiu Y, Yuan M, Bi J, Hou L, Gu W, Wang W, Meng Q. Spiroplasma eriocheiris Invasion Into Macrobrachium rosenbergii Hemocytes Is Mediated by Pathogen Enolase and Host Lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-Glucan Binding Protein. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1852. [PMID: 31440244 PMCID: PMC6694788 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiroplasma eriocheiris is a crustacean pathogen, without a cell wall, that causes enormous economic loss. Macrobrachium rosenbergii hemocytes are the major targets during S. eriocheiris infection. As wall-less bacteria, S. eriocheiris, its membrane protein should interact with host membrane protein directly and firstly when invaded in host cell. In this investigation, six potential hemocyte receptor proteins were identified firstly that mediate interaction between S. eriocheiris and M. rosenbergii. Among these proteins, lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-glucan binding protein (MrLGBP) demonstrated to bind to S. eriocheiris using bacterial binding assays and confocal microscopy. Four spiroplasma ligand proteins for MrLGBP were isolated and identified. But, competitive assessment demonstrated that only enolase of S. eriocheiris (SeEnolase) could be a candidate ligand for MrLGBP. Subsequently, the interaction between MrLGBP and SeEnolase was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization in vitro. After the interaction between MrLGBP and SeEnolase was inhibited by antibody neutralization test, the virulence ability of S. eriocheiris was effectively reduced. The quantity of S. eriocheiris decreased in Drosophila S2 cells after overexpression of MrLGBP, compared with the controls. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of MrLGBP made M. rosenbergii more sensitive to S. eriocheiris infection. Further studies found that the immune genes, including MrLGBP and prophenoloxidase (MrproPO), MrRab7A, and Mrintegrin α1 were significantly up-regulated by SeEnolase stimulation. After SeEnolase pre-stimulation, the ability of M. rosenbergii resistance to S. eriocheiris was significantly improved. Collectively, this investigation demonstrated that MrLGBP and pathogen SeEnolase involved in mediating S. eriocheiris invasion into M. rosenbergii hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Ning
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunji Xiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meijun Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Libo Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,Co-innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,Co-innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, China
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23
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Echeverría-Valencia G, Silva-Miranda M, Ekaza E, Vallecillo AJ, Parada C, Sada-Ovalle I, Altare F, Espitia C. Interaction of mycobacteria with Plasmin(ogen) affects phagocytosis and granuloma development. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 117:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Pagani TD, Guimarães ACR, Waghabi MC, Corrêa PR, Kalume DE, Berrêdo-Pinho M, Degrave WM, Mendonça-Lima L. Exploring the Potential Role of Moonlighting Function of the Surface-Associated Proteins From Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau and Pasteur by Comparative Proteomic. Front Immunol 2019; 10:716. [PMID: 31080447 PMCID: PMC6497762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-associated proteins from Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau RDJ are important components of the live Brazilian vaccine against tuberculosis. They are important targets during initial BCG vaccine stimulation and modulation of the host's immune response, especially in the bacterial-host interaction. These proteins might also be involved in cellular communication, chemical response to the environment, pathogenesis processes through mobility, colonization, and adherence to the host cell, therefore performing multiple functions. In this study, the proteomic profile of the surface-associated proteins from M. bovis BCG Moreau was compared to the BCG Pasteur reference strain. The methodology used was 2DE gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry techniques (MALDI-TOF/TOF), leading to the identification of 115 proteins. Of these, 24 proteins showed differential expression between the two BCG strains. Furthermore, 27 proteins previously described as displaying moonlighting function were identified, 8 of these proteins showed variation in abundance comparing BCG Moreau to Pasteur and 2 of them presented two different domain hits. Moonlighting proteins are multifunctional proteins in which two or more biological functions are fulfilled by a single polypeptide chain. Therefore, the identification of such proteins with moonlighting predicted functions can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms unleashed by live BCG Moreau RDJ vaccine components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Duarte Pagani
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina R Guimarães
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Waghabi
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paloma Rezende Corrêa
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dário Eluan Kalume
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Unidade de Espectrometria de Massas e Proteômica, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Berrêdo-Pinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wim Maurits Degrave
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leila Mendonça-Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Wilde S, Jiang Y, Tafoya AM, Horsman J, Yousif M, Vazquez LA, Roland KL. Salmonella-vectored vaccine delivering three Clostridium perfringens antigens protects poultry against necrotic enteritis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0197721. [PMID: 30753181 PMCID: PMC6372158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis is an economically important poultry disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens. There are currently no necrotic enteritis vaccines commercially available for use in broiler birds, the most important target population. Salmonella-vectored vaccines represent a convenient and effective option for controlling this disease. We used a single attenuated Salmonella vaccine strain, engineered to lyse within the host, to deliver up to three C. perfringens antigens. Two of the antigens were toxoids, based on C. perfringens α-toxin and NetB toxin. The third antigen was fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba), a metabolic enzyme with an unknown role in virulence. Oral immunization with a single Salmonella vaccine strain producing either Fba, α-toxoid and NetB toxoid, or all three antigens, was immunogenic, inducing serum, cellular and mucosal responses against Salmonella and the vectored C. perfringens antigens. All three vaccine strains were partially protective against virulent C. perfringens challenge. The strains delivering Fba only or all three antigens provided the best protection. We also demonstrate that both toxins and Fba are present on the C. perfringens cell surface. The presence of Fba on the cell surface suggests that Fba may function as an adhesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyra Wilde
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yanlong Jiang
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Amanda M. Tafoya
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jamie Horsman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Miranda Yousif
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Luis Armando Vazquez
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L. Roland
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Liu D, Yang Z, Chen Y, Zhuang W, Niu H, Wu J, Ying H. Clostridium acetobutylicum grows vegetatively in a biofilm rich in heteropolysaccharides and cytoplasmic proteins. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:315. [PMID: 30479660 PMCID: PMC6245871 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilms are cell communities wherein cells are embedded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The biofilm of Clostridium acetobutylicum confers the cells superior phenotypes and has been extensively exploited to produce a variety of liquid biofuels and bulk chemicals. However, little has been known about the physiology of C. acetobutylicum in biofilm as well as the composition and biosynthesis of the EPS. Thus, this study is focused on revealing the cell physiology and EPS composition of C. acetobutylicum biofilm. RESULTS Here, we revealed a novel lifestyle of C. acetobutylicum in biofilm: elimination of sporulation and vegetative growth. Extracellular polymeric substances and wire-like structures were also observed in the biofilm. Furthermore, for the first time, the biofilm polysaccharides and proteins were isolated and characterized. The biofilm contained three heteropolysaccharides. The major fraction consisted of predominantly glucose, mannose and aminoglucose. Also, a great variety of proteins including many non-classically secreted proteins moonlighting as adhesins were found considerably present in the biofilm, with GroEL, a S-layer protein and rubrerythrin being the most abundant ones. CONCLUSIONS This study evidenced that vegetative C. acetobutylicum cells rather than commonly assumed spore-forming cells were essentially the solvent-forming cells. The abundant non-classically secreted moonlighting proteins might be important for the biofilm formation. This study provides the first physiological and molecular insights into C. acetobutylicum biofilm which should be valuable for understanding and development of the biofilm-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advance Material (SICAM), No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
| | - Zhengjiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advance Material (SICAM), No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advance Material (SICAM), No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
| | - Huanqing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advance Material (SICAM), No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
| | - Jinglan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advance Material (SICAM), No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advance Material (SICAM), No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
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27
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Plasminogen-binding proteins as an evasion mechanism of the host's innate immunity in infectious diseases. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180705. [PMID: 30166455 PMCID: PMC6167496 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens have developed particular strategies to infect and invade their hosts. Amongst these strategies’ figures the modulation of several components of the innate immune system participating in early host defenses, such as the coagulation and complement cascades, as well as the fibrinolytic system. The components of the coagulation cascade and the fibrinolytic system have been proposed to be interfered during host invasion and tissue migration of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and more recently, helminths. One of the components that has been proposed to facilitate pathogen migration is plasminogen (Plg), a protein found in the host’s plasma, which is activated into plasmin (Plm), a serine protease that degrades fibrin networks and promotes degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), aiding maintenance of homeostasis. However, pathogens possess Plg-binding proteins that can activate it, therefore taking advantage of the fibrin degradation to facilitate establishment in their hosts. Emergence of Plg-binding proteins appears to have occurred in diverse infectious agents along evolutionary history of host–pathogen relationships. The goal of the present review is to list, summarize, and analyze different examples of Plg-binding proteins used by infectious agents to invade and establish in their hosts. Emphasis was placed on mechanisms used by helminth parasites, particularly taeniid cestodes, where enolase has been identified as a major Plg-binding and activating protein. A new picture is starting to arise about how this glycolytic enzyme could acquire an entirely new role as modulator of the innate immune system in the context of the host–parasite relationship.
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28
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Jeffery CJ. Protein moonlighting: what is it, and why is it important? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0523. [PMID: 29203708 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the GroEL/HSP60 protein family have been studied for many years because of their critical roles as ATP-dependent molecular chaperones, so it might come as a surprise that some have important functions in ATP-poor conditions, for example, when secreted outside the cell. At least some members of each of the HSP10, HSP70, HSP90, HSP100 and HSP110 heat shock protein families are also 'moonlighting proteins'. Moonlighting proteins exhibit more than one physiologically relevant biochemical or biophysical function within one polypeptide chain. In this class of multifunctional proteins, the multiple functions are not due to gene fusions or multiple proteolytic fragments. Several hundred moonlighting proteins have been identified, and they include a diverse set of proteins with a large variety of functions. Some participate in multiple biochemical processes by using an active site pocket for catalysis and a different part of the protein's surface to interact with other proteins. Moonlighting proteins play a central role in many diseases, and the development of novel treatments would be aided by more information addressing current questions, for example, how some are targeted to multiple cellular locations and how a single function can be targeted by therapeutics without targeting a function not involved in disease.This article is part of the theme issue 'Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance J Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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29
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Ayón-Núñez DA, Fragoso G, Espitia C, García-Varela M, Soberón X, Rosas G, Laclette JP, Bobes RJ. Identification and characterization of Taenia solium enolase as a plasminogen-binding protein. Acta Trop 2018; 182:69-79. [PMID: 29466706 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The larval stage of Taenia solium (cysticerci) is the causal agent of human and swine cysticercosis. When ingested by the host, T. solium eggs are activated and hatch in the intestine, releasing oncospheres that migrate to various tissues and evolve into cysticerci. Plasminogen (Plg) receptor proteins have been reported to play a role in migration processes for several pathogens. This work is aimed to identify Plg-binding proteins in T. solium cysticerci and determine whether T. solium recombinant enolase (rTsEnoA) is capable of specifically binding and activating human Plg. To identify Plg-binding proteins, a 2D-SDS-PAGE ligand blotting was performed, and recognized spots were identified by MS/MS. Seven proteins from T. solium cysticerci were found capable of binding Plg: fascicilin-1, fasciclin-2, enolase, MAPK, annexin, actin, and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase. To determine whether rTsEnoA binds human Plg, a ligand blotting was performed and the results were confirmed by ELISA both in the presence and absence of εACA, a competitive Plg inhibitor. Finally, rTsEnoA-bound Plg was activated to plasmin in the presence of tPA. To better understand the evolution of enolase isoforms in T. solium, a phylogenetic inference analysis including 75 enolase amino acid sequences was conducted. The origin of flatworm enolase isoforms, except for Eno4, is independent of their vertebrate counterparts. Therefore, herein we propose to designate tapeworm protein isoforms as A, B, C, and 4. In conclusion, recombinant enolase showed a strong plasminogen binding and activating activity in vitro. T. solium enolase could play a role in parasite invasion along with other plasminogen-binding proteins.
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30
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Jeffery C. Intracellular proteins moonlighting as bacterial adhesion factors. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:362-376. [PMID: 31294221 PMCID: PMC6604927 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.2.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic and commensal, or probiotic, bacteria employ adhesins on the cell surface to attach to and interact with the host. Dozens of the adhesins that play key roles in binding to host cells or extracellular matrix were originally identified as intracellular chaperones or enzymes in glycolysis or other central metabolic pathways. Proteins that have two very different functions, often in two different subcellular locations, are referred to as moonlighting proteins. The intracellular/surface moonlighting proteins do not contain signal sequences for secretion or known sequence motifs for binding to the cell surface, so in most cases is not known how these proteins are secreted or how they become attached to the cell surface. A secretion system in which a large portion of the pool of each protein remains inside the cell while some of the pool of the protein is partitioned to the cell surface has not been identified. This may involve a novel version of a known secretion system or it may involve a novel secretion system. Understanding the processes by which intracellular/cell surface moonlighting proteins are targeted to the cell surface could provide novel protein targets for the development of small molecules that block secretion and/or association with the cell surface and could serve as lead compounds for the development of novel antibacterial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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31
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Two glutathione transferase isoforms isolated from juvenile cysts of Taenia crassiceps: identification, purification and characterization. J Helminthol 2017; 92:687-695. [PMID: 29032785 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We identified and characterized the first two glutathione transferases (GSTs) isolated from juvenile cysts of Taenia crassiceps (EC 2.5.1.18). The two glutathione transferases (TcGST1 and TcGST2) were purified in a single-step protocol using glutathione (GSH)-sepharose chromatography in combination with a GSH gradient. The specific activities of TcGST1 and TcGST2 were 26 U mg-1 and 19 U mg-1, respectively, both at 25°C and pH 6.5 with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and GSH as substrates. The Km(CDNB) and Kcat(CDNB) values for TcGST1 and TcGST2 (0.86 μm and 62 s-1; 1.03 μm and 1.97 s-1, respectively) and Km(GSH) and Kcat(GSH) values for TcGST1 and TcGST2 (0.55 μm and 11.61 s-1; 0.3 μm and 32.3 s-1, respectively) were similar to those reported for mammalian and helminth GSTs. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that eight peptides from each of the two parasite transferases were a match for gi|29825896 glutathione transferase (Taenia solium), confirming that both enzymes are GSTs. The relative molecular masses were 54,000 ± 0.9 for the native enzymes and 27,500 ± 0.5 for the enzyme subunits. Thus, TcGST1 and TcGST2 are dimeric proteins. Optimal TcGST1 and TcGST2 activities were observed at pH 8.5 in the range of 20-55°C and pH 7.5 at 35-40°C, respectively. TcGST1 and TcGST2 were inhibited by cibacron blue (CB), bromosulphophthalein (BST), rose bengal (RB), indomethacin and haematin (Hm) with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in the μm range. TcGST1 was inhibited in a non-competitive manner by all tested inhibitors with the exception of indomethacin, which was uncompetitive. The discovery of these new GSTs facilitates the potential use of T. crassiceps as a model to investigate multifunctional GSTs.
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Elongation factor Tu is a multifunctional and processed moonlighting protein. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11227. [PMID: 28894125 PMCID: PMC5593925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial moonlighting proteins were originally described in medically, agriculturally, and commercially important members of the low G + C Firmicutes. We show Elongation factor Tu (Ef-Tu) moonlights on the surface of the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (SaEf-Tu) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MpnEf-Tu), and the porcine pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MhpEf-Tu). Ef-Tu is also a target of multiple processing events on the cell surface and these were characterised using an N-terminomics pipeline. Recombinant MpnEf-Tu bound strongly to a diverse range of host molecules, and when bound to plasminogen, was able to convert plasminogen to plasmin in the presence of plasminogen activators. Fragments of Ef-Tu retain binding capabilities to host proteins. Bioinformatics and structural modelling studies indicate that the accumulation of positively charged amino acids in short linear motifs (SLiMs), and protein processing promote multifunctional behaviour. Codon bias engendered by an A + T rich genome may influence how positively-charged residues accumulate in SLiMs.
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Guevara-Flores A, Herrera-Juárez ÁM, Martínez-González JDJ, del Arenal Mena IP, Flores-Herrera Ó, Rendón JL. Differential expression of disulfide reductase enzymes in a free-living platyhelminth (Dugesia dorotocephala). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182499. [PMID: 28787021 PMCID: PMC5546602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A search of the disulfide reductase activities expressed in the adult stage of the free-living platyhelminth Dugesia dorotocephala was carried out. Using GSSG or DTNB as substrates, it was possible to obtain a purified fraction containing both GSSG and DTNB reductase activities. Through the purification procedure, both disulfide reductase activities were obtained in the same chromatographic peak. By mass spectrometry analysis of peptide fragments obtained after tryptic digestion of the purified fraction, the presence of glutathione reductase (GR), thioredoxin-glutathione reductase (TGR), and a putative thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) was detected. Using the gold compound auranofin to selectively inhibit the GSSG reductase activity of TGR, it was found that barely 5% of the total GR activity in the D. dorotocephala extract can be assigned to GR. Such strategy did allow us to determine the kinetic parameters for both GR and TGR. Although It was not possible to discriminate DTNB reductase activity due to TrxR from that of TGR, a chromatofocusing experiment with a D. dorotocephala extract resulted in the obtention of a minor protein fraction enriched in TrxR, strongly suggesting its presence as a functional protein. Thus, unlike its parasitic counterparts, in the free-living platyhelminth lineage the three disulfide reductases are present as functional proteins, albeit TGR is still the major disulfide reductase involved in the reduction of both Trx and GSSG. This fact suggests the development of TGR in parasitic flatworms was not linked to a parasitic mode of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Guevara-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado, D.F. México, México
| | - Álvaro Miguel Herrera-Juárez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado, D.F. México, México
| | | | - Irene Patricia del Arenal Mena
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado, D.F. México, México
| | - Óscar Flores-Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado, D.F. México, México
| | - Juan Luis Rendón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado, D.F. México, México
- * E-mail:
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Hagemann L, Gründel A, Jacobs E, Dumke R. The surface-displayed chaperones GroEL and DnaK of Mycoplasma pneumoniae interact with human plasminogen and components of the extracellular matrix. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:2996644. [PMID: 28204467 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired infections of the human respiratory tract. The strongly reduced genome of the cell wall-less bacteria results in limited metabolic pathways and a small number of known virulence factors. In addition to the well-characterized adhesion apparatus and the expression of tissue-damaging substances, surface-exposed proteins with a primary function in cytosol-located processes such as glycolysis have been attracting attention in recent years. Due to interactions with host factors, it has been suggested that these bacterial proteins contribute to pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the chaperones GroEL and DnaK of M. pneumoniae as candidates for such moonlighting proteins. After successful expression in Escherichia coli and production of polyclonal antisera, the localization of both chaperones on the surface of bacteria was confirmed. Binding of recombinant GroEL and DnaK to human A549 cells, to plasminogen as well as to vitronectin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, lactoferrin and laminin was demonstrated. In the presence of both recombinant proteins and host activators, plasminogen can be activated to the protease plasmin, which is able to degrade vitronectin and fibrinogen. The results of the study extend the spectrum of surface-exposed proteins in M. pneumoniae and indicate an additional role of both chaperones in infection processes.
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Plancarte A, Nava G, Munguía JA. A new thioredoxin reductase with additional glutathione reductase activity in Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2017; 177:82-92. [PMID: 28456691 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report, herein, the purification to homogeneity and the biochemical and kinetic characterization of HcTrxR3, a new isoform of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) from Haemonchus contortus. HcTrxR3 was found to have a relative molecular weight of 134,000, while the corresponding value per subunit obtained under denaturing conditions, was of 67,000. By peptide mass spectrophotometric analysis, HcTrxR3 was determined to have 99% identity with the H. contortus HcTrxR1 although, and most importantly, they are different in their amino acid sequence in two amino acid positions: 48 (isoleucine instead of leucine) and 460 (leucine instead of proline). The enzyme catalyzes NADPH-dependent reduction of DTNB and, unexpectedly, it follows the pattern of glutathione reductases (GR) performing the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione using NADPH as the reducing cofactor. Hence, it is important to highlight this enzyme's new and unexpected condition that makes so special and one our main finding. Enzyme Kcat values for DTNB, GSSG and NADPH were 12, 3 and 8 s-1, respectively. HcTrxR3 developed, into specific TrxR substrates: ebselen and sodium selenite, with activity at 0.5 and 0.068 (U/mg), respectively; and 0.044 (U/mg) for S-nitrosoglutathione through its GR activity. The enzyme was inhibited by gold compound auranofin (AU), a selective inhibitor of thiol-dependent flavoreductases. Although HcTrxR3 has both TrxR and GR activity as thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) does, it is a TrxR because it has no glutaredoxin domain and it does not develop any hysteretic behavior as does TGR. The importance of this new enzyme is potential to further clarify the detoxification and haemostasis redox mechanism in H. contortus. Likewise, this enzyme could also be a protein model to recognize more differences between TrxR and GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Plancarte
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Nava
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Javier A Munguía
- Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 85000 Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
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Gao Z, Niu X, Zhang Q, Chen H, Gao A, Qi S, Xiang R, Belting M, Zhang S. Mitochondria chaperone GRP75 moonlighting as a cell cycle controller to derail endocytosis provides an opportunity for nanomicrosphere intracellular delivery. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58536-58552. [PMID: 28938577 PMCID: PMC5601673 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cancer cells regulate endocytosis during the cell cycle could lead us to capitalize this event pharmacologically. Although certain endocytosis pathways are attenuated during mitosis, the endocytosis shift and regulation during the cell cycle have not been well clarified. The conventional concept of glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) as protein folding chaperones was updated by discoveries that translocated GRPs assume moonlighting functions that modify the immune response, regulate viral release, and control intracellular trafficking. In this study, GRP75, a mitochondria matrix chaperone, was discovered to be highly expressed in mitotic cancer cells. Using synchronized cell models and the GRP75 gene knockdown and ectopic overexpression strategy, we showed that: (1) clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) was inhibited whereas clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) was unchanged or even up-regulated in the cell cycle M-phase; (2) GRP75 inhibited CME but promoted CIE in the M-phase, which is largely due to its high expression in cancer cell mitochondria; (3) GRP75 targeting by its small molecular inhibitor MKT-077 enhanced cell cycle G1 phase-privileged CME, which provides an opportunity for intracellular delivery of nanomicrospheres sized from 40 nm to 100 nm. Together, our results revealed that GRP75 moonlights as a cell cycle controller and endocytosis regulator in cancer cells, and thus has potential as a novel interference target for nanoparticle drugs delivery into dormant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Gao
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuran Niu
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Aiai Gao
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Qi
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sihe Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Pandey S, Tripathi D, Khubaib M, Kumar A, Sheikh JA, Sumanlatha G, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerases Are Immunogenic, Alter Cytokine Profile and Aid in Intracellular Survival. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:38. [PMID: 28261567 PMCID: PMC5310130 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) has two peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (Ppiases) PpiA and PpiB, popularly known as cyclophilin A and cyclophilin B. The role of cyclophilins in processes such as signaling, cell surface recognition, chaperoning, and heat shock response has been well-documented. We present evidence that M. tb Ppiases modulate the host immune response. ELISA results revealed significant presence of antibodies to M. tb Ppiases in patient sera as compared to sera from healthy individuals. Treatment of THP-1 cells with increasing concentrations of rPpiA, induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Alternatively, treatment with rPpiB inhibited secretion of TNF-α and induced secretion of IL-10. Furthermore, heterologous expression of M. tb PpiA and PpiB in Mycobacterium smegmatis increased bacterial survival in THP-1 cells as compared to those transformed with the vector control. Our results demonstrate that M. tb Ppiases are immunogenic proteins that can possibly modulate host immune response and enhance persistence of the pathogen within the host by subverting host cell generated stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pandey
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of PathologyNew Delhi, India; Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of HyderabadHyderabad, India
| | - Deeksha Tripathi
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Laboratory, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Khubaib
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of PathologyNew Delhi, India; Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of HyderabadHyderabad, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Laboratory, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi, India
| | - Javaid A Sheikh
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology New Delhi, India
| | | | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Laboratory, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of TechnologyNew Delhi, India; Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research CentreHyderabad, India; Jamia Hamdard, Institute of Molecular MedicineNew Delhi, India
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38
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Meena LS. GTPases: Prerequisite Molecular Target in Virulence and Survival of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15406/ijmboa.2016.01.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Host-derived extracellular RNA promotes adhesion of Streptococcus pneumoniae to endothelial and epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37758. [PMID: 27892961 PMCID: PMC5125276 DOI: 10.1038/srep37758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia. The infection process involves bacterial cell surface receptors, which interact with host extracellular matrix components to facilitate colonization and dissemination of bacteria. Here, we investigated the role of host-derived extracellular RNA (eRNA) in the process of pneumococcal alveolar epithelial cell infection. Our study demonstrates that eRNA dose-dependently increased S. pneumoniae invasion of alveolar epithelial cells. Extracellular enolase (Eno), a plasminogen (Plg) receptor, was identified as a novel eRNA-binding protein on S. pneumoniae surface, and six Eno eRNA-binding sites including a C-terminal 15 amino acid motif containing lysine residue 434 were characterized. Although the substitution of lysine 434 for glycine (K434G) markedly diminished the binding of eRNA to Eno, the adherence to and internalization into alveolar epithelial cells of S. pneumoniae strain carrying the C-terminal lysine deletion and the mutation of internal Plg-binding motif were only marginally impaired. Accordingly, using a mass spectrometric approach, we identified seven novel eRNA-binding proteins in pneumococcal cell wall. Given the high number of eRNA-interacting proteins on pneumococci, treatment with RNase1 completely inhibited eRNA-mediated pneumococcal alveolar epithelial cell infection. Our data support further efforts to employ RNAse1 as an antimicrobial agent to combat pneumococcal infectious diseases.
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Tandberg JI, Lagos LX, Langlete P, Berger E, Rishovd AL, Roos N, Varkey D, Paulsen IT, Winther-Larsen HC. Comparative Analysis of Membrane Vesicles from Three Piscirickettsia salmonis Isolates Reveals Differences in Vesicle Characteristics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165099. [PMID: 27764198 PMCID: PMC5072724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane vesicles (MVs) are spherical particles naturally released from the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial MV production is associated with a range of phenotypes including biofilm formation, horizontal gene transfer, toxin delivery, modulation of host immune responses and virulence. This study reports comparative profiling of MVs from bacterial strains isolated from three widely disperse geographical areas. Mass spectrometry identified 119, 159 and 142 proteins in MVs from three different strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis isolated from salmonids in Chile (LF-89), Norway (NVI 5692) and Canada (NVI 5892), respectively. MV comparison revealed several strain-specific differences related to higher virulence capability for LF-89 MVs, both in vivo and in vitro, and stronger similarities between the NVI 5692 and NVI 5892 MV proteome. The MVs were similar in size and appearance as analyzed by electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The MVs from all three strains were internalized by both commercial and primary immune cell cultures, which suggest a potential role of the MVs in the bacterium’s utilization of leukocytes. When MVs were injected into an adult zebrafish infection model, an upregulation of several pro-inflammatory genes were observed in spleen and kidney, indicating a modulating effect on the immune system. The present study is the first comparative analysis of P. salmonis derived MVs, highlighting strain-specific vesicle characteristics. The results further illustrate that the MV proteome from one bacterial strain is not representative of all bacterial strains within one species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia I. Tandberg
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leidy X. Lagos
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petter Langlete
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Berger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Rishovd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Norbert Roos
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deepa Varkey
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian T. Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hanne C. Winther-Larsen
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Marcos CM, de Oliveira HC, da Silva JDF, Assato PA, Yamazaki DS, da Silva RAM, Santos CT, Santos-Filho NA, Portuondo DL, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Identification and characterisation of elongation factor Tu, a novel protein involved in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-host interaction. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow079. [PMID: 27634774 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides spp., which are temperature-dependent dimorphic fungi, are responsible for the most prevalent human systemic mycosis in Latin America, the paracoccidioidomycosis. The aim of this study was to characterise the involvement of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-host interaction. Adhesive properties were examined using recombinant PbEF-Tu proteins and the respective polyclonal anti-rPbEF-Tu antibody. Immunogold analysis demonstrated the surface location of EF-Tu in P. brasiliensis. Moreover, PbEF-Tu was found to bind to fibronectin and plasminogen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and it was determined that the binding to plasminogen is at least partly dependent on lysine residues and ionic interactions. To verify the participation of EF-Tu in the interaction of P. brasiliensis with pneumocytes, we blocked the respective protein with an anti-rPbEF-Tu antibody and evaluated the consequences on the interaction index by flow cytometry. During the interaction, we observed a decrease of 2- and 3-fold at 8 and 24 h, respectively, suggesting the contribution of EF-Tu in fungal adhesion/invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patricia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniella Sayuri Yamazaki
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rosângela Aparecida Moraes da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Tavares Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Instituto de Química, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Unidade de Síntese, Estrutura e Caracterização de Peptídeos e Proteínas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacéuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
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42
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Rahi A, Matta SK, Dhiman A, Garhyan J, Gopalani M, Chandra S, Bhatnagar R. Enolase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a surface exposed plasminogen binding protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3355-3364. [PMID: 27569900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enolase, a glycolytic enzyme, has long been studied as an anchorless protein present on the surface of many pathogenic bacteria that aids in tissue remodeling and invasion by binding to host plasminogen. METHODS Anti-Mtb enolase antibodies in human sera were detected using ELISA. Immunoelectron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to show surface localization of Mtb enolase. SPR was used to determine the affinity of enolase-plasminogen interaction. Plasmin formation upon plasminogen binding to enolase and Mtb surface was measured by ELISA. Mice challenge and histopathological studies were undertaken to determine the protective efficacy of enolase immunization. RESULTS Enolase of Mtb is present on its surface and binds human plasminogen with high affinity. There was an average of 2-fold increase in antibody mediated recognition of Mtb enolase in human sera from TB patients with an active disease over control individuals. Substitution of C-terminal lysine to alanine in rEno decreased its binding affinity with human plasminogen by >2-folds. Enolase bound plasminogen showed urokinase mediated conversion into plasmin. Binding of plasminogen to the surface of Mtb and its conversion into fibrinolytic plasmin was significantly reduced in the presence of anti-rEno antibodies. Immunization with rEno also led to a significant decrease in lung CFU counts of mice upon infection with Mtb H37Rv. CONCLUSIONS Mtb enolase is a surface exposed plasminogen binding protein which upon immunization confers significant protection against Mtb challenge. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Plasminogen binding has been recognized for Mtb, however, proteins involved have not been characterized. We show here that Mtb enolase is a moonlighting plasminogen binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rahi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sumit Kumar Matta
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Alisha Dhiman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Jaishree Garhyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Monisha Gopalani
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Bermúdez-Cruz RM, Fonseca-Liñán R, Grijalva-Contreras LE, Mendoza-Hernández G, Ortega-Pierres MG. Proteomic analysis and immunodetection of antigens from early developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 231:22-31. [PMID: 27396501 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is an ubiquitous parasitic nematode that lives in muscle tissue of many hosts and causes trichinellosis in humans. Numerous efforts have been directed at specific detection of this infection and strategies for its control. TSL-1 and other antigens, mainly from muscle larvae (ML), have been used to induce partial protection in rodents. An improvement in protective immunity may be achieved by using antigens from other parasite stages. Further, identification of other parasite antigens may provide insights into their role in the host-parasite interaction. In this study, T. spiralis antigens from early developmental parasite stages, namely ML and pre-adult (PA) obtained at 6h, 18h and 30h post-infection, were identified by proteomic and mass spectrometry analyses. Our findings showed a differential expression of several proteins with molecular weights in the range of 13-224kDa and pI range of 4.54-9.89. Bioinformatic analyses revealed a wide diversity of functions in the identified proteins, which include structural, antioxidant, actin binding, peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, motor, hydrolase, ATP binding, magnesium and calcium binding, isomerase and translation elongation factor. This, together with the differential recognition of antigens from these parasite stages by antibodies present in intestinal fluid, in supernatants from intestinal explants, and in serum samples from mice infected with T. spiralis or re-infected with this parasite, provides information that may lead to alternatives in the design of vaccines against this parasite or for modulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ma Bermúdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México DF C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | - R Fonseca-Liñán
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México DF C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | - Lucia Elhy Grijalva-Contreras
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México DF C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | | | - M Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México DF C.P. 07360, Mexico.
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Carnielli CM, Artier J, de Oliveira JCF, Novo-Mansur MTM. Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri surface proteome by 2D-DIGE: Ferric enterobactin receptor and other outer membrane proteins potentially involved in citric host interaction. J Proteomics 2016; 151:251-263. [PMID: 27180281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XAC) is the causative agent of citrus canker, a disease of great economic impact around the world. Understanding the role of proteins on XAC cellular surface can provide new insights on pathogen-plant interaction. Surface proteome was performed in XAC grown in vivo (infectious) and in vitro (non-infectious) conditions, by labeling intact cells followed by cellular lysis and direct 2D-DIGE analysis. Seventy-nine differential spots were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Highest relative abundance for in vivo condition was observed for spots containing DnaK protein, 60kDa chaperonin, conserved hypothetical proteins, malate dehydrogenase, phosphomannose isomerase, and ferric enterobactin receptors. Elongation factor Tu, OmpA-related proteins, Oar proteins and some Ton-B dependent receptors were found in spots decreased in vivo. Some proteins identified on XAC's surface in infectious condition and predicted to be cytoplasmic, such as DnaK and 60KDa chaperonin, have also been previously found at cellular surface in other microorganisms. This is the first study on XAC surface proteome and results point to mediation of molecular chaperones in XAC-citrus interaction. The approach utilized here can be applied to other pathogen-host interaction systems and help to achieve new insights in bacterial pathogenicity toward promising targets of biotechnological interest. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This research provides new insights for current knowledge of the Xanthomonas sp. pathogenicity. For the first time the 2D-DIGE approach was applied on intact cells to find surface proteins involved in the pathogen-plant interaction. Results point to the involvement of new surface/outer membrane proteins in the interaction between XAC and its citrus host and can provide potential targets of biotechnological interest for citrus canker control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Moretto Carnielli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Artier
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio Cezar Franco de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Interações Microbianas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Marques Novo-Mansur
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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45
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Lange MD, Beck BH, Brown JD, Farmer BD, Barnett LM, Webster CD. Missing the target: DNAk is a dominant epitope in the humoral immune response of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Flavobacterium columnare. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:170-179. [PMID: 26892797 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination remains a viable alternative for bacterial disease protection in fish; however additional work is required to understand the mechanisms of adaptive immunity in the channel catfish. To assess the humoral immune response to Flavobacterium columnare; a group of channel catfish were first immunized with F. columnare LV-359-01 cultured in iron-depleted media, before being challenged with wild type F. columnare LV-359-01. The immunization protocol did not confer increased protection against F. columnare; however both control and immunized responders generated serum and skin IgM antibodies against F. columnare proteins. Western blot analyses of individuals from both groups showed that IgM antibodies were generated to the same 70 kDa extracellular protein, which was identified to be the bacterial chaperonin protein DNAk. Antibodies generated were cross reactive to DNAk proteins found in other gram negative bacteria. Our data suggests that DNAk is the dominant epitope in the channel catfish B-cell response to F. columnare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR USA.
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR USA
| | - Jason D Brown
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR USA
| | - Bradley D Farmer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR USA
| | - L Matthew Barnett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR USA
| | - Carl D Webster
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR USA
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Vargas-Romero F, Guitierrez-Najera N, Mendoza-Hernández G, Ortega-Bernal D, Hernández-Pando R, Castañón-Arreola M. Secretome profile analysis of hypervirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis CPT31 reveals increased production of EsxB and proteins involved in adaptation to intracellular lifestyle. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftv127. [PMID: 26733498 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological information and animal models have shown various Mycobacterium tuberculosis phenotypes ranging from hyper- to hypovirulent forms. Recent genomic and proteomic studies suggest that the outcome of infection depends on the M. tuberculosis fitness, which is a direct consequence of its phenotype. However, little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms used by mycobacteria to survive, replicate and persist during infection. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive proteomic analysis of culture filtrate from hypo- (CPT23) and hypervirulent (CPT31) M. tuberculosis isolates. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis we observed that 70 proteins were unique, or more abundant in culture filtrate of CPT31, and 15 of these were identified by mass spectrometry. Our analysis of protein expression showed that most of the proteins identified are involved in lipid metabolism (FadA3, FbpB and EchA3), detoxification and adaptation (GroEL2, SodB and HspX) and cell wall processes (LprA, Tig and EsxB). These results suggest that overrepresented proteins in M. tuberculosis CPT31 secretome could facilitate mycobacterial infection and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Guitierrez-Najera
- Medical Proteomics Unit, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), 14610, Mexico
| | | | | | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Department of Experimental Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), 14080, Mexico
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Koenigs A, Zipfel PF, Kraiczy P. Translation Elongation Factor Tuf of Acinetobacter baumannii Is a Plasminogen-Binding Protein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134418. [PMID: 26230848 PMCID: PMC4521846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen, causing a variety of opportunistic infections of the skin, soft tissues and wounds, urinary tract infections, secondary meningitis, pneumonia and bacteremia. Over 63% of A. baumannii infections occurring in the United States are caused by multidrug resistant isolates, and pan-resistant isolates have begun to emerge that are resistant to all clinically relevant antibiotics. The complement system represents the first line of defense against invading pathogens. However, many A. baumannii isolates, especially those causing severe bacteremia are resistant to complement-mediated killing, though the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show for the first time that A. baumannii binds host-derived plasminogen and we identify the translation elongation factor Tuf as a moonlighting plasminogen-binding protein that is exposed on the outer surface of A. baumannii. Binding of plasminogen to Tuf is at least partly dependent on lysine residues and ionic interactions. Plasminogen, once bound to Tuf can be converted to active plasmin and proteolytically degrade fibrinogen as well as the key complement component C3b. Thus, Tuf acts as a multifunctional protein that may contribute to virulence of A. baumannii by aiding in dissemination and evasion of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Koenigs
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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48
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Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA)-a conserved glycolytic enzyme with virulence functions in bacteria: 'ill met by moonlight'. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1792-5. [PMID: 25399608 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins constitute an intriguing class of multifunctional proteins. Metabolic enzymes and chaperones, which are often highly conserved proteins in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotic organisms, are among the most commonly recognized examples of moonlighting proteins. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) is an enzyme involved in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) glycolytic pathway and in gluconeogenesis. Increasingly, it is also recognized that FBA has additional functions beyond its housekeeping role in central metabolism. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge of the moonlighting functions of FBA in bacteria.
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Amblee V, Jeffery CJ. Physical Features of Intracellular Proteins that Moonlight on the Cell Surface. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130575. [PMID: 26110848 PMCID: PMC4481411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins comprise a subset of multifunctional proteins that perform two or more biochemical functions that are not due to gene fusions, multiple splice variants, proteolytic fragments, or promiscuous enzyme activities. The project described herein focuses on a sub-set of moonlighting proteins that have a canonical biochemical function inside the cell and perform a second biochemical function on the cell surface in at least one species. The goal of this project is to consider the biophysical features of these moonlighting proteins to determine whether they have shared characteristics or defining features that might suggest why these particular proteins were adopted for a second function on the cell surface, or if these proteins resemble typical intracellular proteins. The latter might suggest that many other normally intracellular proteins found on the cell surface might also be moonlighting in this fashion. We have identified 30 types of proteins that have different functions inside the cell and on the cell surface. Some of these proteins are found to moonlight on the surface of multiple species, sometimes with different extracellular functions in different species, so there are a total of 98 proteins in the study set. Although a variety of intracellular proteins (enzymes, chaperones, etc.) are observed to be re-used on the cell surface, for the most part, these proteins were found to have physical characteristics typical of intracellular proteins. Many other intracellular proteins have also been found on the surface of bacterial pathogens and other organisms in proteomics experiments. It is quite possible that many of those proteins also have a moonlighting function on the cell surface. The increasing number and variety of known moonlighting proteins suggest that there may be more moonlighting proteins than previously thought, and moonlighting might be a common feature of many more proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishak Amblee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC567, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Constance J. Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC567, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Martínez-González JJ, Guevara-Flores A, Rendón JL, Sosa-Peinado A, Del Arenal Mena IP. Purification and characterization of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci thioredoxin: insight into thioredoxin-glutathione-reductase (TGR) substrate recognition. Parasitol Int 2014; 64:194-201. [PMID: 25523293 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is an oxidoreductase central to redox homeostasis in cells and is involved in the regulation of protein activity through thiol/disulfide exchanges. Based on these facts, our goal was to purify and characterize cytosolic thioredoxin from Taenia crassiceps cysticerci, as well as to study its behavior as a substrate of thioredoxin-glutathione reductase (TGR). The enzyme was purified >133-fold with a total yield of 9.7%. A molecular mass of 11.7kDa and a pI of 4.84 were measured. Native electrophoresis was used to identify the oxidized and reduced forms of the monomer as well as the presence of a homodimer. In addition to the catalytic site cysteines, cysticerci thioredoxin contains Cys28 and Cys65 residues conserved in previously sequenced cestode thioredoxins. The following kinetic parameters were obtained for the substrate of TGR: a Km of 3.1μM, a kcat of 10s(-1) and a catalytic efficiency of 3.2×10(6)M(-1)s(-1). The negative patch around the α3-helix of Trx is involved in the interaction with TGR and suggests variable specificity and catalytic efficiency of the reductase toward thioredoxins of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Martínez-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - A Guevara-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - J L Rendón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - A Sosa-Peinado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - I P Del Arenal Mena
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
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