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Lee DU, Bhowmick K, Althwanay A, Sandlow S, Wiseman M, Lee KJ, Fan GH, Chou H, Chou H, Schuster K, Lee K, Lominadze Z. Etiology-Specific Effects of Impaired Functional Status on Liver Transplant Outcomes. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:3513-3553. [PMID: 39014101 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pre-liver transplant (LT) functional status is an important determinant of prognosis post LT. There is insufficient data on how functional status affects outcomes of transplant recipients based on the specific etiology of liver disease. We stratified LT recipients by etiology of liver disease to evaluate the effects of functional status on post-LT prognosis in each subgroup. METHODS 2005-2019 United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Standard Transplant Analysis and Research (STAR) was used to select patients with liver transplant. A total of 14,290 patients were included in the analysis. These patients were stratified by functional status according to Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score: no assistance, some assistance, or total assistance. They were then further divided into six diagnosis categories: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), hereditary disorders, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, autoimmune disease (AID), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Primary endpoints included all-cause mortality and graft failure, while secondary endpoints included organ-specific causes of death. Those under the age of 18 and those with non-whole liver or prior liver transplantation were excluded. RESULTS Patients with MASLD requiring some assistance (aHR: 1.57, 95% CI 1.03-2.39, p = 0.04) and those requiring total assistance (aHR: 2.32, 95% CI 1.48-3.64, p < 0.001) had higher incidences of graft failure compared to those requiring no assistance. Those with MASLD requiring total assistance had a higher all-cause mortality rate than those needing no assistance (aHR: 1.62, 95% CI 1.38-1.89, p < 0.001). Patients with hereditary causes of liver disease showed a lower incidence of all-cause mortality in recipients needing some assistance compared with those needing no assistance (aHR: 0.52, 95% CI 0.34-0.80, p = 0.003). LT recipients with hepatitis C, AID, and ALD all showed higher incidences of all-cause mortality in the total assistance cohort when compared to the no assistance cohort. For the secondary endpoints of specific cause of death, transplant recipients with MASLD needing total assistance had higher rates of death due to general cardiac causes, graft rejection, general infectious causes, sepsis, general renal causes, and general respiratory causes. CONCLUSION Patients with MASLD cirrhosis demonstrated the worst overall outcomes, suggesting that this population may be particularly vulnerable. Poor functional status in patients with end-stage liver disease from hepatitis B or hereditary disease was not associated with a significantly increased rate of adverse outcomes, suggesting that the KPS score may not be broadly applicable to all patients awaiting LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Uihwan Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Kuntal Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Aldanah Althwanay
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sarah Sandlow
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Michal Wiseman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ki Jung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Gregory Hongyuan Fan
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Hannah Chou
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Harrison Chou
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Kimberly Schuster
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - KeeSeok Lee
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Zurabi Lominadze
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Goh MJ, Kim J, Chang WH, Sinn DH, Gwak GY, Paik YH, Choi MS, Lee JH, Koh KC, Paik SW, Kim JM, Kang W. Pretransplant Functional Status Predicts Postoperative Morbidity and Mortality after Liver Transplantation in Patients with Cirrhosis. Gut Liver 2023; 17:786-794. [PMID: 36789574 PMCID: PMC10502487 DOI: 10.5009/gnl220337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims This study aimed to investigate whether pretransplant frailty can predict postoperative morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation (LT) in patients with cirrhosis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 242 patients who underwent LT between 2018 and 2020 at a tertiary hospital in Korea. Results Among them, 189 patients (78.1%) received LT from a living donor. Physical frailty at baseline was assessed by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), by which patients were categorized into two groups: frail (SPPB <10) and non-frail (SPPB ≥10). Among the whole cohort (age, 55.0±9.2 years; male, 165 [68.2%]), 182 patients were classified as non-frail and 60 patients were classified as frail. Posttransplant survival was shorter in the frail group than the non-frail group (9.3 months vs 11.6 months). Postoperative intensive care unit stay was longer in the frail group than in the non-frail group (median, 6 days vs 4 days), and the 30-day complication rate was higher in the frail group than in the non-frail group (78.3% vs 59.3%). Frailty was an independent risk factor for posttransplant mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 5.57). In subgroup analysis, frail patients showed lower posttransplant survival regardless of history of hepatocellular carcinoma and donor type. Conclusions Assessment of pretransplant frailty, as measured by SPPB, provides important prognostic information for clinical outcomes in cirrhotic patients undergoing LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Ji Goh
- Departments of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Departments of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Hyuk Chang
- Departments of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Sinn
- Departments of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geum-Yeon Gwak
- Departments of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Han Paik
- Departments of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Seok Choi
- Departments of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Hyeok Lee
- Departments of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Cheol Koh
- Departments of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Woon Paik
- Departments of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Man Kim
- Departments of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonseok Kang
- Departments of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Ganjayi MS, Brown AM, Baumann CW. Longitudinal assessment of strength and body composition in a mouse model of chronic alcohol-related myopathy. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1653-1664. [PMID: 37431705 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive, chronic alcohol consumption can result in muscle atrophy and weakness (i.e., alcoholic myopathy) that impairs the quality of life. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for ethanol's detrimental impact on skeletal muscle have not been fully elucidated, in part due because the time course of disease development and progression are not well established. Therefore, we examined muscle strength and body composition longitudinally using an established preclinical mouse model of chronic alcoholic myopathy. METHODS To establish a time course of chronic alcoholic myopathy, we fed High Drinking in the Dark (HDID) female mice (n = 7) 20% ethanol for ~32 weeks (following a 2-week ethanol ramping period). We assessed in vivo isometric contractility of the left ankle dorsiflexor and lean mass via NMR every 4 weeks. Outcomes were compared with age-matched control HDID mice that did not consume ethanol (n = 8). RESULTS At study completion, mice who consumed ethanol were 12% weaker than control mice (p = 0.015). Compared to baseline, consuming ethanol resulted in an acute transient reduction in dorsiflexion torque at Week 4 (p = 0.032) that was followed by a second, more sustained reduction at Week 20 (p < 0.001). Changes in lean mass paralleled those of dorsiflexor torque, with ~40% of the variance in dorsiflexor torque being explained by the variance in lean mass of the ethanol group (p < 0.001). Dorsiflexor torque normalized to lean mass (mN·m/g lean mass) did not differ between the ethanol and control groups from Weeks 4 to 32 (p ≥ 0.498). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that reductions in muscle mass and strength due to chronic, excessive ethanol intake are dynamic, not necessarily linear, processes. Moreover, the findings confirm that ethanol-induced weakness is primarily driven by muscle atrophy (i.e., loss of muscle quantity). Future studies should consider how chronic alcoholic myopathy develops and progresses rather than identifying changes after it has been diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muni Swamy Ganjayi
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Austin M Brown
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Honors Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Cory W Baumann
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Ravaioli F, De Maria N, Di Marco L, Pivetti A, Casciola R, Ceraso C, Frassanito G, Pambianco M, Pecchini M, Sicuro C, Leoni L, Di Sandro S, Magistri P, Menozzi R, Di Benedetto F, Colecchia A. From Listing to Recovery: A Review of Nutritional Status Assessment and Management in Liver Transplant Patients. Nutrients 2023; 15:2778. [PMID: 37375682 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is a complex surgical procedure requiring thorough pre- and post-operative planning and care. The nutritional status of the patient before, during, and after LT is crucial to surgical success and long-term prognosis. This review aims to assess nutritional status assessment and management before, during, and after LT, with a focus on patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. We performed a comprehensive topic search on MEDLINE, Ovid, In-Process, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and PubMed up to March 2023. It identifies key factors influencing the nutritional status of liver transplant patients, such as pre-existing malnutrition, the type and severity of liver disease, comorbidities, and immunosuppressive medications. The review highlights the importance of pre-operative nutritional assessment and intervention, close nutritional status monitoring, individualised nutrition care plans, and ongoing nutritional support and monitoring after LT. The review concludes by examining the effect of bariatric surgery on the nutritional status of liver transplant recipients. The review offers valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities for optimising nutritional status before, during, and after LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ravaioli
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola De Maria
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Lorenza Di Marco
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pivetti
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Casciola
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Ceraso
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriella Frassanito
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Martina Pambianco
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Maddalena Pecchini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Sicuro
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Leoni
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Specialistic Medicines, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Sandro
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, University Hospital of Modena "Policlinico", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Magistri
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, University Hospital of Modena "Policlinico", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Renata Menozzi
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Specialistic Medicines, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Di Benedetto
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, University Hospital of Modena "Policlinico", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Colecchia
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
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Jain S, Parrotte S, Anyanwu C, Fairchild AH. Cirrhosis and Sarcopenia. Semin Intervent Radiol 2023; 40:3-8. [PMID: 37152802 PMCID: PMC10159715 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a progressive muscle wasting syndrome involving loss in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. It is closely associated with cirrhosis and its complications with up to more than half of cirrhotic patients demonstrating imaging findings of sarcopenia. The pathogenesis of this syndrome remains complex, including multiple factors involved in skeletal muscle homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and energy dysregulation. Many modalities exist in assessing and measuring sarcopenia. The use of cross-sectional imaging, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, with accurate and clinically proven assessment software should be considered the gold standard. Sarcopenia has become the focus of ongoing extensive research with initial findings highlighting increased mortality and complication rates in patient with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Additional studies have demonstrated reversal and improved survival in sarcopenic patients who have undergone transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. Thus, accounting for sarcopenia can help risk stratify patients prior to interventional procedures to allow for better outcomes and improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Jain
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Samantha Parrotte
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chikamuche Anyanwu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Alexandra H. Fairchild
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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6
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Lai JC, Tandon P, Bernal W, Tapper EB, Ekong U, Dasarathy S, Carey EJ. Malnutrition, Frailty, and Sarcopenia in Patients With Cirrhosis: 2021 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2021; 74:1611-1644. [PMID: 34233031 PMCID: PMC9134787 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Lai
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Puneeta Tandon
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Albert, Canada
| | - William Bernal
- Liver Intensive Therapy Unit, Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Elliot B Tapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Udeme Ekong
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Medstar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Elizabeth J Carey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
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Wang X, Meul T, Meiners S. Exploring the proteasome system: A novel concept of proteasome inhibition and regulation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107526. [PMID: 32173559 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome is a well-identified therapeutic target for cancer treatment. It acts as the main protein degradation system in the cell and degrades key mediators of cell growth, survival and function. The term "proteasome" embraces a whole family of distinct complexes, which share a common proteolytic core, the 20S proteasome, but differ by their attached proteasome activators. Each of these proteasome complexes plays specific roles in the control of cellular function. In addition, distinct proteasome interacting proteins regulate proteasome activity in subcellular compartments and in response to cellular signals. Proteasome activators and regulators may thus serve as building blocks to fine-tune proteasome function in the cell according to cellular needs. Inhibitors of the proteasome, e.g. the FDA approved drugs Velcade™, Kyprolis™, Ninlaro™, inactivate the catalytic 20S core and effectively block protein degradation of all proteasome complexes in the cell resulting in inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis. Efficacy of these inhibitors, however, is hampered by their pronounced cytotoxic side-effects as well as by the emerging development of resistance to catalytic proteasome inhibitors. Targeted inhibition of distinct buiding blocks of the proteasome system, i.e. proteasome activators or regulators, represents an alternative strategy to overcome these limitations. In this review, we stress the importance of the diversity of the proteasome complexes constituting an entire proteasome system. Our building block concept provides a rationale for the defined targeting of distinct proteasome super-complexes in disease. We thereby aim to stimulate the development of innovative therapeutic approaches beyond broad catalytic proteasome inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Wang
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Meul
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Silke Meiners
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Coux O, Zieba BA, Meiners S. The Proteasome System in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:55-100. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Donohue TM, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK, Thomes PG. Lysosome and proteasome dysfunction in alcohol-induced liver injury. LIVER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Abstract
Sarcopenia (severe muscle depletion) is a prevalent muscle abnormality in patients with cirrhosis that confers poor prognosis both pre- and post-liver transplantation. The pathogenesis of sarcopenia is multifactorial and results from an imbalance between protein synthesis and breakdown. Nutritional, metabolic, and biochemical abnormalities seen in chronic liver disease alter whole body protein homeostasis. Hyperammonemia, increased autophagy, proteasomal activity, lower protein synthesis, and impaired mitochondrial function play an important role in muscle depletion in cirrhosis. Factors including cellular energy status, availability of metabolic substrates (e.g., branched-chain amino acids), alterations in the endocrine system (insulin resistance, circulating levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, corticosteroids, and testosterone), cytokines, myostatin, and exercise are involved in regulating muscle mass. A favored atrophy of type II fast-twitch glycolytic fibers seems to occur in patients with cirrhosis and sarcopenia. Identification of muscle biological abnormalities and underlying mechanisms is required to plan clinical trials to reverse sarcopenia through modulation of specific mechanisms. Accordingly, a combination of nutritional, physical, and pharmacological interventions might be necessary to reverse sarcopenia in cirrhosis. Moderate exercise should be combined with appropriate energy and protein intake, in accordance with clinical guidelines. Interventions with branched chain amino acids, testosterone, carnitine, or ammonia-lowering therapies should be considered individually. Various factors such as dose, type, duration of supplementations, etiology of cirrhosis, amount of dietary protein intake, and compliance with supplementation and exercise should be the focus of future large randomized controlled trials investigating both prevention and treatment of sarcopenia in this patient population.
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11
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Cui R, Li R, Guo X, Jia X, Yan M. RNA interference against stromal interacting molecule-1 (STIM1) ameliorates ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 289:47-56. [PMID: 29704510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have demonstrated that stromal interacting molecule-1 (STIM1) was involved in ethanol induced liver injury. However, the exact pathogenic mechanism of STIM1 in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is still unknown. We constructed plasmid vectors encoding short-hairpin RNA against STIM1 to investigate its role in ALD in the rat liver cell line BRL and in Sprague-Dawley rats. The results showed that STIM1 targeted sh-RNA (Sh-STIM1) significantly ameliorated ethanol-induced BRL cells injury and liver injury in rats with 20 weeks-induced alcoholic liver disease. Inhibition of STIM1 also reduced intracellular calcium ion concentration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, NF-kappa B activation and TNF-α production under ethanol exposure. STIM1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Silencing STIM1 may be effective in preventing alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing Cui
- Department of Geriatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Geriatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- Department of Geriatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Jia
- Department of Geriatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Geriatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China.
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12
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Bardag-Gorce F, Hoft R, Meepe I, Garcia J, Tiger K, Wood A, Laporte A, Pan D, Makalinao A, Niihara R, Oliva J, Florentino A, Gorce AM, Stark J, Cortez D, French SW, Niihara Y. Proteasomes in corneal epithelial cells and cultured autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheet (CAOMECS) graft used for the ocular surface regeneration. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:749-758. [PMID: 28528957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study focuses on characterizing proteasomes in corneal epithelial cells (CEC) and in cultured autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheets (CAOMECS) used to regenerate the ocular surface. METHODS Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) was surgically induced in rabbit corneas. CAOMECS was engineered and grafted onto corneas with LSCD to regenerate the ocular surface. RESULTS LSCD caused an increase in inflammatory cells in the ocular surface, an increase in the formation of immunoproteasomes (IPR), and a decrease in the formation of constitutive proteasome (CPR). Specifically, LSCD-diseased CEC (D-CEC) showed a decrease in the CPR chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like and caspase-like activities, while healthy CEC (H-CEC) and CAOMECS showed higher activities. Quantitative analysis of IPR inducible subunit (B5i, B2i, and B1i) were performed and compared to CPR subunit (B5, B2, and B1) levels. Results showed that ratios B5i/B5, B2i/B2 and B1i/B1 were higher in D-CEC, indicating that D-CEC had approximately a two-fold increase in the amount of IPR compared to CAOMECS and H-CEC. Histological analysis demonstrated that CAOMECS-grafted corneas had a re-epithelialized surface, positive staining for CPR subunits, and weak staining for IPR subunits. In addition, digital quantitative measurement of fluorescent intensity showed that the CPR B5 subunit was significantly more expressed in CAOMECS-grafted corneas compared to non-grafted corneas with LSCD. CONCLUSION CAOMECS grafting successfully replaced the D-CEC with oral mucosal epithelial cells with higher levels of CPR. The increase in constitutive proteasome expression is possibly responsible for the recovery and improvement in CAOMECS-grafted corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzia Bardag-Gorce
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Richard Hoft
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Imara Meepe
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Julio Garcia
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Kumar Tiger
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Andrew Wood
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Amanda Laporte
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Derek Pan
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Andrew Makalinao
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Robert Niihara
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Joan Oliva
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Arjie Florentino
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Amber M Gorce
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Jeremy Stark
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Daileen Cortez
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Yutaka Niihara
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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Kaake RM, Kao A, Yu C, Huang L. Characterizing the dynamics of proteasome complexes by proteomics approaches. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2444-56. [PMID: 24423446 PMCID: PMC4241863 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The proteasome is the degradation machine of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is critical in controlling many essential biological processes. Aberrant regulation of proteasome-dependent protein degradation can lead to various human diseases, and general proteasome inhibitors have shown efficacy for cancer treatments. Though clinically effective, current proteasome inhibitors have detrimental side effects and, thus, better therapeutic strategies targeting proteasomes are needed. Therefore, a comprehensive characterization of proteasome complexes will provide the molecular details that are essential for developing new and improved drugs. RECENT ADVANCES New mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics approaches have been developed to study protein interaction networks and structural topologies of proteasome complexes. The results have helped define the dynamic proteomes of proteasome complexes, thus providing new insights into the mechanisms underlying proteasome function and regulation. CRITICAL ISSUES The proteasome exists as heterogeneous populations in tissues/cells, and its proteome is highly dynamic and complex. In addition, proteasome complexes are regulated by various mechanisms under different physiological conditions. Consequently, complete proteomic profiling of proteasome complexes remains a major challenge for the field. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We expect that proteomic methodologies enabling full characterization of proteasome complexes will continue to evolve. Further advances in MS instrumentation and protein separation techniques will be needed to facilitate the detailed proteomic analysis of low-abundance components and subpopulations of proteasome complexes. The results will help us understand proteasome biology as well as provide new therapeutic targets for disease diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Kaake
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California , Irvine, Irvine, California
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14
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Gu ZC, Enenkel C. Proteasome assembly. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4729-45. [PMID: 25107634 PMCID: PMC11113775 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, proteasomes are highly conserved protease complexes and eliminate unwanted proteins which are marked by poly-ubiquitin chains for degradation. The 26S proteasome consists of the proteolytic core particle, the 20S proteasome, and the 19S regulatory particle, which are composed of 14 and 19 different subunits, respectively. Proteasomes are the second-most abundant protein complexes and are continuously assembled from inactive precursor complexes in proliferating cells. The modular concept of proteasome assembly was recognized in prokaryotic ancestors and applies to eukaryotic successors. The efficiency and fidelity of eukaryotic proteasome assembly is achieved by several proteasome-dedicated chaperones that initiate subunit incorporation and control the quality of proteasome assemblies by transiently interacting with proteasome precursors. It is important to understand the mechanism of proteasome assembly as the proteasome has key functions in the turnover of short-lived proteins regulating diverse biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chao Gu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Cordula Enenkel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
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15
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Chen YY, Zhang CL, Zhao XL, Xie KQ, Zeng T. Inhibition of cytochrome P4502E1 by chlormethiazole attenuated acute ethanol-induced fatty liver. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 222:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Osna NA, Ganesan M, Donohue TM. Proteasome- and ethanol-dependent regulation of HCV-infection pathogenesis. Biomolecules 2014; 4:885-96. [PMID: 25268065 PMCID: PMC4279161 DOI: 10.3390/biom4040885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the role of the catabolism of HCV and signaling proteins in HCV protection and the involvement of ethanol in HCV-proteasome interactions. HCV specifically infects hepatocytes, and intracellularly expressed HCV proteins generate oxidative stress, which is further exacerbated by heavy drinking. The proteasome is the principal proteolytic system in cells, and its activity is sensitive to the level of cellular oxidative stress. Not only host proteins, but some HCV proteins are degraded by the proteasome, which, in turn, controls HCV propagation and is crucial for the elimination of the virus. Ubiquitylation of HCV proteins usually leads to the prevention of HCV propagation, while accumulation of undegraded viral proteins in the nuclear compartment exacerbates infection pathogenesis. Proteasome activity also regulates both innate and adaptive immunity in HCV-infected cells. In addition, the proteasome/immunoproteasome is activated by interferons, which also induce "early" and "late" interferon-sensitive genes (ISGs) with anti-viral properties. Cleaving viral proteins to peptides in professional immune antigen presenting cells and infected ("target") hepatocytes that express the MHC class I-antigenic peptide complex, the proteasome regulates the clearance of infected hepatocytes by the immune system. Alcohol exposure prevents peptide cleavage by generating metabolites that impair proteasome activity, thereby providing escape mechanisms that interfere with efficient viral clearance to promote the persistence of HCV-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; E-Mails: , (M.G.); (T.M.D.Jr.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-402-995-3735; Fax: +1-402-449-0604
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; E-Mails: , (M.G.); (T.M.D.Jr.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Terrence M. Donohue
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; E-Mails: , (M.G.); (T.M.D.Jr.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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17
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Besche HC, Sha Z, Kukushkin NV, Peth A, Hock EM, Kim W, Gygi S, Gutierrez JA, Liao H, Dick L, Goldberg AL. Autoubiquitination of the 26S proteasome on Rpn13 regulates breakdown of ubiquitin conjugates. EMBO J 2014; 33:1159-76. [PMID: 24811749 PMCID: PMC4193922 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation rates of most proteins in eukaryotic cells are determined by their rates of ubiquitination. However, possible regulation of the proteasome's capacity to degrade ubiquitinated proteins has received little attention, although proteasome inhibitors are widely used in research and cancer treatment. We show here that mammalian 26S proteasomes have five associated ubiquitin ligases and that multiple proteasome subunits are ubiquitinated in cells, especially the ubiquitin receptor subunit, Rpn13. When proteolysis is even partially inhibited in cells or purified 26S proteasomes with various inhibitors, Rpn13 becomes extensively and selectively poly-ubiquitinated by the proteasome-associated ubiquitin ligase, Ube3c/Hul5. This modification also occurs in cells during heat-shock or arsenite treatment, when poly-ubiquitinated proteins accumulate. Rpn13 ubiquitination strongly decreases the proteasome's ability to bind and degrade ubiquitin-conjugated proteins, but not its activity against peptide substrates. This autoinhibitory mechanism presumably evolved to prevent binding of ubiquitin conjugates to defective or stalled proteasomes, but this modification may also be useful as a biomarker indicating the presence of proteotoxic stress and reduced proteasomal capacity in cells or patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhe Sha
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Woong Kim
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Hua Liao
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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18
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Wang XY, Luo JP, Chen R, Zha XQ, Wang H. The effects of daily supplementation of Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide on ethanol-induced subacute liver injury in mice by proteomic analysis. Food Funct 2014; 5:2020-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60629e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Thapaliya S, Runkana A, McMullen MR, Nagy LE, McDonald C, Naga Prasad SV, Dasarathy S. Alcohol-induced autophagy contributes to loss in skeletal muscle mass. Autophagy 2014; 10:677-90. [PMID: 24492484 DOI: 10.4161/auto.27918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis have severe muscle loss. Since ethanol impairs skeletal muscle protein synthesis but does not increase ubiquitin proteasome-mediated proteolysis, we investigated whether alcohol-induced autophagy contributes to muscle loss. Autophagy induction was studied in: A) Human skeletal muscle biopsies from alcoholic cirrhotics and controls, B) Gastrocnemius muscle from ethanol and pair-fed mice, and C) Ethanol-exposed murine C2C12 myotubes, by examining the expression of autophagy markers assessed by immunoblotting and real-time PCR. Expression of autophagy genes and markers were increased in skeletal muscle from humans and ethanol-fed mice, and in myotubes following ethanol exposure. Importantly, pulse-chase experiments showed suppression of myotube proteolysis upon ethanol-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3MA) and not by MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. Correspondingly, ethanol-treated C2C12 myotubes stably expressing GFP-LC3B showed increased autophagy flux as measured by accumulation of GFP-LC3B vesicles with confocal microscopy. The ethanol-induced increase in LC3B lipidation was reversed upon knockdown of Atg7, a critical autophagy gene and was associated with reversal of the ethanol-induced decrease in myotube diameter. Consistently, CT image analysis of muscle area in alcoholic cirrhotics was significantly reduced compared with control subjects. In order to determine whether ethanol per se or its metabolic product, acetaldehyde, stimulates autophagy, C2C12 myotubes were treated with ethanol in the presence of the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor (4-methylpyrazole) or the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor (cyanamide). LC3B lipidation increased with acetaldehyde treatment and increased further with the addition of cyanamide. We conclude that muscle autophagy is increased by ethanol exposure and contributes to sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok Runkana
- Department of Pathobiology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH USA; Department of Internal Medicine; Fairview Hospital; Cleveland, OH USA
| | | | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH USA; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH USA
| | | | | | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Department of Pathobiology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH USA; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH USA
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20
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Craft GE, Chen A, Nairn AC. Recent advances in quantitative neuroproteomics. Methods 2013; 61:186-218. [PMID: 23623823 PMCID: PMC3891841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of proteomics is undergoing rapid development in a number of different areas including improvements in mass spectrometric platforms, peptide identification algorithms and bioinformatics. In particular, new and/or improved approaches have established robust methods that not only allow for in-depth and accurate peptide and protein identification and modification, but also allow for sensitive measurement of relative or absolute quantitation. These methods are beginning to be applied to the area of neuroproteomics, but the central nervous system poses many specific challenges in terms of quantitative proteomics, given the large number of different neuronal cell types that are intermixed and that exhibit distinct patterns of gene and protein expression. This review highlights the recent advances that have been made in quantitative neuroproteomics, with a focus on work published over the last five years that applies emerging methods to normal brain function as well as to various neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and drug addiction as well as of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. While older methods such as two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis continued to be used, a variety of more in-depth MS-based approaches including both label (ICAT, iTRAQ, TMT, SILAC, SILAM), label-free (label-free, MRM, SWATH) and absolute quantification methods, are rapidly being applied to neurobiological investigations of normal and diseased brain tissue as well as of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). While the biological implications of many of these studies remain to be clearly established, that there is a clear need for standardization of experimental design and data analysis, and that the analysis of protein changes in specific neuronal cell types in the central nervous system remains a serious challenge, it appears that the quality and depth of the more recent quantitative proteomics studies is beginning to shed light on a number of aspects of neuroscience that relates to normal brain function as well as of the changes in protein expression and regulation that occurs in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Craft
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508
| | - Anshu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508
- Yale/NIDA Neuroproteomics Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508
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Alcohol modulates expression of DNA methyltranferases and methyl CpG-/CpG domain-binding proteins in murine embryonic fibroblasts. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 37:40-8. [PMID: 23395981 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), presenting with a constellation of neuro-/psychological, craniofacial and cardiac abnormalities, occurs frequently in offspring of women who consume alcohol during pregnancy, with a prevalence of 1-3 per 1000 livebirths. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that alcohol alters global DNA methylation, and modulates expression of the DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and various methyl CpG-binding proteins. Murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), utilized as an in vitro embryonic model system, demonstrated ∼5% reduction in global DNA methylation following exposure to 200mM ethanol. In addition, ethanol induced degradation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT-1, DNMT-3a, and DNMT-3b), as well as the methyl CpG-binding proteins (MeCP-2, MBD-2 and MBD-3), in MEF cells by the proteasomal pathway. Such degradation could be completely rescued by pretreatment of MEF cells with the proteasomal inhibitor, MG-132. These data support a potential epigenetic molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of FAS during mammalian development.
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Osna NA, Bardag-Gorce F, White RL, Weinman SA, Donohue TM, Kharbanda KK. Ethanol and hepatitis C virus suppress peptide-MHC class I presentation in hepatocytes by altering proteasome function. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36:2028-35. [PMID: 22551112 PMCID: PMC3414636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we reported that exposure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) core-expressing ethanol (EtOH)-metabolizing cells to EtOH significantly suppresses proteasome activity which exists as 26S (20S and 19S) and as an unassociated 20S particle. The replacement of the constitutive proteasomal subunits with immunoproteasome (IPR) favors antigen processing. Here, we examined the effects of EtOH consumption by HCV core transgenic mice on proteasome activity in hepatocytic lysates and in partially purified 26S proteasome and the impact of these changes on antigen presentation. METHODS HCV (-) and HCV (+) core transgenic mice were fed chow diet with or without 20% (v/v) EtOH in water for 4 weeks. Following the feeding regimen, hepatocytes were isolated and examined for chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity, oxidative stress, and the presentation of SIINFEKL-H2Kb complex. Additionally, the constitutive proteasome and IPR were purified for further analysis and identification of proteasome-interacting proteins (PIPs). RESULTS EtOH significantly decreased proteasome activity in hepatocytes of HCV (+) mice, and this finding correlated with oxidative stress and dysregulated methylation reactions. In isolated 26S proteasome, EtOH suppressed proteasome activity equally in HCV (+) and HCV (-) mice. EtOH feeding caused proteasome instability and lowered the content of both constitutive and IPR subunits in the 20S proteasome. In addition, the level of other PIPs, PA28 and UCHL5, were also suppressed after EtOH exposure. Furthermore, in EtOH-fed mice and, especially, in HCV (+) mice, the presentation of SIINFEKL-H2Kb complex in hepatocytes was also decreased. CONCLUSIONS Proteasomal dysfunction induced by EtOH feeding and exacerbated by the presence of HCV structural proteins led to suppression of SIINFEKL-H2Kb presentation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, USA.
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Bousquet-Dubouch MP, Fabre B, Monsarrat B, Burlet-Schiltz O. Proteomics to study the diversity and dynamics of proteasome complexes: from fundamentals to the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 8:459-81. [PMID: 21819302 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This article covers the latest contributions of proteomics to the structural and functional characterization of proteasomes and their associated proteins, but also to the detection of proteasomes as clinical biomarkers in diseases. Proteasomes are highly heterogenous supramolecular complexes and constitute important cellular proteases controlling the pool of proteins involved in key cellular functions. The comprehension of the structure/function relationship of proteasomes is therefore of major interest in biology. Numerous biochemical methods have been employed to purify proteasomes, and have led to the identification of complexes of various compositions - depending on the experimental conditions and the type of strategy used. In association with protein separation and enrichment techniques, modern mass spectrometry instruments and mass spectrometry-based quantitative methods, they have led to unprecedented breakthroughs in the in-depth analysis of the diversity and dynamics of proteasome composition and localization under various stimuli or pathological contexts. Proteasome inhibitors are now used in clinics for the treatment of cancer, and recent studies propose that the proteasome should be considered as a predictive biomarker for various pathologies.
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Ethanol exposure alters protein expression in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 2012; 2012:867141. [PMID: 22745907 PMCID: PMC3382221 DOI: 10.1155/2012/867141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol exposure during development can result in variable growth retardation and facial dysmorphology known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Although the mechanisms underlying the disorder are not fully understood, recent progress has been made that alcohol induces aberrant changes in gene expression and in the epigenome of embryos. To inform the gene and epigenetic changes in alcohol-induced teratology, we used whole-embryo culture to identify the alcohol-signature protein profile of neurulating C6 mice. Alcohol-treated and control cultures were homogenized, isoelectrically focused, and loaded for 2D gel electrophoresis. Stained gels were cross matched with analytical software. We identified 40 differentially expressed protein spots (P < 0.01), and 9 spots were selected for LC/MS-MS identification. Misregulated proteins include serotransferrin, triosephosphate isomerase and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N. Misregulation of serotransferrin and triosephosphate isomerase was confirmed with immunologic analysis. Alteration of proteins with roles in cellular function, cell cycle, and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway was induced by alcohol. Several misregulated proteins interact with effectors of the NF-κB and Myc transcription factor cascades. Using a whole-embryo culture, we have identified misregulated proteins known to be involved in nervous system development and function.
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25
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Inhibition of store-operated Ca2+ channels prevent ethanol-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase and cell injury in a human hepatoma cell line. Toxicol Lett 2012; 208:254-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li X, Matilainen O, Jin C, Glover-Cutter KM, Holmberg CI, Blackwell TK. Specific SKN-1/Nrf stress responses to perturbations in translation elongation and proteasome activity. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002119. [PMID: 21695230 PMCID: PMC3111486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
SKN-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans Nrf1/2/3 ortholog, promotes both oxidative stress resistance and longevity. SKN-1 responds to oxidative stress by upregulating genes that detoxify and defend against free radicals and other reactive molecules, a SKN-1/Nrf function that is both well-known and conserved. Here we show that SKN-1 has a broader and more complex role in maintaining cellular stress defenses. SKN-1 sustains expression and activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and coordinates specific protective responses to perturbations in protein synthesis or degradation through the UPS. If translation initiation or elongation is impaired, SKN-1 upregulates overlapping sets of cytoprotective genes and increases stress resistance. When proteasome gene expression and activity are blocked, SKN-1 activates multiple classes of proteasome subunit genes in a compensatory response. SKN-1 thereby maintains UPS activity in the intestine in vivo under normal conditions and promotes survival when the proteasome is inhibited. In contrast, when translation elongation is impaired, SKN-1 does not upregulate proteasome genes, and UPS activity is then reduced. This indicates that UPS activity depends upon presence of an intact translation elongation apparatus; and it supports a model, suggested by genetic and biochemical studies in yeast, that protein synthesis and degradation may be coupled processes. SKN-1 therefore has a critical tissue-specific function in increasing proteasome gene expression and UPS activity under normal conditions, as well as when the UPS system is stressed, but mounts distinct responses when protein synthesis is perturbed. The specificity of these SKN-1–mediated stress responses, along with the apparent coordination between UPS and translation elongation activity, may promote protein homeostasis under stress or disease conditions. The data suggest that SKN-1 may increase longevity, not only through its well-documented role in boosting stress resistance, but also through contributing to protein homeostasis. The mechanisms through which organisms defend against environmental stresses are critical during diverse disease processes and are likely to be important for longevity. The nematode C. elegans is advantageous for genetic analysis of how stress defenses function and contribute to survival. The evolutionarily conserved C. elegans protein SKN-1 promotes stress resistance and longevity, and it defends against toxic small molecules. We now report that in certain tissues SKN-1 also maintains production of the proteasome, a structure that degrades proteins in a regulated fashion. SKN-1 mounts distinct stress responses to perturbations in protein synthesis and degradation, in which it boosts proteasome levels only in response to proteasome impairment. Remarkably, proteasome activity also depends upon the proper functioning of the protein synthesis apparatus. The specificity of SKN-1 stress responses may be important for protein homeostasis, allowing SKN-1 to maintain levels and activity of the proteasomal degradation apparatus, but not increase degradation when protein synthesis is impaired. This role of SKN-1 in regulating protein turnover may be important for many of its stress defense functions and for protection against disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Olli Matilainen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Cancer Biology, and Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Congyu Jin
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Cancer Biology, and Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kira M. Glover-Cutter
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carina I. Holmberg
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Cancer Biology, and Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (CIH); (TKB)
| | - T. Keith Blackwell
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CIH); (TKB)
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Bardag-Gorce F. Proteasome inhibitor treatment in alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2558-62. [PMID: 21633661 PMCID: PMC3103814 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i20.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, generated by chronic ethanol consumption, is a major cause of hepatotoxicity and liver injury. Increased production of oxygen-derived free radicals due to ethanol metabolism by CYP2E1 is principally located in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria, which does not only injure liver cells, but also other vital organs, such as the heart and the brain. Therefore, there is a need for better treatment to enhance the antioxidant response elements. To date, there is no established treatment to attenuate high levels of oxidative stress in the liver of alcoholic patients. To block this oxidative stress, proteasome inhibitor treatment has been found to significantly enhance the antioxidant response elements of hepatocytes exposed to ethanol. Recent studies have shown in an experimental model of alcoholic liver disease that proteasome inhibitor treatment at low dose has cytoprotective effects against ethanol-induced oxidative stress and liver steatosis. The beneficial effects of proteasome inhibitor treatment against oxidative stress occurred because antioxidant response elements (glutathione peroxidase 2, superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione synthetase, glutathione reductase, and GCLC) were up-regulated when rats fed alcohol were treated with a low dose of PS-341 (Bortezomib, Velcade®). This is an important finding because proteasome inhibitor treatment up-regulated reactive oxygen species removal and glutathione recycling enzymes, while ethanol feeding alone down-regulated these antioxidant elements. For the first time, it was shown that proteasome inhibition by a highly specific and reversible inhibitor is different from the chronic ethanol feeding-induced proteasome inhibition. As previously shown by our group, chronic ethanol feeding causes a complex dysfunction in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, which affects the proteasome system, as well as the ubiquitination system. The beneficial effects of proteasome inhibitor treatment in alcoholic liver disease are related to proteasome inhibitor reversibility and the rebound of proteasome activity 72 h post PS-341 administration.
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Bardag-Gorce F, French SW. Delta-aminolevulinic dehydratase is a proteasome interacting protein. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:485-9. [PMID: 21640720 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome interacts with a large number of proteins which regulate specific cellular functions. The focus of this study is to examine the proteasome interaction with Delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD). ALAD is involved in the heme biosynthesis pathway and was co-isolated, with the 20S proteasome using several chromatographic purification steps. The MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis identified this proteasome co-isolated protein as ALAD. When the proteasome was isolated using density-gradient centrifugation, ALAD was also found in the 26S proteasome fractions. It co-isolated with the 20S more than with the 26S proteasome. Furthermore, immunoprecipitated ALAD stained positive with antibodies to proteasome subunits. These results indicate that ALAD might interact with the proteasome. It is possible that ALAD is involved in modulating proteasome activity. When purified proteasomes were incubated with ALAD it was found that ALAD changes proteasome activity in a dose dependent manner. This indicates that ALAD may play a significant role in regulating proteasome activity. The data supports the hypothesis that ALAD, an important enzyme for heme synthesis, is also important as a proteasome interacting protein.
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Kudo LC, Parfenova L, Ren G, Vi N, Hui M, Ma Z, Lau K, Gray M, Bardag-Gorce F, Wiedau-Pazos M, Hui KS, Karsten SL. Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA/NPEPPS) impedes development of neuropathology in hPSA/TAU(P301L) double-transgenic mice. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1820-33. [PMID: 21320871 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of neurotoxic hyperphosphorylated TAU protein is a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative dementias collectively called tauopathies. Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA/NPEPPS) is a novel modifier of TAU-induced neurodegeneration with neuroprotective effects via direct proteolysis of TAU protein. Here, to examine the effects of PSA/NPEPPS overexpression in vivo in the mammalian system, we generated and crossed BAC-PSA/NPEPPS transgenic mice with the TAU(P301L) mouse model of neurodegeneration. PSA/NPEPPS activity in the brain and peripheral tissues of human PSA/NPEPPS (hPSA) mice was elevated by ∼2-3-fold with no noticeable deleterious physiological effects. Double-transgenic animals for hPSA and TAU(P301L) transgenes demonstrated a distinct trend for delayed paralysis and showed significantly improved motor neuron counts, no gliosis and markedly reduced levels of total and hyperphosphorylated TAU in the spinal cord, brain stem, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of adult and aged animals when compared with TAU(P301L) mice. Furthermore, endogenous TAU protein abundance in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells was significantly reduced or augmented by overexpression or knockdown of PSA/NPEPPS, respectively. This study demonstrated that without showing neurotoxic effects, elevation of PSA/NPEPPS activity in vivo effectively blocks accumulation of soluble hyperphosphorylated TAU protein and slows down the disease progression in the mammalian system. Our data suggest that increasing PSA/NPEPPS activity may be a feasible therapeutic approach to eliminate accumulation of unwanted toxic substrates such as TAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili C Kudo
- NeuroInDx Inc., 1655 East 28th Street, Signal Hill, CA 90755, USA
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Bardag-Gorce F, Oliva J, Lin A, Li J, French BA, French SW. Proteasome inhibitor up regulates liver antioxidative enzymes in rat model of alcoholic liver disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 90:123-30. [PMID: 21036165 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs in the liver of rats fed with alcohol chronically due to ethanol metabolism by CYP2E1, causing liver injury. The proteasome is considered as an antioxidant defense in the cell because of its activity in removing damaged and oxidized proteins, but a growing body of evidence shows that proteasome inhibitor treatment, at a non toxic low dose, provides protection against oxidative stress. In the present study, rats were fed with ethanol for 4 weeks and were treated with the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 (Bortezomib, Velcade®). Exposure to proteasome inhibitor elicited the elevation of antioxidative defense by enhancing the levels of mRNA and protein expression transcripts of glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione synthetase (GSS), glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2), and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in the liver of rats fed with ethanol chronically, while ethanol alone did not increase these genes' mRNA. Our results also showed that glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), a rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis, was also up regulated in the liver of rats fed with ethanol and injected with PS-431. Nrf2 mRNA level was significantly decreased in the liver of ethanol fed rats, as well as in the livers of animal fed with ethanol and treated with proteasome inhibitor, indicating that the mechanism by which proteasome inhibitor up regulates the antioxidant response element is not due to regulation of Nrf2. However, ATF4, a major regulator of antioxidant response elements, was significantly up regulated by proteasome inhibitor treatment. The beneficial effects of proteasome inhibitor treatment also reside in the reversibility of the drug because the proteasome activity was significantly increased 72 h post treatment. In conclusion, proteasome inhibitor treatment used at a non toxic low dose has potential protective effects against oxidative stress due to chronic ethanol feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzia Bardag-Gorce
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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Vasuri F, Capizzi E, Bellavista E, Mishto M, Santoro A, Fiorentino M, Capri M, Cescon M, Grazi GL, Grigioni WF, D’Errico-Grigioni A, Franceschi C. Studies on immunoproteasome in human liver. Part I: Absence in fetuses, presence in normal subjects, and increased levels in chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Miranda-Mendez A, Lugo-Baruqui A, Armendariz-Borunda J. Molecular basis and current treatment for alcoholic liver disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:1872-88. [PMID: 20622998 PMCID: PMC2898022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7051872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders and alcohol dependency affect millions of individuals worldwide. The impact of these facts lies in the elevated social and economic costs. Alcoholic liver disease is caused by acute and chronic exposure to ethanol which promotes oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Chronic consumption of ethanol implies liver steatosis, which is the first morphological change in the liver, followed by liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This review comprises a broad approach of alcohol use disorders, and a more specific assessment of the pathophysiologic molecular basis, and genetics, as well as clinical presentation and current modalities of treatment for alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Miranda-Mendez
- Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco 44281, Mexico; E-Mails:
(A.M.M.);
(A.L.B.)
| | - Alejandro Lugo-Baruqui
- Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco 44281, Mexico; E-Mails:
(A.M.M.);
(A.L.B.)
- OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Juan Armendariz-Borunda
- Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco 44281, Mexico; E-Mails:
(A.M.M.);
(A.L.B.)
- OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +52-33-1058-5317; Fax: +52-33-1058-5318
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Abstract
Proteasome dysfunction has been repeatedly reported in alcoholic liver disease. Ethanol metabolism end-products affect the structure of the proteasome, and, therefore, change the proteasome interaction with its regulatory complexes 19S and PA28, as well as its interacting proteins. Chronic ethanol feeding alters the ubiquitin-proteasome activity by altering the interaction between the 19S and the 20S proteasome interaction. The degradation of oxidized and damaged proteins is thus decreased and leads to accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates, such as Mallory-Denk bodies. Ethanol also affects the immunoproteasome formation. PA28a/b interactions with the 20S proteasome are decreased in the proteasome fraction isolated from the liver of rats fed ethanol chronically, thus affecting the cellular antigen presentation and defense against pathogenic agents. Recently, it has been shown that ethanol also affects the proteasome interacting proteins (PIPs). Interaction of the proteasome with Ecm29 and with deubiquitinating enzymes Rpn11, UCH37, and Usp14 has been found to decrease. However, the two UBL-ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA) PIPs p62 and valosin-containing protein are upregulated when the proteasome is inhibited. The increase of these UBL-UBA proteins, as well as the increase in Hsp70 and Hsp25 levels, compensated for the proteasome failure and helped in the unfolding/docking of misfolded proteins. Chronic alcohol feeding to rats causes a significant inhibition of the proteasome pathway and this inhibition results from a decreases of the interaction between the 20S proteasome and the regulatory complexes, PIPs, and the ubiquitin system components.
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Barve S, Kapoor R, Moghe A, Ramirez JA, Eaton JW, Gobejishvili L, Joshi-Barve S, McClain CJ. Focus on the liver: alcohol use, highly active antiretroviral therapy, and liver disease in HIV-infected patients. ALCOHOL RESEARCH & HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM 2010; 33:229-36. [PMID: 23584064 PMCID: PMC3860514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the 1990 s, liver disease is emerging as a major cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected patients. This is attributed to a variety of factors, including HAART hepatotoxicity, coinfection with hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV, respectively), and alcohol abuse. Several studies have examined the effects of HAART and HCV/HBV coinfection on liver toxicity. However, the impact of alcohol consumption as a cofactor for hepatotoxicity in HIV patients is only beginning to be understood. Similar to the general population, alcohol use is common in the HIV population but is often overlooked by health care providers. Approximately 25 percent of recently diagnosed HIV patients are alcohol dependent; moreover, alcohol dependence has been associated with HIV treatment failure. Alcohol/HAART interactions appear crucial for the development of liver disease in HIV patients. Recent research has shown that alcohol abuse is associated with severe hepatotoxicity in patients on HAART. Importantly, alcoholic- and HAART-induced liver disease share many potential mechanisms of injury, including altered metabolism of certain signaling molecules (i.e., cytokines) and dysfunction of some cell components (i.e., proteasomes and mitochondria).
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Fofana B, Yao XH, Rampitsch C, Cloutier S, Wilkins JA, Nyomba BLG. Prenatal alcohol exposure alters phosphorylation and glycosylation of proteins in rat offspring liver. Proteomics 2009; 10:417-34. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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