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Chou SM, Yen YH, Yuan F, Zhang SC, Chong CM. Neuronal Senescence in the Aged Brain. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1618-1632. [PMID: 37196117 PMCID: PMC10529744 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a highly complicated cellular state that occurs throughout the lifespan of an organism. It has been well-defined in mitotic cells by various senescent features. Neurons are long-lived post-mitotic cells with special structures and functions. With age, neurons display morphological and functional changes, accompanying alterations in proteostasis, redox balance, and Ca2+ dynamics; however, it is ambiguous whether these neuronal changes belong to the features of neuronal senescence. In this review, we strive to identify and classify changes that are relatively specific to neurons in the aging brain and define them as features of neuronal senescence through comparisons with common senescent features. We also associate them with the functional decline of multiple cellular homeostasis systems, proposing the possibility that these systems are the main drivers of neuronal senescence. We hope this summary will serve as a steppingstone for further inputs on a comprehensive but relatively specific list of phenotypes for neuronal senescence and in particular their underlying molecular events during aging. This will in turn shine light on the association between neuronal senescence and neurodegeneration and lead to the development of strategies to perturb the processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Chou
- Program in Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yu-Hsin Yen
- Program in Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Fang Yuan
- Program in Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Program in Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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2
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Hromadkova L, Kim C, Haldiman T, Peng L, Zhu X, Cohen M, de Silva R, Safar JG. Evolving prion-like tau conformers differentially alter postsynaptic proteins in neurons inoculated with distinct isolates of Alzheimer's disease tau. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:174. [PMID: 37723591 PMCID: PMC10507869 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although accumulation of misfolded tau species has been shown to predict cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies but with the remarkable diversity of clinical manifestations, neuropathology profiles, and time courses of disease progression remaining unexplained by current genetic data. We considered the diversity of misfolded tau conformers present in individual AD cases as an underlying driver of the phenotypic variations of AD and progressive loss of synapses. METHODS To model the mechanism of tau propagation and synaptic toxicity of distinct tau conformers, we inoculated wild-type primary mouse neurons with structurally characterized Sarkosyl-insoluble tau isolates from the frontal cortex of six AD cases and monitored the impact for fourteen days. We analyzed the accumulation rate, tau isoform ratio, and conformational characteristics of de novo-induced tau aggregates with conformationally sensitive immunoassays, and the dynamics of synapse formation, maintenance, and their loss using a panel of pre-and post-synaptic markers. RESULTS At the same concentrations of tau, the different AD tau isolates induced accumulation of misfolded predominantly 4-repeat tau aggregates at different rates in mature neurons, and demonstrated distinct conformational characteristics corresponding to the original AD brain tau. The time-course of the formation of misfolded tau aggregates and colocalization correlated with significant loss of synapses in tau-inoculated cell cultures and the reduction of synaptic connections implicated the disruption of postsynaptic compartment as an early event. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained with mature neurons expressing physiological levels and adult isoforms of tau protein demonstrate markedly different time courses of endogenous tau misfolding and differential patterns of post-synaptic alterations. These and previous biophysical data argue for an ensemble of various misfolded tau aggregates in individual AD brains and template propagation of their homologous conformations in neurons with different rates and primarily postsynaptic interactors. Modeling tau aggregation in mature differentiated neurons provides a platform for investigating divergent molecular mechanisms of tau strain propagation and for identifying common structural features of misfolded tau and critical interactors for new therapeutic targets and approaches in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Hromadkova
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Chae Kim
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Tracy Haldiman
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Lihua Peng
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mark Cohen
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Jiri G Safar
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Departments of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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3
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Narzt MS, Kremslehner C, Golabi B, Nagelreiter IM, Malikovic J, Hussein AM, Plasenzotti R, Korz V, Lubec G, Gruber F, Lubec J. Molecular species of oxidized phospholipids in brain differentiate between learning- and memory impaired and unimpaired aged rats. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1311-1326. [PMID: 35817992 PMCID: PMC9372013 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Loss of cognitive function is a typical consequence of aging in humans and rodents. The extent of decline in spatial memory performance of rats, assessed by a hole-board test, reaches from unimpaired and comparable to young individuals to severely memory impaired. Recently, proteomics identified peroxiredoxin 6, an enzyme important for detoxification of oxidized phospholipids, as one of several synaptosomal proteins discriminating between aged impaired and aged unimpaired rats. In this study, we investigated several components of the epilipidome (modifications of phospholipids) of the prefrontal cortex of young, aged memory impaired (AI) and aged unimpaired (AU) rats. We observed an age-related increase in phospholipid hydroperoxides and products of phospholipid peroxidation, including reactive aldehydophospholipids. This increase went in hand with cortical lipofuscin autofluorescence. The memory impairment, however, was paralleled by additional specific changes in the aged rat brain epilipidome. There was a profound increase in phosphocholine hydroxides, and a significant decrease in phosphocholine-esterified azelaic acid. As phospholipid-esterified fatty acid hydroxides, and especially those deriving from arachidonic acid are both markers and effectors of inflammation, the findings suggest that in addition to age-related reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, age-related impairment of spatial memory performance has an additional and distinct (neuro-) inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sophie Narzt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Linz/Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ionela-Mariana Nagelreiter
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jovana Malikovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmed M Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Roberto Plasenzotti
- Center for Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Himberg, Austria
| | - Volker Korz
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jana Lubec
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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4
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Zhang H, Tan C, Shi X, Xu J. Impacts of autofluorescence on fluorescence based techniques to study microglia. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:21. [PMID: 35361108 PMCID: PMC8973892 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, accrue autofluorescent granules inside their cytoplasm throughout their lifespan. In this report, we studied the impacts of autofluorescence on widely used fluorescence-based techniques to study microglia, including flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, and live imaging. RESULTS The failed attempt of using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated antibody to detect lymphocyte-activation gene 3 protein in microglia prompted us to compare the sensitivity of FITC, phycoerythrin (PE) and allophycocyanin (APC) conjugated antibodies to detect surface protein expression in microglia. We found that PE outperformed FITC and APC as the fluorophore conjugated to antibody for flow cytometry by overcoming the interference from microglia autofluorescence. To identify the location and source of microglia autofluorescence, we did confocal imaging and spectral analysis of microglia autofluorescence on fixed brain tissues, revealing that microglia autofluorescence emitted from cytoplasmic granules and displayed a multi-peak emission spectrum. We recommended removing autofluorescence by lipofuscin removing agents when staining intracellular proteins in microglia with the immunofluorescence techniques. On live brain slices, autofluorescent granules reduced the amplitudes of calcium signals in microglial somata derived from GCaMP6s fluorescence and thus needed to be excluded when selecting regions of interest (ROI). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, autofluorescence is a critical factor to consider when designing experiments and interpreting results based on fluorescence-based techniques to study microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Translational Medicine Research Center, People's Hospital Of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyue Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ji Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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5
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Brahadeeswaran S, Sivagurunathan N, Calivarathan L. Inflammasome Signaling in the Aging Brain and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2288-2304. [PMID: 35066762 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes, members of the innate immune system, and their activation and regulation play an essential role in maintaining homeostatic conditions against exogenous and endogenous stimuli. Inflammasomes occur as cytosolic proteins and assemble into a complex during the recognition of pathogen-associated or danger-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors in host cells. The formation of the inflammasome complex elicits signaling molecules of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and interleukin 18 via activation of caspase-1 in the canonical inflammasome pathway whereas caspase-11 in the case of a mouse and caspase-4 and caspase-5 in the case of humans in the non-canonical inflammasome pathway, resulting in pyroptotic or inflammatory cell death which ultimately leads to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammasome activation, particularly in microglial cells and macrophages, has been linked to aging as well as age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The accumulation of abnormal/ misfolded proteins acts as a ligand for inflammasome activation in neurodegenerative diseases. Although recent studies have revealed the inflammasomes' functionality in both in vitro and in vivo models, many inflammasome signaling cascade activations during biological aging, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration are still ambiguous. In this review, we comprehensively unveil the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation during neuronal aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, prion disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Brahadeeswaran
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi Campus, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India
| | - Narmadhaa Sivagurunathan
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi Campus, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India
| | - Latchoumycandane Calivarathan
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi Campus, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India.
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6
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Demasi M, Augusto O, Bechara EJH, Bicev RN, Cerqueira FM, da Cunha FM, Denicola A, Gomes F, Miyamoto S, Netto LES, Randall LM, Stevani CV, Thomson L. Oxidative Modification of Proteins: From Damage to Catalysis, Signaling, and Beyond. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1016-1080. [PMID: 33726509 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The systematic investigation of oxidative modification of proteins by reactive oxygen species started in 1980. Later, it was shown that reactive nitrogen species could also modify proteins. Some protein oxidative modifications promote loss of protein function, cleavage or aggregation, and some result in proteo-toxicity and cellular homeostasis disruption. Recent Advances: Previously, protein oxidation was associated exclusively to damage. However, not all oxidative modifications are necessarily associated with damage, as with Met and Cys protein residue oxidation. In these cases, redox state changes can alter protein structure, catalytic function, and signaling processes in response to metabolic and/or environmental alterations. This review aims to integrate the present knowledge on redox modifications of proteins with their fate and role in redox signaling and human pathological conditions. Critical Issues: It is hypothesized that protein oxidation participates in the development and progression of many pathological conditions. However, no quantitative data have been correlated with specific oxidized proteins or the progression or severity of pathological conditions. Hence, the comprehension of the mechanisms underlying these modifications, their importance in human pathologies, and the fate of the modified proteins is of clinical relevance. Future Directions: We discuss new tools to cope with protein oxidation and suggest new approaches for integrating knowledge about protein oxidation and redox processes with human pathophysiological conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1016-1080.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene Demasi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ohara Augusto
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata N Bicev
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Cerqueira
- CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M da Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Denicola
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Gomes
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis E S Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lía M Randall
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cassius V Stevani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonor Thomson
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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7
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Zwirner J, Lier J, Franke H, Hammer N, Matschke J, Trautz F, Tse R, Ondruschka B. GFAP positivity in neurons following traumatic brain injuries. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:2323-2333. [PMID: 34114049 PMCID: PMC8523453 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a well-established astrocytic biomarker for the diagnosis, monitoring and outcome prediction of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Few studies stated an accumulation of neuronal GFAP that was observed in various brain pathologies, including traumatic brain injuries. As the neuronal immunopositivity for GFAP in Alzheimer patients was shown to cross-react with non-GFAP epitopes, the neuronal immunopositivity for GFAP in TBI patients should be challenged. In this study, cerebral and cerebellar tissues of 52 TBI fatalities and 17 controls were screened for immunopositivity for GFAP in neurons by means of immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The results revealed that neuronal immunopositivity for GFAP is most likely a staining artefact as negative controls also revealed neuronal GFAP staining. However, the phenomenon was twice as frequent for TBI fatalities compared to non-TBI control cases (12 vs. 6%). Neuronal GFAP staining was observed in the pericontusional zone and the ipsilateral hippocampus, but was absent in the contralateral cortex of TBI cases. Immunopositivity for GFAP was significantly correlated with the survival time (r = 0.306, P = 0.015), but no correlations were found with age at death, sex nor the post-mortem interval in TBI fatalities. This study provides evidence that the TBI-associated neuronal immunopositivity for GFAP is indeed a staining artefact. However, an absence post-traumatic neuronal GFAP cannot readily be assumed. Regardless of the particular mechanism, this study revealed that the artefact/potential neuronal immunopositivity for GFAP is a global, rather than a regional brain phenomenon and might be useful for minimum TBI survival time determinations, if certain exclusion criteria are strictly respected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Zwirner
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. .,Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Julia Lier
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Niels Hammer
- Institute of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Trauma, Orthopedic and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Trautz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rexon Tse
- Department of Forensic Pathology, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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8
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Björk V. Aging of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, CIRCLONSA Syndrome, Implications for Regenerative Medicine and Restoration of the Master Body Clock. Rejuvenation Res 2021; 24:274-282. [PMID: 33573456 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2020.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master regulator of the circadian clocks throughout the human body. With increasing age the circadian clock in humans and other mammals becomes increasingly disorganized leading to a large number of more or less well-categorized problems. While a lot of aging research has focused on the peripheral clocks in tissues across organisms, it remains a paramount task to quantify aging of the most important master clock, the human SCN. Furthermore, a pipeline needs to be developed with therapies to mitigate the systemic cellular circadian dysfunction in the elderly and ultimately repair and reverse aging of the SCN itself. A disease classification for the aging SCN, Circadian Clock Neuronal Senile Atrophy (CIRCLONSA syndrome), would improve research funding and goal-oriented biotechnological entrepreneurship.
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9
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Jové M, Mota-Martorell N, Torres P, Ayala V, Portero-Otin M, Ferrer I, Pamplona R. The Causal Role of Lipoxidative Damage in Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Dysfunction Linked to Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050388. [PMID: 33923074 PMCID: PMC8147054 DOI: 10.3390/life11050388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Current shreds of evidence point to the entorhinal cortex (EC) as the origin of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology in the cerebrum. Compared with other cortical areas, the neurons from this brain region possess an inherent selective vulnerability derived from particular oxidative stress conditions that favor increased mitochondrial molecular damage with early bioenergetic involvement. This alteration of energy metabolism is the starting point for subsequent changes in a multitude of cell mechanisms, leading to neuronal dysfunction and, ultimately, cell death. These events are induced by changes that come with age, creating the substrate for the alteration of several neuronal pathways that will evolve toward neurodegeneration and, consequently, the development of AD pathology. In this context, the present review will focus on description of the biological mechanisms that confer vulnerability specifically to neurons of the entorhinal cortex, the changes induced by the aging process in this brain region, and the alterations at the mitochondrial level as the earliest mechanism for the development of AD pathology. Current findings allow us to propose the existence of an altered allostatic mechanism at the entorhinal cortex whose core is made up of mitochondrial oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and energy production, and which, in a positive loop, evolves to neurodegeneration, laying the basis for the onset and progression of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.J.); (N.M.-M.); (P.T.); (V.A.); (M.P.-O.)
| | - Natàlia Mota-Martorell
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.J.); (N.M.-M.); (P.T.); (V.A.); (M.P.-O.)
| | - Pascual Torres
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.J.); (N.M.-M.); (P.T.); (V.A.); (M.P.-O.)
| | - Victoria Ayala
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.J.); (N.M.-M.); (P.T.); (V.A.); (M.P.-O.)
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.J.); (N.M.-M.); (P.T.); (V.A.); (M.P.-O.)
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge University Hospital/Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.F.); (R.P.)
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.J.); (N.M.-M.); (P.T.); (V.A.); (M.P.-O.)
- Correspondence: (I.F.); (R.P.)
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10
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Khundadze M, Ribaudo F, Hussain A, Stahlberg H, Brocke-Ahmadinejad N, Franzka P, Varga RE, Zarkovic M, Pungsrinont T, Kokal M, Ganley IG, Beetz C, Sylvester M, Hübner CA. Mouse models for hereditary spastic paraplegia uncover a role of PI4K2A in autophagic lysosome reformation. Autophagy 2021; 17:3690-3706. [PMID: 33618608 PMCID: PMC8632344 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1891848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) denotes genetically heterogeneous disorders characterized by leg spasticity due to degeneration of corticospinal axons. SPG11 and SPG15 have a similar clinical course and together are the most prevalent autosomal recessive HSP entity. The respective proteins play a role for macroautophagy/autophagy and autophagic lysosome reformation (ALR). Here, we report that spg11 and zfyve26 KO mice developed motor impairments within the same course of time. This correlated with enhanced accumulation of autofluorescent material in neurons and progressive neuron loss. In agreement with defective ALR, tubulation events were diminished in starved KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and lysosomes decreased in neurons of KO brain sections. Confirming that both proteins act in the same molecular pathway, the pathologies were not aggravated upon simultaneous disruption of both. We further show that PI4K2A (phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2 alpha), which phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns4P), accumulated in autofluorescent deposits isolated from KO but not WT brains. Elevated PI4K2A abundance was already found at autolysosomes of neurons of presymptomatic KO mice. Immunolabelings further suggested higher levels of PtdIns4P at LAMP1-positive structures in starved KO MEFs. An increased association with LAMP1-positive structures was also observed for clathrin and DNM2/dynamin 2, which are important effectors of ALR recruited by phospholipids. Because PI4K2A overexpression impaired ALR, while its knockdown increased tubulation, we conclude that PI4K2A modulates phosphoinositide levels at autolysosomes and thus the recruitment of downstream effectors of ALR. Therefore, PI4K2A may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SPG11 and SPG15. Abbreviations: ALR: autophagic lysosome reformation; AP-5: adaptor protein complex 5; BFP: blue fluorescent protein; dKO: double knockout; EBSS: Earle’s balanced salt solution; FBA: foot base angle; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HSP: hereditary spastic paraplegia; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3B/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; PI4K2A: phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2 alpha; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PtdIns4P: phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate; RFP: red fluorescent protein; SPG: spastic paraplegia gene; TGN: trans-Golgi network; WT: wild type
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhran Khundadze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Federico Ribaudo
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Adeela Hussain
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Henry Stahlberg
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nahal Brocke-Ahmadinejad
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patricia Franzka
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rita-Eva Varga
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Milena Zarkovic
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thanakorn Pungsrinont
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Miriam Kokal
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Christian Beetz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany; Current Affiliation: Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marc Sylvester
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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11
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Ma L, Herren AW, Espinal G, Randol J, McLaughlin B, Martinez-Cerdeño V, Pessah IN, Hagerman RJ, Hagerman PJ. Composition of the Intranuclear Inclusions of Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:143. [PMID: 31481131 PMCID: PMC6720097 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with a premutation repeat expansion (55-200 CGG repeats) in the 5' noncoding region of the FMR1 gene. Solitary intranuclear inclusions within FXTAS neurons and astrocytes constitute a hallmark of the disorder, yet our understanding of how and why these bodies form is limited. Here, we have discovered that FXTAS inclusions emit a distinct autofluorescence spectrum, which forms the basis of a novel, unbiased method for isolating FXTAS inclusions by preparative fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Using a combination of autofluorescence-based FACS and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics, we have identified more than two hundred proteins that are enriched within the inclusions relative to FXTAS whole nuclei. Whereas no single protein species dominates inclusion composition, highly enriched levels of conjugated small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 (SUMO 2) protein and p62/sequestosome-1 (p62/SQSTM1) protein were found within the inclusions. Many additional proteins involved with RNA binding, protein turnover, and DNA damage repair were enriched within inclusions relative to total nuclear protein. The current analysis has also allowed the first direct detection, through peptide sequencing, of endogenous FMRpolyG peptide, the product of repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation of the FMR1 mRNA. However, this peptide was found only at extremely low levels and not within whole FXTAS nuclear preparations, raising the question whether endogenous RAN products exist at quantities sufficient to contribute to FXTAS pathogenesis. The abundance of the inclusion-associated ubiquitin- and SUMO-based modifiers supports a model for inclusion formation as the result of increased protein loads and elevated oxidative stress leading to maladaptive autophagy. These results highlight the need to further investigate FXTAS pathogenesis in the context of endogenous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anthony W Herren
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Glenda Espinal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Randol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bridget McLaughlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital of Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA.
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA.
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12
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Huber RJ, Mathavarajah S. Comparative transcriptomics reveals mechanisms underlying cln3-deficiency phenotypes in Dictyostelium. Cell Signal 2019; 58:79-90. [PMID: 30771446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in CLN3 cause a juvenile form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). This devastating neurological disorder, commonly known as Batten disease, is currently untreatable due to a lack of understanding of the physiological role of the protein. Recently, work in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has provided valuable new insight into the function of CLN3 in the cell. More specifically, research has linked the Dictyostelium homolog (gene: cln3, protein: Cln3) to protein secretion, adhesion, and aggregation during starvation, which initiates multicellular development. In this study, we used comparative transcriptomics to explore the mechanisms underlying the aberrant response of cln3- cells to starvation. During starvation, 1153 genes were differentially expressed in cln3- cells compared to WT. Among the differentially expressed genes were homologs of other human NCL genes including TPP1/CLN2, CLN5, CTSD/CLN10, PGRN/CLN11, and CTSF/CLN13. STRING and GO term analyses revealed an enrichment of genes linked to metabolic, biosynthetic, and catalytic processes. We then coupled the findings from the RNA-seq analysis to biochemical assays, specifically showing that loss of cln3 affects the expression and activity of lysosomal enzymes, increases endo-lysosomal pH, and alters nitric oxide homeostasis. Finally, we show that cln3- cells accumulate autofluorescent storage bodies during starvation and provide evidence linking the function of Cln3 to Tpp1 and CtsD activity. In total, this study enhances our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying Cln3 function in Dictyostelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Leclaire MD, Nettels-Hackert G, König J, Höhn A, Grune T, Uhlig CE, Hansen U, Eter N, Heiduschka P. Lipofuscin-dependent stimulation of microglial cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:931-952. [PMID: 30693383 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the reaction of microglial cells (MG) when incubated with lipofuscin (LP) in vitro with emphasis on the immunological reaction of the MG toward LP and the suppression of this reaction by immunomodulatory agents. MG are involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative eye disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). LP is a heterogeneous waste material that accumulates in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells with advancing age. LP is known to have toxic effects on RPE cells and therefore an elevated LP-derived fundus autofluorescence is a risk factor for AMD development. MG in the subretinal space have been reported in eyes affected by AMD. Moreover, in senescent mice, subretinal MG were found, which display an autofluorescence that may be derived from LP uptake. METHODS In this study, we incubated MG (BV-2 cell line and primary cells from murine brain) in vitro with LP isolated from the human RPE. We observed phagocytosis, studied cell morphologies, and analyzed the cell culture supernatants. We also investigated the effect of the immunomodulatory agents hydrocortisone (HC), minocycline, and the tripeptide TKP. RESULTS The MG phagocytosed the LP quickly and completely. We detected highly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (especially of IL-6, IL-23p19, TNF-α, KC, RANTES, and IL-1α) in the cell culture supernatants. Furthermore, levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were raised in BV-2 cells. Anti-inflammatory agents added to the cell cultures inhibited the inflammatory reaction, in particular hydrocortisone (HC). Minocycline and TKP had less impact on the cytokine release. CONCLUSION The interaction of MG and LP could play a role in the development of retinal degeneration by triggering an inflammatory reaction and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dominik Leclaire
- Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Domagkstr. 15, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerburg Nettels-Hackert
- Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Domagkstr. 15, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeannette König
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Annika Höhn
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Constantin E Uhlig
- Cornea Bank Münster, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Eter
- Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Domagkstr. 15, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Heiduschka
- Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Domagkstr. 15, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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14
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Jové M, Pradas I, Dominguez-Gonzalez M, Ferrer I, Pamplona R. Lipids and lipoxidation in human brain aging. Mitochondrial ATP-synthase as a key lipoxidation target. Redox Biol 2018; 23:101082. [PMID: 30635167 PMCID: PMC6859548 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is a target of the aging process like other cell systems of the human body. Specific regions of the human brain exhibit differential vulnerabilities to the aging process. Yet the underlying mechanisms that sustain the preservation or deterioration of neurons and cerebral functions are unknown. In this review, we focus attention on the role of lipids and the importance of the cross-regionally different vulnerabilities in human brain aging. In particular, we first consider a brief approach to the lipidomics of human brain, the relationship between lipids and lipoxidative damage, the role of lipids in human brain aging, and the specific targets of lipoxidative damage in human brain and during aging. It is proposed that the restricted set of modified proteins and the functional categories involved may be considered putative collaborative factors contributing to neuronal aging, and that mitochondrial ATP synthase is a key lipoxidative target in human brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Lleida (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Irene Pradas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Lleida (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Mayelin Dominguez-Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona; Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona; Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Lleida (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain.
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15
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Moreno-García A, Kun A, Calero O, Medina M, Calero M. An Overview of the Role of Lipofuscin in Age-Related Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:464. [PMID: 30026686 PMCID: PMC6041410 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite aging being by far the greatest risk factor for highly prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, the molecular underpinnings of age-related brain changes are still not well understood, particularly the transition from normal healthy brain aging to neuropathological aging. Aging is an extremely complex, multifactorial process involving the simultaneous interplay of several processes operating at many levels of the functional organization. The buildup of potentially toxic protein aggregates and their spreading through various brain regions has been identified as a major contributor to these pathologies. One of the most striking morphologic changes in neurons during normal aging is the accumulation of lipofuscin (LF) aggregates, as well as, neuromelanin pigments. LF is an autofluorescent lipopigment formed by lipids, metals and misfolded proteins, which is especially abundant in nerve cells, cardiac muscle cells and skin. Within the Central Nervous System (CNS), LF accumulates as aggregates, delineating a specific senescence pattern in both physiological and pathological states, altering neuronal cytoskeleton and cellular trafficking and metabolism, and being associated with neuronal loss, and glial proliferation and activation. Traditionally, the accumulation of LF in the CNS has been considered a secondary consequence of the aging process, being a mere bystander of the pathological buildup associated with different neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we discuss recent evidence suggesting the possibility that LF aggregates may have an active role in neurodegeneration. We argue that LF is a relevant effector of aging that represents a risk factor or driver for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Kun
- Biochemistry Section, Science School, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Protein and Nucleic Acids Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Olga Calero
- Chronic Disease Programme-CROSADIS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Medina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Calero
- Chronic Disease Programme-CROSADIS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Sun Y, Ip P, Chakrabartty A. Simple Elimination of Background Fluorescence in Formalin-Fixed Human Brain Tissue for Immunofluorescence Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28892031 DOI: 10.3791/56188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunofluorescence is a common method used to visualize subcellular compartments and to determine the localization of specific proteins within a tissue sample. A great hindrance to the acquisition of high quality immunofluorescence images is endogenous autofluorescence of the tissue caused by aging pigments such as lipofuscin or by common sample preparation processes such as aldehyde fixation. This protocol describes how background fluorescence can be greatly reduced through photobleaching using white phosphor light emitting diode (LED) arrays prior to treatment with fluorescent probes. The broad-spectrum emission of white phosphor LEDs allow for bleaching of fluorophores across a range of emission peaks. The photobleaching apparatus can be constructed from off-the-shelf components at very low cost and offers an accessible alternative to commercially available chemical quenchers. A photobleaching pre-treatment of the tissue followed by conventional immunofluorescence staining generates images free of background autofluorescence. Compared to established chemical quenchers which reduced probe as well as background signals, photobleaching treatment had no effect on probe fluorescence intensity while it effectively reduced background and lipofuscin fluorescence. Although photobleaching requires more time for pre-treatment, higher intensity LED arrays may be used to reduce photobleaching time. This simple method can potentially be applied to a variety of tissues, particularly postmitotic tissues that accumulate lipofuscin such as the brain and cardiac or skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Sun
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto;
| | - Philbert Ip
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto
| | - Avijit Chakrabartty
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto
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17
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Riew TR, Kim HL, Choi JH, Jin X, Shin YJ, Lee MY. Progressive accumulation of autofluorescent granules in macrophages in rat striatum after systemic 3-nitropropionic acid: a correlative light- and electron-microscopic study. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:517-528. [PMID: 28597061 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A variety of tissue biomolecules and intracellular structures are known to be autofluorescent. However, autofluorescent signals in brain tissues often confound analysis of the fluorescent markers used for immunohistochemistry. While investigating tissue and cellular pathologies induced by 3-nitropropionic acid, a mitochondrial toxin selective for striatal neurons, we encountered many autofluorescent signals confined to the lesion core. These structures were excited by blue (wavelength = 488 nm) and yellow-orange (555 nm), but not by red (639 nm) or violet (405 nm) lasers, indicating that this autofluorescence overlaps with the emission spectra of commonly used fluorophores. Almost all of the autofluorescence was localized in activated microglia/macrophages, while reactive astrocytes emitted no detectable autofluorescence. Amoeboid brain macrophages filled with autofluorescent granules revealed very weak expression of the microglial marker, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), while activated microglia with evident processes and intense Iba1 immunoreactivity contained scant autofluorescent granules. In addition, immunolabeling with two lysosomal markers, ED1/CD68 and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, showed a pattern complementary with autofluorescent signals in activated microglia/macrophages, implying that the autofluorescent structures reside within cytoplasm free of intact lysosomes. A correlative light- and electron-microscopic approach finally revealed the ultrastructural identity of the fluorescent granules, most of which matched to clusters of lipofuscin-like inclusions with varying morphology. Thus, autofluorescence in the damaged brain may reflect the presence of lipofuscin-laden brain macrophages, which should be taken into account when verifying any fluorescent signals that are likely to be correlated with activated microglia/macrophages after brain insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ryong Riew
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06501, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Lim Kim
- Integrative Research Support Center, Laboratory of Electron Microscope, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06501, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuyan Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06501, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06501, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Yong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06501, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Croce AC, Bottiroli G. Autofluorescence Spectroscopy for Monitoring Metabolism in Animal Cells and Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1560:15-43. [PMID: 28155143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Excitation of biological substrates with light at a suitable wavelength can give rise to a light emission in the ultraviolet (UV)-visible, near-infrared (IR) spectral range, called autofluorescence (AF). This is a widespread phenomenon, ascribable to the general presence of biomolecules acting as endogenous fluorophores (EFs) in the organisms of the whole life kingdom. In cytochemistry and histochemistry, AF is often an unwanted signal enhancing the background and affecting in particular the detection of low signals or rare positive labeling spots of exogenous markers. Conversely, AF is increasingly considered as a powerful diagnostic tool because of its role as an intrinsic biomarker directly dependent on the nature, amount, and microenvironment of the EFs, in a strict relationship with metabolic processes and structural organization of cells and tissues. As a consequence, AF carries multiple information that can be decrypted by a proper analysis of the overall emission signal, allowing the characterization and monitoring of cell metabolism in situ, in real time and in the absence of perturbation from exogenous markers. In the animal kingdom, AF studies at the cellular level take advantage of the essential presence of NAD(P)H and flavins, primarily acting as coenzymes at multiple steps of common metabolic pathways for energy production, reductive biosynthesis and antioxidant defense. Additional EFs such as vitamin A, porphyrins, lipofuscins, proteins, and neuromediators can be detected in different kinds of cells and bulk tissues, and can be exploited as photophysical biomarkers of specific normal or altered morphofunctional properties, from the retinoid storage in the liver to aging processes, metabolic disorders or cell transformation processes. The AF phenomenon involves all living system, and literature reports numerous investigations and diagnostic applications of AF, taking advantage of continuously developing self-assembled or commercial instrumentation and measuring procedures, making almost impossible to provide their comprehensive description. Therefore a brief summary of the history of AF observations and of the development of measuring systems is provided, along with a description of the most common EFs and their metabolic significance. From our direct experience, examples of AF imaging and microspectrofluorometric procedures performed under a single excitation in the near-UV range for cell and tissue metabolism studies are then reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGM) - CNR, via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Bottiroli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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19
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Lloyd-Evans E, Haslett LJ. The lysosomal storage disease continuum with ageing-related neurodegenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:104-121. [PMID: 27516378 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases and diseases of ageing share many features both at the physiological level and with respect to the mechanisms that underlie disease pathogenesis. Although the exact pathophysiology is not exactly the same, it is astounding how many similar pathways are altered in all of these diseases. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the shared disease mechanisms, outlining the similarities and differences and how genetics, insight into rare diseases and functional research has changed our perspective on the causes underlying common diseases of ageing. The lysosome should no longer be considered as just the stomach of the cell or as a suicide bag, it has an emerging role in cellular signalling, nutrient sensing and recycling. The lysosome is of fundamental importance in the pathophysiology of diseases of ageing and by comparing against the LSDs we not only identify common pathways but also therapeutic targets so that ultimately more effective treatments can be developed for all neurodegenerative diseases.
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20
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Liu JY, Reeves C, Diehl B, Coppola A, Al-Hajri A, Hoskote C, Mughairy SA, Tachrount M, Groves M, Michalak Z, Mills K, McEvoy AW, Miserocchi A, Sisodiya SM, Thom M. Early lipofuscin accumulation in frontal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:882-895. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Y.W. Liu
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; London United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl Reeves
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; London United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
| | - Beate Diehl
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; London United Kingdom
| | - Antonietta Coppola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
| | - Aliya Al-Hajri
- The Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology in National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; London United Kingdom and Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Chandrashekar Hoskote
- The Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology in National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; London United Kingdom and Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Salim al Mughairy
- The Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology in National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; London United Kingdom and Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mohamed Tachrount
- The Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology in National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; London United Kingdom and Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Michael Groves
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; London United Kingdom
| | - Zuzanna Michalak
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; London United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Mills
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Child Health; University College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W. McEvoy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Miserocchi
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society, Chesham Lane; Chalfont St Peter United Kingdom
| | - Maria Thom
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; London United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
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21
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Sun Y, Chakrabartty A. Cost-effective elimination of lipofuscin fluorescence from formalin-fixed brain tissue by white phosphor light emitting diode array. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:545-550. [PMID: 27824490 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autofluorescence of aldehyde-fixed tissues greatly hinders fluorescence microscopy. In particular, lipofuscin, an autofluorescent component of aged brain tissue, complicates fluorescence imaging of tissue in neurodegenerative diseases. Background and lipofuscin fluorescence can be reduced by greater than 90% through photobleaching using white phosphor light emitting diode arrays prior to treatment with fluorescent probes. We compared the effect of photobleaching versus established chemical quenchers on the quality of fluorescent staining in formalin-fixed brain tissue of frontotemporal dementia with tau-positive inclusions. Unlike chemical quenchers, which reduced fluorescent probe signals as well as background, photobleaching treatment had no effect on probe fluorescence intensity while it effectively reduced background and lipofuscin fluorescence. The advantages and versatility of photobleaching over established methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Sun
- a Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Avi Chakrabartty
- a Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,b Department of Biochemistry, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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22
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Tikka S, Monogioudi E, Gotsopoulos A, Soliymani R, Pezzini F, Scifo E, Uusi-Rauva K, Tyynelä J, Baumann M, Jalanko A, Simonati A, Lalowski M. Proteomic Profiling in the Brain of CLN1 Disease Model Reveals Affected Functional Modules. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 18:109-33. [PMID: 26707855 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are the most commonly inherited progressive encephalopathies of childhood. Pathologically, they are characterized by endolysosomal storage with different ultrastructural features and biochemical compositions. The molecular mechanisms causing progressive neurodegeneration and common molecular pathways linking expression of different NCL genes are largely unknown. We analyzed proteome alterations in the brains of a mouse model of human infantile CLN1 disease-palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (Ppt1) gene knockout and its wild-type age-matched counterpart at different stages: pre-symptomatic, symptomatic and advanced. For this purpose, we utilized a combination of laser capture microdissection-based quantitative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS imaging to quantify/visualize the changes in protein expression in disease-affected brain thalamus and cerebral cortex tissue slices, respectively. Proteomic profiling of the pre-symptomatic stage thalamus revealed alterations mostly in metabolic processes and inhibition of various neuronal functions, i.e., neuritogenesis. Down-regulation in dynamics associated with growth of plasma projections and cellular protrusions was further corroborated by findings from RNA sequencing of CLN1 patients' fibroblasts. Changes detected at the symptomatic stage included: mitochondrial functions, synaptic vesicle transport, myelin proteome and signaling cascades, such as RhoA signaling. Considerable dysregulation of processes related to mitochondrial cell death, RhoA/Huntington's disease signaling and myelin sheath breakdown were observed at the advanced stage of the disease. The identified changes in protein levels were further substantiated by bioinformatics and network approaches, immunohistochemistry on brain tissues and literature knowledge, thus identifying various functional modules affected in the CLN1 childhood encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Tikka
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Room C214a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Evanthia Monogioudi
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Joint Research Centre, Directorate D-Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Standards for Innovation and Sustainable Development, Geel, Belgium
| | - Athanasios Gotsopoulos
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science (BECS), Aalto University School of Science, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Room C214a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Enzo Scifo
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Room C214a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Doctoral Program Brain & Mind, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kristiina Uusi-Rauva
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Genomics and Biomarkers, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Tyynelä
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Room C214a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Room C214a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Jalanko
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Genomics and Biomarkers, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessandro Simonati
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Maciej Lalowski
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Room C214a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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23
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Naudí A, Cabré R, Jové M, Ayala V, Gonzalo H, Portero-Otín M, Ferrer I, Pamplona R. Lipidomics of human brain aging and Alzheimer's disease pathology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 122:133-89. [PMID: 26358893 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipids stimulated and favored the evolution of the brain. Adult human brain contains a large amount of lipids, and the largest diversity of lipid classes and lipid molecular species. Lipidomics is defined as "the full characterization of lipid molecular species and of their biological roles with respect to expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism and function, including gene regulation." Therefore, the study of brain lipidomics can help to unravel the diversity and to disclose the specificity of these lipid traits and its alterations in neural (neurons and glial) cells, groups of neural cells, brain, and fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, thus helping to uncover potential biomarkers of human brain aging and Alzheimer disease. This review will discuss the lipid composition of the adult human brain. We first consider a brief approach to lipid definition, classification, and tools for analysis from the new point of view that has emerged with lipidomics, and then turn to the lipid profiles in human brain and how lipids affect brain function. Finally, we focus on the current status of lipidomics findings in human brain aging and Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neurolipidomics will increase knowledge about physiological and pathological functions of brain cells and will place the concept of selective neuronal vulnerability in a lipid context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rosanna Cabré
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Victoria Ayala
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Hugo Gonzalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
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24
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Scifo E, Szwajda A, Soliymani R, Pezzini F, Bianchi M, Dapkunas A, Dębski J, Uusi-Rauva K, Dadlez M, Gingras AC, Tyynelä J, Simonati A, Jalanko A, Baumann MH, Lalowski M. Proteomic analysis of the palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 interactome in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. J Proteomics 2015; 123:42-53. [PMID: 25865307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are a group of inherited progressive childhood disorders, characterized by early accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in lysosomes of neurons or other cells. Clinical symptoms of NCL include: progressive loss of vision, mental and motor deterioration, epileptic seizures and premature death. CLN1 disease (MIM#256730) is caused by mutations in the CLN1 gene, which encodes palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). In this study, we utilised single step affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to unravel the in vivo substrates of human PPT1 in the brain neuronal cells. Protein complexes were isolated from human PPT1 expressing SH-SY5Y stable cells, subjected to filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) and analysed on a Q Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. A total of 23 PPT1 interacting partners (IP) were identified from label free quantitation of the MS data by SAINT platform. Three of the identified PPT1 IP, namely CRMP1, DBH, and MAP1B are predicted to be palmitoylated. Our proteomic analysis confirmed previously suggested roles of PPT1 in axon guidance and lipid metabolism, yet implicates the enzyme in novel roles including: involvement in neuronal migration and dopamine receptor mediated signalling pathway. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The significance of this work lies in the unravelling of putative in vivo substrates of human CLN1 or PPT1 in brain neuronal cells. Moreover, the PPT1 IP implicate the enzyme in novel roles including: involvement in neuronal migration and dopamine receptor mediated signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Scifo
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Doctoral Program Brain & Mind, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Agnieszka Szwajda
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marzia Bianchi
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Arvydas Dapkunas
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janusz Dębski
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kristiina Uusi-Rauva
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michał Dadlez
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Centre for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaana Tyynelä
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessandro Simonati
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anu Jalanko
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc H Baumann
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maciej Lalowski
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.
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25
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Riechardt AI, Gundlach E, Joussen AM, Willerding GD. The Development of Orange Pigment Overlying Choroidal Metastasis. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2015; 1:93-7. [PMID: 27171491 DOI: 10.1159/000369823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to correlate the ophthalmoscopic and histopathological findings of orange pigment overlying a choroidal metastasis. METHODS This is a single case report with clinical follow-up and histopathological examination. RESULTS Histopathology revealed a choroidal metastasis with subretinal CD68-positive macrophages showing autofluorescent deposits in fluorescence microscopy. CONCLUSION The development of orange pigment is not pathognomonic for choroidal melanoma but may be seen in other lesions such as carcinoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enken Gundlach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia M Joussen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gregor D Willerding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Klinik für Augenheilkunde, DRK Kliniken Westend, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Schrödl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Bruckner D, Krefft K, Kofler B, Brandtner H, Reitsamer HA. Alarin in cranial autonomic ganglia of human and rat. Exp Eye Res 2014; 131:63-8. [PMID: 25497346 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Extrinsic and intrinsic sources of the autonomic nervous system contribute to choroidal innervation, thus being responsible for the control of choroidal blood flow, aqueous humor production or intraocular pressure. Neuropeptides are involved in this autonomic control, and amongst those, alarin has been recently introduced. While alarin is present in intrinsic choroidal neurons, it is not clear if these are the only source of neuronal alarin in the choroid. Therefore, we here screened for the presence of alarin in human cranial autonomic ganglia, and also in rat, a species lacking intrinsic choroidal innervation. Cranial autonomic ganglia (i.e., ciliary, CIL; pterygopalatine, PPG; superior cervical, SCG; trigeminal ganglion, TRI) of human and rat were prepared for immunohistochemistry against murine and human alarin, respectively. Additionally, double staining experiments for alarin and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), tyrosine hydroxilase (TH), substance P (SP) were performed in human and rat ganglia for unequivocal identification of ganglia. For documentation, confocal laser scanning microscopy was used, while quantitative RT-PCR was applied to confirm immunohistochemical data and to detect alarin mRNA expression. In humans, alarin-like immunoreactivity (alarin-LI) was detected in intrinsic neurons and nerve fibers of the choroidal stroma, but was lacking in CIL, PPG, SCG and TRI. In rat, alarin-LI was detected in only a minority of cranial autonomic ganglia (CIL: 3.5%; PPG: 0.4%; SCG: 1.9%; TRI: 1%). qRT-PCR confirmed the low expression level of alarin mRNA in rat ganglia. Since alarin-LI was absent in human cranial autonomic ganglia, and only present in few neurons of rat cranial autonomic ganglia, we consider it of low impact in extrinsic ocular innervation in those species. Nevertheless, it seems important for intrinsic choroidal innervation in humans, where it could serve as intrinsic choroidal marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schrödl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasase 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karolina Krefft
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herwig Brandtner
- Department of Legal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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27
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Progranulin protects against amyloid β deposition and toxicity in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Nat Med 2014; 20:1157-64. [PMID: 25261995 PMCID: PMC4196723 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) gene (GRN) causes familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and modulates an innate immune response in humans and mouse models. GRN polymorphism may be linked to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, PRGN’s role in AD pathogenesis is unknown. Here, we show PGRN inhibits amyloid β (Aβ) deposition. Selectively reducing microglial PGRN in AD mice impaired phagocytosis and increased plaque load threefold. Lentivirus-mediated PGRN overexpression lowered plaque load in AD mice with aggressive amyloid plaque pathology. Aβ plaque load correlated negatively with levels of hippocampal PGRN, showing PGRN’s dose-dependent inhibitory effects on plaque deposition. PGRN also protected against Aβ toxicity. Reducing microglial PGRN exacerbated cognitive deficits in AD mice. Lentivirus-mediated PGRN overexpression prevented spatial memory deficits and hippocampal neuronal loss in AD mice. PGRN’s protective effects against Aβ deposition and toxicity have important therapeutic implications. We propose enhancing PGRN as a potential treatment for PGRN-deficient FTD and AD.
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Intracellular processing of disease-associated α-synuclein in the human brain suggests prion-like cell-to-cell spread. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:76-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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29
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Metabolomics of Human Brain Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:640-57. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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30
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Lyons B, Kwan AH, Truscott R. Spontaneous cyclization of polypeptides with a penultimate Asp, Asn or isoAsp at the N-terminus and implications for cleavage by aminopeptidase. FEBS J 2014; 281:2945-55. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lyons
- Save Sight Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney Eye Hospital; Australia
| | - Ann H Kwan
- School of Molecular Bioscience; University of Sydney; Australia
| | - Roger Truscott
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; University of Wollongong; Australia
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31
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Ottis P, Topic B, Loos M, Li KW, de Souza A, Schulz D, Smit AB, Huston JP, Korth C. Aging-induced proteostatic changes in the rat hippocampus identify ARP3, NEB2 and BRAG2 as a molecular circuitry for cognitive impairment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75112. [PMID: 24069387 PMCID: PMC3777897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed proteostasis as a particular phenotype of the aging organism has been advanced in C. elegans experiments and is also conceived to underlie neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Here, we investigated whether particular changes in non-disease related proteostasis can be identified in the aged mammalian brain, and whether a particular signature of aberrant proteostasis is related to behavioral performance of learning and memory. Young (adult, n = 30) and aged (2 years, n = 50) Wistar rats were tested in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) to distinguish superior and inferior performers. For both young and old rats, the best and worst performers in the MWM were selected and the insoluble proteome, termed aggregome, was purified from the hippocampus as evidence for aberrant proteostasis. Quantitative proteomics (iTRAQ) was performed. The aged inferior performers were considered as a model for spontaneous, age-associated cognitive impairment. Whereas variability of the insoluble proteome increased with age, absolute changes in the levels of insoluble proteins were small compared to the findings in the whole C. elegans insoluble proteome. However, we identified proteins with aberrant proteostasis in aging. For the cognitively impaired rats, we identified a changed molecular circuitry of proteins selectively involved in F-actin remodeling, synapse building and long-term depression: actin related protein 3 (ARP3), neurabin II (NEB2) and IQ motif and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 (BRAG2). We demonstrate that aberrant proteostasis is a specific phenotype of brain aging in mammals. We identify a distinct molecular circuitry where changes in proteostasis are characteristic for poor learning and memory performance in the wild type, aged rat. Our findings 1. establish the search for aberrant proteostasis as a successful strategy to identify neuronal dysfunction in deficient cognitive behavior, 2. reveal a previously unknown functional network of proteins (ARP3, NEB2, BRAG2) involved in age-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ottis
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bianca Topic
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maarten Loos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Synaptologics B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ka Wan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelica de Souza
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniela Schulz
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - August B. Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P. Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Georgakopoulou EA, Tsimaratou K, Evangelou K, Fernandez Marcos PJ, Zoumpourlis V, Trougakos IP, Kletsas D, Bartek J, Serrano M, Gorgoulis VG. Specific lipofuscin staining as a novel biomarker to detect replicative and stress-induced senescence. A method applicable in cryo-preserved and archival tissues. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 5:37-50. [PMID: 23449538 PMCID: PMC3616230 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is shortage of extensive clinicopathologic studies of cellular senescence because the most reliable senescence biomarker, the detection of Senescence-Associated-beta-galactosidase activity (SA-β-gal), is inapplicable in archival material and requires snap-frozen tissues. We validated the histochemical Sudan-Black-B (SBB) specific stain of lipofuscin, an aggregate of oxidized proteins, lipids and metals, known to accumulate in aged tissues, as an additional reliable approach to detect senescent cells independently of sample preparation. We analyzed cellular systems in which senescence was triggered by replicative exhaustion or stressful stimuli, conditional knock-in mice producing precancerous lesions exhibiting senescence, and human preneoplastic lesions known to contain senescent cells. In the above settings we demonstrated co-localization of lipofuscin and SA-β-gal in senescent cells in vitro and in vivo (cryo-preserved tissue), strongly supporting the candidacy of lipofuscin for a biomarker of cellular senescence. Furthermore, cryo-preserved tissues positive for SA-β-gal were formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and stained with SBB. The corresponding SA-β-gal positive tissue areas stained specifically for lipofuscin by SBB, whereas tissues negative for SA-β-gal were lipofuscin negative, validating the sensitivity and specificity of the SBB staining to visualize senescent cells in archival material. The latter unique property of SBB could be exploited in research on widely available retrospective tissue material.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Georgakopoulou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece
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Scifo E, Szwajda A, Dębski J, Uusi-Rauva K, Kesti T, Dadlez M, Gingras AC, Tyynelä J, Baumann MH, Jalanko A, Lalowski M. Drafting the CLN3 protein interactome in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells: a label-free quantitative proteomics approach. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2101-15. [PMID: 23464991 DOI: 10.1021/pr301125k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are the most common inherited progressive encephalopathies of childhood. One of the most prevalent forms of NCL, Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) or CLN3 disease (OMIM: 204200), is caused by mutations in the CLN3 gene on chromosome 16p12.1. Despite progress in the NCL field, the primary function of ceroid-lipofuscinosis neuronal protein 3 (CLN3) remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to clarify the role of human CLN3 in the brain by identifying CLN3-associated proteins using a Tandem Affinity Purification coupled to Mass Spectrometry (TAP-MS) strategy combined with Significance Analysis of Interactome (SAINT). Human SH-SY5Y-NTAP-CLN3 stable cells were used to isolate native protein complexes for subsequent TAP-MS. Bioinformatic analyses of isolated complexes yielded 58 CLN3 interacting partners (IP) including 42 novel CLN3 IP, as well as 16 CLN3 high confidence interacting partners (HCIP) previously identified in another high-throughput study by Behrends et al., 2010. Moreover, 31 IP of ceroid-lipofuscinosis neuronal protein 5 (CLN5) were identified (18 of which were in common with the CLN3 bait). Our findings support previously suggested involvement of CLN3 in transmembrane transport, lipid homeostasis and neuronal excitability, as well as link it to G-protein signaling and protein folding/sorting in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Scifo
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, and Finnish Graduate School of Neuroscience, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Sarlak G, Jenwitheesuk A, Chetsawang B, Govitrapong P. Effects of Melatonin on Nervous System Aging: Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 123:9-24. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13r01sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Lubec G. Focus on brain proteins and proteomics. Proteomics 2012; 12:2402-3. [PMID: 22903839 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201270105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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