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Tsutsui S, Terashima M, Nakamura O. A fungal-binding agglutinin in the skin slime of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Microbiol Immunol 2024; 68:331-338. [PMID: 38923675 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Agglutination of pathogenic microorganisms on the body surface is a significant phenomenon for the prevention of infection. In the present study, we show that an extract of the skin mucus from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) has agglutination activity against the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We purified this yeast-binding protein, which consists of an approximately 35-kDa homodimer, using affinity chromatography with yeast as a ligand. Multiple internal amino acid sequences of the protein, as determined using liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, mapped to flounder glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). An anti-GAPDH antibody inhibited the yeast agglutination activity in the skin mucus extract and stained agglutinated yeast, indicating that flounder GAPDH could agglutinate yeast. The current study suggests that GAPDH, a well-known protein as the sixth enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, is a significant player in mucosal immunity in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Marine Biosciences, School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mizuki Terashima
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Marine Biosciences, School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakamura
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Marine Biosciences, School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Dik I, Dik B, Tufan Ö, Er A. Evaluation of potential antiviral activities of antimicrobial peptides in fish mucus. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:695-702. [PMID: 38378226 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish skin mucus contains innate immune factors and acts as the first line of physical or chemical defense against pathogens. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to determine the antiviral activity of sea bream (SBr), rainbow trout (RT), and sea bass (SBa) fish skin mucus against herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1. In addition, it was aimed to associate possible antiviral activity with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as cathelicidin, hepcidin, galectin 2, and C10ORF99, whose levels were determined in the mucus. METHODS The antiviral activity and oxidative/antioxidant status of mucus against HSV-1 virus was evaluated. In addition, AMPs, SOD, and CAT activities, and immunoglobulin M levels were also analyzed in mucus of fish. RESULTS Antiviral activity mucus of SBr, RT, and SBa against HSV-1 were determined as 2-4, 2-5, and 2-2, respectively. The higher antiviral activity of SBr and RT mucus compared to the mucus of SBa can be associated with higher AMP levels in them. CONCLUSION The skin mucus of SBr and RT may be nutritional supplement, adjuvant, and a new agent that can potentiate the effects of antimicrobial/antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmak Dik
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Burak Dik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Öznur Tufan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Er
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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3
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Nguyen HTT, Zhao M, Wang T, Dang BT, Geffen AJ, Cummins SF. Sea anemone-anemonefish symbiosis: Behavior and mucous protein profiling. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 105:603-618. [PMID: 38747400 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Fish species of the genus Amphiprion (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) seek protection from predators among the tentacles of sea anemones as their natural habitat, where they live essentially unharmed from stinging by the host's nematocysts. The skin mucus of these anemonefish has been suggested as a protective mechanism that prevents the discharge of the nematocysts upon contact. Whereas some anemonefish species seem to produce their own protective mucous coating, others may acquire mucus (or biomolecules within) from the sea anemone during an acclimation period. In controlled experiments, we show that Amphiprion ocellaris acclimated successfully to their natural host anemone species Stichodactyla gigantea, and also to Stichodactyla haddoni, and in some cases Heteractis crispa, neither of which are natural host species. No symbiosis was observed for three other anemone species tested, Entacmaea quadricolor, Macrodactyla doreensis, and Heteractis malu. We explored the skin mucous protein profile from naive and experienced A. ocellaris during their acclimation to natural and unnatural host anemones. We confidently report the presence of metabolic and structural proteins in the skin mucus of all samples, likely involved in immunological defense, molecular transport, stress response, and signal transduction. For those anemonefish that established symbiosis, there was a clear increase in ribosomal-type proteins. We additionally provide evidence for the presence of anemone proteins only in the skin mucus of individuals that established symbiosis. Our results support previous speculation of the role of skin mucous-associated proteins in anemonefish-anemone symbiosis. Further exploration of these mucosal proteins could reveal the mechanism of anemonefish acclimation to host anemones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Thanh T Nguyen
- Biotechnology Department, Institute for Biotechnology and Environment, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang City, Vietnam
| | - Min Zhao
- Biotechnology Deparment, Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tianfang Wang
- Biotechnology Deparment, Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Binh T Dang
- Biotechnology Department, Institute for Biotechnology and Environment, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang City, Vietnam
| | - Audrey J Geffen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Scott F Cummins
- Biotechnology Deparment, Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Esteban MÁ. Effects of dietary astaxanthin on immune status and lipid metabolism in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109731. [PMID: 38944253 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AX) is a carotenoid known to have one of the highest documented antioxidant capacities and has attracted considerable scientific and commercial interest. The incorporation of AX into aquaculture practices has been associated with improved pigmentation, modulation of the immune and endocrine systems, stress reduction, reproductive efficiency and general fish health. This study describes the effects of dietary AX (0, control, 20, 100 and 500 mg kg-1 AX per kg of diet) for 15 and 30 days on growth performance, immune and antioxidant status, histology and gene expression in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish fed diets enriched with 500 mg kg-1 of AX for 15 days decreased in skin mucus peroxidase activity while at 30 days of trial, fish fed a diet supplemented with 20 mg kg-1 AX increased the peroxidase activity in serum. In addition, bactericidal activity against Vibrio harveyi increased in the skin mucus of fish fed any of the AX supplemented diets. Regarding antioxidant activities in the liver, catalase and glutathione reductase were decreased and increased, respectively, in fish fed a diet supplemented with 500 mg kg-1 of AX. Finally, although the expression of up to 21 inflammatory and lipid metabolism-related genes was analysed in visceral adipose tissue, only the expression of the interleukin 6 (il6) gene was up-regulated in fish fed a diet supplemented with 20 mg kg-1 of AX. The present results provide a detailed insight into the potent antioxidant properties of AX and its possible modulatory effects on the immune status and lipid metabolism of seabream, which may be of interest to the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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5
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ. In vitro immune-depression and anti-inflammatory activities of cantharidin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) leucocytes activated by λ-carrageenan. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109470. [PMID: 38442766 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Cantharidin is a natural compound with known therapeutic applications in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of cantharidin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) head kidney leucocytes (HKL) stimulated with λ-carrageenan. HKLs were incubated for 24 h with cantharidin (0, 2.5 and 5 μg mL-1) and λ-carrageenan (0 and 1000 μg mL-1). The results showed that HKL viability only decreased by 15.2% after incubated with 5 μg mL-1 of cantharidin and λ-carrageenan. Cantharidin increased the peroxidase activity of HKLs only when incubated in combination with λ-carrageenan. Besides this, cantharidin inhibited the respiratory burst and phagocytic activities. Furthermore, cantharidin induced morphological changes in HKLs (apoptotic and vacuolization signs) that were enhanced when incubated with λ-carrageenan. Considering the analysis of the selected gene expression studied in HKLs [NF-κB subunits (rela, relb, crel, nfkb1, nfkb2), proinflammatory cytokines (il1b, tnfa), anti-inflammatory cytokines (il10, tgfb) and caspases (casp1, casp3, casp8, casp9)], although λ-carrageenan up-regulated the expression of the proinflammatory gene il1b, λ-carrageenan and cantharidin down-regulated its expression in HKLs. In addition, cantharidin up-regulated casp3 and casp9 expression. The casp3 and casp9 gene expression was down-regulated while casp1 gene expression was up-regulated in HKLs incubated with both cantharidin and λ-carrageenan. All the effects of cantharidin are related to its inhibitory effect on protein phosphatases, which induce apoptosis at long exposure times, and minimize the effects of λ-carrageenan. The present results provide detailed insight into the immune-depressive and anti-inflammatory properties of cantharidin on immune cells, which could be of interest to the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Serna-Duque JA, Alburquerque C, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ. Participation of Hepcidins in the Inflammatory Response Triggered by λ-Carrageenin in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:261-275. [PMID: 38353762 PMCID: PMC11043163 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The role of hepcidins, antimicrobial peptides involved in iron metabolism, immunity, and inflammation, is studied. First, gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs) were incubated with λ-carrageenin to study the expression of hepcidin and iron metabolism-related genes. While the expression of most of the genes studied was upregulated, the expression of ferroportin gene (slc40a) was downregulated. In the second part of the study, seabream specimens were injected intramuscularly with λ-carrageenin or buffer (control). The expression of the same genes was evaluated in the head kidney, liver, and skin at different time points after injection. The expression of Hamp1m, ferritin b, and ferroportin genes (hamp1, fthb, and slc40a) was upregulated in the head kidney of fish from the λ-carrageenin-injected group, while the expression of Hamp2C and Hamp2E genes (hamp2.3 and hamp2.7) was downregulated. In the liver, the expression of hamp1, ferritin a (ftha), slc40a, Hamp2J, and Hamp2D (hamp2.5/6) genes was downregulated in the λ-carrageenin-injected group. In the skin, the expression of hamp1 and (Hamp2A Hamp2C) hamp2.1/3/4 genes was upregulated in the λ-carrageenin-injected group. A bioinformatic analysis was performed to predict the presence of transcription factor binding sites in the promoter region of hepcidins. The primary sequence of hepcidin was conserved among the different mature peptides, although changes in specific amino acid residues were identified. These changes affected the charge, hydrophobicity, and probability of hepcidins being antimicrobial peptides. This study sheds light on the poorly understood roles of hepcidins in fish. The results provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms of inflammation in fish and could contribute to the development of new strategies for treat inflammation in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jhon A Serna-Duque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Alburquerque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Sakakibara M, Aoki R, Masuma S, Nakamura O, Shirakashi S, Tsutsui S. Comparison of skin mucus lectins among longtooth grouper Epinephelus bruneus and giant grouper E. lanceolatus as well as the hybrid, Kue-Tama, and their binding abilities to the skin fluke Benedeniaepinepheli. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:105113. [PMID: 38086469 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Interspecific hybrids of farm-raised fish are becoming popular in aquaculture owing to their advantages over pure species, including improved growth and higher resistance to infectious diseases. Kue-Tama is a recently established hybrid grouper derived from the longtooth grouper Epinephelus bruneus (♀) × giant grouper E. lanceolatus (♂). In our previous study, this hybrid showed significantly higher resistance against the skin fluke Benedenia epinepheli, a problematic parasite in grouper farming, than the longtooth grouper. In the present study, we explored lectins in the skin mucus of hybrids and their parent species. While C-type lectins of approximately 15 kDa were obtained from longtooth groupers, additional C-type lectins with molecular masses of approximately 20 and 30 kDa, as well as 45-kDa F-type lectin, were also detected in Kue-Tama and giant groupers. Semi-quantitative reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated that the gene expression levels of both C-type and F-type lectins were significantly higher in the skin of the hybrid and giant groupers than that of the longtooth grouper. In addition, some skin mucus lectins of the hybrid and giant groupers were bound to the fluke, suggesting that these lectins conferred resistance to parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Sakakibara
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Aoki
- Aquaculture Research Institute Amami Station, Kindai University, 137 Amami, Kagoshima, 894-1853, Japan
| | - Shukei Masuma
- Aquaculture Research Institute Shirahama Station, Kindai University, 3153 Shirahama, Nishimuro, Wakayama, 649-2211, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakamura
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Sho Shirakashi
- Aquaculture Research Institute Shirahama Station, Kindai University, 3153 Shirahama, Nishimuro, Wakayama, 649-2211, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tsutsui
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
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Ali S, Ullah W, Kamarulzaman AFS, Hassan M, Rauf M, Khattak MNK, Dawar FU. Proteomic profile of epidermal mucus from Labeo rohita reveals differentially abundant proteins after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 5:100115. [PMID: 37771818 PMCID: PMC10523009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the proteomic profile of Epidermal Mucus (EM) from Labeo rohita and identified the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection through label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using discovery-based proteomics, a total of 2039 proteins were quantified in nontreated group and 1,328 proteins in the treated group, of which 114 were identified as DAPs in both the groups. Of the 114 DAPs, 68 proteins were upregulated and 46 proteins were downregulated in the treated group compared to nontreated group. Functional annotations of these DAPs shows their association with metabolism, cellular process, molecular process, cytoskeletal, stress, and particularly immune system. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and Fisher's exact test between the two groups shows that most of the proteins were immune-related, which were significantly associated with the proteasome, phagosome, and Salmonella infection pathways. Overall, this study shows a basic and primary way for further functional research of the involvement of vitellogenin 2, alpha-2-macroglobulin-like protein, toll-like receptors (TLR-13), calpain, keratin-like proteins, and heat shock proteins against bacterial infection. Nonetheless, this first-ever comprehensive report of a proteomic sketch of EM from L. rohita after A. hydrophila infection provides systematic protein information to broadly understand the biological role of fish EM against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandana Ali
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, 26000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, 26000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Maizom Hassan
- Institute of System Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Rauf
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, 26000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nasir Khan Khattak
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farman Ullah Dawar
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, 26000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
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Bachar-Wikstrom E, Dhillon B, Gill Dhillon N, Abbo L, Lindén SK, Wikstrom JD. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Shark Skin Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16954. [PMID: 38069276 PMCID: PMC10707392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucus layer covering the skin of fish has several roles, including protection against pathogens and mechanical damage in which proteins play a key role. While proteins in the skin mucus layer of various common bony fish species have been explored, the proteins of shark skin mucus remain unexplored. In this pilot study, we examine the protein composition of the skin mucus in spiny dogfish sharks and chain catsharks through mass spectrometry (NanoLC-MS/MS). Overall, we identified 206 and 72 proteins in spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and chain catsharks (Scyliorhinus retifer), respectively. Categorization showed that the proteins belonged to diverse biological processes and that most proteins were cellular albeit a significant minority were secreted, indicative of mucosal immune roles. The secreted proteins are reviewed in detail with emphasis on their immune potentials. Moreover, STRING protein-protein association network analysis showed that proteins of closely related shark species were more similar as compared to a more distantly related shark and a bony fish, although there were also significant overlaps. This study contributes to the growing field of molecular shark studies and provides a foundation for further research into the functional roles and potential human biomedical implications of shark skin mucus proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Bachar-Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Braham Dhillon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Navi Gill Dhillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Lisa Abbo
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob D. Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Díaz-Puertas R, Adamek M, Mallavia R, Falco A. Fish Skin Mucus Extracts: An Underexplored Source of Antimicrobial Agents. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:350. [PMID: 37367675 DOI: 10.3390/md21060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, and other metabolites. This review aims to provide an overview of the antimicrobial molecules found in fish skin mucus and its reported in vitro antimicrobial capacity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Additionally, the different methods of mucus extraction, which can be grouped as aqueous, organic, and acidic extractions, are presented. Finally, omic techniques (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multiomics) are described as key tools for the identification and isolation of new antimicrobial compounds. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the potential of fish skin mucus as a promising source for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Díaz-Puertas
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Alberto Falco
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Miftari MH, Walther BT. Leukolectin-proteins are synthesized and secreted by lectocytes, a distinct category of fish embryonic mucus cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108730. [PMID: 37084857 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fish perivitelline fluid (PVF) is a vital extra-embryonic compartment. At hatching, PVF-contents dissolve into the hatching fluid (HF). Analysis of Atlantic salmon HF reveals nearly hundred distinct proteins, most of which were identified by advanced mass-spectometry. However, one entity with apparent molecular weight 26 kDa, necessitated identification from its tryptic peptides. Subsequent cloning and sequencing revealed novel leukolectin-proteins. From bioinformatic analysis, leukolectins (LL) belong in the tectonin protein-family, with recognized functions in innate immunity. This study aims to identify LL-expressing cells in diverse fish species, and to characterize the ll-gene in order to predict bio-functions of leukolectins. LL-proteins were detected in HF from several fish species and one invertebrate, using polyclonal LL-specific IgGs. Embryonic LL-immunoreactive cells were numerous in Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, fewer in Atlantic cod, and rare in Oikopleura dioica, Atlantic halibut. LL-immunoreactive cells were termed lectocytes, which corresponded to peridermal mucus-cells stained by PAS, but unstained by eosin. Hence, lectocytes and hatching-gland cells were clearly distinguished. Northern blots revealed two salmon LL-transcripts at mid-embryogenesis. Such transcripts were detected in epithelial cells of the periderm, gills and oral cavity. LL-transcripts predominated in the periderm, while choriolysin-transcripts were dominant in the gills. No co-expression of choriolysins and LL-transcripts was detected. BAC-library screening yielded salmon LL's gene-structure with 4 introns, 5 exons, TATA-box, multiple upstream putative transcription-factor binding-sites and polyadenylation site. ll-gene location on chromosome ssa17 was identified in Ssal_v3.1, the 2021-version of the salmon genome. In conclusion, larvae from several fish species are outfitted with mucus enriched by LL-proteins. Mucus cells are present in embryos of all fishes, but embryonic lectocyte-numbers are far higher in species with near total larval survival. When (maternal) chorionic first-line immuno-defence is lost at hatching, leukolectin-enriched mucus may provide vital protection for larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirushe H Miftari
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bernt T Walther
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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12
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Gonzalez-Silvera D, Gong X, Broughton R, Guardiola FA, Betancor MB, Esteban MÁ. Implication of adipocytes from subcutaneous adipose tissue and fatty acids in skin inflammation caused by λ-carrageenin in gilthead seabream (Sparusaurata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:160-171. [PMID: 36210005 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of subcutaneous adipose tissue adipocytes and the effects of fatty acids on carrageenan-induced skin inflammation in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) were studied. Fish were injected intramuscularly with phosphate-buffered saline (control) or λ-carrageenin (1%), and skin samples collected at the injection site at 3 and 6 h post-injection (p.i.) were processed for histological study. In addition, the presence and levels of lipid classes, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and eicosanoids were evaluated in the skin samples obtained from the injected areas. Histological results indicated an increase in adipocyte area in fish sampled at 3 h p.i. with λ-carrageenin compared to fish in the control group. Furthermore, the frequency of adipocytes between 4500 and 5000 μm2 was increased at 6 h in the λ-carrageenin group compared to the control group. Analysis of lipid classes found that fish injected with λ-carrageenan showed increased free fatty acid (FFA) and sphingomyelin content at 3 and 6 h, respectively, compared to the control group. An increase in saturated fatty acids (SFA), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and a decrease in the values of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), n-3 PUFA and minor fatty acids were observed in fish skin at 6 h after λ-carrageenin injection, with respect to the values obtained in the control group. Regarding the analysis of eicosanoids, an increase in hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) was detected in the skin of fish at 6 h post-carrageenin injection compared to the control group. The presented results indicate the contribution of adipocytes and fatty acids in the development and regulation of the inflammatory response triggered by λ-carrageenin in gilthead seabream skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Silvera
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Xu Gong
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Richard Broughton
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mónica B Betancor
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Leal E, Angotzi AR, Gregório SF, Ortiz-Delgado JB, Rotllant J, Fuentes J, Tafalla C, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Role of the melanocortin system in zebrafish skin physiology. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:591-601. [PMID: 36150411 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) acts as both a competitive antagonist and inverse agonist of melanocortin receptors which regulate dorsal-ventral pigmentation patterns in fish. However, the potential role of ASIP in the regulation of additional physiological pathways in the skin is unknown. The skin plays a crucial role in the immune function, acting as a physical limitation against infestation and also as a chemical barrier due to its ability to synthesize and secrete mucus and many immune effector proteins. In this study, the putative role of ASIP in regulating the immune system of skin has been explored using a transgenic zebrafish model overexpressing the asip1 gene (ASIPzf). Initially, the structural changes in skin induced by asip1 overexpression were studied, revealing that the ventral skin of ASIPzf was thinner than that of wild type (WT) animals. A moderate hypertrophy of mucous cells was also found in ASIPzf. Histochemical studies showed that transgenic animals appear to compensate for the lower number of cell layers by modifying the mucus composition and increasing lectin affinity and mucin content in order to maintain or improve protection against microorganism adhesion. ASIPzf also exhibit higher protein concentration under crowding conditions suggesting an increased mucus production under stressful conditions. Exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed that ASIPzf exhibit a faster pro-inflammatory response and increased mucin expression yet severe skin injures and a slight increase in mortality was observed. Electrophysiological measurements show that the ASIP1 genotype exhibits reduced epithelial resistance, an indicator of reduced tissue integrity and barrier function. Overall, not only are ASIP1 animals more prone to infiltration and subsequent infections due to reduced skin epithelial integrity, but also display an increased inflammatory response that can lead to increased skin sensitivity to external infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leal
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Aquiculture de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595, Castellon, Spain.
| | - A R Angotzi
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Aquiculture de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595, Castellon, Spain
| | - S F Gregório
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - J B Ortiz-Delgado
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN, CSIC Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J Rotllant
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - J Fuentes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - C Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Aquiculture de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595, Castellon, Spain.
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14
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Abolfathi M, Akbarzadeh A, Hajimoradloo A, Joshaghani HR, Ross NW. Seasonal variations in the skin epidermal structure and mucosal immune parameters of rainbow trout skin (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at different stages of farming. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:965-974. [PMID: 35843528 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in the epidermal structure and the innate immunity parameters of skin mucus in rainbow trout. The skin epidermis and mucus samples were collected over three consecutive seasons including winter, spring and late summer from three different weight groups i.e., 2-20 g (W1), 100-200 g (W2) and 400-600 g (W3) fish. The skin mucosal immunity analysis of rainbow trout showed that the haemagglutination activity increased significantly with increasing fish size from W1 to W3 in all three seasons, while no significant seasonal changes occurred in haemagglutination activity. Moreover, the bactericidal activity against fish pathogens increased significantly with increasing water bacterial load in late summer. The SDS-PAGE analysis of mucus showed a high amount of low molecular weight proteins (<35 kDa) in the late summer that was correlated with the increase in bactericidal activity. Histological analysis of the epidermis structure of rainbow trout skin showed that the density and size of goblet cells and consequently the mucus secretion significantly increased in W3 group in all seasons. In all three weight groups of fish, the density of goblet cells significantly increased from winter to spring and late summer along with increasing water temperature. Moreover, the goblet cell density showed a significant positive relationship with the soluble protein concentration and haemagglutination activity (p < 0.01). The results of this study demonstrated the more active immune role of the skin epidermal cells and mucus in rainbow trout during summer to protect fish against the pathogenic microorganisms. Given its potent bactericidal properties and the lack of haemolytic activity, the rainbow trout mucus might be used as a safe and inexpensive source for developing antimicrobial agents to prevent and treat some bacterial diseases in human and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Abolfathi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Arash Akbarzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Abdolmajid Hajimoradloo
- Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Joshaghani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Golestan University of Medical Sciences School of Paramedicine, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Neil W Ross
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
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15
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ. In vitro effects of λ-carrageenin in the head-kidney leucocytes of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:813-821. [PMID: 35842113 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The λ-carrageenin is a sulphated mucopolysaccharide that has been used for decades to induce experimental inflammation in mammals. However, it has been little considered in fish. We studied the in vitro effects of λ-carrageenin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs). For this purpose, HKLs were incubated with serial concentrations (from 0 to 1,000 μg mL-1) of λ-carrageenin for 3, 6, 12 and 24 h to assess its influence on cell viability and morphology, cell activity and modulation of several selected inflammation-related genes. The viability results demonstrated that λ-carrageenin has no negative effects on HKLs. The respiratory burst activity and phagocytic ability of HKLs after being incubated with λ-carrageenin (100 and 1,000 μg mL-1) for 24 h were increased, whereas the phagocytic capacity was inhibited by the higher dose at the same experimental time compared with control samples. However, the peroxidase activity of HKLs was not changed by incubation with λ-carrageenin. According to transmission electron microscopy results, incubation of HKLs with the higher dose of λ-carrageenin appeared to activate the cells being evident different morphological changes without sign of cell death. Furthermore, up-regulation of three proinflammatory cytokines (il1b, tnfa, and il6) and down-regulation of anti-inflammatory genes (tgfb) were denoted in HKLs incubated with carrageenin. The present results provide a detailed approach to the effects of λ-carrageenin on fish leucocytes, which could have some impact on how we understand the response of these cells when inducing an inflammatory process in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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16
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Li X, Hu X, Lv A, Guan Z. Skin immune response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in crucian carp Carassius auratus revealed by multi-omics analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:866-875. [PMID: 35850458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fish skin is an essential protective barrier and functions as the first line of immune defense against pathogens. However, the molecular mechanism at the proteome-level remains unclear in the skin of fish. In this study, the comparative proteomics of skin immune responses of crucian carp Carassius auratus infected with Aeromonas hydrophila was investigated by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry (2-DE/MS) as well as high-throughput transcriptome (RNA-seq) techniques. A total of 241 and 178 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) at 6 and 12 h post-infection (hpi) were respectively identified by iTRAQ, and key-DEPs were furtherly verified with 2-DE/MS analysis. GO and KEGG analysis showed that these DEPs were mostly related to metabolism, regulation of the cytoskeleton, stress and immune responses. Co-association results of proteome and transcriptome revealed the lysozyme (LYZ), complement C3, DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog subfamily C member 8 (DNAJC8) and allograft inflammatory factor 1-like (AIF1L) play important roles in skin immune responses of crucian carp. The significantly up-regulated expression of detected immune-related genes (c3, mapk3, f5, nlr, hsp90, itgb2, fnl, flnca, p47, mhc and pros1) were validated by qRT-PCR analysis. To our knowledge, this is first report on multi-omics analysis of the differential proteomics for the skin immune response of C. auratus against A.hydrophila infection, which contribute to the understanding the mechanisms of skin mucosal immunity in cyprinid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiucai Hu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Aijun Lv
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Zhenguo Guan
- S&E Burgeoning Biotechnology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300383, China
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17
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Ahmmed MK, Bhowmik S, Giteru SG, Zilani MNH, Adadi P, Islam SS, Kanwugu ON, Haq M, Ahmmed F, Ng CCW, Chan YS, Asadujjaman M, Chan GHH, Naude R, Bekhit AEDA, Ng TB, Wong JH. An Update of Lectins from Marine Organisms: Characterization, Extraction Methodology, and Potential Biofunctional Applications. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070430. [PMID: 35877723 PMCID: PMC9316650 DOI: 10.3390/md20070430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a unique group of nonimmune carbohydrate-binding proteins or glycoproteins that exhibit specific and reversible carbohydrate-binding activity in a non-catalytic manner. Lectins have diverse sources and are classified according to their origins, such as plant lectins, animal lectins, and fish lectins. Marine organisms including fish, crustaceans, and mollusks produce a myriad of lectins, including rhamnose binding lectins (RBL), fucose-binding lectins (FTL), mannose-binding lectin, galectins, galactose binding lectins, and C-type lectins. The widely used method of extracting lectins from marine samples is a simple two-step process employing a polar salt solution and purification by column chromatography. Lectins exert several immunomodulatory functions, including pathogen recognition, inflammatory reactions, participating in various hemocyte functions (e.g., agglutination), phagocytic reactions, among others. Lectins can also control cell proliferation, protein folding, RNA splicing, and trafficking of molecules. Due to their reported biological and pharmaceutical activities, lectins have attracted the attention of scientists and industries (i.e., food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries). Therefore, this review aims to update current information on lectins from marine organisms, their characterization, extraction, and biofunctionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand or (M.K.A.); (S.G.G.); (P.A.)
- Department of Fishing and Post-Harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Shuva Bhowmik
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen G. Giteru
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand or (M.K.A.); (S.G.G.); (P.A.)
- Alliance Group Limited, Invercargill 9840, New Zealand
| | - Md. Nazmul Hasan Zilani
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh;
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand or (M.K.A.); (S.G.G.); (P.A.)
| | - Shikder Saiful Islam
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia;
- Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Osman N. Kanwugu
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Mira Street 28, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Monjurul Haq
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh;
| | - Fatema Ahmmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | | | - Yau Sang Chan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Md. Asadujjaman
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh;
| | - Gabriel Hoi Huen Chan
- Division of Science, Engineering and Health Studies, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Ryno Naude
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa;
| | - Alaa El-Din Ahmed Bekhit
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand or (M.K.A.); (S.G.G.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.-D.A.B.); (J.H.W.)
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (A.E.-D.A.B.); (J.H.W.)
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18
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Pires A, Figueira E, Silva MSS, Sá C, Marques PAAP. Effects of graphene oxide nanosheets in the polychaete Hediste diversicolor: Behavioural, physiological and biochemical responses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118869. [PMID: 35063544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous applications exist for graphene-based materials, such as graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. Increased concentrations of GO nanosheets in the environment have the potential to have a large negative effect on the aquatic environment, with consequences for benthic organisms, such as polychaetes. The polychaete Hediste diversicolor mobilises the sediments, hence altering the availability of contaminants and the nutrients biogeochemical cycle. As such, this study proposes to assess the effects of different GO nanosheet concentrations on the behaviour, feeding activity, mucus production, regenerative capacity, antioxidant status, biochemical damage and metabolism of H. diversicolor. This study evidenced that H. diversicolor exposed to GO nanosheets had a significantly lower ability to regenerate their bodies, took longer to feed and burrow into the sediment and produced more mucus. Membrane oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation) increased in exposed specimens. The increased metabolic rate (ETS) evidenced a higher energy expenditure in exposed organisms (high use of ready energy sources - soluble sugars) to fight the toxicity induced by GO nanosheets, such as SOD activity. The increase in SOD activity was enough to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by GO on cytosol at the lowest concentrations, avoiding the damage on proteins (lower PC levels), but not on membranes (LPO increase). This study revealed that the presence of GO nanosheets, even at the lower levels tested, impaired behavioural, physiological, and biochemical traits in polychaetes, suggesting that the increase of this engineered nanomaterial in the environment can disturb these benthic organisms, affecting the H. diversicolor population. Moreover, given the important role of this group of organisms in coastal and estuarine food webs, the biogeochemical cycle of nutrients, and sediment oxygenation, there is a real possibility for repercussions into the estuarine community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adília Pires
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M S S Silva
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carina Sá
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A A P Marques
- Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA) & Department of Mechanics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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19
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ. In vitro effects of cantharidin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) head-kidney leucocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:20-35. [PMID: 35218974 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cantharidin is a toxic vesicant terpene used in folk and traditional medicine due to its various therapeutic effects. Since there are no previous data on the effect of cantharidin in fish, this study aimed to investigate the in vitro related-inflammatory effects of cantharidin in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs). In the first experiment, the HKLs were incubated with 0, 5 and 10 μg mL-1 of cantharidin for 24 h to delimit its possible toxic effects. In a second experiment, leucocytes were incubated with ranging concentrations from 0 to 10 μg mL-1 for 3, 6, or 12 h. Cell viability was higher in acidophilic granulocytes than in monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes. Cantharidin caused apoptosis as was evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, cantharidin produced a time- and dose-dependent decrease of respiratory burst and phagocytic activities in HKLs, while their peroxidase activity was increased at 24 h of incubation with 5 and 10 μg mL-1 of cantharidin. Different changes in the gene expression were observed after incubation with cantharidin. While the gene expression of tnfa, il1b and crel was up-regulated in HKLs, the nfkb1 and igmh genes were down-regulated in comparison to the expression found in control HKLs. Present results offer a first view of the possible effects and action mechanisms of cantharidin in HKLs, as well as its implication in the inflammatory process, which could be of interest not only for basic research but also in the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Vitarelli E, Guardiola FA, Ceballos-Francisco D, García Beltrán JM, Ieni A, Esteban MÁ. Implication of mucus-secreting cells, acidophilic granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the resolution of skin inflammation caused by subcutaneous injection of λ/κ-carrageenin to gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) specimens. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:19-33. [PMID: 34549432 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To date, the mechanisms of inflammation have been poorly studied in fish of commercial interest, due to the lack of development of appropriate experimental models. The current study evaluated a local inflammation triggered by a polymeric carrageenin mixture (a mucopolysaccharide derived from the red seaweed Chondrus crispus) in the skin of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish were injected subcutaneously with phosphate-buffered saline (as control) or λ/κ-carrageenin (1%), and skin samples from the injection sites were collected 1.5, 3 and 6 hr post-injection, processed for inclusion in paraplast and stained with haematoxylin-eosin, Alcian blue or periodic acid-Schiff. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and expression analyses of several cells' markers and proinflammatory genes were also analysed in samples of the injected sites. Microscopic results indicated an increased number of skin mucus-secreting cells and acidophilic granulocytes in the skin of fish studied at 1.5 hr and 3 hr post-injection with carrageenin, respectively, with respect to the data obtained in control fish. Otherwise, both the gene expression of the non-specific cytotoxic cell marker (granzyme B, grb) and the proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1β, il-1β) were up-regulated at 1.5 hr in the skin of fish injected with carrageenin compared with the control fish, whilst the gene expression of acidophilic granulocyte markers (NADPH oxidase subunit Phox22 and Phox40, phox22 and phox40) was up-regulated at 3 and 6 hr in the carrageenin group, compared with the control group. In addition, the gene expression of myeloperoxidase (mpo) was also up-regulated at 6 hr in the skin of fish injected with carrageenin in comparison with control samples. The present results indicate the chronological participation of two important immune cells involved in the resolution of the inflammation in the skin of gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Enrica Vitarelli
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age 'Gaetano Barresi', Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diana Ceballos-Francisco
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José María García Beltrán
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age 'Gaetano Barresi', Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Mayor-Lafuente J, González-Silvera D, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ. Acute inflammatory response in the skin of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) caused by carrageenin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:623-634. [PMID: 34656758 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although inflammation is a well-characterized process in mammals, few studies have dealt with the mechanisms involved in this process in fish. The present study evaluated the expression of inflammation-related genes in the skin of fish injected with carrageenin, which has previously been used in inflammatory models in mammals. In our case, fish were injected subcutaneously with PBS (as control) or carrageenin (1%), and skin samples from the injection site were collected 1.5, 3 and 6 h post-injection. The gene expression of inflammatory markers (csfr1, mhc-ii and phox40), several pro-inflammatory cytokines (il1b, tnfa, il6, il8 and il18) and other molecules related (such as myd88 and c-rel) were up-regulated at 1.5 and 3 h in fish injected with carrageenin compared with control levels. By contrast, the gene expression of anti-inflammatory molecules (nlrx1, nlrc5 isoform 1, ctsd and ctss) was down-regulated in fish injected with carrageenin and sampled 3 h post injection, again compared to the gene expression in control fish. According to our results, carrageenin can be considered not only a good stimulator to study skin inflammation in gilthead seabream but also this method might be use to study the modulation of fish inflammatory process caused by internal or external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Mayor-Lafuente
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Silvera
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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22
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Mayor-Lafuente J, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ. In silico and gene expression analysis of the acute inflammatory response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) after subcutaneous administration of carrageenin. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1623-1643. [PMID: 34448108 PMCID: PMC8478728 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is one of the main causes of loss of homeostasis at both the systemic and molecular levels. The aim of this study was to investigate in silico the conservation of inflammation-related proteins in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Open reading frames of the selected genes were used as input in the STRING database for protein-protein interaction network analysis, comparing them with other teleost protein sequences. Proteins of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea L.) presented the highest percentages of identity with the gilthead seabream protein sequence. The gene expression profile of these proteins was then studied in gilthead seabream specimens subcutaneously injected with carrageenin (1%) or phosphate-buffered saline (control) by analyzing skin samples from the injected zone 12 and 24 h after injection. Gene expression analysis indicated that the mechanisms necessary to terminate the inflammatory response to carrageenin and recover skin homeostasis were activated between 12 and 24 h after injection (at the tested dose). The gene analysis performed in this study could contribute to the identification of the main mechanisms of acute inflammatory response and validate the use of carrageenin as an inflammation model to elucidate these mechanisms in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Mayor-Lafuente
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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23
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Guardiola FA, García Beltrán JM, Ceballos-Francisco D, Esteban MÁ. Effects of subcutaneous injection of λ/κ-carrageenin on the immune and liver antioxidant status of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1449-1462. [PMID: 34032302 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the acute inflammatory response induced by subcutaneous injection of carrageenin (1%) or phosphate-buffered saline (control) in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Skin mucus, serum, head kidney (HK) and liver were sampled at 1.5, 3 and 6 hr post-injection (p.i.) to determine the immune and antioxidant status of this fish species. The skin mucus of the carrageenin group showed increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities, lysozyme abundance, bactericidal activity against Vibrio anguillarum and Photobacterium damselae, and total immunoglobulins compared with those of the control group. However, the carrageenin-injected fish sampled at 6 hr p.i. showed decreased protease activity in the skin mucus and peroxidase activity in the HK leucocytes compared with the control. Moreover, the carrageenin injection had no effects on the systemic immune system, but it reduced the liver catalase activities at both 3 and 6 hr in the carrageenin group relative to those in the control group. The expression levels of several proinflammatory and cell marker genes in the HK and liver were also determined. In the HK, the expression levels of interleukin-1β and prostaglandin D synthase 1 were upregulated at 1.5 and 3 hr, respectively, in the carrageenin group compared with those in the control group. Contrarily, the expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit phox40 (an acidophilic granulocyte marker) in the carrageenin group at 6 hr was downregulated compared with that in the control group. These results suggested that subcutaneous injection of κ/λ-carrageenin in gilthead seabream triggered an acute skin inflammation characterized by the rapid recruitment of acidophilic granulocytes and the release of humoral mediators into the skin mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José María García Beltrán
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diana Ceballos-Francisco
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Sridhar A, Krishnasamy Sekar R, Manikandan DB, Arumugam M, Veeran S, Ramasamy T. Activity profile of innate immune-related enzymes and bactericidal of freshwater fish epidermal mucus extract at different pH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:33914-33926. [PMID: 33090344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal mucus of fish performs diverse functions from prevention of mechanical abrasion to limit pathogen invasions. The current experiment was designed to extract skin mucus proteins of three freshwater fish, i.e. common carp (Cyprinus carpio), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) and rohu (Labeo rohita) with organic solvent (methanol) and dissolve in different pH of Tris-HCl buffers to examine the significance of pH in the solubilisation of skin mucus proteins. The protein profiles of different pH solubilised methanol fish skin mucus extracts were determined by SDS-PAGE. The non-specific immune enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme and protease of fish skin mucus were compared and this present study demonstrated that these enzymes differed in their activity depending on pH buffers. The higher lysozyme and protease activity were observed at the pH of 8.0 and higher alkaline phosphatase activity in the pH 9.0 of C. mrigala fish skin mucus methanol extract. In addition, the bactericidal activity was evaluated against the pathogens Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pH 8.0 of C. mrigala skin mucus extract revealed better bactericidal activity than other fish species mucus pH buffers against both P. vulgaris and P. aeruginosa. In the case of protein profile from SDS-PAGE, based on pH buffers and the solubilisation of proteins, differences in the resolution of bands were observed. The higher alkaline pH of 9.0 showed smeared gel bands in all the three fish skin mucus methanol extract. The present study suggests that methanol extracted C. mrigala fish skin mucus at pH 8.0 showed better innate immune enzymes and bactericidal activity. The additional examinations of C. mrigala skin mucus methanol extract in this pH aids in identifying novel bioactive molecules. This is the study of proteome of three fish species skin mucus in the effect of pH. Further analyses are required to evaluate proteins present in fish skin mucus extracted with methanol and the influence of pH on protein solubility. These findings could be helpful in exploring natural alternatives to antibiotics in aquaculture industry against infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sridhar
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Rajkumar Krishnasamy Sekar
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Dinesh Babu Manikandan
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Manikandan Arumugam
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Srinivasan Veeran
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Thirumurugan Ramasamy
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India.
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25
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Saleh M, Abdel-Baki AAS, Dkhil MA, El-Matbouli M, Al-Quraishy S. Proteins of the Ciliated Protozoan Parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Identified in Common Carp Skin Mucus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070790. [PMID: 34206679 PMCID: PMC8308598 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin mucus is the fish primary defense barrier protecting from infections via the skin epidermis. In a previous study, we have investigated the proteome of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) skin mucus at two different time points (1 and 9 days) post-exposure to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Applying a nano-LC ESI MS/MS technique, we have earlier revealed that the abundance of 44 skin mucus proteins has been differentially regulated including proteins associated with host immune responses and wound healing. Herein, in skin mucus samples, we identified six proteins of I. multifiliis associated with the skin mucus in common carp. Alpha and beta tubulins were detected in addition to the elongation factor alpha, 26S proteasome regulatory subunit, 26S protease regulatory subunit 6B, and heat shock protein 90. The identified proteins are likely involved in motility, virulence, and general stress during parasite growth and development after parasite attachment and invasion. Two KEGG pathways, phagosome and proteasome, were identified among these parasite proteins, mirroring the proteolytic and phagocytic activities of this parasite during host invasion, growth, and development, which represent a plausible host invasion strategy of this parasite. The results obtained from this study can support revealing molecular aspects of the interplay between carp and I. multifiliis and may help us understand the I. multifiliis invasion strategy at the skin mucus barrier. The data may advance the development of novel drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics suitable for the management and prevention of ichthyophthiriosis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(12)-5077-4736
| | - Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.-A.S.A.-B.); (M.A.D.); (S.A.-Q.)
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Dkhil
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.-A.S.A.-B.); (M.A.D.); (S.A.-Q.)
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.-A.S.A.-B.); (M.A.D.); (S.A.-Q.)
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Jéhannet P, Palstra AP, Heinsbroek LTN, Kruijt L, Dirks RP, Swinkels W, Komen H. What Goes Wrong during Early Development of Artificially Reproduced European Eel Anguilla anguilla? Clues from the Larval Transcriptome and Gene Expression Patterns. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061710. [PMID: 34201077 PMCID: PMC8227761 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Closing the life cycle of the European eel in captivity is urgently needed to gain perspective for the commercial production of juvenile glass eels. Larvae are produced weekly at our facilities, but large variations in larval mortality are observed during the first week after hatching. Although much effort has been devoted to investigating ways to prevent early larval mortality, it remains unclear what the causes are. The aim of this study was to perform a transcriptomic study on European eel larvae in order to identify genes and physiological pathways that are differentially regulated in the comparison of larvae from batches that did not survive for longer than three days vs. larvae from batches that survived for at least a week up to 22 days after hatching (non-viable vs. viable larvae). In contrast to earlier published studies on European eel, we conclude that larvae exhibit immune competency. Non-viable larvae initiated an inflammatory and host protection immune response and tried to maintain osmoregulatory homeostasis. As a perspective, microbial control and salinity reduction might benefit eel larvae in terms of lower mortality and improved development by lowering the costs of immune functioning and osmoregulation. Abstract In eels, large variations in larval mortality exist, which would impede the viable production of juvenile glass eels in captivity. The transcriptome of European eel larvae was investigated to identify physiological pathways and genes that show differential regulation between non-viable vs. viable larvae. Expression of genes involved in inflammation and host protection was higher, suggesting that non-viable larvae suffered from microbial infection. Expression of genes involved in osmoregulation was also higher, implying that non-viable larvae tried to maintain homeostasis by strong osmoregulatory adaptation. Expression of genes involved in myogenesis, neural, and sensory development was reduced in the non-viable larvae. Expression of the major histocompatibility complex class-I (mhc1) gene, M-protein (myom2), the dopamine 2B receptor (d2br), the melatonin receptor (mtr1), and heat-shock protein beta-1 (hspb1) showed strong differential regulation and was therefore studied in 1, 8, and 15 days post-hatch (dph) larvae by RT-PCR to comprehend the roles of these genes during ontogeny. Expression patterning of these genes indicated the start of active swimming (8 dph) and feed searching behavior (15 dph) and confirmed immunocompetence immediately after hatching. This study revealed useful insights for improving larval survival by microbial control and salinity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jéhannet
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Arjan P. Palstra
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Leo Kruijt
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Ron P. Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies B.V., 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Hans Komen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.)
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Ordóñez-Grande B, Guerreiro PM, Sanahuja I, Fernández-Alacid L, Ibarz A. Environmental Salinity Modifies Mucus Exudation and Energy Use in European Sea Bass Juveniles. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061580. [PMID: 34071210 PMCID: PMC8230262 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is a euryhaline marine teleost that can often be found in brackish and freshwater or even in hypersaline environments. Here, we exposed sea bass juveniles to sustained salinity challenges for 15 days, simulating one hypoosmotic (3‰), one isosmotic (12‰) and one hyperosmotic (50‰) environment, in addition to control (35‰). We analyzed parameters of skin mucus exudation and mucus biomarkers, as a minimally invasive tool, and plasma biomarkers. Additionally, Na+/K+-ATPase activity was measured, as well as the gill mucous cell distribution, type and shape. The volume of exuded mucus increased significantly under all the salinity challenges, increasing by 130% at 50‰ condition. Significantly greater amounts of soluble protein (3.9 ± 0.6 mg at 50‰ vs. 1.1 ± 0.2 mg at 35‰, p < 0.05) and lactate (4.0 ± 1.0 µg at 50‰ vs. 1.2 ± 0.3 µg at 35‰, p < 0.05) were released, with clear energy expenditure. Gill ATPase activity was significantly higher at the extreme salinities, and the gill mucous cell distribution was rearranged, with more acid and neutral mucin mucous cells at 50‰. Skin mucus osmolality suggested an osmoregulatory function as an ion-trap layer in hypoosmotic conditions, retaining osmosis-related ions. Overall, when sea bass cope with different salinities, the hyperosmotic condition (50‰) demanded more energy than the extreme hypoosmotic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Pedro M. Guerreiro
- CCMAR—Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
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28
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Firmino JP, Fernández-Alacid L, Vallejos-Vidal E, Salomón R, Sanahuja I, Tort L, Ibarz A, Reyes-López FE, Gisbert E. Carvacrol, Thymol, and Garlic Essential Oil Promote Skin Innate Immunity in Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Through the Multifactorial Modulation of the Secretory Pathway and Enhancement of Mucus Protective Capacity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633621. [PMID: 33777020 PMCID: PMC7994269 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main targets for the use of phytogenics in aquafeeds is the mucosal tissues as they constitute a physical and biochemical shield against environmental and pathogenic threats, comprising elements from both the innate and acquired immunity. In the present study, the modulation of the skin transcriptional immune response, the bacterial growth capacity in skin mucus, and the overall health condition of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed a dietary supplementation of garlic essential oil, carvacrol, and thymol were assessed. The enrichment analysis of the skin transcriptional profile of fish fed the phytogenic-supplemented diet revealed the regulation of genes associated to cellular components involved in the secretory pathway, suggesting the stimulation, and recruitment of phagocytic cells. Genes recognized by their involvement in non-specific immune response were also identified in the analysis. The promotion of the secretion of non-specific immune molecules into the skin mucus was proposed to be involved in the in vitro decreased growth capacity of pathogenic bacteria in the mucus of fish fed the phytogenic-supplemented diet. Although the mucus antioxidant capacity was not affected by the phytogenics supplementation, the regulation of genes coding for oxidative stress enzymes suggested the reduction of the skin oxidative stress. Additionally, the decreased levels of cortisol in mucus indicated a reduction in the fish allostatic load due to the properties of the tested additive. Altogether, the dietary garlic, carvacrol, and thymol appear to promote the gilthead seabream skin innate immunity and the mucus protective capacity, decreasing its susceptibility to be colonized by pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P Firmino
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.,TECNOVIT-FARMFAES, S.L. Pol. Ind. Les Sorts, Alforja, Spain.,Ph.D. Program in Aquaculture, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Salomón
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.,Ph.D. Program in Aquaculture, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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Methanol Skin Mucus Extract of Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) Fish Peptide Targeting Viral Particles of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) and Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus (ISAV): an in silico Approach. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Reyes-López FE, Ibarz A, Ordóñez-Grande B, Vallejos-Vidal E, Andree KB, Balasch JC, Fernández-Alacid L, Sanahuja I, Sánchez-Nuño S, Firmino JP, Pavez L, Polo J, Tort L, Gisbert E. Skin Multi-Omics-Based Interactome Analysis: Integrating the Tissue and Mucus Exuded Layer for a Comprehensive Understanding of the Teleost Mucosa Functionality as Model of Study. Front Immunol 2021; 11:613824. [PMID: 33613538 PMCID: PMC7890662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
From a general structural perspective, a mucosal tissue is constituted by two main matrices: the tissue and the secreted mucus. Jointly, they fulfill a wide range of functions including the protection of the epithelial layer. In this study, we simultaneously analyzed the epithelial tissue and the secreted mucus response using a holistic interactome-based multi-omics approach. The effect of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) skin mucosa to a dietary inclusion of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) was evaluated. The epithelial skin microarrays-based transcriptome data showed 194 differentially expressed genes, meanwhile the exuded mucus proteome analysis 35 differentially synthesized proteins. Separately, the skin transcripteractome revealed an expression profile that favored biological mechanisms associated to gene expression, biogenesis, vesicle function, protein transport and localization to the membrane. Mucus proteome showed an enhanced protective role with putatively higher antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The integrated skin mucosa multi-interactome analysis evidenced the interrelationship and synergy between the metabolism and the exuded mucus functions improving specifically the tissue development, innate defenses, and environment recognition. Histologically, the skin increased in thickness and in number of mucous cells. A positive impact on animal performance, growth and feed efficiency was also registered. Collectively, the results suggest an intimate crosstalk between skin tissue and its exuded mucus in response to the nutritional stimulus (SDPP supplementation) that favors the stimulation of cell protein turnover and the activation of the exudation machinery in the skin mucosa. Thus, the multi-omics-based interactome analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the biological context of response that takes place in a mucosal tissue. In perspective, this strategy is applicable for evaluating the effect of any experimental variable on any mucosal tissue functionality, including the benefits this assessment may provide on the study of the mammalian mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe E Reyes-López
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellatera, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Providencia, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Edificio de Investigación Eduardo Morales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA-SCR, Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Balasch
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellatera, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana P Firmino
- IRTA-SCR, Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain.,PhD Program in Aquaculture, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pavez
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Lluis Tort
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellatera, Spain
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA-SCR, Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain
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31
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Najafpour B, Cardoso JCR, Canário AVM, Power DM. Specific Evolution and Gene Family Expansion of Complement 3 and Regulatory Factor H in Fish. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568631. [PMID: 33381109 PMCID: PMC7768046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system comprises a large family of plasma proteins that play a central role in innate and adaptive immunity. To better understand the evolution of the complement system in vertebrates and the contribution of complement to fish immunity comprehensive in silico and expression analysis of the gene repertoire was made. Particular attention was given to C3 and the evolutionary related proteins C4 and C5 and to one of the main regulatory factors of C3b, factor H (Cfh). Phylogenetic and gene linkage analysis confirmed the standing hypothesis that the ancestral c3/c4/c5 gene duplicated early. The duplication of C3 (C3.1 and C3.2) and C4 (C4.1 and C4.2) was likely a consequence of the (1R and 2R) genome tetraploidization events at the origin of the vertebrates. In fish, gene number was not conserved and multiple c3 and cfh sequence related genes were encountered, and phylogenetic analysis of each gene generated two main clusters. Duplication of c3 and cfh genes occurred across the teleosts in a species-specific manner. In common, with other immune gene families the c3 gene expansion in fish emerged through a process of tandem gene duplication. Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), had nine c3 gene transcripts highly expressed in liver although as reported in other fish, extra-hepatic expression also occurs. Differences in the sequence and protein domains of the nine deduced C3 proteins in the gilthead sea bream and the presence of specific cysteine and N-glycosylation residues within each isoform was indicative of functional diversity associated with structure. The diversity of C3 and other complement proteins as well as Cfh in teleosts suggests they may have an enhanced capacity to activate complement through direct interaction of C3 isoforms with pathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Najafpour
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - João C R Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Adelino V M Canário
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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32
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Ordóñez-Grande B, Fernández-Alacid L, Sanahuja I, Sánchez-Nuño S, Fernández-Borràs J, Blasco J, Ibarz A. Evaluating mucus exudation dynamics through isotopic enrichment and turnover of skin mucus fractions in a marine fish model. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa095. [PMID: 33442471 PMCID: PMC7787050 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fish skin mucus is composed of insoluble components, which form the physical barrier, and soluble components, which are key for interrelationship functions. Mucus is continuously secreted, but rates of production and exudation are still unknown, as are the underlying mechanisms. Using stable isotope analysis, here, we evaluate skin mucus turnover and renewal in gilthead sea bream, separating raw mucus and its soluble and insoluble fractions. Isotopic abundance analysis reveals no differences between mucus and white muscle, thus confirming mucus samples as reliable non-invasive biomarkers. Mucus production was evaluated using a single labelled meal packaged in a gelatine capsule, with both 13C and 15N, via a time-course trial. 13C was gradually allocated to skin mucus fractions over the first 12 h and was significantly (4-fold) higher in the soluble fraction, indicating a higher turnover of soluble mucus components that are continuously produced and supplied. 15N was also gradually allocated to mucus, indicating incorporation of new proteins containing the labelled dietary amino acids, but with no differences between fractions. When existent mucus was removed, dietary stable isotopes revealed stimulated mucus neoformation dependent on the components. All this is novel knowledge concerning skin mucus dynamics and turnover in fish and could offer interesting non-invasive approaches to the use of skin mucus production in ecological or applied biological studies such as climate change effects, human impact, alterations in trophic networks or habitat degradation, especially of wild-captured species or protected species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Corresponding author: Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Fernández-Borràs
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Blasco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Tan J, Hu X, Lü A, Liu X, Sun J, Niu Y. Skin proteome profiling of tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) challenged with Vibrio vulnificus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:1052-1066. [PMID: 32950679 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a major pathogen of cultured Cynoglossus semilaevis and results in skin ulceration and haemorrhage, but the proteomic mechanism of skin immunity against V. vulnificus remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the histopathology and skin immune response in C. semilaevis with V. vulnificus infection at the protein levels, the differential proteomic profiling of its skin was examined by using iTRAQ and LC-MS/MS analyses. A total of 951 proteins were identified in skin, in which 134 and 102 DEPs were screened at 12 and 36 hpi, respectively. Selected eleven immune-related DEPs (pvβ, Hsp71, MLC1, F2, α2ML, HCII, C3, C5, C8β, C9 and CD59) were verified for their immune roles in the V. vulnificus infection via using qRT-PCR assay. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that most of the identified immune proteins were significantly associated with complement and coagulation cascades, antigen processing and presentation, salivary secretion and phagosome pathways. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe the proteome response of C. semilaevis skin against V. vulnificus infection. The outcome of this study contributed to provide a new perspective for understanding the molecular mechanism of local skin mucosal immunity, and facilitating the development of novel mucosal vaccination strategies in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tan
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiucai Hu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Aijun Lü
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Jingfeng Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Chieng CCY, Daud HM, Yusoff FM, Thompson KD, Abdullah M. Mucosal responses of brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) following intraperitoneal infection with Vibrio harveyi. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1249-1258. [PMID: 32830331 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Groupers are popular aquaculture species in South-East Asia, but their cultivation is affected by infectious disease outbreaks. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues provide a first-line defence against pathogens; however, few studies are available relating to cellular or proteomic responses of mucosal immunity in grouper. Skin, gill and intestine were sampled from brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) at 4 and 96 hr post-infection (hpi) and 7 days post-infection (dpi) following intraperitoneal infection with Vibrio harveyi, and stained with haematoxylin/eosin and Alcian Blue/periodic acid-Schiff. Skin mucus was analysed by 2D-gel electrophoresis, and proteins modulated by the bacterial infection identified. In the infected fish, significant increases in sacciform cells in skin and increased levels of nucleoside diphosphate kinase in mucus were detected at 4 hpi. At 96 hpi, goblet cells containing acidic mucins significantly increased in the intestine, while those containing mixed mucins increased in skin and gills of infected fish. Proteasome subunit alpha type-I and extracellular Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase levels also increased in mucus. Rodlet and mast cells did not appear to respond to the infection. Mucosal tissues of grouper appeared actively involved in response to Vibrio infection. This information may help future research on improving grouper health, production and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cheng Yun Chieng
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Mohd Daud
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Maha Abdullah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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35
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Ceballos-Francisco D, Castillo Y, De La Rosa F, Vásquez W, Reyes-Santiago R, Cuello A, Cuesta A, Esteban MÁ. Bactericidal effect on skin mucosa of dietary guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 259:112838. [PMID: 32387463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Due to the intensification practices in global aquaculture, fish are often confined in small volumes, which can results in outbreak diseases. In this context, the use of antibiotics is very usual. Thus, looking for natural substance able to reduce the use of the antibiotics is imperative. Among them, there is a great interest at present in the study of medicinal plants such as guava (Psidium guajava L.). These plants could help to develop a more sustainable aquaculture all over the world. The application of guava in traditional medicine dates for centuries and it is widely used in tropical countries for the treatment of diseases in human and animals. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this work was to study the effects of the dietary administration of dried leaves of Psidium guajava on the skin mucosal immunity of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus). Furthermore, the ability of this plant to inhibit the bacterial load in different tissues after an experimental infection with Vibrio harveyi was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS P. guajava leaves collection and the experimentation was carried out in Dominican Republic. Fish were fed with a commercial diet supplemented with guava leaf at different concentrations (0%, 1.5% and 3%) for 21 days before being intraperitoneally injected with V. harveyi (1 × 104 cells mL-1). Thereafter, several immune activities were measured in fish skin mucus and after 48 h of injection, the skin, spleen and liver were collected to analyse the bactericidal activity of guava leaf and the gene expression of some immune related genes. RESULTS The administration of P. guajava leaves significantly modulated some immune-related enzymes (protease, antiprotease and peroxidase) in the skin mucus of hybrid tilapia. In addition, the bacterial load after V. harveyi infection in skin, spleen and liver significantly reduced in fish supplemented with guava leaves. Finally, the expression profile of hepcidin gene in skin and liver was modulated in fish feed with control diet after V. harveyi infection. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the dietary intake of guava leaves increases the skin mucosal barrier defences of hybrid tilapia and confers protection against V. harveyi colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ceballos-Francisco
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yussaira Castillo
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (IMPA-UASD), Alma Máter, Santo Domingo, 10103, Dominican Republic
| | - Francisco De La Rosa
- Veterinary Clinic, Acuario Nacional of Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo Este, 11603, Dominican Republic
| | - William Vásquez
- Veterinary Clinic, Acuario Nacional of Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo Este, 11603, Dominican Republic
| | - Raysa Reyes-Santiago
- Faculty of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Calle Rogelio Rosell 1, Engombe, Santo Domingo Oeste, 10904, Dominican Republic
| | - Andreina Cuello
- Faculty of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Calle Rogelio Rosell 1, Engombe, Santo Domingo Oeste, 10904, Dominican Republic
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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36
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Xiong Y, Dan C, Ren F, Su Z, Zhang Y, Mei J. Proteomic profiling of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) skin mucus identifies differentially-expressed proteins in response to Edwardsiella ictaluri infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 100:98-108. [PMID: 32142873 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fish mucus acts as a physiological and immunological barrier for maintaining normal fish physiology and conferring defense against pathogens infection. Here we report proteomic profiling of skin mucus of yellow catfish before and after E. ictaluri infection by Label-free LC-MS/MS approach. A total of 918 non-redundant proteins were identified from 54443 spectra referring to yellow catfish genome database. Further annotation via GO and KEGG database revealed complex protein composition of yellow catfish mucus. Besides structural proteins in mucus, a lot of immune-related proteins were retrieved, such as lectins, complement components, antibacterial peptides and immunoglobins. 133 differentially-expressed proteins (DEPs), including 76 up-regulated and 57 down-regulated proteins, were identified, most of which were enriched into 17 pathways centering on "immune system" category with 33 proteins involved. Consistently, significant proliferation of mucus-secreting goblet cells and CYPA-expressing cells were observed along outside of yellow catfish skin after E. ictaluri infection, indicating an enhanced immune response to E. ictaluri infection in yellow catfish skin mucus. The proteomic data provide systematic protein information to comprehensively understand the biological function of yellow catfish skin mucus in response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Cheng Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Fan Ren
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - ZiHao Su
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yibing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jie Mei
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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37
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Liu R, Hu X, Lü A, Song Y, Lian Z, Sun J, Sung YY. Proteomic Profiling of Zebrafish Challenged by Spring Viremia of Carp Virus Provides Insight into Skin Antiviral Response. Zebrafish 2020; 17:91-103. [PMID: 32176570 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2019.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) causes the skin hemorrhagic disease in cyprinid species, but its molecular mechanism of skin immune response remains unclear at the protein level. In the present study, the differential proteomics of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) skin in response to SVCV infection were examined by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. A total of 3999 proteins were identified, of which 320 and 181 proteins were differentially expressed at 24 and 96 h postinfection, respectively. The expression levels of 16 selected immune-related differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were confirmed by qPCR analysis. Furthermore, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that DEPs were significantly associated with complement, inflammation, and antiviral response. The protein-protein interaction network of cytoskeleton-associated proteins, ATPase-related proteins, and parvalbumins from DEPs was shown to be involved in skin immune response. This is first report on the skin proteome profiling of zebrafish against SVCV infection, which will contribute to understand the molecular mechanism of local mucosal immunity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiucai Hu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Aijun Lü
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajiao Song
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhengyi Lian
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingfeng Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yeong Yik Sung
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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38
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Abolfathi M, Akbarzadeh A, Hajimoradloo A, Joshaghani HR. Seasonal changes of hydrolytic enzyme activities in the skin mucus of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss at different body sizes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103499. [PMID: 31560872 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune factors in the skin mucus of fish are affected by the ecological and physiological conditions such as developmental stage and seasonal cycle. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in soluble protein and the hydrolytic enzyme activities of the skin mucus of rainbow trout including lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and proteases at different body sizes. Skin mucus samples were collected over three consecutive season periods including winter, spring and late summer. In each season, sampling was performed separately from three different weight groups including 2-20 g (W1), 100-200 g (W2) and 400-600 g (W3) fish. Our results showed a significant increase of soluble protein in all three weight groups from winter to spring when water temperature elevated from 9 °C to 14 °C. Moreover lysozyme activity was remarkably elevated in W1 fish from winter to late summer. In all three seasons, the activity of lysozyme was significantly decreased along with increasing the fish size. Contrary to lysozyme, the activity of proteases and ALP showed a decreasing trend from winter to late summer. A significant positive correlation was found between the proteases and ALP activity, proposing that both proteases and ALP might have important synergic roles in the mucosal innate immune function of rainbow trout. Moreover, using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of some proteases genes including cathepsin-L and cathepsin-D, we demonstrated that the proteases are transcribed and likely synthesized in epidermal mucus cells of rainbow trout. The present study confirmed seasonal changes of hydrolytic enzyme activities in the skin mucus of rainbow trout across all three weight groups, with the highest variation in juvenile fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Abolfathi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Arash Akbarzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Abdolmajid Hajimoradloo
- Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Joshaghani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Golestan University of Medical Sciences School of Paramedicine, Gorgan, Iran
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Coelho GR, Neto PP, Barbosa FC, Dos Santos RS, Brigatte P, Spencer PJ, Sampaio SC, D'Amélio F, Pimenta DC, Sciani JM. Biochemical and biological characterization of the Hypanus americanus mucus: A perspective on stingray immunity and toxins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:832-840. [PMID: 31425832 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stingrays skin secretions are largely studied due to the human envenoming medical relevance of the sting puncture that evolves to inflammatory events, including necrosis. Such toxic effects can be correlated to the biochemical composition of the sting mucus, according to the literature. Fish skin plays important biological roles, such as the control of the osmotic pressure gradient, protection against mechanical forces and microorganism infections. The mucus, on the other hand, is a rich and complex fluid, acting on swimming, nutrition and the innate immune system. The elasmobranch's epidermis is a tissue composed mainly by mucus secretory cells, and marine stingrays have already been described to present secretory glands spread throughout the body. Little is known about the biochemical composition of the stingray mucus, but recent studies have corroborated the importance of mucus in the envenomation process. Aiming to assess the mucus composition, a new non-invasive mucus collection method was developed that focused on peptides and proteins, and biological assays were performed to analyze the toxic and immune activities of the Hypanus americanus mucus. Pathophysiological characterization showed the presence of peptidases on the mucus, as well as the induction of edema and leukocyte recruitment in mice. The fractionated mucus improved phagocytosis on macrophages and showed antimicrobial activity against T. rubrumç. neoformans and C. albicans in vitro. The proteomic analyses showed the presence of immune-related proteins like actin, histones, hemoglobin, and ribosomal proteins. This protein pattern is similar to those reported for other fish mucus and stingray venoms. This is the first report depicting the Hypanus stingray mucus composition, highlighting its biochemical composition and importance for the stingray immune system and the possible role on the envenomation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patrícia Brigatte
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo-UNICID, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, Brazil; Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Universidade São Francisco, Brazil.
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40
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Shibuya K, Tsutsui S, Nakamura O. Fugu, Takifugu ruberipes, mucus keratins act as defense molecules against fungi. Mol Immunol 2019; 116:1-10. [PMID: 31561060 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratin is a cytoskeletal protein that constitutes the intermediate filament. Its distribution is restricted to epithelial tissues in mammals, but is wider in fish. An interesting feature of fish keratin is that it is abundant in the cutaneous mucus. However, the biological function of keratin in the mucus has not been explored. In the present study, we hypothesized that mucus keratins of fugu Takifugu rubripes function as antimicrobial molecules. To verify this hypothesis, we first identified all of the keratins expressed in the epidermis and present in mucus. Five of 15 keratins including Tr-K4 expressed in the epidermis were identified in the mucus. Subsequently, we examined the interaction of keratin molecules present in fugu mucus with yeast. Affinity chromatography using yeast as a carrier and subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that three types of keratin were bound to the yeast. Furthermore, yeast incubated with fugu mucus was agglutinated, and this was inhibited by anti-recombinant Tr-K4 (rTr-K4) antibody. Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed that keratin was attached to the surface of agglutinated yeasts. These findings indicate that mucus keratin agglutinates yeast. Furthermore, we found insoluble clumps in fugu mucus, which were mainly comprised of keratin. After incubation of yeast with soluble mucus fraction, insoluble clumps incorporating yeast were formed. This observation suggests that fugu mucus keratin sequesters microbes into insoluble clumps, which are eventually eliminated from the mucus. Here, we present our finding of the novel function of keratin as a defense molecule in fish mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Shibuya
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tsutsui
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakamura
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
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41
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Minniti G, Rød Sandve S, Padra JT, Heldal Hagen L, Lindén S, Pope PB, Ø Arntzen M, Vaaje-Kolstad G. The Farmed Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Skin-Mucus Proteome and Its Nutrient Potential for the Resident Bacterial Community. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070515. [PMID: 31284681 PMCID: PMC6678340 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Norway is the largest producer and exporter of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) worldwide. Skin disorders correlated with bacterial infections represent an important challenge for fish farmers due to the economic losses caused. Little is known about this topic, thus studying the skin-mucus of Salmo salar and its bacterial community depict a step forward in understanding fish welfare in aquaculture. In this study, we used label free quantitative mass spectrometry to investigate the skin-mucus proteins associated with both Atlantic salmon and bacteria. In particular, the microbial temporal proteome dynamics during nine days of mucus incubation with sterilized seawater was investigated, in order to evaluate their capacity to utilize mucus components for growth in this environment. At the start of the incubation period, the largest proportion of proteins (~99%) belonged to the salmon and many of these proteins were assigned to protecting functions, confirming the defensive role of mucus. On the contrary, after nine days of incubation, most of the proteins detected were assigned to bacteria, mainly to the genera Vibrio and Pseudoalteromonas. Most of the predicted secreted proteins were affiliated with transport and metabolic processes. In particular, a large abundance and variety of bacterial proteases were observed, highlighting the capacity of bacteria to degrade the skin-mucus proteins of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Minniti
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Simen Rød Sandve
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - János Tamás Padra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Live Heldal Hagen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Sara Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Phillip B Pope
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
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42
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Patel DM, Bhide K, Bhide M, Iversen MH, Brinchmann MF. Proteomic and structural differences in lumpfish skin among the dorsal, caudal and ventral regions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6990. [PMID: 31061513 PMCID: PMC6502863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish skin is a vital organ that serves a multitude of functions including mechanical protection, homeostasis, osmoregulation and protection against diseases. The expression of skin proteins changes under different physiological conditions. However, little is known about differences in protein expression among various body sites in naïve fish. The objectives of this work is to study potential differences in protein and gene expression among dorsal, caudal and ventral regions of lumpfish skin employing 2D gel based proteomics and real-time PCR and to assess structural differences between these regions by using Alcian blue and Periodic acid Schiff stained skin sections. The proteins collagen alfa-1, collagen alfa-2, heat shock cognate 71 kDa, histone H4, parvalbumin, natterin-2, 40S ribosomal protein S12, topoisomerase A and topoisomerase B were differentially expressed among the three regions. mRNA expression of apoa1, hspa8 and hist1h2b showed significant differences between regions. Skin photomicrographs showed differences in epidermal thickness and goblet cell counts. The ventral region showed relatively high protein expression, goblet cell count and epidermal thickness compared to dorsal and caudal regions. Overall, this study provides an important benchmark for comparative analysis of skin proteins and structure between different parts of the lumpfish body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti M Patel
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.,Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, 73, 04181, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, 73, 04181, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, 73, 04181, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin H Iversen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Monica F Brinchmann
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.
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Ibarz A, Ordóñez-Grande B, Sanahuja I, Sánchez-Nuño S, Fernández-Borràs J, Blasco J, Fernández-Alacid L. Using stable isotope analysis to study skin mucus exudation and renewal in fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.195925. [PMID: 30940672 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.195925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fish skin mucus is proposed as a novel target for the study of physiological condition and to conduct minimally invasive monitoring of fish. Whereas mucus composition has been a major interest of recent studies, no practical techniques have been proposed to gain understanding of the capacity and rhythm of production and exudation. Here, we used stable isotope analysis (SIA) with a labelled meal, packaged in gelatine capsules, to evaluate mucus production and renewal in a fish model, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Mucus 13C- and 15N-enrichment reached higher levels at 12 h post-ingestion without significant differences at 24 h. When the formation of new mucus was induced, 13C-enrichment in the new mucus doubled whereas 15N-enrichment only increased by 10%. These results indicate the feasibility of adopting SIA in mucus studies and allow us to propose this methodology as a means to improve knowledge of mucus turnover in fish and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Fernández-Borràs
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Blasco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Valero Y, Cortés J, Mercado L. NK-lysin from skin-secreted mucus of Atlantic salmon and its potential role in bacteriostatic activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:410-413. [PMID: 30703553 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
NK-lysin, despite being a direct effector of cytotoxic T and natural killer cells, is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with known antibacterial function in vertebrates and so in fish. Its presence has been described in different tissues of teleost fish. One of the strongest antimicrobial barriers in fish is skin-secreted mucus; however, this mucus has been found to contain only a small number of AMPs. The present study describes for the first time the constitutive expression of NK-lysin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) mucus produced by the skin, recording the AMP at a higher concentration than in serum with greater bacteriostatic activity. Hepcidin may be involved to a greater extent in systemic responses since it was expressed to a higher degree in serum which was more potent for alternative complement and peroxidase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jimena Cortés
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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45
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Liu HH, Sun Q, Jiang YT, Fan MH, Wang JX, Liao Z. In-depth proteomic analysis of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris skin mucus. J Proteomics 2019; 200:74-89. [PMID: 30922736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fish skin mucus serves as the first line of defence against pathogens and external stressors. The mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris inhabits intertidal mudflats containing abundant and diverse microbial populations; thus, the skin and mucus of B. pectinirostris are very important for immune defence. However, the molecules involved in the immune response and mucus secretion in the skin of this fish are poorly understood. To explore the proteomic profile of the skin mucus and understand the molecular mechanisms underlying B. pectinirostris adaption to amphibious environments, the microstructure of B. pectinirostris skin was analysed, and a series of histochemical procedures were employed for mucous glycoprotein localization and characterization. In addition, the antibacterial activity of B. pectinirostris skin mucus was studied, and the transcriptome of the skin and in-depth proteome of the mucus were determined. These studies revealed the hierarchical structure of B. pectinirostris skin and different types of glycoproteins (GPs) in the dermal bulge (DB) of the B. pectinirostris skin epidermis. The mucus has a broad antimicrobial spectrum and significant effects on the bacterial morphology. Furthermore, 93,914 unigenes were sequenced from B. pectinirostris skin tissue, and a total of 559 proteins were identified from B. pectinirostris skin mucus. SIGNIFICANCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Han Liu
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yu-Ting Jiang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Mei-Hua Fan
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Zhi Liao
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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46
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Pawluk RJ, Stuart R, Garcia de Leaniz C, Cable J, Morphew RM, Brophy PM, Consuegra S. Smell of Infection: A Novel, Noninvasive Method for Detection of Fish Excretory-Secretory Proteins. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1371-1379. [PMID: 30576144 PMCID: PMC6492949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Chemical
signals are produced by aquatic organisms following predatory
attacks or perturbations such as parasitic infection. Ectoparasites
feeding on fish hosts are likely to cause release of similar alarm
cues into the environment due to the stress, wounding, and immune
response stimulated upon infection. Alarm cues are often released
in the form of proteins, antimicrobial peptides, and immunoglobulins
that provide important insights into bodily function and infection
status. Here we outline a noninvasive method to identify potential
chemical cues associated with infection in fish by extracting, purifying,
and characterizing proteins from water samples from cultured fish.
Gel free proteomic methods were deemed the most suitable for protein
detection in saline water samples. It was confirmed that teleost proteins
can be characterized from water and that variation in protein profiles
could be detected between infected and uninfected individuals and
fish and parasite only water samples. Our novel assay provides a noninvasive
method for assessing the health condition of both wild and farmed
aquatic organisms. Similar to environmental DNA monitoring methods,
these proteomic techniques could provide an important tool in applied
ecology and aquatic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Pawluk
- College of Science, Biosciences , Swansea University , Swansea , SA2 8PP , U.K
| | - Rebekah Stuart
- Wales Veterinary Science Centre , Buarth, Aberystwyth , Ceredigion SY23 1ND , U.K
| | | | - Joanne Cable
- School of Biosciences , Cardiff University , Cardiff , CF10 3AX , U.K
| | - Russell M Morphew
- IBERS , Aberystwyth University , Penglais, Aberystwyth , Ceredigion SY23 3FL , U.K
| | - Peter M Brophy
- IBERS , Aberystwyth University , Penglais, Aberystwyth , Ceredigion SY23 3FL , U.K
| | - Sofia Consuegra
- College of Science, Biosciences , Swansea University , Swansea , SA2 8PP , U.K
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47
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Saleh M, Kumar G, Abdel-Baki AAS, Dkhil MA, El-Matbouli M, Al-Quraishy S. Quantitative proteomic profiling of immune responses to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in common carp skin mucus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:834-842. [PMID: 30385245 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliated protozoan parasite, causes ichthyophthiriasis and leads to considerable economic losses to the aquaculture industry. Understanding the fish immune response and host-parasite interactions could support developing novel strategies for better disease management and control. Fish skin mucus is the first line of defence against infections through the epidermis. Yet, the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, protein-based defence strategies against infection with I. multifiliis at this barrier remain elusive. The skin mucus proteome of common carp was investigated at 1 day and 9 days post-exposure with I. multifiliis. Using nano-LC ESI MS/MS and statistical analysis, the abundance of 19 immune related and signal transduction proteins was found to be differentially regulated in skin mucus of common carp in response to I. multifiliis. The analysis revealed increased abundance values of epithelial chloride channel protein, galactose-specific lectin nattection, high choriolytic enzyme 1 (nephrosin), lysozyme C, granulin and protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2 in I. multifiliis-exposed carp skin mucus. Multiple lectins and a diverse array of distinct serpins with protease inhibitor activity were identified likely implicated in lectin pathway activation and regulation of proteolysis, indicating that these proteins contribute to the carp innate immune system and the protective properties of skin mucus. The results obtained from this proteomic analysis enables a better understanding of fish host response to parasitic infection and gives insights into the key role skin mucus plays in protecting fish against deleterious effects of I. multifiliis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Abdel-Azeem S Abdel-Baki
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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48
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Fraslin C, Dechamp N, Bernard M, Krieg F, Hervet C, Guyomard R, Esquerré D, Barbieri J, Kuchly C, Duchaud E, Boudinot P, Rochat T, Bernardet JF, Quillet E. Quantitative trait loci for resistance to Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout: effect of the mode of infection and evidence of epistatic interactions. Genet Sel Evol 2018; 50:60. [PMID: 30445909 PMCID: PMC6240304 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-018-0431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial cold-water disease, which is caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum, is one of the major diseases that affect rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and a primary concern for trout farming. Better knowledge of the genetic basis of resistance to F. psychrophilum would help to implement this trait in selection schemes and to investigate the immune mechanisms associated with resistance. Various studies have revealed that skin and mucus may contribute to response to infection. However, previous quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies were conducted by using injection as the route of infection. Immersion challenge, which is assumed to mimic natural infection by F. psychrophilum more closely, may reveal different defence mechanisms. Results Two isogenic lines of rainbow trout with contrasting susceptibilities to F. psychrophilum were crossed to produce doubled haploid F2 progeny. Fish were infected with F. psychrophilum either by intramuscular injection (115 individuals) or by immersion (195 individuals), and genotyped for 9654 markers using RAD-sequencing. Fifteen QTL associated with resistance traits were detected and only three QTL were common between the injection and immersion. Using a model that accounted for epistatic interactions between QTL, two main types of interactions were revealed. A “compensation-like” effect was detected between several pairs of QTL for the two modes of infection. An “enhancing-like” interaction effect was detected between four pairs of QTL. Integration of the QTL results with results of a previous transcriptomic analysis of response to F. psychrophilum infection resulted in a list of potential candidate immune genes that belong to four relevant functional categories (bacterial sensors, effectors of antibacterial immunity, inflammatory factors and interferon-stimulated genes). Conclusions These results provide new insights into the genetic determinism of rainbow trout resistance to F. psychrophilum and confirm that some QTL with large effects are involved in this trait. For the first time, the role of epistatic interactions between resistance-associated QTL was evidenced. We found that the infection protocol used had an effect on the modulation of defence mechanisms and also identified relevant immune functional candidate genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12711-018-0431-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Fraslin
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,SYSAAF Section Aquacole, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Dechamp
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maria Bernard
- GABI, SIGENAE, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Francine Krieg
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Caroline Hervet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - René Guyomard
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Diane Esquerré
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA US1426, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Johanna Barbieri
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA US1426, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Claire Kuchly
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA US1426, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Eric Duchaud
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tatiana Rochat
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-François Bernardet
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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49
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Li S, Chen W, Zhan A, Liang J. Identification and characterization of microRNAs involved in scale biomineralization in the naked carp Gymnocypris przewalskii. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 28:196-203. [PMID: 30317123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mineralized scale derived from skin plays a protective role for the fish body and also possesses important application values in the biomaterial field. However, little is known about fish scale biomineralization and related molecular regulatory mechanisms. Here, we used a comparative microRNA sequencing approach to identify and characterize differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) involved in scale biomineralization in the naked carp Gymnocypris przewalskii. A total of 18, 43, and 66 DEMs were obtained from skin tissues covered with initial, developing, and mature scales (IS, DS, and MS) compared with scale-uncovered skin. The target genes of these DEMs were significantly enriched in a sole biomineralization-related sphingolipid signaling pathway. Seven DEMs (dre-miR-124-3p, dre-miR-133a-2-5p, dre-miR-184, dre-miR-206-3p, novel_33, novel_56 and novel_75) were common in IS, DS, and MS. Dre-miR-124-3p, dre-miR-206-3p, and novel_33 were predicted to be able to target biomineralization-related genes. Stem-loop real-time quantitative PCR further confirmed that the common DEMs had higher expression levels in scale-covered skin tissues than that in the gill, intestine, and brain, except for dre-miR-133a-2-5p. Our results suggest that these identified microRNAs may play a role in scale biomineralization in G. przewalskii, and the obtained microRNAs are expected to be candidates in understanding the molecular mechanism of scale biomineralization in fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Aibin Zhan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
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Abstract
Fish mucus layers are the main surface of exchange between fish and the environment, and they possess important biological and ecological functions. Fish mucus research is increasing rapidly, along with the development of high-throughput techniques, which allow the simultaneous study of numerous genes and molecules, enabling a deeper understanding of the fish mucus composition and its functions. Fish mucus plays a major role against fish infections, and research has mostly focused on the study of fish mucus bioactive molecules (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and immune-related molecules) and associated microbiota due to their potential in aquaculture and human medicine. However, external fish mucus surfaces also play important roles in social relationships between conspecifics (fish shoaling, spawning synchronisation, suitable habitat finding, or alarm signals) and in interspecific interactions such as prey-predator relationships, parasite–host interactions, and symbiosis. This article reviews the biological and ecological roles of external (gills and skin) fish mucus, discussing its importance in fish protection against pathogens and in intra and interspecific interactions. We also discuss the advances that “omics” sciences are bringing into the fish mucus research and their importance in studying the fish mucus composition and functions.
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