1
|
Somsuan K, Aluksanasuwan S, Woottisin S, Chiangjong W, Wanta A, Munkong N, Jaidee W, Praman S, Fuangfoo K, Morchang A, Kamsrijai U, Woottisin N, Rujanapun N, Charoensup R. Mathurameha ameliorates cardiovascular complications in high-fat diet/low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats: insights from histological and proteomic analysis. J Mol Histol 2024:10.1007/s10735-024-10258-6. [PMID: 39227510 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-024-10258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health concern with increasing prevalence. Mathurameha, a Thai herbal formula, has shown promising glucose-lowering effects and positive impacts on biochemical profiles in diabetic rats. The present study investigated the protective effects of Mathurameha on cardiovascular complications in high-fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic rats using histological and proteomic analyses. Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups: normal diet (ND), ND with aqueous extract (ND + AE450), ND with ethanolic extract (ND + EE200), diabetes (DM), DM with AE (DM + AE450), DM with EE (DM + EE200), and DM with metformin (DM + Met). Mathurameha, especially at 200 mg/kg EE, significantly reduced adipocyte size, cardiac and vascular abnormalities, collagen deposition, and arterial wall thickness in DM rats. Proteomic analysis of rat aortas revealed 30 significantly altered proteins among the ND, DM, and DM + EE200 groups. These altered proteins are involved in various biological processes related to diabetes. Biochemical assays showed that Mathurameha reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA), increased antioxidant levels (GSH), and decreased the expression of inflammatory markers (ICAM1, TNF-α). In conclusion, Mathurameha exhibited significant protective effects against cardiovascular complications in HFD/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keerakarn Somsuan
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, 365 Moo 12, Nang Lae, Mueang Chiang Rai District, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.
- Cancer and Immunology Research Unit (CIRU), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.
| | - Siripat Aluksanasuwan
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, 365 Moo 12, Nang Lae, Mueang Chiang Rai District, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Cancer and Immunology Research Unit (CIRU), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Surachet Woottisin
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, 365 Moo 12, Nang Lae, Mueang Chiang Rai District, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Wararat Chiangjong
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Arunothai Wanta
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, 365 Moo 12, Nang Lae, Mueang Chiang Rai District, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Cancer and Immunology Research Unit (CIRU), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Narongsuk Munkong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Wuttichai Jaidee
- Medicinal Plants Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Praman
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, 365 Moo 12, Nang Lae, Mueang Chiang Rai District, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Kawita Fuangfoo
- Medicinal Plants Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Atthapan Morchang
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, 365 Moo 12, Nang Lae, Mueang Chiang Rai District, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Cancer and Immunology Research Unit (CIRU), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Utcharaporn Kamsrijai
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, 365 Moo 12, Nang Lae, Mueang Chiang Rai District, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Nanthakarn Woottisin
- School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Narawadee Rujanapun
- Medicinal Plants Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Charoensup
- Medicinal Plants Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang XL, Zhu QQ, Simayi A, Xu GP. Nrf2 protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats by inhibiting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230711. [PMID: 37333454 PMCID: PMC10276614 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are considered to be two main drivers of diabetic myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (DM + MIRI). Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) play central roles in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and regulating oxidative stress, but the effects of the Nrf2-Drp1 pathway on DM-MIRI have not been reported. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the Nrf2-Drp1 pathway in DM + MIRI rats. A rat model of DM + MIRI and H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury were constructed. The therapeutic effect of Nrf2 was assessed by detecting myocardial infarct size, mitochondrial structure, levels of myocardial injury markers and oxidative stress, apoptosis, and Drp1 expression. The results showed that DM + MIRI rats had increased myocardial infarct size and Drp1 expression in myocardial tissue, accompanied by increased mitochondrial fission and oxidative stress. Interestingly, Nrf2 agonist dimethyl fumarate (DMF) could significantly improve cardiac function, mitochondrial fission, and decrease oxidative stress levels and Drp1 expression after ischemia. However, these effects of DMF would be largely counteracted by the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385. Additionally, Nrf2 overexpression significantly suppressed Drp1 expression, apoptosis, and oxidative stress levels in H9c2 cells. Nrf2 attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in DM rats by reducing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Anesthesia Management, Urumqi830001, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Anesthesia Management, Urumqi830001, China
| | - Alimujiang Simayi
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Anesthesia Management, Urumqi830001, China
| | - Gui-Ping Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Anesthesia Management, Urumqi830001, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhang S, Liu J, Li X, Yang K, Yang D, Liu Y, Sun L, Liu F, Xiao L. ATF5 regulates tubulointerstitial injury in diabetic kidney disease via mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Mol Med 2023; 29:57. [PMID: 37095454 PMCID: PMC10127323 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) plays a critical role in the progression of tubulointerstitial injury in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), which is an important MQC process, is activated to maintain mitochondrial protein homeostasis in response to mitochondrial stress. Activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) is critical in the mammalian UPRmt via mitochondria-nuclear translocation. However, the role of ATF5 and UPRmt in tubular injury under DKD conditions is unknown. METHODS ATF5 and UPRmt-related proteins including heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and Lon peptidase 1 (LONP1), in DKD patients and db/db mice were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot analysis. Eight-week-old db/db mice were injected with ATF5-shRNA lentiviruses via the tail vein, and a negative lentivirus was used as a control. The mice were euthanized at 12 weeks, and dihydroethidium (DHE) and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays were performed to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis in kidney sections, respectively. In vitro, ATF5-siRNA, ATF5 overexpression plasmids or HSP60-siRNA were transfected into HK-2 cells to evaluate the effect of ATF5 and HSP60 on tubular injury under ambient hyperglycemic conditions. Mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX) staining was used to gauge mitochondrial oxidative stress levels, and the early stage of cell apoptosis was examined by Annexin V-FITC kits. RESULTS Increased ATF5, HSP60 and LONP1 expression was observed in the kidney tissue of DKD patients and db/db mice and was tightly correlated with tubular damage. The inhibition of HSP60 and LONP1, improvements in serum creatinine, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and apoptosis were observed in db/db mice treated with lentiviruses carrying ATF5 shRNA. In vitro, the expression of ATF5 was increased in HK-2 cells exposed to high glucose (HG) in a time-dependent manner, which was accompanied by the overexpression of HSP60, fibronectin (FN) and cleaved-caspase3 (C-CAS3). ATF5-siRNA transfection inhibited the expression of HSP60 and LONP1, which was accompanied by reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HK-2 cells exposed to sustained exogenous high glucose. ATF5 overexpression exacerbated these impairments. HSP60-siRNA transfection blocked the effect of ATF5 on HK-2 cells exposed to continuous HG treatment. Interestingly, ATF5 inhibition exacerbated mitochondrial ROS levels and apoptosis in HK-2 cells in the early period of HG intervention (6 h). CONCLUSIONS ATF5 could exert a protective effect in a very early stage but promoted tubulointerstitial injury by regulating HSP60 and the UPRmt pathway under DKD conditions, providing a potential target for the prevention of DKD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jialu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Kexin Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Danyi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Fuyou Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peerapen P, Thongboonkerd V. Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal disrupts tight junction via F-actin reorganization. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109557. [PMID: 34147488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tight junction is an intercellular protein complex that regulates paracellular permeability and epithelial cell polarization. This intercellular barrier is associated with actin filament. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), the major crystalline composition in kidney stones, has been shown to disrupt tight junction but with an unclear mechanism. This study aimed to address whether COM crystal disrupts tight junction via actin deregulation. MDCK distal renal tubular epithelial cells were treated with 100 μg/ml COM crystals for 48 h. Western blot analysis revealed that level of a tight junction protein, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), significantly decreased, whereas that of β-actin remained unchanged after exposure to COM crystals. Immunofluorescence study showed discontinuation and dissociation of ZO-1 and filamentous actin (F-actin) expression at the cell border. In addition, clumping of F-actin was found in some cytoplasmic areas of the COM-treated cells. Moreover, transepithelial resistance (TER) was reduced by COM crystals, indicating the defective barrier function of the polarized cells. All of these COM-induced defects could be completely abolished by pretreatment with 20 μM phalloidin, an F-actin stabilizer, 2-h prior to the 48-h crystal exposure. These findings indicate that COM crystal does not reduce the total level of actin but causes tight junction disruption via F-actin reorganization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paleerath Peerapen
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aluksanasuwan S, Plumworasawat S, Malaitad T, Chaiyarit S, Thongboonkerd V. High glucose induces phosphorylation and oxidation of mitochondrial proteins in renal tubular cells: A proteomics approach. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5843. [PMID: 32246012 PMCID: PMC7125224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62665-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been thought to play roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, precise mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction in DN remained unclear. Herein, mitochondria were isolated from renal tubular cells after exposure to normal glucose (5.5 mM glucose), high glucose (25 mM glucose), or osmotic control (5.5 mM glucose + 19.5 mM mannitol) for 96 h. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed six differentially expressed proteins among groups that were subsequently identified by tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-ETD MS/MS) and confirmed by Western blotting. Several various types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) were identified in all of these identified proteins. Interestingly, phosphorylation and oxidation were most abundant in mitochondrial proteins whose levels were exclusively increased in high glucose condition. The high glucose-induced increases in phosphorylation and oxidation of mitochondrial proteins were successfully confirmed by various assays including MS/MS analyses. Moreover, high glucose also increased levels of phosphorylated ezrin, intracellular ATP and ROS, all of which could be abolished by a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB239063), implicating a role of p38 MAPK-mediated phosphorylation in high glucose-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. These data indicate that phosphorylation and oxidation of mitochondrial proteins are, at least in part, involved in mitochondrial dysfunction in renal tubular cells during DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siripat Aluksanasuwan
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Sirikanya Plumworasawat
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Thanyalak Malaitad
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Sakdithep Chaiyarit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bernardo-Bermejo S, Sánchez-López E, Castro-Puyana M, Benito-Martínez S, Lucio-Cazaña FJ, Marina ML. A Non-Targeted Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry Strategy to Study Metabolic Differences in an In vitro Model of High-Glucose Induced Changes in Human Proximal Tubular HK-2 Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030512. [PMID: 31991659 PMCID: PMC7037647 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by the chronic loss of kidney function due to high glucose renal levels. HK-2 proximal tubular cells are good candidates to study this disease. The aim of this work was to study an in vitro model of high glucose-induced metabolic alterations in HK-2 cells to contribute to the pathogenesis of this diabetic complication. An untargeted metabolomics strategy based on CE-MS was developed to find metabolites affected under high glucose conditions. Intracellular and extracellular fluids from HK-2 cells treated with 25 mM glucose (high glucose group), with 5.5 mM glucose (normal glucose group), and with 5.5 mM glucose and 19.5 mM mannitol (osmotic control group) were analyzed. The main changes induced by high glucose were found in the extracellular medium where increased levels of four amino acids were detected. Three of them (alanine, proline, and glutamic acid) were exported from HK-2 cells to the extracellular medium. Other affected metabolites include Amadori products and cysteine, which are more likely cause and consequence, respectively, of the oxidative stress induced by high glucose in HK-2 cells. The developed CE-MS platform provides valuable insight into high glucose-induced metabolic alterations in proximal tubular cells and allows identifying discriminative molecules of diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bernardo-Bermejo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (S.B.-B.); (E.S.-L.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (S.B.-B.); (E.S.-L.); (M.C.-P.)
- Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (S.B.-B.); (E.S.-L.); (M.C.-P.)
- Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Selma Benito-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (S.B.-M.); (F.J.L.-C.)
- “Ramón y Cajal” Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Lucio-Cazaña
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (S.B.-M.); (F.J.L.-C.)
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (S.B.-B.); (E.S.-L.); (M.C.-P.)
- Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-885-4935; Fax: +34-91-885-4971
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bernardo-Bermejo S, Sánchez-López E, Castro-Puyana M, Benito S, Lucio-Cazaña FJ, Marina ML. An untargeted metabolomic strategy based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to study high glucose-induced changes in HK-2 cells. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1596:124-133. [PMID: 30878178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major health concern nowadays. It is estimated that 40% of diabetics are affected by diabetic nephropathy, one of the complications derived from high glucose blood levels which can lead to chronic loss of kidney function. It is now clear that the renal proximal tubule plays a critical role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy but research focused on studying the molecular mechanisms involved is still needed. The aim of this work was to develop a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platform to carry out, for the first time, the untargeted metabolomic analysis of high glucose-induced changes in cultured human proximal tubular HK-2 cells. In order to find the metabolites which were affected by high glucose and to expand the metabolite coverage, intra- and extracellular fluid from HK-2 cells exposed to high glucose (25 mM), normal glucose (5.5 mM) or osmotic control (5.5 mM glucose +19.5 mM mannitol) were analyzed by two complementary chromatographic modes: hydrophilic interaction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Non-supervised principal components analysis showed a good separation among the three groups of samples. Statistically significant variables were chosen for further metabolite identification. Different metabolic pathways were affected mainly those derived from amino acidic, polyol, and nitrogenous bases metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bernardo-Bermejo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Selma Benito
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Lucio-Cazaña
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|