1
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Huo S, Zhou Y, Liao Z, Zhao P, Zou M, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Reversible regulation of metallo-base-pair interactions for DNA dehybridization by ultrasound. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7438-7440. [PMID: 34232244 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02402g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force applied by ultrasound in solution leads to the dissociation of DNA metallo-base-pair interactions when these motifs are functionalized with oligodeoxynucleotide sequences of sufficient length. The annealing and force-induced denaturing process is followed by the attachment of distance-sensitive fluorescent probes and is found to be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaidong Huo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China and DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Zhou
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhihuan Liao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Pengkun Zhao
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miancheng Zou
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Wang Z, Tzouras NV, Nolan SP, Bi X. Silver N-heterocyclic carbenes: emerging powerful catalysts. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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3
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Sammon MS, Biewend M, Michael P, Schirra S, Ončák M, Binder WH, Beyer MK. Activation of a Copper Biscarbene Mechano-Catalyst Using Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy Supported by Quantum Chemical Calculations. Chemistry 2021; 27:8723-8729. [PMID: 33822419 PMCID: PMC8251802 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy allows investigation of the effect of mechanical force on individual bonds. By determining the forces necessary to sufficiently activate bonds to trigger dissociation, it is possible to predict the behavior of mechanophores. The force necessary to activate a copper biscarbene mechano-catalyst intended for self-healing materials was measured. By using a safety line bypassing the mechanophore, it was possible to pinpoint the dissociation of the investigated bond and determine rupture forces to range from 1.6 to 2.6 nN at room temperature in dimethyl sulfoxide. The average length-increase upon rupture of the Cu-C bond, due to the stretching of the safety line, agrees with quantum chemical calculations, but the values exhibit an unusual scattering. This scattering was assigned to the conformational flexibility of the mechanophore, which includes formation of a threaded structure and recoiling of the safety line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Sammon
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Michel Biewend
- Department of Macromolecular ChemistryMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenbergvon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Philipp Michael
- Department of Macromolecular ChemistryMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenbergvon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Simone Schirra
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Department of Macromolecular ChemistryMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenbergvon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
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4
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemische Freisetzung nichtkovalent gebundener Gäste aus einem mit Polymerketten dekorierten supramolekularen Käfig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
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5
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemical Release of Non-Covalently Bound Guests from a Polymer-Decorated Supramolecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13626-13630. [PMID: 33729649 PMCID: PMC8251918 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular coordination cages show a wide range of useful properties including, but not limited to, complex molecular machine-like operations, confined space catalysis, and rich host-guest chemistries. Here we report the uptake and release of non-covalently encapsulated, pharmaceutically-active cargo from an octahedral Pd cage bearing polymer chains on each vertex. Six poly(ethylene glycol)-decorated bipyridine ligands are used to assemble an octahedral PdII6 (TPT)4 cage. The supramolecular container encapsulates progesterone and ibuprofen within its hydrophobic nanocavity and is activated by shear force produced by ultrasonication in aqueous solution entailing complete cargo release upon rupture, as shown by NMR and GPC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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6
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Chen Y, Mellot G, van Luijk D, Creton C, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4100-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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7
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8
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Biewend M, Michael P, Binder WH. Detection of stress in polymers: mechanochemical activation of CuAAC click reactions in poly(urethane) networks. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1137-1141. [PMID: 31938798 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02185j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on copper(i)-bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)s (NHC) for quantitative stress-sensing, embedded within polyurethane networks, triggering a fluorogenic copper(i) azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) of 8-azido-2-naphtol and 3-hydroxy phenylacetylene. A completely transparent, force responsive poly(urethane) material is generated, allowing a quantification of the applied stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Biewend
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle D-06120, Germany.
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9
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Neumann S, Biewend M, Rana S, Binder WH. The CuAAC: Principles, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts, and Novel Developments and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900359. [PMID: 31631449 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) has emerged as the most useful "click" chemistry. Polymer science has profited enormously from CuAAC by its simplicity, ease, scope, applicability and efficiency. Basic principles of the CuAAC are reviewed with a focus on homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, ligands, anchimeric assistance, and basic chemical principles. Recent developments of ligand design and acceleration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Neumann
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michel Biewend
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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10
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Biewend M, Neumann S, Michael P, Binder WH. Synthesis of polymer-linked copper(i) bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes of linear and chain extended architecture. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01751d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel PS-based mechanophores of linear and chain-extended architecture are synthesized obtaining bis(NHC) complexes with more than one Cu(i) center per chain and molecular weights of up to 50 000 g mol−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Biewend
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry
- Physics and Mathematics)
| | - Steve Neumann
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry
- Physics and Mathematics)
| | - Philipp Michael
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry
- Physics and Mathematics)
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry
- Physics and Mathematics)
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11
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Michael P, Sheidaee Mehr SK, Binder WH. Synthesis and characterization of polymer linked copper(I) bis(N
-heterocyclic carbene) mechanocatalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Michael
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4; Halle D-06120 Germany
| | - Shima Khazraee Sheidaee Mehr
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4; Halle D-06120 Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Lacktechnologie; Hochschule Niederrhein, Adlerstraße 1; Krefeld D-47798 Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4; Halle D-06120 Germany
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12
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Achar TK, Bose A, Mal P. Mechanochemical synthesis of small organic molecules. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1907-1931. [PMID: 29062410 PMCID: PMC5629380 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the growing interest in renewable energy and global warming, it is important to minimize the usage of hazardous chemicals in both academic and industrial research, elimination of waste, and possibly recycle them to obtain better results in greener fashion. The studies under the area of mechanochemistry which cover the grinding chemistry to ball milling, sonication, etc. are certainly of interest to the researchers working on the development of green methodologies. In this review, a collection of examples on recent developments in organic bond formation reactions like carbon–carbon (C–C), carbon–nitrogen (C–N), carbon–oxygen (C–O), carbon–halogen (C–X), etc. is documented. Mechanochemical syntheses of heterocyclic rings, multicomponent reactions and organometallic molecules including their catalytic applications are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Kumar Achar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Khurda 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Anima Bose
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Khurda 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Khurda 752050, Odisha, India
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13
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Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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14
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Wong VHL, Vummaleti SVC, Cavallo L, White AJP, Nolan SP, Hii KKM. Synthesis, Structure and Catalytic Activity of NHC-AgI
Carboxylate Complexes. Chemistry 2016; 22:13320-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie H. L. Wong
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; Exhibition Road, South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive Kent Ridge Crescent Singapore
| | - Sai V. C. Vummaleti
- KAUST Catalysis Centre; Physical Sciences and Engineering Division; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Centre; Physical Sciences and Engineering Division; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; Exhibition Road, South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Universiteit Gent; Krijgslaan 281 - S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - King Kuok Mimi Hii
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; Exhibition Road, South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
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15
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Clough JM, Balan A, van Daal TLJ, Sijbesma RP. Probing Force with Mechanobase-Induced Chemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jess M. Clough
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Abidin Balan
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Tom L. J. van Daal
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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16
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Clough JM, Balan A, van Daal TLJ, Sijbesma RP. Probing Force with Mechanobase-Induced Chemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1445-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jess M. Clough
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Abidin Balan
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Tom L. J. van Daal
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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17
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Lenhardt JM, Black Ramirez AL, Lee B, Kouznetsova TB, Craig SL. Mechanistic Insights into the Sonochemical Activation of Multimechanophore Cyclopropanated Polybutadiene Polymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Lenhardt
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | | | - Bobin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Tatiana B. Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
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18
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Lee B, Niu Z, Wang J, Slebodnick C, Craig SL. Relative Mechanical Strengths of Weak Bonds in Sonochemical Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10826-32. [PMID: 26247609 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical strength of scissile chemical bonds plays a role in material failure and in the mechanical activation of latent reactivity, but quantitative measures of mechanical strength are rare. Here, we report the relative mechanical strength of polymers bearing three putatively "weak" scissile bonds: the carbon-nitrogen bond of an azobisdialkylnitrile (<30 kcal mol(-1)), the carbon-sulfur bond of a thioether (71-74 kcal mol(-1)), and the carbon-oxygen bond of a benzylphenyl ether (52-54 kcal mol(-1)). The mechanical strengths are assessed in the context of chain scission triggered by pulsed sonication of polymer solutions, by using two complementary techniques: (i) the competition within a single polymer chain between the bond scission of interest and the nonscissile mechanochemical ring opening of gem-dichlorocyclopropane mechanophores and (ii) the molecular weights at long (4 h) sonication times of multimechanophore polymers. The two methods produce a consistent story: in contrast to their thermodynamic strengths, the relative mechanical strengths of the three weak bonds are azobisdialkylnitrile (weakest) < thioether < benzylphenyl ether. The greater mechanical strength of the benzylphenyl ether relative to the thermodynamically stronger carbon-sulfur bond is ascribed to poor mechanochemical coupling, at least in part as a result of the rehybridization that accompanies carbon-oxygen bond scission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zhenbin Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Junpeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Carla Slebodnick
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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19
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Abstract
Catalysis is key to the effective and efficient transformation of readily available building blocks into high value functional molecules and materials. For many years research in this field has largely focussed on the invention of new catalysts and the optimization of their performance to achieve high conversions and/or selectivities. However, inspired by Nature, chemists are beginning to turn their attention to the development of catalysts whose activity in different chemical processes can be switched by an external stimulus. Potential applications include using the states of multiple switchable catalysts to control sequences of transformations, producing different products from a pool of building blocks according to the order and type of stimuli applied. Here we outline the state-of-art in artificial switchable catalysis, classifying systems according to the trigger used to achieve control over the catalytic activity and stereochemical or other structural outcomes of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Blanco
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Clough JM, Balan A, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical Reactions Reporting and Repairing Bond Scission in Polymers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:209-38. [PMID: 26104999 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The past 10 years have seen a resurgence of interest in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. Whilst the destructive effects of mechanical force on polymer chains have been known for decades, it was only recently that researchers tapped into these forces to realize more useful chemical transformations. The current review discusses the strategic incorporation of weak covalent bonds in polymers to create materials with stress-sensing and damage-repairing properties. Firstly, the development of mechanochromism and mechanoluminescence as stress reporters is considered. The second half focuses on the net formation of covalent bonds as a response to mechanical force, via mechanocatalysis and mechanically unmasked chemical reactivity, and concludes with perspectives for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess M Clough
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Abidin Balan
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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21
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Brantley JN, Bailey CB, Cannon JR, Clark KA, Vanden Bout DA, Brodbelt JS, Keatinge‐Clay AT, Bielawski CW. Mechanically Modulating the Photophysical Properties of Fluorescent Protein Biocomposites for Ratio‐ and Intensiometric Sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5088-92. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan N. Brantley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
| | - Constance B. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
| | - Joe R. Cannon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
| | - Katie A. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
| | - David A. Vanden Bout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
| | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
| | - Adrian T. Keatinge‐Clay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA)
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712 (USA) http://keatinge‐clay.cm.utexas.edu http://bielawski.cm.utexas.edu
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22
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Brantley JN, Bailey CB, Cannon JR, Clark KA, Vanden Bout DA, Brodbelt JS, Keatinge-Clay AT, Bielawski CW. Mechanically Modulating the Photophysical Properties of Fluorescent Protein Biocomposites for Ratio- and Intensiometric Sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Jacobs MJ, Blank K. Joining forces: integrating the mechanical and optical single molecule toolkits. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52502c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining single molecule force measurements with fluorescence detection opens up exciting new possibilities for the characterization of mechanoresponsive molecules in Biology and Materials Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique J. Jacobs
- Radboud University Nijmegen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Department of Molecular Materials
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Blank
- Radboud University Nijmegen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Department of Molecular Materials
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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24
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Groote R, Jakobs RTM, Sijbesma RP. Mechanocatalysis: forcing latent catalysts into action. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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