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Weng J, Molshatzki N, Marjoram P, Gauderman WJ, Gilliland FD, Eckel SP. Longitudinal hierarchical Bayesian models of covariate effects on airway and alveolar nitric oxide. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5346. [PMID: 37005426 PMCID: PMC10067946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers such as exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a marker of airway inflammation, have applications in the study of chronic respiratory disease where longitudinal studies of within-participant changes in the biomarker are particularly relevant. A cutting-edge approach to assessing FeNO, called multiple flow FeNO, repeatedly assesses FeNO across a range of expiratory flow rates at a single visit and combines these data with a deterministic model of lower respiratory tract NO to estimate parameters quantifying airway wall and alveolar NO sources. Previous methodological work for multiple flow FeNO has focused on methods for data from a single participant or from cross-sectional studies. Performance of existing ad hoc two-stage methods for longitudinal multiple flow FeNO in cohort or panel studies has not been evaluated. In this paper, we present a novel longitudinal extension to a unified hierarchical Bayesian (L_U_HB) model relating longitudinally assessed multiple flow FeNO to covariates. In several simulation study scenarios, we compare the L_U_HB method to other unified and two-stage frequentist methods. In general, L_U_HB produced unbiased estimates, had good power, and its performance was not sensitive to the magnitude of the association with a covariate and correlations between NO parameters. In an application relating height to longitudinal multiple flow FeNO in schoolchildren without asthma, unified analysis methods estimated positive, statistically significant associations of height with airway and alveolar NO concentrations and negative associations with airway wall diffusivity while estimates from two-stage methods were smaller in magnitude and sometimes non-significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Weng
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 202B, MC-9234, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Noa Molshatzki
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 202B, MC-9234, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Paul Marjoram
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 202B, MC-9234, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - W James Gauderman
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 202B, MC-9234, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Frank D Gilliland
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 202B, MC-9234, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 202B, MC-9234, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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Zhang Y, Eckel SP, Berhane K, Garcia E, Muchmore P, Molshatzki NBA, Rappaport EB, Linn WS, Habre R, Gilliland FD. Long-term exposures to air pollutants affect F eNO in children: a longitudinal study. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.00705-2021. [PMID: 34503981 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00705-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA .,Dept of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Veteran Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kiros Berhane
- Dept of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erika Garcia
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Edward B Rappaport
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William S Linn
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rima Habre
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank D Gilliland
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ross MK, Eckel SP, Bui AAT, Gilliland FD. Asthma clustering methods: a literature-informed application to the children's health study data. J Asthma 2021; 59:1305-1318. [PMID: 33926348 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2021.1923738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The heterogeneity of asthma has inspired widespread application of statistical clustering algorithms to a variety of datasets for identification of potentially clinically meaningful phenotypes. There has not been a standardized data analysis approach for asthma clustering, which can affect reproducibility and clinical translation of results. Our objective was to identify common and effective data analysis practices in the asthma clustering literature and apply them to data from a Southern California population-based cohort of schoolchildren with asthma. METHODS As of January 1, 2020, we reviewed key statistical elements of 77 asthma clustering studies. Guided by the literature, we used 12 input variables and three clustering methods (hierarchical clustering, k-medoids, and latent class analysis) to identify clusters in 598 schoolchildren with asthma from the Southern California Children's Health Study (CHS). RESULTS Clusters of children identified by latent class analysis were characterized by exhaled nitric oxide, FEV1/FVC, FEV1 percent predicted, asthma control and allergy score; and were predictive of control at two year follow up. Clusters from the other two methods were less clinically remarkable, primarily differentiated by sex and race/ethnicity and less predictive of asthma control over time. CONCLUSION Upon review of the asthma phenotyping literature, common approaches of data clustering emerged. When applying these elements to the Children's Health Study data, latent class analysis clusters-represented by exhaled nitric oxide and spirometry measures-had clinical relevance over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy K Ross
- Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alex A T Bui
- Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank D Gilliland
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Muchmore P, Xu S, Marjoram P, Rappaport EB, Weng J, Molshatzki N, Eckel SP. Impact of different fixed flow sampling protocols on flow-independent exhaled nitric oxide parameter estimates using the Bayesian dynamic two-compartment model. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14336. [PMID: 31960619 PMCID: PMC6971414 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is an established respiratory biomarker with clinical applications in the diagnosis and management of asthma. Because FeNO depends strongly on the flow (exhalation) rate, early protocols specified that measurements should be taken when subjects exhaled at a fixed rate of 50 ml/s. Subsequently, multiple flow (or "extended") protocols were introduced which measure FeNO across a range of fixed flow rates, allowing estimation of parameters including Caw NO and CA NO which partition the physiological sources of NO into proximal airway wall tissue and distal alveolar regions (respectively). A recently developed dynamic model of FeNO uses flow-concentration data from the entire exhalation maneuver rather than plateau means, permitting estimation of Caw NO and CA NO from a wide variety of protocols. In this paper, we use a simulation study to compare Caw NO and CA NO estimation from a variety of fixed flow protocols, including: single maneuvers (30, 50,100, or 300 ml/s) and three established multiple maneuver protocols. We quantify the improved precision with multiple maneuvers and the importance of low flow maneuvers in estimating Caw NO. We conclude by applying the dynamic model to FeNO data from 100 participants of the Southern California Children's Health Study, establishing the feasibility of using the dynamic method to reanalyze archived online FeNO data and extract new information on Caw NO and CA NO in situations where these estimates would have been impossible to obtain using traditional steady-state two compartment model estimation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Muchmore
- Department of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Paul Marjoram
- Department of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Edward B. Rappaport
- Department of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Jingying Weng
- Department of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Noa Molshatzki
- Department of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Sandrah P. Eckel
- Department of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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Habre R, Zhou H, Eckel SP, Enebish T, Fruin S, Bastain T, Rappaport E, Gilliland F. Short-term effects of airport-associated ultrafine particle exposure on lung function and inflammation in adults with asthma. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 118:48-59. [PMID: 29800768 PMCID: PMC6368339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP, particles with aerodynamic diameter < 100 nm) is associated with reduced lung function and airway inflammation in individuals with asthma. Recently, elevated UFP number concentrations (PN) from aircraft landing and takeoff activity were identified downwind of the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) but little is known about the health impacts of airport-related UFP exposure. METHODS We conducted a randomized crossover study of 22 non-smoking adults with mild to moderate asthma in Nov-Dec 2014 and May-Jul 2015 to investigate short-term effects of exposure to LAX airport-related UFPs. Participants conducted scripted, mild walking activity on two occasions in public parks inside (exposure) and outside (control) of the high UFP zone. Spirometry, multiple flow exhaled nitric oxide, and circulating inflammatory cytokines were measured before and after exposure. Personal UFP PN and lung deposited surface area (LDSA) and stationary UFP PN, black carbon (BC), particle-bound PAHs (PB-PAH), ozone (O3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5) mass were measured. Source apportionment analysis was conducted to distinguish aircraft from roadway traffic related UFP sources. Health models investigated within-subject changes in outcomes as a function of pollutants and source factors. RESULTS A high two-hour walking period average contrast of ~34,000 particles·cm-3 was achieved with mean (std) PN concentrations of 53,342 (25,529) and 19,557 (11,131) particles·cm-3 and mean (std) particle size of 28.7 (9.5) and 33.2 (11.5) at the exposure and control site, respectively. Principal components analysis differentiated airport UFPs (PN), roadway traffic (BC, PB-PAH), PM mass (PM2.5, PM10), and secondary photochemistry (O3) sources. A standard deviation increase in the 'Airport UFPs' factor was significantly associated with IL-6, a circulating marker of inflammation (single-pollutant model: 0.21, 95% CI = 0.08-0.34; multi-pollutant model: 0.18, 0.04-0.32). The 'Traffic' factor was significantly associated with lower Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV1) (single-pollutant model: -1.52, -2.28 to -0.77) and elevated sTNFrII (single-pollutant model: 36.47; 6.03-66.91; multi-pollutant model: 64.38; 6.30-122.46). No consistent associations were observed with exhaled nitric oxide. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate increased acute systemic inflammation following exposure to airport-related UFPs. Health effects associated with roadway traffic exposure were distinct. This study emphasizes the importance of multi-pollutant measurements and modeling techniques to disentangle sources of UFPs contributing to the complex urban air pollution mixture and to evaluate population health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Habre
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Hui Zhou
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Temuulen Enebish
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott Fruin
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Bastain
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward Rappaport
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank Gilliland
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Muchmore P, Rappaport EB, Eckel SP. Bayesian estimation of physiological parameters governing a dynamic two-compartment model of exhaled nitric oxide. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/15/e13276. [PMID: 28774947 PMCID: PMC5555880 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The fractional concentration of nitric oxide in exhaled breath (feNO) is a biomarker of airway inflammation with applications in clinical asthma management and environmental epidemiology. feNO concentration depends on the expiratory flow rate. Standard feNO is assessed at 50 mL/sec, but “extended NO analysis” uses feNO measured at multiple different flow rates to estimate parameters quantifying proximal and distal sources of NO in the lower respiratory tract. Most approaches to modeling multiple flow feNO assume the concentration of NO throughout the airway has achieved a “steady‐state.” In practice, this assumption demands that subjects maintain sustained flow rate exhalations, during which both feNO and expiratory flow rate must remain constant, and the feNO maneuver is summarized by the average feNO concentration and average flow during a small interval. In this work, we drop the steady‐state assumption in the classic two‐compartment model. Instead, we have developed a new parameter estimation approach based on measuring and adjusting for a continuously varying flow rate over the entire feNO maneuver. We have developed a Bayesian inference framework for the parameters of the partial differential equation underlying this model. Based on multiple flow feNO data from the Southern California Children's Health Study, we use observed and simulated NO concentrations to demonstrate that our approach has reasonable computation time and is consistent with existing steady‐state approaches, while our inferences consistently offer greater precision than current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Muchmore
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edward B Rappaport
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Eckel SP, Zhang Z, Habre R, Rappaport EB, Linn WS, Berhane K, Zhang Y, Bastain TM, Gilliland FD. Traffic-related air pollution and alveolar nitric oxide in southern California children. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:1348-56. [PMID: 26797034 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01176-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms for the adverse respiratory effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) have yet to be established. We evaluated the acute effects of TRAP exposure on proximal and distal airway inflammation by relating indoor nitric oxide (NO), a marker of TRAP exposure in the indoor microenvironment, to airway and alveolar sources of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO).FeNO was collected online at four flow rates in 1635 schoolchildren (aged 12-15 years) in southern California (USA) breathing NO-free air. Indoor NO was sampled hourly and linearly interpolated to the time of the FeNO test. Estimated parameters quantifying airway wall diffusivity (DawNO) and flux (J'awNO) and alveolar concentration (CANO) sources of FeNO were related to exposure using linear regression to adjust for potential confounders.We found that TRAP exposure indoors was associated with elevated alveolar NO. A 10 ppb higher indoor NO concentration at the time of the FeNO test was associated with 0.10 ppb higher average CANO (95% CI 0.04-0.16) (equivalent to a 7.1% increase from the mean), 4.0% higher J'awNO (95% CI -2.8-11.3) and 0.2% lower DawNO (95% CI -4.8-4.6).These findings are consistent with an airway response to TRAP exposure that was most marked in the distal airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrah P Eckel
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zilu Zhang
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rima Habre
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward B Rappaport
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William S Linn
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kiros Berhane
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Theresa M Bastain
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank D Gilliland
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Eckel SP, Linn WS, Salam MT, Bastain TM, Zhang Y, Rappaport EB, Liu M, Berhane K. Spirometry effects on conventional and multiple flow exhaled nitric oxide in children. J Asthma 2014; 52:198-204. [PMID: 25134783 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2014.954292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical and research settings often require sequencing multiple respiratory tests in a brief visit. Guidelines recommend measuring the concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) before spirometry, but evidence for a spirometry carryover effect on FeNO is mixed. Only one study has investigated spirometry carryover effects on multiple flow FeNO analysis. The objective of this study was to evaluate evidence for carryover effects of recent spirometry on three exhaled NO summary measures: FeNO at 50 ml/s, airway wall NO flux [J'awNO] and alveolar NO concentration [CANO] in a population-based sample of schoolchildren. METHODS Participants were 1146 children (191 with asthma), ages 12-15, from the Southern California Children's Health Study who performed spirometry and multiple flow FeNO on the same day. Approximately, half the children performed spirometry first. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate differences in exhaled NO summary measures associated with recent spirometry testing, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS In the population-based sample, we found no evidence of spirometry carryover effects. However, for children with asthma, there was a suggestion that exhaled NO summary measures assessed ≤6 min after spirometry were lower (FeNO: 25.8% lower, 95% CI: -6.2%, 48.2%; J'awNO: 15.1% lower 95% CI: -26.5%, 43.0%; and CANO 0.43 parts per billion lower, 95% CI: -0.12, 0.98). CONCLUSIONS In clinical settings, it is prudent to assess multiple flow FeNO before spirometry. In studies of healthy subjects, it may not be necessary to assess FeNO first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Eckel SP, Linn WS, Berhane K, Rappaport EB, Salam MT, Zhang Y, Gilliland FD. Estimation of parameters in the two-compartment model for exhaled nitric oxide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85471. [PMID: 24465571 PMCID: PMC3894971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a biomarker of airway inflammation that is being increasingly considered in clinical, occupational, and epidemiological applications ranging from asthma management to the detection of air pollution health effects. FeNO depends strongly on exhalation flow rate. This dependency has allowed for the development of mathematical models whose parameters quantify airway and alveolar compartment contributions to FeNO. Numerous methods have been proposed to estimate these parameters using FeNO measured at multiple flow rates. These methods—which allow for non-invasive assessment of localized airway inflammation—have the potential to provide important insights on inflammatory mechanisms. However, different estimation methods produce different results and a serious barrier to progress in this field is the lack of a single recommended method. With the goal of resolving this methodological problem, we have developed a unifying framework in which to present a comprehensive set of existing and novel statistical methods for estimating parameters in the simple two-compartment model. We compared statistical properties of the estimators in simulation studies and investigated model fit and parameter estimate sensitivity across methods using data from 1507 schoolchildren from the Southern California Children's Health Study, one of the largest multiple flow FeNO studies to date. We recommend a novel nonlinear least squares model with natural log transformation on both sides that produced estimators with good properties, satisfied model assumptions, and fit the Children's Health Study data well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrah P. Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William S. Linn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kiros Berhane
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Edward B. Rappaport
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Muhammad T. Salam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Frank D. Gilliland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Linn WS, Rappaport EB, Eckel SP, Berhane KT, Zhang Y, Salam MT, Bastain TM, Gilliland FD. Multiple-flow exhaled nitric oxide, allergy, and asthma in a population of older children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2013; 48:885-96. [PMID: 23687084 PMCID: PMC3748140 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED "Extended" (multiple-flow) measurements of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) potentially can distinguish proximal and distal airway inflammation, but have not been evaluated previously in large populations. We performed extended NO testing within a longitudinal study of a school-based population, to relate bronchial flux (J'awNO) and peripheral NO concentration (CalvNO) estimates with respiratory health status determined from questionnaires. We measured FeNO at 30, 50, 100, and 300 ml/sec in 1,640 subjects aged 12-15 from eight communities, then estimated J'awNO and CalvNO from linear and nonlinear regressions of NO output versus flow. J'awNO, as well as FeNO at all flows, showed influences of asthma, allergy, Asian or African ancestry, age, and height (positive), and of weight (negative), generally corroborating past findings. By contrast, CalvNO results were inconsistent across different extended NO regression models, and appeared more sensitive to small measurement artifacts. CONCLUSIONS Extended NO testing is feasible in field surveys of young populations. In interpreting results, size, age, and ethnicity require attention, as well as instrumental and environmental artifacts. J'awNO and conventional FeNO provide similar information, probably reflecting proximal airway inflammation. CalvNO may give additional information relevant to peripheral airway, alveolar, or systemic pathology. However, it needs additional research, including testing of populations with independently verifiable peripheral or systemic pathology, to optimize measurement technique and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Linn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
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Chládková J, Senkerík M, Havlínová Z, Krcmová I, Chládek J. Alveolar concentration and bronchial flux of nitric oxide: two linear modeling methods evaluated in children and adolescents with allergic rhinitis and atopic asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012; 47:1070-9. [PMID: 22504930 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alveolar concentration (C(A)NO) and bronchial flux (J(aw)NO) of nitric oxide (NO) characterize the contributions of peripheral and proximal airways to exhaled NO. Both parameters can be estimated using a two-compartment model if the fraction of NO in orally exhaled air (FE(NO)) is measured at multiple constant expiratory flow rates (V). The aim of this study was to evaluate how departures from linearity influence the estimates of C(A)NO and J(aw)NO obtained with the help of linear regression analysis of the relationships between FE(NO) and 1/V (method P), and between the NO output (V(NO) = FE(NO) × V) and V (method T). Furthermore, differences between patients with atopic asthma (AA) and allergic rhinitis (AR) and between methods P and T were assessed. DESIGN Measurements of FE(NO) were performed with a chemiluminiscence analyzer at five levels of V ranging from 50 to 250 ml/sec in school children and adolescents with mild to moderate-severe AA treated by inhaled corticosteroids (N = 42) and AR (N = 20). RESULTS Violation of the linearity condition at V ≤ 100 ml/sec caused shifts between methods with regard to the partition of exhaled NO into alveolar (C(A)NO: P > T) and bronchial (J(aw)NO: T > P) components. Both methods gave similar results in the linear range of 150-250 ml/sec: The mean ratios P/T and limits of agreement calculated in AA and AR patients were 1.03 (0.49-1.56) and 1.07 (0.55-1.59) for C(A)NO and 1.03 (0.73-1.33) and 0.99 (0.90-1.10) for J(aw)NO, respectively. No significant differences between AA and AR were found in C(A)NO and J(aw)NO calculated in the linear range by the T method {medians (inter-quartile ranges): 1.7 ppb (0.9-3.9) vs. 2.3 ppb (0.8-3.7), P = 0.91; 1,800 pl/sec (950-3,560) vs. 1,180 pl/sec (639-1,950), P = 0.061}. However, the flow-dependency of the estimates was markedly higher in AA than in AR patients: C(A) NO was decreased 2.8-fold vs. 1.5-fold and J(aw) NO was increased 1.5-fold vs. 1.2-fold in the linear range as compared to the range of 50-250 ml/sec. In both groups, the median standard errors (SE) of the J(aw) NO estimates were similar for the metods P and T and small (<15%) regardless of the range for expiratory flows. The precision of C(A) NO estimates was less in all ranges. For both methods, the SE of the estimates obtained in the range of 150-250 ml/sec exceeded 50% in asthmatics and 30% in AR patients, respectively. The results show that FE(NO) has to be measured at several expiratory flows ≥100 ml/sec for the accurate estimation of C(A) NO and J(aw) NO using linear methods P and T in children and adolescents with AA and AR. A stepwise procedure for detecting nonlinearity and evaluating the quality of FE(NO) measurements is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirina Chládková
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Breton CV, Salam MT. Bronchial Nitric Oxide Flux May Be Better Associated with Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Promoter Methylation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.185.4.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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García-Río F, Casitas R, Romero D. Utility of two-compartment models of exhaled nitric oxide in patients with asthma. J Asthma 2011; 48:329-34. [PMID: 21504346 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2011.565847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Two-compartment models provide more precise information about the contribution of the different portions of the airways to exhaled nitric oxide (NO). Airway wall concentration of NO (Caw,NO) and maximum flux of NO in the airways (J'aw,NO) reflect the tissue production rate of NO and they can be modified by corticosteroids. The airway wall diffusing capacity of NO (Daw,NO) depends on diverse physical and anatomical determinants of the airways, such as gas exchange surface area. Daw,NO can be modified by structural and physiological changes that are characteristic of airway remodeling, which take place over the long term. The alveolar concentration of NO (Calv,NO) represents the degree of small airway inflammation. The persistence of high Calv,NO in patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids could reflect the incapacity of these drugs to reach distal locations due to the heterogeneity of the acinar ventilation. In this review, we evaluate the parameters provided by the compartmentalized analysis of exhaled NO that could be useful in characterizing asthma patients.
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