1
|
Alhajri SM, Cunha CW, Knowles DP, Li H, Taus NS. Evaluation of glycoprotein Ov8 as a potential antigen for an OvHV-2-specific diagnostic assay. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200130. [PMID: 29966004 PMCID: PMC6028116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses in the genus Macavirus establish clinically unapparent persistent infections in reservoir species. Transmission of some of these viruses, including alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) and ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), to clinically susceptible species in the order Artiodactyla can result in malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a usually fatal lymphoproliferative disease. Serology can be used to identify MCF virus (MCFV)-infected carrier animals. However, all current serological assays utilize AlHV-1 antigens, thus none is specific for OvHV-2. In situations where sheep and other MCFV carriers are present, such as in zoos and game farms, an OvHV-2-specific assay would determine if OvHV-2 is present in the population. In this study, a recombinant protein containing a truncated OvHV-2 Ov8 glycoprotein was expressed and evaluated as a suitable target antigen to specifically detect OvHV-2 infection using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A competitive inhibition (CI)-ELISA that detects an epitope conserved among all MCFVs was used to categorize, as positive or negative, sera from 205 domestic sheep. The Ov8 assay showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity, 98.97% diagnostic specificity, 99.07% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value and very high agreement (kappa = 0.990 and 95% CI = 0.971–1.000) with the CI-ELISA. Sera from animals infected with MCFVs other than OvHV-2 did not cross-react with Ov8 (100% negative predictive value). These data support the use of the Ov8 ELISA as an OvHV-2-specific diagnostic assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salim M. Alhajri
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cristina W. Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Donald P. Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Naomi S. Taus
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Speca DJ, Trimmer JS, Peterson AS, Díaz E. Whole exome sequencing reveals a functional mutation in the GAIN domain of the Bai2 receptor underlying a forward mutagenesis hyperactivity QTL. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:465-475. [PMID: 28894906 PMCID: PMC5702255 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of novel genes underlying complex mouse behavioral traits remains an important step in understanding normal brain function and its dysfunction in mental health disorders. To identify dominant mutations that influence locomotor activity, we performed a mouse N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) forward mutagenesis screen and mapped several loci as quantitative traits. Here we describe the fine-mapping and positional cloning of a hyperactivity locus mapped to the medial portion of mouse chromosome four. We employed a modified recombinant progeny testing approach to fine-map the confidence interval from ≈20 Mb down to ≈5 Mb. Whole exome resequencing of all exons in this region revealed a single missense mutation in the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2 (Bai2). This mutation, R619W, is located in a critical extracellular domain that is a hotspot for mutations in this receptor class. We find that in two different mammalian cell lines, surface expression of Bai2 R619W is markedly reduced relative to wild-type Bai2, suggesting that R619W is a loss-of-function mutation. Our results highlight the powerful combination of ENU mutagenesis and next-generation sequencing to identify specific mutations that manifest as subtle behavioral phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Speca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - James S Trimmer
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrew S Peterson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Elva Díaz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Low D, Subramaniam R, Lin L, Aomatsu T, Mizoguchi A, Ng A, DeGruttola AK, Lee CG, Elias JA, Andoh A, Mino-Kenudson M, Mizoguchi E. Chitinase 3-like 1 induces survival and proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells during chronic inflammation and colitis-associated cancer by regulating S100A9. Oncotarget 2017; 6:36535-50. [PMID: 26431492 PMCID: PMC4742194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many host-factors are inducibly expressed during the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), each having their unique properties, such as immune activation, bacterial clearance, and tissue repair/remodeling. Dysregulation/imbalance of these factors may have pathogenic effects that can contribute to colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Previous reports showed that IBD patients inducibly express colonic chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) that is further upregulated during CAC development. However, little is known about the direct pathogenic involvement of CHI3L1 in vivo. Here we demonstrate that CHI3L1 (aka Brp39) knockout (KO) mice treated with azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) developed severe colitis but lesser incidence of CAC as compared to that in wild-type (WT) mice. Highest CHI3L1 expression was found during the chronic phase of colitis, rather than the acute phase, and is essential to promote intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation in vivo. This CHI3L1-mediated cell proliferation/survival involves partial downregulation of the pro-apoptotic S100A9 protein that is highly expressed during the acute phase of colitis, by binding to the S100A9 receptor, RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products). This interaction disrupts the S100A9-associated expression positive feedback loop during early immune activation, creating a CHI3L1hi S100A9low colonic environment, especially in the later phase of colitis, which promotes cell proliferation/survival of both normal IECs and tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daren Low
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Renuka Subramaniam
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tomoki Aomatsu
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Aylwin Ng
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arianna K DeGruttola
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jack A Elias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Akira Andoh
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology & Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emiko Mizoguchi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for The Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Glycoproteins B, H, and L Are Sufficient for, and Viral Glycoprotein Ov8 Can Enhance, Cell-Cell Membrane Fusion. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02454-16. [PMID: 28053110 PMCID: PMC5331822 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02454-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is a gammaherpesvirus in the genus Macavirus that is carried asymptomatically by sheep. Infection of poorly adapted animals with OvHV-2 results in sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever, a fatal disease characterized by lymphoproliferation and vasculitis. There is no treatment or vaccine for the disease and no cell culture system to propagate the virus. The lack of cell culture has hindered studies of OvHV-2 biology, including its entry mechanism. As an alternative method to study OvHV-2 glycoproteins responsible for membrane fusion as a part of the entry mechanism, we developed a virus-free cell-to-cell membrane fusion assay to identify the minimum required OvHV-2 glycoproteins to induce membrane fusion. OvHV-2 glycoproteins B, H, and L (gB, gH, and gL) were able to induce membrane fusion together but not when expressed individually. Additionally, open reading frame Ov8, unique to OvHV-2, was found to encode a transmembrane glycoprotein that can significantly enhance membrane fusion. Thus, OvHV-2 gB, gH, and gL are sufficient to induce membrane fusion, while glycoprotein Ov8 plays an enhancing role by an unknown mechanism.IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses enter cells via attachment of the virion to the cellular surface and fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes. Virus-cell membrane fusion is an important step for a successful viral infection. Elucidating the roles of viral glycoproteins responsible for membrane fusion is critical toward understanding viral entry. Entry of ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), the causative agent of sheep associated-malignant catarrhal fever, which is one of the leading causes of death in bison and other ungulates, has not been well studied due to the lack of a cell culture system to propagate the virus. The identification of OvHV-2 glycoproteins that mediate membrane fusion may help identify viral and/or cellular factors involved in OvHV-2 cell tropism and will advance investigation of cellular factors necessary for virus-cell membrane fusion. We found that OvHV-2 glycoproteins B, H, and L are sufficient for, and viral glycoprotein Ov8 can significantly enhance, cell-cell membrane fusion.
Collapse
|
5
|
Peng Y, Horwitz N, Lakatta EG, Lin L. Mouse RAGE Variant 4 Is a Dominant Membrane Receptor that Does Not Shed to Generate Soluble RAGE. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153657. [PMID: 27655067 PMCID: PMC5031407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multi-ligand, immunoglobulin-like receptor that has been implicated in aging-associated diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that both human and murine Ager genes undergo extensive alternative splicing that generates multiple putative transcripts encoding different receptor isoforms. Except for the soluble isoform (esRAGE), the majority of putative RAGE isoforms remain unstudied. Profiling of murine Ager transcripts showed that variant transcript 4 (mRAGE_v4), the second most abundant transcript in lungs and multiple other tissues, encodes a receptor that lacks nine residues located within the C2 extracellular section close to the trans-membrane domain. We therefore characterized mRAGEV4 isoreceptor in comparison with the full-length mRAGE (mRAGEFL). Although differing in only nine residues, mRAGEFL and mRAGEV4 display very different cellular behaviors. While mRAGEFL undergoes constitutive, extensive shedding in the cell to generate sRAGE, mRAGEV4 hardly sheds. In addition, we found that while mRAGEFL can localize to both the plasma membrane and the endosome, mRAGEV4 is exclusively localized to the plasma membrane. These very different cellular localization patterns suggest that, in addition to their roles in sRAGE production, mRAGEFL and mRAGEV4 may play distinct, spatiotemporal roles in signaling and innate immune responses. Compared to mice, humans do not have the v4 transcript. Although hRAGE, like mRAGEFL, also localizes to the plasma membrane and the endosome, its rate of constitutive shedding is significantly lower. These observations provide valuable information regarding RAGE biology, and serve as a reference by which to create mouse models relating to human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunqian Peng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Naftali Horwitz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward G. Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei W, Kim JM, Medina D, Lakatta EG, Lin L. GeneOptimizer program-assisted cDNA reengineering enhances sRAGE autologous expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 95:143-8. [PMID: 24373844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) is a secreted mammalian protein that functions as a decoy to counter-react RAGE signaling-resultant pathological conditions, and has high therapeutic potentials. Our prior studies showed that recombinant human sRAGE expressed in Chinese hamster, Ceanothus griseus, ovary (CHO) cells is modified by specific N-glycosylation, and exhibits higher bioactivity than that expressed in other host systems including insect Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Here, we show that GeneOptimizer software program-assisted, reengineered sRAGE cDNA enhances the recombinant protein expression in CHO cells. The cDNA sequence encoding human sRAGE was optimized for RNA structure, stability, and codon usages in CHO cells. We found that such optimization augmented sRAGE expression over 2 folds of its wild-type counterpart. We also studied how individual parameter impacted sRAGE autologous expression in CHO cells, and whether sRAGE bioactivity was compromised. We found that the enhanced expression appeared not to affect sRAGE N-glycosylation and bioactivity. Optimization of sRAGE expression provides a basis for future large-scale production of this protein to meet medical needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wei
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Ji Min Kim
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Danny Medina
- GeneArt Division, Life Technologies-Invitrogen Inc., 5823 Newton Drive, Carlsbad, CA 92008, United States
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tae HJ, Kim JM, Park S, Tomiya N, Li G, Wei W, Petrashevskaya N, Ahmet I, Pang J, Cruschwitz S, Riebe RA, Zhang Y, Morrell CH, Browe D, Lee YC, Xiao RP, Talan MI, Lakatta EG, Lin L. The N-glycoform of sRAGE is the key determinant for its therapeutic efficacy to attenuate injury-elicited arterial inflammation and neointimal growth. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1369-81. [PMID: 24132651 PMCID: PMC3846495 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Signaling of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been implicated in the development of injury-elicited vascular complications. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) acts as a decoy of RAGE and has been used to treat pathological vascular conditions in animal models. However, previous studies used a high dose of sRAGE produced in insect Sf9 cells (sRAGE(Sf9))and multiple injections to achieve the therapeutic outcome. Here, we explore whether modulation of sRAGE N-glycoform impacts its bioactivity and augments its therapeutic efficacy. We first profiled carbohydrate components of sRAGE produced in Chinese hamster Ovary cells (sRAGE(CHO)) to show that a majority of its N-glycans belong to sialylated complex types that are not shared by sRAGE(Sf9). In cell-based NF-κB activation and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration assays, sRAGE(CHO) exhibited a significantly higher bioactivity relative to sRAGE(Sf9) to inhibit RAGE alarmin ligand-induced NF-κB activation and VSMC migration. We next studied whether this N-glycoform-associated bioactivity of sRAGE(CHO) is translated to higher in vivo therapeutic efficacy in a rat carotid artery balloon injury model. Consistent with the observed higher bioactivity in cell assays, sRAGE(CHO) significantly reduced injury-induced neointimal growth and the expression of inflammatory markers in injured vasculature. Specifically, a single dose of 3 ng/g of sRAGE(CHO) reduced neointimal hyperplasia by over 70%, whereas the same dose of sRAGE(Sf9) showed no effect. The administered sRAGE(CHO) is rapidly and specifically recruited to the injured arterial locus, suggesting that early intervention of arterial injury with sRAGE(CHO) may offset an inflammatory circuit and reduce the ensuing tissue remodeling. Our findings showed that the N-glycoform of sRAGE is the key determinant underlying its bioactivity and thus is an important glycobioengineering target to develop a highly potent therapeutic sRAGE for future clinical applications. KEY MESSAGE The specific N-glycoform modification is the key underlying sRAGE bioactivity Markedly reduced sRAGE dose to attenuate neointimal hyperplasia and inflammation Provide a molecular target for glycobioengineering of sRAGE as a therapeutic protein Blocking RAGE alarmin ligands during acute injury phase offsets neointimal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Tae
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Ji Min Kim
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Sungha Park
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Noboru Tomiya
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Geng Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Wei
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Natalia Petrashevskaya
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Ismayil Ahmet
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - John Pang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Stefanie Cruschwitz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Riebe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Christopher H. Morrell
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Loyola University, Baltimore, Maryland, the United States
| | - David Browe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Yuan Chuan Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rui-ping Xiao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Mark I. Talan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Edward G. Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brown M, Stafford LJ, Onisk D, Joaquim T, Tobb A, Goldman L, Fancy D, Stave J, Chambers R. Snorkel: an epitope tagging system for measuring the surface expression of membrane proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73255. [PMID: 24023844 PMCID: PMC3759426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tags are widely used to monitor a protein’s expression level, interactions, protein trafficking, and localization. Membrane proteins are often tagged in their extracellular domains to allow discrimination between protein in the plasma membrane from that in internal pools. Multipass membrane proteins offer special challenges for inserting a tag since the extracellular regions are often composed of small loops and thus inserting an epitope tag risks perturbing the structure, function, or location of the membrane protein. We have developed a novel tagging system called snorkel where a transmembrane domain followed by a tag is appended to the cytoplasmic C-terminus of the membrane protein. In this way the tag is displayed extracellularly, but structurally separate from the membrane protein. We have tested the snorkel tag system on a diverse panel of membrane proteins including GPCRs and ion channels and demonstrated that it reliably allows for monitoring of the surface expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dale Onisk
- SDIX, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Tony Joaquim
- SDIX, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Alhagie Tobb
- SDIX, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | | | - David Fancy
- SDIX, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - James Stave
- SDIX, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Ross Chambers
- SDIX, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tillotson BJ, Cho YK, Shusta EV. Cells and cell lysates: a direct approach for engineering antibodies against membrane proteins using yeast surface display. Methods 2013; 60:27-37. [PMID: 22449570 PMCID: PMC3405166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins (MPs) are often desirable targets for antibody engineering. However, the majority of antibody engineering platforms depend implicitly on aqueous solubility of the target antigen which is often problematic for MPs. Recombinant, soluble forms of MPs have been successfully employed as antigen sources for antibody engineering, but heterologous expression and purification of soluble MP fragments remains a challenging and time-consuming process. Here we present a more direct approach to aid in the engineering of antibodies to MPs. By combining yeast surface display technology directly with whole cells or detergent-solubilized whole-cell lysates, antibody libraries can be screened against MP antigens in their near-native conformations. We also describe how the platform can be adapted for antibody characterization and antigen identification. This collection of compatible methods serves as a basis for antibody engineering against MPs and it is predicted that these methods will mature in parallel with developments in membrane protein biochemistry and solubilization technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Tillotson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Yong Ku Cho
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Eric V. Shusta
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei W, Lampe L, Park S, Vangara BS, Waldo GS, Cabantous S, Subaran SS, Yang D, Lakatta EG, Lin L. Disulfide bonds within the C2 domain of RAGE play key roles in its dimerization and biogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50736. [PMID: 23284645 PMCID: PMC3524233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) on the cell surface transmits inflammatory signals. A member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, RAGE possesses the V, C1, and C2 ectodomains that collectively constitute the receptor's extracellular structure. However, the molecular mechanism of RAGE biogenesis remains unclear, impeding efforts to control RAGE signaling through cellular regulation. METHODOLOGY AND RESULT: We used co-immunoprecipitation and crossing-linking to study RAGE oligomerization and found that RAGE forms dimer-based oligomers. Via non-reducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mutagenesis, we found that cysteines 259 and 301 within the C2 domain form intermolecular disulfide bonds. Using a modified tripartite split GFP complementation strategy and confocal microscopy, we also found that RAGE dimerization occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and that RAGE mutant molecules without the double disulfide bridges are unstable, and are subjected to the ER-associated degradation. CONCLUSION Disulfide bond-mediated RAGE dimerization in the ER is the critical step of RAGE biogenesis. Without formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds in the C2 region, RAGE fails to reach cell surface. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of RAGE intermolecular disulfide bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wei
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leonie Lampe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sungha Park
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bhavana S. Vangara
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey S. Waldo
- Bioscience Division, MS-M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Cabantous
- Bioscience Division, MS-M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Sarah S. Subaran
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward G. Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|