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Ajani TA, Obikeze K, Magwebu ZE, Egieyeh S, Chauke CG. In-silico and in-vitro screening of Asiatic acid and Asiaticoside A against Cathepsin S enzyme. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 24:67. [PMID: 38007481 PMCID: PMC10676574 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-023-00701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a form of cardiovascular disease that affects the endothelium of the blood vessel. Series of events are involved in the pathophysiology of this disease which includes the breaking down of the connective tissue elastin and collagen responsible for the tensile strength of the arterial wall by proteolytic enzyme. One of these enzymes called Cathepsin S (CatS) is upregulated in the progression of the disease and its inhibition has been proposed to be a promising pharmacological target to improve the prognosis of the disease condition. Asiatic acid and asiaticoside A are both pentacyclic triterpenoids isolated from Centella asiatica. Their use in treating various cardiovascular diseases has been reported. METHODS In this study through in silico and in vitro methods, the pharmacokinetic properties, residue interaction, and inhibitory activities of these compounds were checked against the CatS enzyme. The SwissADME online package and the ToxTree 3.01 version of the offline software were used to determine the physicochemical properties of the compounds. RESULT Asiatic acid reported no violation of the Lipinski rule while asiaticoside A violated the rule with regards to its molecular structure and size. The molecular docking was done using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) and the S-score of - 7.25988, - 7.08466, and - 4.147913 Kcal/mol were recorded for LY300328, asiaticoside A, and asiatic acid respectively. Asiaticoside A has a docking score value (- 7.08466Kcal/mol) close to the co-crystallize compound. Apart from the close docking score, the amino acid residue glycine69 and asparagine163 both interact with the co-crystallized compound and asiaticoside A. The in vitro result clearly shows the inhibitory effect of asiaticoside and asiatic acid. Asiaticoside A has an inhibitory value of about 40% and asiatic acid has an inhibitory value of about 20%. CONCLUSION This clearly shows that asiaticoside will be a better drug candidate than asiatic acid in inhibiting the CatS enzyme for the purpose of improving the outcome of atherosclerosis. However, certain modifications need to be made to the structural make-up of asiaticoside A to improve its pharmacokinetics properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenechukwu Obikeze
- University of the Western Cape, School of Pharmacy, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Zandisiwe E Magwebu
- South African Medical Research Council, Primate Unit and Delft Animal Centre (PUDAC), Cape town, South Africa
| | - Samuel Egieyeh
- University of the Western Cape, School of Pharmacy, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Chesa G Chauke
- South African Medical Research Council, Primate Unit and Delft Animal Centre (PUDAC), Cape town, South Africa
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2
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Hartley B, Bassiouni W, Schulz R, Julien O. The roles of intracellular proteolysis in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:38. [PMID: 37768438 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease remains a leading cause of human mortality worldwide. One form of ischemic heart disease is ischemia-reperfusion injury caused by the reintroduction of blood supply to ischemic cardiac muscle. The short and long-term damage that occurs due to ischemia-reperfusion injury is partly due to the proteolysis of diverse protein substrates inside and outside of cardiomyocytes. Ischemia-reperfusion activates several diverse intracellular proteases, including, but not limited to, matrix metalloproteinases, calpains, cathepsins, and caspases. This review will focus on the biological roles, intracellular localization, proteolytic targets, and inhibitors of these proteases in cardiomyocytes following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recognition of the intracellular function of each of these proteases includes defining their activation, proteolytic targets, and their inhibitors during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. This review is a step toward a better understanding of protease activation and involvement in ischemic heart disease and developing new therapeutic strategies for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Olivier Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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3
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Structure determinants defining the specificity of papain-like cysteine proteases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6552-6569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Paracha M, Thakar A, Darling RA, Wulff SS, Rule DC, Nair S, Brown TE. Role of cathepsin K in the expression of mechanical hypersensitivity following intra-plantar inflammation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7108. [PMID: 35501334 PMCID: PMC9061763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent/chronic inflammatory pain involves multiple pathophysiological mechanisms and is far more complex than acute/momentary pain. Current therapeutics for chronic inflammatory pain are often not effective because the etiology responsible for the pain is not addressed by traditional pharmacological treatments. Cathepsin K is a cysteine protease that has mostly been studied in the context of bone and joint disorders. Previous work by others has shown that inhibition of cathepsin K activity reduces osteoarthritis-associated nociception in joints. However, the role of cathepsin K in cutaneous inflammation is understudied. We assessed the effectiveness of genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin K in male mice on the expression of nocifensive behaviors after formalin injection or mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity after injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into the mouse hind paw. Our data demonstrate that cathepsin K knockout mice (Ctsk−/−) have a reduction in nocifensive behaviors in the formalin test. In addition, Ctsk−/− do not develop mechanical hypersensitivity after CFA injection for up to 7 days. Moreover, we found that inhibition of cathepsin K reduced mechanical hypersensitivity after CFA injection and mRNA levels, protein levels, and cathepsin K activity levels were elevated after CFA injection. Based upon our data, cathepsin K is indicated to play a role in the expression of chemically-induced cutaneous hypersensitivity, as Ctsk−/− mice do not develop mechanical hypersensitivity and show a reduction in nocifensive behaviors. Further research is needed to determine whether attenuating cathepsin K activity may generate a clinically relevant therapeutic.
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Perera DDBD, Perera KML, Peiris DC. A Novel In Silico Benchmarked Pipeline Capable of Complete Protein Analysis: A Possible Tool for Potential Drug Discovery. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111113. [PMID: 34827106 PMCID: PMC8615085 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Protein interactions govern the majority of an organism’s biological processes. Therefore, to fully understand the functionality of an organism, we must know how proteins work at a molecular level. This study assembled a protocol that enables scientists to construct a protein’s tertiary structure easily and subsequently to investigate its mechanism and function. Each step involved in prediction, validation, and functional analysis of a protein is crucial to obtain an accurate result. We have dubbed this the trifecta analysis. It was clear early in our research that no single study in the literature had previously encompassed the complete trifecta analysis. In particular, studies that recommend free, open-source tools that have been benchmarked for each step are lacking. The present study ensures that predictions are accurate and validated and will greatly benefit new and experienced scientists alike in obtaining a strong understanding of the trifecta analysis, resulting in a domino effect that could lead to drug development. Abstract Current in silico proteomics require the trifecta analysis, namely, prediction, validation, and functional assessment of a modeled protein. The main drawback of this endeavor is the lack of a single protocol that utilizes a proper set of benchmarked open-source tools to predict a protein’s structure and function accurately. The present study rectifies this drawback through the design and development of such a protocol. The protocol begins with the characterization of a novel coding sequence to identify the expressed protein. It then recognizes and isolates evolutionarily conserved sequence motifs through phylogenetics. The next step is to predict the protein’s secondary structure, followed by the prediction, refinement, and validation of its three-dimensional tertiary structure. These steps enable the functional analysis of the macromolecule through protein docking, which facilitates the identification of the protein’s active site. Each of these steps is crucial for the complete characterization of the protein under study. We have dubbed this process the trifecta analysis. In this study, we have proven the effectiveness of our protocol using the cystatin C and AChE proteins. Beginning with just their sequences, we have characterized both proteins’ structures and functions, including identifying the cystatin C protein’s seven-residue active site and the AChE protein’s active-site gorge via protein–protein and protein–ligand docking, respectively. This process will greatly benefit new and experienced scientists alike in obtaining a strong understanding of the trifecta analysis, resulting in a domino effect that could expand drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. D. B. D. Perera
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka;
- Correspondence: (D.D.B.D.P.); (D.C.P.); Tel.: +94-714-018-537 (D.C.P.)
| | - K. Minoli L. Perera
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka;
| | - Dinithi C. Peiris
- Genetics & Molecular Biology Unit (Center for Biotechnology), Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence: (D.D.B.D.P.); (D.C.P.); Tel.: +94-714-018-537 (D.C.P.)
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Cathepsin S Alterations Induce a Tumor-Promoting Immune Microenvironment in Follicular Lymphoma. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107522. [PMID: 32330423 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells orchestrate their microenvironment. Here, we provide biochemical, structural, functional, and clinical evidence that Cathepsin S (CTSS) alterations induce a tumor-promoting immune microenvironment in follicular lymphoma (FL). We found CTSS mutations at Y132 in 6% of FL (19/305). Another 13% (37/286) had CTSS amplification, which was associated with higher CTSS expression. CTSS Y132 mutations lead to accelerated autocatalytic conversion from an enzymatically inactive profrom to active CTSS and increased substrate cleavage, including CD74, which regulates major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II)-restricted antigen presentation. Lymphoma cells with hyperactive CTSS more efficiently activated antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in vitro. Tumors with hyperactive CTSS showed increased CD4+ T cell infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine perturbation in a mouse model and in human FLs. In mice, this CTSS-induced immune microenvironment promoted tumor growth. Clinically, patients with CTSS-hyperactive FL had better treatment outcomes with standard immunochemotherapies, indicating that these immunosuppressive regimens target both the lymphoma cells and the tumor-promoting immune microenvironment.
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Wartenberg M, Andrault PM, Saidi A, Bigot P, Nadal-Desbarats L, Lecaille F, Lalmanach G. Oxidation of cathepsin S by major chemicals of cigarette smoke. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 150:53-65. [PMID: 32084513 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lung cysteine cathepsin S (CatS) that is a potent elastase plays a deleterious role in alveolar remodeling during smoke-induced emphysema. Despite the presence of a reactive nucleophilic cysteine (Cys25) within its active site, most of its elastinolytic activity is preserved after exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE), a major source of sulfhydryl oxidants. This result led us to decipher CatS resistance to major and representative CSE oxidants: hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, acrolein and peroxynitrite. CatS was inactivated by hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite and acrolein in a time- and dose-dependent manner, while formaldehyde was a weaker oxidant. Hydrogen peroxide, but not CSE, formaldehyde, and peroxynitrite impaired the autocatalytic maturation of pro-CatS, whereas acrolein prevented the formation of mature CatS without hindering the initial step of the two-step autocatalytic process. Far-UV CD spectra analysis supported that oxidation by CSE and hydrogen peroxide did not led to a structural alteration of CatS, despite a notable increase of protein carbonylation, a major hallmark of oxidative damage. Evaluation of the oxidation status of Cys25 by specific biotinylated redox sensing probes suggested the formation of sulfenic acid followed by a slower conversion to sulfinic acid after incubation with hydrogen peroxide. Addition of reducing reagents (dithiothreitol, glutathione and N-acetyl cysteine) led to a partial recovery of CatS activity following incubation with CSE, hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite. Current results provide some mechanistic evidence of CatS stability and activity in the presence of CSE, supporting its harmful contribution to the pathophysiology of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Wartenberg
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Tours, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Andrault
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Tours, France
| | - Paul Bigot
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Tours, France
| | - Lydie Nadal-Desbarats
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1253, Imagerie et Cerveau (iBrain), Team « Imageries, Biomarqueurs et Thérapies », Tours, France
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Tours, France.
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8
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Pereira GAN, da Silva EB, Braga SFP, Leite PG, Martins LC, Vieira RP, Soh WT, Villela FS, Costa FMR, Ray D, de Andrade SF, Brandstetter H, Oliveira RB, Caffrey CR, Machado FS, Ferreira RS. Discovery and characterization of trypanocidal cysteine protease inhibitors from the 'malaria box'. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:765-778. [PMID: 31284086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, Human African Trypanosomiasis, and schistosomiasis are neglected parasitic diseases for which new treatments are urgently needed. To identify new chemical leads, we screened the 400 compounds of the Open Access Malaria Box against the cysteine proteases, cruzain (Trypanosoma cruzi), rhodesain (Trypanosoma brucei) and SmCB1 (Schistosoma mansoni), which are therapeutic targets for these diseases. Whereas just three hits were observed for SmCB1, 70 compounds inhibited cruzain or rhodesain by at least 50% at 5 μM. Among those, 15 commercially available compounds were selected for confirmatory assays, given their potency, time-dependent inhibition profile and reported activity against parasites. Additional assays led to the confirmation of four novel classes of cruzain and rhodesain inhibitors, with potency in the low-to mid-micromolar range against enzymes and T. cruzi. Assays against mammalian cathepsins S and B revealed inhibitor selectivity for parasitic proteases. For the two competitive inhibitors identified (compounds 7 and 12), their binding mode was predicted by docking, providing a basis for structure-based optimization efforts. Compound 12 also acted directly against the trypomastigote and the intracellular amastigote forms of T. cruzi at 3 μM. Therefore, through a combination of experimental and computational approaches, we report promising hits for optimization in the development of new trypanocidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaécia A N Pereira
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Elany B da Silva
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Saulo F P Braga
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gaio Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luan C Martins
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafael P Vieira
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Wai Tuck Soh
- Structural Biology Group By Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Filipe S Villela
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Francielly M R Costa
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Debalina Ray
- University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Saulo F de Andrade
- Pharmaceutical Synthesis Group (PHARSG), Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Structural Biology Group By Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Renata B Oliveira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fabiana S Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S Ferreira
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Cao L, Cao X, Zhou Y, Nagpure BV, Wu ZY, Hu LF, Yang Y, Sethi G, Moore PK, Bian JS. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits ATP-induced neuroinflammation and Aβ 1-42 synthesis by suppressing the activation of STAT3 and cathepsin S. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:603-614. [PMID: 29981830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and excessive β-amyloid1-42 (Aβ1-42) generation contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Emerging evidence has demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gasotransmitter, produces therapeutic effects in AD; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. In the present study, we investigated the effects of H2S on exogenous ATP-induced inflammation and Aβ1-42 production in both BV-2 and primary cultured microglial cells and analyzed the potential mechanism(s) mediating these effects. Our results showed that NaHS, an H2S donor, inhibited exogenous ATP-stimulated inflammatory responses as manifested by the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Furthermore, NaHS also suppressed the enhanced production of Aβ1-42 induced by exogenous ATP, which is probably due to its inhibitory effect on exogenous ATP-boosted expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and activation of β- and γ-secretase enzymes. Thereafter, we found that exogenous ATP-induced inflammation and Aβ1-42 production requires the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and cathepsin S (Cat S) as inhibition of the activity of either proteins attenuated the effect of exogenous ATP. Intriguingly, NaHS suppressed exogenous ATP-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and the activation of Cat S. In addition, we observed that NaHS led to the persulfidation of Cat S at cysteine-25. Importantly, mutation of cysteine-25 into serine attenuated the activity of Cat S stimulated by exogenous ATP and subsequent inflammation and Aβ1-42 production, indicating its involvement in H2S-mediated effect. Taken together, our data provide a novel understanding of H2S-mediated effect on neuroinflammation and Aβ1-42 production by suppressing the activation of STAT3 and Cat S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Yebo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Bhushan Vijay Nagpure
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Fang Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Philp K Moore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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Endolysosomal Degradation of Allergenic Ole e 1-Like Proteins: Analysis of Proteolytic Cleavage Sites Revealing T Cell Epitope-Containing Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081780. [PMID: 28812992 PMCID: PMC5578169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the susceptibility of proteins to endolysosomal proteases provides valuable information on immunogenicity. Though Ole e 1-like proteins are considered relevant allergens, little is known about their immunogenic properties and T cell epitopes. Thus, six representative molecules, i.e., Ole e 1, Fra e 1, Sal k 5, Che a 1, Phl p 11 and Pla l 1, were investigated. Endolysosomal degradation and peptide generation were simulated using microsomal fractions of JAWS II dendritic cells. Kinetics and peptide patterns were evaluated by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. In silico MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class II binding prediction was performed with ProPred. Cleavage sites were assigned to the primary and secondary structure, and in silico docking experiments between the protease cathepsin S and Ole e 1 were performed. Different kinetics during endolysosomal degradation were observed while similar peptide profiles especially at the C-termini were detected. Typically, the identified peptide clusters comprised the previously-reported T cell epitopes of Ole e 1, consistent with an in silico analysis of the T cell epitopes. The results emphasize the importance of the fold on allergen processing, as also reflected by conserved cleavage sites located within the large flexible loop. In silico docking and mass spectrometry results suggest that one of the first Ole e 1 cleavages might occur at positions 107–108. Our results provided kinetic and structural information on endolysosomal processing of Ole e 1-like proteins.
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Cathepsin S attenuates endosomal EGFR signalling: A mechanical rationale for the combination of cathepsin S and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29256. [PMID: 27387133 PMCID: PMC4937378 DOI: 10.1038/srep29256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
EGF-mediated EGFR endocytosis plays a crucial role in the attenuation of EGFR activation by sorting from early endosomes to late endosomes and transporting them into lysosomes for the final proteolytic degradation. We previously observed that cathepsin S (CTSS) inhibition induces tumour cell autophagy through the EGFR-mediated signalling pathway. In this study, we further clarified the relationship between CTSS activities and EGFR signalling regulation. Our results revealed that CTSS can regulate EGFR signalling by facilitating EGF-mediated EGFR degradation. CTSS inhibition delayed the EGFR degradation process and caused EGFR accumulation in the late endosomes at the perinuclear region, which provides spatial compartments for prolonged EGFR and sustained downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and AKT signalling. Notably, cellular apoptosis was markedly enhanced by combining treatment with the EGFR inhibitor Iressa and CTSS inhibitor 6r. The data not only reveal a biological role of CTSS in EGFR signalling regulation but also evidence a rationale for its clinical evaluation in the combination of CTSS and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Hilpert H, Mauser H, Humm R, Anselm L, Kuehne H, Hartmann G, Gruener S, Banner DW, Benz J, Gsell B, Kuglstatter A, Stihle M, Thoma R, Sanchez RA, Iding H, Wirz B, Haap W. Identification of Potent and Selective Cathepsin S Inhibitors Containing Different Central Cyclic Scaffolds. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9789-801. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401528k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Hilpert
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Harald Mauser
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Roland Humm
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Lilli Anselm
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Holger Kuehne
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Guido Hartmann
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Gruener
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - David W. Banner
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Benz
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Gsell
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kuglstatter
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Martine Stihle
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Thoma
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Rubén Alvarez Sanchez
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Hans Iding
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Beat Wirz
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Haap
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, §Discovery Technologies, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Process Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
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13
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Tsai JY, Lee MJ, Chang MDT, Wang HC, Lin CC, Huang H. Effects of novel human cathepsin S inhibitors on cell migration in human cancer cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:538-46. [PMID: 24083411 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.823957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated cathepsin S (Cat S) level is correlated with higher migration ability in tumor cells. This study investigates the inhibitory effect of novel synthetic α-ketoamide compounds on cathepsin activity and cancer cell migration. The effect of several α-ketoamide compounds on the activity of recombinant cathepsins (Cat S, Cat L and Cat K) was examined. Two highly metastatic cancer cell lines were incubated with three Cat S-specific compounds (6n, 6 w and 6r) to analyze their effect on cellular Cat S activity and cell migration. At a 100 nM concentration, compounds 6n, 6r and 6 w effectively inhibited Cat S activity. Cat S activity and cell migration were significantly reduced in CL1-3 cells after treatment with either 6n or 6 w at 5 μM. Similar results were also obtained when A2058 cells were treated with 6n. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of α-ketoamide compounds, especially 6n and 6 w, to prevent or delay cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ying Tsai
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
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14
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Cheng XW, Shi GP, Kuzuya M, Sasaki T, Okumura K, Murohara T. Role for cysteine protease cathepsins in heart disease: focus on biology and mechanisms with clinical implication. Circulation 2012; 125:1551-62. [PMID: 22451605 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.066712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Nagoya, Japan.
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15
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Biniossek ML, Nägler DK, Becker-Pauly C, Schilling O. Proteomic identification of protease cleavage sites characterizes prime and non-prime specificity of cysteine cathepsins B, L, and S. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:5363-73. [PMID: 21967108 DOI: 10.1021/pr200621z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins mediate proteome homeostasis and have pivotal functions in diseases such as cancer. To better understand substrate recognition by cathepsins B, L, and S, we applied proteomic identification of protease cleavage sites (PICS) for simultaneous profiling of prime and non-prime specificity. PICS profiling of cathepsin B endopeptidase specificity highlights strong selectivity for glycine in P3' due to an occluding loop blocking access to the primed subsites. In P1', cathepsin B has a partial preference for phenylalanine, which is not found for cathepsins L and S. Occurrence of P1' phenylalanine often coincides with aromatic residues in P2. For cathepsin L, PICS identifies 845 cleavage sites, representing the most comprehensive PICS profile to date. Cathepsin L specificity is dominated by the canonical preference for aromatic residues in P2 with limited contribution of prime-site selectivity determinants. Profiling of cathepsins B and L with a shorter incubation time (4 h instead of 16 h) did not reveal time-dependency of individual specificity determinants. Cathepsin S specificity was profiled at pH 6.0 and 7.5. The PICS profiles at both pH values display a high degree of similarity. Cathepsin S specificity is primarily guided by aliphatic residues in P2 with limited importance of prime-site residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Biniossek
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Germany
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16
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17
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Agrafiotis DK, Wiener JJM, Skalkin A, Kolpak J. Single R-Group Polymorphisms (SRPs) and R-Cliffs: An Intuitive Framework for Analyzing and Visualizing Activity Cliffs in a Single Analog Series. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:1122-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ci200054u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris K. Agrafiotis
- Informatics, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - John J. M. Wiener
- Medicinal Chemistry, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Road, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andrew Skalkin
- Informatics, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Jeremy Kolpak
- Informatics, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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18
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Abstract
This article evaluates a patent application of the company Medivir (SE/UK) describing the synthesis of dipeptide-derived α-ketoamides containing a propylene glycine moiety in P1 as selective inhibitors of cathepsin S for the potential treatment of various systemic human diseases such as several autoimmune diseases, MS, rheumatoid arthritis, endometriasis and chronic pain. The claims of the patent are discussed in light of recent results in the field of cathepsin S research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmacy, Research Centre Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Agrafiotis DK, Wiener JJM. Scaffold Explorer: An Interactive Tool for Organizing and Mining Structure−Activity Data Spanning Multiple Chemotypes. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5002-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1004495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris K. Agrafiotis
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - John J. M. Wiener
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Road, San Diego, California 92121
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20
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Identification and pre-clinical testing of a reversible cathepsin protease inhibitor reveals anti-tumor efficacy in a pancreatic cancer model. Biochimie 2010; 92:1618-24. [PMID: 20447439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic activity is required for several key processes in cancer development and progression, including tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Accordingly, high levels of protease expression and activity have been found to correlate with malignant progression and poor patient prognosis in a wide variety of human cancers. Members of the papain family of cysteine cathepsins are among the protease classes that have been functionally implicated in cancer. Therefore, the discovery of effective cathepsin inhibitors has considerable potential for anti-cancer therapy. In this study we describe the identification of a novel, reversible cathepsin inhibitor, VBY-825, which has high potency against cathepsins B, L, S and V. VBY-825 was tested in a pre-clinical model of pancreatic islet cancer and found to significantly decrease tumor burden and tumor number. Thus, the identification of VBY-825 as a new and effective anti-tumor drug encourages the therapeutic application of cathepsin inhibitors in cancer.
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21
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Markt P, McGoohan C, Walker B, Kirchmair J, Feldmann C, De Martino G, Spitzer G, Distinto S, Schuster D, Wolber G, Laggner C, Langer T. Discovery of novel cathepsin S inhibitors by pharmacophore-based virtual high-throughput screening. J Chem Inf Model 2008; 48:1693-705. [PMID: 18637674 DOI: 10.1021/ci800101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine protease cathepsin S (CatS) is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, atherosclerosis, and obesity. Therefore, it represents a promising pharmacological target for drug development. We generated ligand-based and structure-based pharmacophore models for noncovalent and covalent CatS inhibitors to perform virtual high-throughput screening of chemical databases in order to discover novel scaffolds for CatS inhibitors. An in vitro evaluation of the resulting 15 structures revealed seven CatS inhibitors with kinetic constants in the low micromolar range. These compounds can be subjected to further chemical modifications to obtain drugs for the treatment of autoimmune disorders and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Markt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Teno N, Irie O, Miyake T, Gohda K, Horiuchi M, Tada S, Nonomura K, Kometani M, Iwasaki G, Betschart C. New chemotypes for cathepsin K inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2599-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Desmarais S, Black WC, Oballa R, Lamontagne S, Riendeau D, Tawa P, Duong LT, Pickarski M, Percival MD. Effect of Cathepsin K Inhibitor Basicity on in Vivo Off-Target Activities. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 73:147-56. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.039511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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24
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Kaulmann G, Palm GJ, Schilling K, Hilgenfeld R, Wiederanders B. The crystal structure of a Cys25 -> Ala mutant of human procathepsin S elucidates enzyme-prosequence interactions. Protein Sci 2007; 15:2619-29. [PMID: 17075137 PMCID: PMC2242412 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062401806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the active-site mutant Cys25 --> Ala of glycosylated human procathepsin S is reported. It was determined by molecular replacement and refined to 2.1 Angstrom resolution, with an R-factor of 0.198. The overall structure is very similar to other cathepsin L-like zymogens of the C1A clan. The peptidase unit comprises two globular domains, and a small third domain is formed by the N-terminal part of the prosequence. It is anchored to the prosegment binding loop of the enzyme. Prosegment residues beyond the prodomain dock to the substrate binding cleft in a nonproductive orientation. Structural comparison with published data for mature cathepsin S revealed that procathepsin S residues Phe146, Phe70, and Phe211 adopt different orientations. Being part of the S1' and S2 pockets, they may contribute to the selectivity of ligand binding. Regarding the prosequence, length, orientation and anchoring of helix alpha3p differ from related zymogens, thereby possibly contributing to the specificity of propeptide-enzyme interaction in the papain family. The discussion focuses on the functional importance of the most conserved residues in the prosequence for structural integrity, inhibition and folding assistance, considering scanning mutagenesis data published for procathepsin S and for its isolated propeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kaulmann
- Institut für Biochemie I, Klinikum der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07740 Jena, Germany
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25
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Rückrich T, Brandenburg J, Cansier A, Müller M, Stevanović S, Schilling K, Wiederanders B, Beck A, Melms A, Reich M, Driessen C, Kalbacher H. Specificity of human cathepsin S determined by processing of peptide substrates and MHC class II-associated invariant chain. Biol Chem 2006; 387:1503-11. [PMID: 17081125 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CatS) is a lysosomal cysteine protease of the papain family, the members of which possess relatively broad substrate specificities. It has distinct roles in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated peptide loading and in antigen processing in both the MHC class I and class II pathways. It may therefore represent a target for interference with antigen presentation, which could be of value in the therapy of (auto)immune diseases. To obtain more detailed information on the specificity of CatS, we mapped its cleavage site preferences at subsites S3-S1' by in vitro processing of a peptide library. Only five amino acid residues at the substrate's P2 position allowed for cleavage by CatS under time-limited conditions. Preferences for groups of amino acid residues were also observed at positions P3, P1 and P1'. Based on these results, we developed highly CatS-sensitive peptides. After processing of MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii), a natural protein substrate of CatS, we identified CatS cleavage sites in Ii of which a majority matched the amino acid residue preference data obtained with peptides. These observed cleavage sites in Ii might be of relevance for its in vivo processing by CatS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rückrich
- Interfacultary Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Medical and Natural Sciences Research Centre, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Tully DC, Liu H, Chatterjee AK, Alper PB, Williams JA, Roberts MJ, Mutnick D, Woodmansee DH, Hollenbeck T, Gordon P, Chang J, Tuntland T, Tumanut C, Li J, Harris JL, Karanewsky DS. Arylaminoethyl carbamates as a novel series of potent and selective cathepsin S inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5107-11. [PMID: 16876407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 07/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel series of noncovalent inhibitors of cathepsin S. The synthesis of the peptidomimetic scaffold is described and structure-activity relationships of P3, P1, and P1' subunits are discussed. Lead optimization to a non-peptidic scaffold has resulted in a new class of potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable cathepsin S inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Tully
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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27
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Tully DC, Liu H, Chatterjee AK, Alper PB, Epple R, Williams JA, Roberts MJ, Woodmansee DH, Masick BT, Tumanut C, Li J, Spraggon G, Hornsby M, Chang J, Tuntland T, Hollenbeck T, Gordon P, Harris JL, Karanewsky DS. Synthesis and SAR of arylaminoethyl amides as noncovalent inhibitors of cathepsin S: P3 cyclic ethers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5112-7. [PMID: 16876402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a series of arylaminoethyl amide cathepsin S inhibitors are reported. Optimization of P3 and P2 groups to improve overall physicochemical properties resulted in significant improvements in oral bioavailability over early lead compounds. An X-ray structure of compound 37 bound to the active site of cathepsin S is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Tully
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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28
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Ahsan MN, Aoki H, Watabe S. Characterization of cDNA clones encoding two distinct cathepsins with restricted expression pattern in a marine pelagic fish. Mol Biol Rep 2006; 33:233-41. [PMID: 16850193 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-005-0415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.15) from aquatic animals are quite stable and active at neutral or alkaline pH values while their mammalian equivalents work at an acidic environment of the lysosomes. To understand the molecular properties at the gene level we employed a PCR-based strategy using degenerate oligonucleotide primers to isolate cathepsin L-like genes from anchovy Engraulis japonicus. As a result, we obtained two closely related genes encoding cathepsins (aCat1 and aCat2) similar to both cathepsins L and S from other organisms. The predicted precursor protein of 324 amino acid residues for genes differed in six residues and contained conserved residues characteristic of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases. Phylogenetic analyses failed to produce any precise relationships of aCat1 and aCat2 with other cysteine proteases. However, with a bootstrap value less than 50, these two fish cathepsins formed a separate group to that bearing cathepsins L and S of various organisms. Interestingly, unlike mammalian cathepsin L transcripts of aCat1 and aCat2 were almost exclusively detected in the stomach suggesting that the fish homologues are non-lysosomal secretory enzymes present in the extracellular acidic environment of the stomach and that marine teleosts developed digestive cysteine proteases as a result of evolutionary pressure in response to varying dietary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nazmul Ahsan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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29
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Choe Y, Leonetti F, Greenbaum DC, Lecaille F, Bogyo M, Brömme D, Ellman JA, Craik CS. Substrate profiling of cysteine proteases using a combinatorial peptide library identifies functionally unique specificities. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:12824-32. [PMID: 16520377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513331200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The substrate specificities of papain-like cysteine proteases (clan CA, family C1) papain, bromelain, and human cathepsins L, V, K, S, F, B, and five proteases of parasitic origin were studied using a completely diversified positional scanning synthetic combinatorial library. A bifunctional coumarin fluorophore was used that facilitated synthesis of the library and individual peptide substrates. The library has a total of 160,000 tetrapeptide substrate sequences completely randomizing each of the P1, P2, P3, and P4 positions with 20 amino acids. A microtiter plate assay format permitted a rapid determination of the specificity profile of each enzyme. Individual peptide substrates were then synthesized and tested for a quantitative determination of the specificity of the human cathepsins. Despite the conserved three-dimensional structure and similar substrate specificity of the enzymes studied, distinct amino acid preferences that differentiate each enzyme were identified. The specificities of cathepsins K and S partially match the cleavage site sequences in their physiological substrates. Capitalizing on its unique preference for proline and glycine at the P2 and P3 positions, respectively, selective substrates and a substrate-based inhibitor were developed for cathepsin K. A cluster analysis of the proteases based on the complete specificity profile provided a functional characterization distinct from standard sequence analysis. This approach provides useful information for developing selective chemical probes to study protease-related pathologies and physiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngchool Choe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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30
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Falgueyret JP, Desmarais S, Oballa R, Black WC, Cromlish W, Khougaz K, Lamontagne S, Massé F, Riendeau D, Toulmond S, Percival MD. Lysosomotropism of Basic Cathepsin K Inhibitors Contributes to Increased Cellular Potencies against Off-Target Cathepsins and Reduced Functional Selectivity. J Med Chem 2005; 48:7535-43. [PMID: 16302795 DOI: 10.1021/jm0504961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin K is a target for osteoporosis therapy. The aryl-piperazine-containing cathepsin K inhibitor CRA-013783/L-006235 (1) displays greater than 4000-fold selectivity against the lysosomal/endosomal antitargets cathepsin B, L, and S. However, 1 and other aryl-piperazine-containing analogues, including balicatib (10), are approximately 10-100-fold more potent in cell-based enzyme occupancy assays than against each purified enzyme. This phenomenon arises from their basic, lipophilic nature, which results in lysosomal trapping. Consistent with its lysosomotropic nature, 1 accumulates in cells and in rat tissues of high lysosome content. In contrast, nonbasic aryl-morpholino-containing analogues do not exhibit lysosomotropic properties. Increased off-target activities of basic cathepsin K inhibitors were observed in a cell-based cathepsin S antigen presentation assay. No potency increases of basic inhibitors in a functional cathepsin K bone resorption whole cell assay were detected. Therefore, basic cathepsin K inhibitors, such as 1, suffer from reduced functional selectivities compared to those predicted using purified enzyme assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Falgueyret
- Department of Biochemistry, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Löser R, Schilling K, Dimmig E, Gütschow M. Interaction of Papain-like Cysteine Proteases with Dipeptide-Derived Nitriles. J Med Chem 2005; 48:7688-707. [PMID: 16302809 DOI: 10.1021/jm050686b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 44 dipeptide nitriles with various amino acids at the P2 position and glycine nitrile at position P1 were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of cysteine proteinases. With respect to the important contribution of the P2-S2 interaction to the formation of enzyme-inhibitor complexes, it was focused to introduce structural diversity into the P2 side chain. Nonproteinogenic amino acids were introduced, and systematic fluorine, bromine, and phenyl scans for phenylalanine in the P2 position were performed. Moreover, the N-terminal protection was varied. Kinetic investigations were carried out with cathepsin L, S, and K as well as papain. Changes in the backbone structure of the parent N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-phenylalanyl-glycine-nitrile (16), such as the introduction of an R-configured amino acid or an azaamino acid into P2 as well as methylation of the P1 nitrogen, resulted in a drastic loss of affinity. Exemplarily, the cyano group of 16 was replaced by an aldehyde or methyl ketone function. Structure-activity relationships were discussed with respect to the substrate specificity of the target enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kreuzbergweg 26, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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32
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Quibell M, Benn A, Flinn N, Monk T, Ramjee M, Wang Y, Watts J. Bicyclic peptidomimetic tetrahydrofuro[3,2-b]pyrrol-3-one and hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]pyridine-3-one based scaffolds: synthesis and cysteinyl proteinase inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:5689-710. [PMID: 15465346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective synthesis of (3aS,6aR)-tetrahydrofuro[3,2-b]pyrrol-3-ones and (3aS,7aR)-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]pyridine-3-ones has been developed through Fmoc protected scaffolds 12 and 13. A key design element within these novel bicyclic scaffolds, in particular the 5,5-fused system, was the inherent stability of the cis-fused geometry in comparison to that of the corresponding trans-fused. Since the bridgehead stereocentre situated beta to the ketone was of a fixed and stable configuration, the fact that cis ring fusion is both kinetically and thermodynamically stable with respect to trans ring fusion provides chiral stability to the bridgehead stereocentre that is situated alpha to the ketone. To exemplify this principle, building blocks 12 and 13 were designed, prepared and utilised in a solid phase combinatorial synthesis of peptidomimetic inhibitors 10, 45a-e, 11 and 46. Both series were chirally stable with 5,5-series 10 and 45a-e exhibiting potent in vitro activity against a range of CAC1 cysteinyl proteinases. Compound 10, a potent and selective inhibitor of cathepsin K, possessed good primary DMPK properties along with promising activity in an in vitro cell-based human osteoclast assay of bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Quibell
- Amura Therapeutics Limited, Incenta House, Horizon Park, Barton Road, Comberton, Cambridge CB3 7AJ, UK.
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33
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Langerholc T, Zavasnik-Bergant V, Turk B, Turk V, Abrahamson M, Kos J. Inhibitory properties of cystatin F and its localization in U937 promonocyte cells. FEBS J 2005; 272:1535-45. [PMID: 15752368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin F is a recently discovered type II cystatin expressed almost exclusively in immune cells. It is present intracellularly in lysosome-like vesicles, which suggests a potential role in regulating papain-like cathepsins involved in antigen presentation. Therefore, interactions of cystatin F with several of its potential targets, cathepsins F, K, V, S, H, X and C, were studied in vitro. Cystatin F tightly inhibited cathepsins F, K and V with Ki values ranging from 0.17 nM to 0.35 nM, whereas cathepsins S and H were inhibited with 100-fold lower affinities (Ki approximately 30 nM). The exopeptidases, cathepsins C and X were not inhibited by cystatin F. In order to investigate the biological significance of the inhibition data, the intracellular localization of cystatin F and its potential targets, cathepsins B, H, L, S, C and K, were studied by confocal microscopy in U937 promonocyte cells. Although vesicular staining was observed for all the enzymes, only cathepsins H and X were found to be colocalized with the inhibitor. This suggests that cystatin F in U937 cells may function as a regulatory inhibitor of proteolytic activity of cathepsin H or, more likely, as a protection against cathepsins misdirected to specific cystatin F containing endosomal/lysosomal vesicles. The finding that cystatin F was not colocalized with cystatin C suggests distinct functions for these two cysteine protease inhibitors in U937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Langerholc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, JoZef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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34
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Deaton DN, Kumar S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors: Their Potential as Anti-Osteoporosis Agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:245-375. [PMID: 15003723 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Deaton
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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35
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Baker SM, Karlsson L, Thurmond RL. Cloning, expression, purification, and activity of dog (Canis familiaris) and monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) cathepsin S. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 28:93-101. [PMID: 12651112 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S is the key protease responsible for the removal of the invariant chain from MHC class II molecules and, as such, has attracted much attention as a target for developing immunosuppressive drugs. To help in testing candidate compounds, the monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) and dog (Canis familiaris) cathepsin S cDNAs have been cloned. The monkey cDNA sequence encodes a 330 amino acid protein with 95% homology to human cathepsin S. The dog cDNA sequence encodes a 331 amino acid protein with 91% homology to human cathepsin S. The amino acid differences do not have a major effect on the hydrolysis of the substrate Z-VVR-AMC, but may affect the substrate specificity. As for human and bovine cathepsin S, activity against Z-VVR-AMC extends into the neutral pH range. These parameters are important for understanding the role of cathepsin S in different species and for testing inhibitors in animal models of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry M Baker
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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36
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Powers JC, Asgian JL, Ekici OD, James KE. Irreversible inhibitors of serine, cysteine, and threonine proteases. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4639-750. [PMID: 12475205 DOI: 10.1021/cr010182v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C Powers
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA.
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37
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Greenbaum DC, Arnold WD, Lu F, Hayrapetian L, Baruch A, Krumrine J, Toba S, Chehade K, Brömme D, Kuntz ID, Bogyo M. Small molecule affinity fingerprinting. A tool for enzyme family subclassification, target identification, and inhibitor design. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:1085-94. [PMID: 12401493 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Classifying proteins into functionally distinct families based only on primary sequence information remains a difficult task. We describe here a method to generate a large data set of small molecule affinity fingerprints for a group of closely related enzymes, the papain family of cysteine proteases. Binding data was generated for a library of inhibitors based on the ability of each compound to block active-site labeling of the target proteases by a covalent activity based probe (ABP). Clustering algorithms were used to automatically classify a reference group of proteases into subfamilies based on their small molecule affinity fingerprints. This approach was also used to identify cysteine protease targets modified by the ABP in complex proteomes by direct comparison of target affinity fingerprints with those of the reference library of proteases. Finally, experimental data were used to guide the development of a computational method that predicts small molecule inhibitors based on reported crystal structures. This method could ultimately be used with large enzyme families to aid in the design of selective inhibitors of targets based on limited structural/function information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron C Greenbaum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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38
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Mendonca RV, Venkatraman S, Palmer JT. Novel route to the synthesis of peptides containing 2-amino-1′-hydroxymethyl ketones and their application as cathepsin K inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2887-91. [PMID: 12270170 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is highly expressed in human osteoclasts, and is implicated in bone resorption. This makes it an attractive target for the treatment of osteoporosis. Peptides containing 2-amino-1'-hydroxymethyl ketones and 2-amino-1'-alkoxymethyl ketones were discovered as potent inhibitors of cathepsin K. A novel synthetic route was devised to facilitate rapid elucidation of the SAR of these inhibitors. The synthesis and SAR of hydroxymethyl ketones are presented.
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39
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Somoza JR, Palmer JT, Ho JD. The crystal structure of human cathepsin F and its implications for the development of novel immunomodulators. J Mol Biol 2002; 322:559-68. [PMID: 12225749 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00780-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin F is a lysosomal cysteine protease of the papain family, and likely plays a regulatory role in processing the invariant chain that is associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. Evidence suggests that inhibiting cathepsin F activity will block MHC class II processing in macrophages. Consequently, inhibitors of this enzyme may be useful in treating certain diseases that involve an inappropriate or excessive immune response. We have determined the 1.7A structure of the mature domain of human cathepsin F associated with an irreversible vinyl sulfone inhibitor. This structure provides a basis for understanding cathepsin F's substrate specificity, and suggests ways of identifying potent and selective inhibitors of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Somoza
- Department of Medicinal and Structural Chemistry, Celera, 180 Kimball Way, 94080, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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40
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Bryant PW, Lennon-Duménil AM, Fiebiger E, Lagaudrière-Gesbert C, Ploegh HL. Proteolysis and antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules. Adv Immunol 2002; 80:71-114. [PMID: 12078484 PMCID: PMC7130937 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(02)80013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis is the primary mechanism used by all cells not only to dispose of unwanted proteins but also to regulate protein function and maintain cellular homeostasis. Proteases that reside in the endocytic pathway are the principal actors of terminal protein degradation. The proteases contained in the endocytic pathway are classified into four major groups based on the active-site amino acid used by the enzyme to hydrolyze amide bonds of proteins: cysteine, aspartyl, serine, and metalloproteases. The presentation of peptide antigens by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules is strictly dependent on the action of proteases. Class II molecules scour the endocytic pathway for antigenic peptides to bind and present at the cell surface for recognition by CD4+ T cells. The specialized cell types that support antigen presentation by class II molecules are commonly referred to as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), which include bone marrow-derived B lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages. In addition, the expression of certain endocytic proteases is regulated either at the level of gene transcription or enzyme maturation and their activity is controlled by the presence of endogenous protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Wolf Bryant
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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41
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Turk V, Turk B, Guncar G, Turk D, Kos J. Lysosomal cathepsins: structure, role in antigen processing and presentation, and cancer. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2002; 42:285-303. [PMID: 12123721 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(01)00034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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42
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Kos J, Sekirnik A, Kopitar G, Cimerman N, Kayser K, Stremmer A, Fiehn W, Werle B. Cathepsin S in tumours, regional lymph nodes and sera of patients with lung cancer: relation to prognosis. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1193-200. [PMID: 11710834 PMCID: PMC2375152 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteinase cathepsin S (Cat S) is expressed mainly in lymphatic tissues and has been characterised as a key enzyme in major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) mediated antigen presentation. Cat S has been measured in tissue cytosols of lung parenchyma, lung tumours and lymph nodes and in sera of patients with lung tumours and of healthy controls, by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A difference in Cat S level was found between tumour and adjacent control tissue cytosols of 60 lung cancer patients (median 4.3 vs. 2.8 ng mg(-1) protein). In lymph nodes obtained from 24 patients of the same group, the level of Cat S was significantly higher than in tumours or lung parenchyma (P< 0.001). Additionally, significantly higher levels were found in non-infiltrated than in infiltrated lymph nodes (median 16.6 vs 7.5 ng mg(-1) protein). Patients with low levels of Cat S in tumours and lung parenchyma exhibited a significantly higher risk of death than those with high levels of Cat S (P = 0.025 - tumours; P = 0.02 - parenchyma). Immunohistochemical analysis (IHA) of lung parenchyma revealed a staining reaction in alveolar type II cells, macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells. In regional lymph node tissue, strong staining of Cat S was found in lymphocytes and histiocytes. Nevertheless, Cat S was detected also in tumour cells, independently of their origin. Our results provide evidence that Cat S may be involved in malignant progression. Its role, however, differs from that of the related Cats B and L and could be associated with the immune response rather than with remodelling of extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
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43
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Mason CS, Lamers MB, Henderson IM, Monk T, Williams DH. Baculoviral expression and characterization of rodent cathepsin S. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 23:45-54. [PMID: 11570845 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2001.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cysteinyl proteinase cathepsin S is implicated as a key enzyme in the processing of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II molecules expressed on antigen presenting cells and thus is a potential therapeutic target for modulation in immune system-based disease. We have identified a form of rat cathepsin S, similar to a published mouse form with an eight-amino acid extended presequence relative to the human enzyme and the previously published rat enzyme. In addition, we have expressed these mouse and rat proteins in baculovirally infected Sf9 insect cells along with "humanized" forms truncated by eight residues at the amino-terminus. All forms of the rodent proteinases were overexpressed and milligram per litre amounts of functional enzyme could be isolated from the cells and/or the cell culture supernatant. Furthermore, addition of a carboxy-terminal hexahistidine purification tag had no effect on the kinetic characteristics of any of the enzyme forms against the Boc-Val-Leu-Lys-AMC peptide substrate (rat k(cat) s(-1) approximately 30; mouse k(cat) s(-1) approximately 65). Differences were seen in the potency of the generic cysteine proteinase inhibitor, E64, against the human, mouse, or rat form of the enzyme (13.3 x 10(4), 43.2 x 10(4), and 25 x 10(4) K(obe)/[I] M(-1) s(-1), respectively). Such data highlights the need for greater awareness of species variation in inhibitor potency. These reagents are vital for confirming inhibitor potency against the endogenous form of the enzyme prior to evaluation of drug candidates in rodent model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Mason
- Medivir UK Ltd., Peterhouse Technology Park, 100 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9PT, United Kingdom.
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44
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Transferring Groups by Displacement Reactions. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Estrada S, Olson ST, Raub-Segall E, Björk I. The N-terminal region of cystatin A (stefin A) binds to papain subsequent to the two hairpin loops of the inhibitor. Demonstration of two-step binding by rapid-kinetic studies of cystatin A labeled at the N-terminus with a fluorescent reporter group. Protein Sci 2000; 9:2218-24. [PMID: 11152132 PMCID: PMC2144488 DOI: 10.1110/ps.9.11.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structures of cystatins, and other evidence, suggest that the flexible N-terminal region of these inhibitors may bind to target proteinases independent of the two rigid hairpin loops forming the remainder of the inhibitory surface. In an attempt to demonstrate such two-step binding, which could not be identified in previous kinetics studies, we introduced a cysteine residue before the N-terminus of cystatin A and labeled this residue with fluorescent probes. Binding of AANS- and AEDANS-labeled cystatin A to papain resulted in approximately 4-fold and 1.2-fold increases of probe fluorescence, respectively, reflecting the interaction of the N-terminal region with the enzyme. Observed pseudo-first-order rate constants, measured by the loss of papain activity in the presence of a fluorogenic substrate, for the reaction of the enzyme with excess AANS-cystatin A increased linearly with the concentration of the latter. In contrast, pseudo-first-order rate constants, obtained from measurements of the change of probe fluorescence with either excess enzyme or labeled inhibitor, showed an identical hyperbolic dependence on the concentration of the reactant in excess. This dependence demonstrates that the binding occurs in two steps, and implies that the labeled N-terminal region of cystatin A interacts with the proteinase in the second step, subsequent to the hairpin loops. The comparable affinities and dissociation rate constants for the binding of labeled and unlabeled cystatin A to papain indicate that the label did not appreciably perturb the interaction, and that unlabeled cystatin therefore also binds in a similar two-step manner. Such independent binding of the N-terminal regions of cystatins to target proteinases after the hairpin loops may be characteristic of most cystatin-proteinase reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Estrada
- Department of Veterinary Medical Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala Biomedical Center
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46
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Walker B, Lynas JF, Meighan MA, Brömme D. Evaluation of dipeptide alpha-keto-beta-aldehydes as new inhibitors of cathepsin S. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 275:401-5. [PMID: 10964677 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of dipeptidyl alpha-keto-beta-aldehydes (glyoxals), prepared by solid-/solution-phase chemistries, were assessed for their inhibitory activity against cathepsin S, a lysosomal cysteine protease implicated in a number of important pathophysiological processes. The inhibitor Cbz-Phe-Leu-COCHO, which exhibits slow-binding kinetic characteristics, was found to be almost 400-fold more selective for cathepsin S (K(i) = 0.185 nM) than for cathepsin B (76 nM) and is, to our knowledge, the most potent, reversible, synthetic cathepsin S inhibitor reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Walker
- Division of Biomedicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 79 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
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47
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Guo YL, Kurz U, Schultz JE, Lim CC, Wiederanders B, Schilling K. The alpha1/2 helical backbone of the prodomains defines the intrinsic inhibitory specificity in the cathepsin L-like cysteine protease subfamily. FEBS Lett 2000; 469:203-7. [PMID: 10713271 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proregions of papain-like cysteine proteases are potent and often highly selective inhibitors of their parental enzymes. The molecular basis of their selectivity is poorly understood. For two closely related members of the cathepsin L-like subfamily we established strong selectivity differences. The propeptide of cathepsin S was observed to inhibit cathepsin L with a K(i) of 0.08 nM, yet cathepsin L propeptide inhibited cathepsin S only poorly. To identify the respective structural correlates we engineered chimeric propeptides and compared their inhibitory specificity with the wild-types. Specificity resided in the N-terminal part, strongly suggesting that the backbone of the prodomain was the underlying structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Guo
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Tübingen, Morgenstelle 8, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
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48
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Turk B, Turk D, Turk V. Lysosomal cysteine proteases: more than scavengers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1477:98-111. [PMID: 10708852 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal cysteine proteases were believed to be mainly involved in intracellular protein degradation. Under special conditions they have been found outside lysosomes resulting in pathological conditions. With the discovery of a series of new cathepsins with restricted tissue distributions, it has become evident that these enzymes must be involved in a range of specific cellular tasks much broader than as simple housekeeping enzymes. It is therefore timely to review and discuss the various physiological roles of mammalian lysosomal papain-like cysteine proteases as well as their mechanisms of action and the regulation of their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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49
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Tsuge H, Nishimura T, Tada Y, Asao T, Turk D, Turk V, Katunuma N. Inhibition mechanism of cathepsin L-specific inhibitors based on the crystal structure of papain-CLIK148 complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 266:411-6. [PMID: 10600517 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Papain was used as an experimental model structure to understand the inhibition mechanism of newly developed specific inhibitors of cathepsin L, the papain superfamily. Recently, we developed a series of cathepsin L-specific inhibitors which are called the CLIK series [(1999) FEBS Lett. 458, 6-10]. Here, we report the complex structure of papain with CLIK148, which is a representative inhibitor from the CLIK series. The inhibitor complex structure was solved at 1.7 A resolution with conventional R 0.177. Unlike other epoxisuccinate inhibitors (E64, CA030, and CA074), CLIK148 uses both prime and nonprime sites, which are important for the specific inhibitory effect on cathepsin L. Also, the specificity for cathepsin L could be explained by the existence of Phe in the P2 site and hydrophobic interaction of N-terminal pyridine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuge
- Institute for Health Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
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50
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Abstract
A significant number of exciting papain-like cysteine protease structures have been determined by crystallographic methods over the last several years. This trove of data allows for an analysis of the structural features that empower these molecules as they efficiently carry out their specialized tasks. Although the structure of the paradigm for the family, papain, has been known for twenty years, recent efforts have reaped several structures of specialized mammalian enzymes. This review first covers the commonalities of architecture and purpose of the papain-like cysteine proteases. From that broad platform, each of the lysosomal enzymes for which there is an X-ray structure (or structures) is then examined to gain an understanding of what structural features are used to customize specificity and activity. Structure-based design of inhibitors to control pathological cysteine protease activity will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McGrath
- Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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