1
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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1301-1367. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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2
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Chen H, Yu Y, Hu L, Wu X, Luo L, Lin H, Liu Y, Liu Z. Metabolomic profiling of the aqueous humor in patients with pediatric cataract. Exp Eye Res 2024; 243:109906. [PMID: 38657786 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric cataract, including congenital and developmental cataract, is a kind of pediatric vision-threatening disease with extensive phenotypic heterogeneity and multiple mechanisms. We aimed to investigate the metabolite profile of aqueous humor (AH) in patients with pediatric cataracts, and identify underlying mutual correlations between differential metabolites. Metabolomic profiles of AH were analyzed and compared between pediatric cataract patients (n = 33) and age-related cataract patients without metabolic diseases (n = 29), using global untargeted metabolomics with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis and heat map were applied. Enriched pathway analysis was conducted using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were employed to select potential biomarkers. A total of 318 metabolites were identified, of which 54 differential metabolites (25 upregulated and 29 downregulated) were detected in pediatric cataract group compared with controls (variable importance of projection >1.0, fold change ≥1.5 or ≤ 0.667 and P < 0.05). A significant accumulation of N-Acetyl-Dl-glutamic acid was observed in pediatric cataract group. The differential metabolites were mainly enriched in histidine metabolism (increased L-Histidine and decreased 1-Methylhistamine) and the tryptophan metabolism (increased N-Formylkynurenine and L-Kynurenine). 5-Aminosalicylic acid showed strong positive mutual inter-correlation with L-Tyrosinemethylester and N,N-Diethylethanolamine, both of which were down-regulated in pediatric cataract group. The ROC analysis implied 11 metabolites served as potential biomarkers for pediatric cataract patients (all area under the ROC curve ≥0.900). These results illustrated novel potential metabolites and metabolic pathways in pediatric cataract, which provides new insights into the pathophysiology of pediatric cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinglin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Leyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Gowthami N, Pursotham N, Dey G, Ghose V, Sathe G, Pruthi N, Shukla D, Gayathri N, Santhoshkumar R, Padmanabhan B, Chandramohan V, Mahadevan A, Srinivas Bharath MM. Neuroanatomical zones of human traumatic brain injury reveal significant differences in protein profile and protein oxidation: Implications for secondary injury events. J Neurochem 2023; 167:218-247. [PMID: 37694499 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes significant neurological deficits and long-term degenerative changes. Primary injury in TBI entails distinct neuroanatomical zones, i.e., contusion (Ct) and pericontusion (PC). Their dynamic expansion could contribute to unpredictable neurological deterioration in patients. Molecular characterization of these zones compared with away from contusion (AC) zone is invaluable for TBI management. Using proteomics-based approach, we were able to distinguish Ct, PC and AC zones in human TBI brains. Ct was associated with structural changes (blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neuroinflammation, axonal injury, demyelination and ferroptosis), while PC was associated with initial events of secondary injury (glutamate excitotoxicity, glial activation, accumulation of cytoskeleton proteins, oxidative stress, endocytosis) and AC displayed mitochondrial dysfunction that could contribute to secondary injury events and trigger long-term degenerative changes. Phosphoproteome analysis in these zones revealed that certain differentially phosphorylated proteins synergistically contribute to the injury events along with the differentially expressed proteins. Non-synaptic mitochondria (ns-mito) was associated with relatively more differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) compared to synaptosomes (Syn), while the latter displayed increased protein oxidation including tryptophan (Trp) oxidation. Proteomic analysis of immunocaptured complex I (CI) from Syn revealed increased Trp oxidation in Ct > PC > AC (vs. control). Oxidized W272 in the ND1 subunit of CI, revealed local conformational changes in ND1 and the neighboring subunits, as indicated by molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). Taken together, neuroanatomical zones in TBI show distinct protein profile and protein oxidation representing different primary and secondary injury events with potential implications for TBI pathology and neurological status of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niya Gowthami
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nithya Pursotham
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gourav Dey
- Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, India
| | - Vivek Ghose
- Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nupur Pruthi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhaval Shukla
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narayanappa Gayathri
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rashmi Santhoshkumar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Balasundaram Padmanabhan
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Chandramohan
- Department of Biotechnology, Siddaganga Institute of Technology (SIT), Tumakuru, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M M Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Tolpina MD, Vasileva ID, Samgina TY. Modern Approaches in de novo Sequencing of Nontryptic Peptides of Ranid and Hylid Frogs by Means of Mass Spectrometry: A Review. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822130081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Willett TL, Voziyan P, Nyman JS. Causative or associative: A critical review of the role of advanced glycation end-products in bone fragility. Bone 2022; 163:116485. [PMID: 35798196 PMCID: PMC10062699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the organic matrix of bone with aging and chronic disease such as diabetes is thought to increase fracture risk independently of bone mass. However, to date, there has not been a clinical trial to determine whether inhibiting the accumulation of AGEs is effective in preventing low-energy, fragility fractures. Moreover, unlike with cardiovascular or kidney disease, there are also no pre-clinical studies demonstrating that AGE inhibitors or breakers can prevent the age- or diabetes-related decrease in the ability of bone to resist fracture. In this review, we critically examine the case for a long-standing hypothesis that AGE accumulation in bone tissue degrades the toughening mechanisms by which bone resists fracture. Prior research into the role of AGEs in bone has primarily measured pentosidine, an AGE crosslink, or bulk fluorescence of hydrolysates of bone. While significant correlations exist between these measurements and mechanical properties of bone, multiple AGEs are both non-fluorescent and non-crosslinking. Since clinical studies are equivocal on whether circulating pentosidine is an indicator of elevated fracture risk, there needs to be a more complete understanding of the different types of AGEs including non-crosslinking adducts and multiple non-enzymatic crosslinks in bone extracellular matrix and their specific contributions to hindering fracture resistance (biophysical and biological). By doing so, effective strategies to target AGE accumulation in bone with minimal side effects could be investigated in pre-clinical and clinical studies that aim to prevent fragility fractures in conditions that bone mass is not the underlying culprit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Willett
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paul Voziyan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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6
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Coremans C, Delporte C, Cotton F, Van De Borne P, Boudjeltia KZ, Van Antwerpen P. Mass Spectrometry for the Monitoring of Lipoprotein Oxidations by Myeloperoxidase in Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175264. [PMID: 34500696 PMCID: PMC8434463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative modifications of HDLs and LDLs by myeloperoxidase (MPO) are regularly mentioned in the context of atherosclerosis. The enzyme adsorbs on protein moieties and locally produces oxidizing agents to modify specific residues on apolipoproteins A-1 and B-100. Oxidation of lipoproteins by MPO (Mox) leads to dysfunctional Mox-HDLs associated with cholesterol-efflux deficiency, and Mox-LDLs that are no more recognized by the LDL receptor and become proinflammatory. Several modification sites on apoA-1 and B-100 that are specific to MPO activity are described in the literature, which seem relevant in patients with cardiovascular risk. The most appropriate analytical method to assess these modifications is based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). It enables the oxidized forms of apoA-1and apoB-100 to be quantified in serum, in parallel to a quantification of these apolipoproteins. Current standard methods to quantify apolipoproteins are based on immunoassays that are well standardized with good analytical performances despite the cost and the heterogeneity of the commercialized kits. Mass spectrometry can provide simultaneous measurements of quantity and quality of apolipoproteins, while being antibody-independent and directly detecting peptides carrying modifications for Mox-HDLs and Mox-LDLs. Therefore, mass spectrometry is a potential and reliable alternative for apolipoprotein quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Coremans
- RD3-Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (P.V.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-650-5331
| | - Cédric Delporte
- RD3-Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Frédéric Cotton
- Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Phillipe Van De Borne
- Department of Cardiology Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU-Charleroi, ISPPC Hôpital Vésale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-Le-Tilleul, Belgium;
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- RD3-Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (P.V.A.)
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7
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Zheng K, Ren D, Wang YJ, Lilyestrom W, Scherer T, Hong JKY, Ji JA. Monoclonal Antibody Aggregation Associated with Free Radical Induced Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083952. [PMID: 33921206 PMCID: PMC8070435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation is an important degradation pathway of protein drugs. The susceptibility to oxidation is a common concern for therapeutic proteins as it may impact product efficacy and patient safety. In this work, we used 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) as an oxidative stress reagent to evaluate the oxidation of therapeutic antibodies. In addition to the oxidation of methionine (Met) and tryptophan (Trp) residues, we also observed an increase of protein aggregation. Size-exclusion chromatography and multi-angle light scattering showed that the soluble aggregates induced by AAPH consist of dimer, tetramer, and higher-order aggregate species. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that inter-molecular disulfide bonds contributed to the protein aggregation. Furthermore, intrinsic fluorescence spectra suggested that dimerization of tyrosine (Tyr) residues could account for the non-reducible cross-links. An excipient screening study demonstrated that Trp, pyridoxine, or Tyr could effectively reduce protein aggregation due to oxidative stress. This work provides valuable insight into the mechanisms of oxidative-stress induced protein aggregation, as well as strategies to minimize such aggregate formation during the development and storage of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.J.W.); (W.L.); (T.S.); (J.A.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Diya Ren
- Oceanside Pharmaceutical Technical Development, Genentech, Oceanside, CA 92056, USA;
| | - Y. John Wang
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.J.W.); (W.L.); (T.S.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Wayne Lilyestrom
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.J.W.); (W.L.); (T.S.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.J.W.); (W.L.); (T.S.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Justin K. Y. Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Junyan A. Ji
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.J.W.); (W.L.); (T.S.); (J.A.J.)
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8
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Bellmaine S, Schnellbaecher A, Zimmer A. Reactivity and degradation products of tryptophan in solution and proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:696-718. [PMID: 32911085 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is one of the essential mammalian amino acids and is thus a required component in human nutrition, animal feeds, and cell culture media. However, this aromatic amino acid is highly susceptible to oxidation and is known to degrade into multiple products during manufacturing, storage, and processing. Many physical and chemical processes contribute to the degradation of this compound, primarily via oxidation or cleavage of the highly reactive indole ring. The central contributing factors are reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals; light and photosensitizers; metals; and heat. In a multi-component mixture, tryptophan also commonly reacts with carbonyl-containing compounds, leading to a wide variety of products. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the degradation and interaction products of tryptophan in complex liquid solutions and in proteins. For the purposes of context, a brief summary of the key pathways in tryptophan metabolism will be included, along with common methods and issues in tryptophan manufacturing. The review will focus on the conditions that lead to tryptophan degradation, the products generated in these processes, their known biological effects, and methods which may be applied to stabilize the amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bellmaine
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alisa Schnellbaecher
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aline Zimmer
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
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9
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Lahutta M. Efficient and Short Method for Conjugation of 1-Nitro-9-Aminoacridine to Important Peptidyl Fragments by a Solid Support Synthesis. Chem Biodivers 2020; 18:e2000702. [PMID: 33205910 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The efficient and short techniques for conjugation of 9-aminoacridine with different peptidyl fragments are necessary for the development of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). They need to be adopted to generate a new branch of acridine conjugates, enhancing their bioavailability for the examination in biological systems. The branch of developing acridine conjugates, built via different linkers and synthesized in this study, are expected as potential effective chemotherapeutics with dual mechanism of action. Recently, the methodology based on a solid-phase technique has been successfully demonstrated in preparing a number of promising compounds. However, the reaction conditions for amide bond formation between 1-nitro-9-aminoacridine and peptidyl fragments need to be optimized. In this study, the optimization of amide bond formation was demonstrated with the use of the solid-phase synthesis to build a new promising group of 1-nitro-9-aminoacridines conjugated to lactoferrin fragments via especially carboxy linker length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lahutta
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J., Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdansk, Poland
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10
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Takalloo Z, Masroor MJ, Mani-Varnosfaderani A, Maroufi B, H Sajedi R. Probing heat and oxidation induced conformational changes of molecular chaperone artemin by excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 211:112013. [PMID: 32919176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Artemin is a potent molecular chaperone, which protects Artemia embryos undergoing encystment against extreme environmental stresses. In the present work, we have examined the structural changes of artemin from A. urmiana upon exposure to oxidant and heat, by using CD measurements as well as excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy as a powerful tool for monitoring the conformational transitions and molecular interactions in proteins. We have also provided here the first document on reporting the three dimensional fluorescence spectra of a protein using ANS. Totally, the fluorescence results indicated that the microenvironments of tyrosine and tryptophan residues and the hydrophobic pockets as well as the polypeptide backbone or secondary structure of the chaperone were influenced in responses to heat and H2O2 in different degrees. Moreover, the native state of artemin did not induce a considerable exposure of the internal non-polar groups to the solvent. Besides, the excitation-emission spectra of heated artemin by ANS revealed new emission peaks at 430-450 nm when it was excited at 330 nm, which suggests probable exposure of new binding sites for hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions of the protein with ANS. The protein also showed a greater conformational sensitivity to the temperature fluctuations compared to oxidation. Here, we presented some evidence in support of the relation between artemin and its stress dependent activation in vitro and in vivo. This study can expect that the EEM fluorescence spectroscopy could provide a promising tool to study conformational transitions of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Takalloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Masroor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Hinterholzer A, Stanojlovic V, Regl C, Huber CG, Cabrele C, Schubert M. Identification and Quantification of Oxidation Products in Full-Length Biotherapeutic Antibodies by NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9666-9673. [PMID: 32530275 PMCID: PMC7467420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Therapeutic
proteins are an indispensable class of drugs and often
therapeutics of last resort. They are sensitive to oxidation, which
is of critical concern, because it can affect drug safety and efficacy.
Protein oxidation, with methionine and tryptophan as the most susceptible
moieties, is mainly monitored by HPLC–MS techniques. However,
since several oxidation products display the same mass difference,
their identification by MS is often ambiguous. Therefore, an alternative
analytical method able to unambiguously identify and, ideally, also
quantify oxidation species in proteins is highly desired. Here, we
present an NMR-based approach to monitor oxidation in full-length
proteins under denaturing conditions, as demonstrated on two biotherapeutic
monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We show that methionine sulfoxide, methionine
sulfone, N-formylkynurenine, kynurenine, oxindolylalanine,
hydroxypyrroloindole, and 5-hydroxytryptophan result in characteristic
chemical shift correlations suited for their identification and quantification.
We identified the five most abundant oxidation products in forced
degradation studies of two full-length therapeutic mAbs and can also
unambiguously distinguish oxindolylalanine from 5-hydroxytryptophan,
which are undistinguishable by MS due to the same mass shift. Quantification
of the abundant methionine sulfoxide by NMR and MS gave highly comparable
values. These results underline the suitability of NMR spectroscopy
for the identification and quantification of critical quality attributes
of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Hinterholzer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vesna Stanojlovic
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christof Regl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mario Schubert
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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12
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Susceptibility of protein therapeutics to spontaneous chemical modifications by oxidation, cyclization, and elimination reactions. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1409-1431. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeptides and proteins are preponderantly emerging in the drug market, as shown by the increasing number of biopharmaceutics already approved or under development. Biomolecules like recombinant monoclonal antibodies have high therapeutic efficacy and offer a valuable alternative to small-molecule drugs. However, due to their complex three-dimensional structure and the presence of many functional groups, the occurrence of spontaneous conformational and chemical changes is much higher for peptides and proteins than for small molecules. The characterization of biotherapeutics with modern and sophisticated analytical methods has revealed the presence of contaminants that mainly arise from oxidation- and elimination-prone amino-acid side chains. This review focuses on protein chemical modifications that may take place during storage due to (1) oxidation (methionine, cysteine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine), (2) intra- and inter-residue cyclization (aspartic and glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, N-terminal dipeptidyl motifs), and (3) β-elimination (serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine) reactions. It also includes some examples of the impact of such modifications on protein structure and function.
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13
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Ruiz M, Yang Y, Lochbaum CA, Delafield DG, Pignatello JJ, Li L, Pedersen JA. Peroxymonosulfate Oxidizes Amino Acids in Water without Activation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10845-10854. [PMID: 31373486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A variety of peptidic and proteinaceous contaminants (e.g., proteins, toxins, pathogens) present in the environment may pose risk to human health and wildlife. Peroxymonosulfate is a strong oxidant (EH0 = 1.82 V for HSO5-, the predominant species at environmental pH values) that may hold promise for the deactivation of proteinaceous contaminants. Relatively little quantitative information exists on the rates of peroxymonosulfate reactions with free amino acids. Here, we studied the oxidation of 19 of the 20 standard proteinogenic amino acids (all except cysteine) by peroxymonosulfate without explicit activation. Reaction half-lives at pH 7 ranged from milliseconds to hours. Amino acids possessing sulfur-containing, heteroaromatic, or substituted aromatic side chains were the most susceptible to oxidation by peroxymonosulfate, with rates of transformation decreasing in the order methionine > tryptophan > tyrosine > histidine. The rate of tryptophan oxidation did not decrease in the presence of an aquatic natural organic matter. Singlet oxygen resulting from peroxymonosulfate self-decomposition, while detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, was unlikely to be the principal reactive species. Our results demonstrate that peroxymonosulfate is capable of oxidizing 19 amino acids without explicit activation and that solvent-exposed methionine and tryptophan residues are likely initial targets of oxidation in peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | | | | | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
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14
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Minkoff BB, Bruckbauer ST, Sabat G, Cox MM, Sussman MR. Covalent Modification of Amino Acids and Peptides Induced by Ionizing Radiation from an Electron Beam Linear Accelerator Used in Radiotherapy. Radiat Res 2019; 191:447-459. [PMID: 30849023 PMCID: PMC6506356 DOI: 10.1667/rr15288.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To identify modifications to amino acids that are directly induced by ionizing radiation, free amino acids and 3-residue peptides were irradiated using a linear accelerator (Linac) radiotherapy device. Mass spectrometry was performed to detail the relative sensitivity to radiation as well as identify covalent, radiation-dependent adducts. The order of reactivity of the 20 common amino acids was generally in agreement with published literature except for His (most reactive of the 20) and Cys (less reactive). Novel and previously identified modifications on the free amino acids were detected. Amino acids were far less reactive when flanked by glycine residues in a tripeptide. Order of reactivity, with GVG most and GEG least, was substantially altered, as were patterns of modification. Radiation reactivity of amino acids is clearly and strongly affected by conversion of the α-amino and α-carboxyl groups to peptide bonds, and the presence of neighboring amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B. Minkoff
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Steven T. Bruckbauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Grzegorz Sabat
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Michael M. Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Michael R. Sussman
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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15
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Serebryany E, Yu S, Trauger SA, Budnik B, Shakhnovich EI. Dynamic disulfide exchange in a crystallin protein in the human eye lens promotes cataract-associated aggregation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17997-18009. [PMID: 30242128 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased light scattering in the eye lens due to aggregation of the long-lived lens proteins, crystallins, is the cause of cataract disease. Several mutations in the gene encoding human γD-crystallin (HγD) cause misfolding and aggregation. Cataract-associated substitutions at Trp42 cause the protein to aggregate in vitro from a partially unfolded intermediate locked by an internal disulfide bridge, and proteomic evidence suggests a similar aggregation precursor is involved in age-onset cataract. Surprisingly, WT HγD can promote aggregation of the W42Q variant while itself remaining soluble. Here, a search for a biochemical mechanism for this interaction has revealed a previously unknown oxidoreductase activity in HγD. Using in vitro oxidation, mutational analysis, cysteine labeling, and MS, we have assigned this activity to a redox-active internal disulfide bond that is dynamically exchanged among HγD molecules. The W42Q variant acts as a disulfide sink, reducing oxidized WT and forming a distinct internal disulfide that kinetically traps the aggregation-prone intermediate. Our findings suggest a redox "hot potato" competition among WT and mutant or modified polypeptides wherein variants with the lowest kinetic stability are trapped in aggregation-prone intermediate states upon accepting disulfides from more stable variants. Such reactions may occur in other long-lived proteins that function in oxidizing environments. In these cases, aggregation may be forestalled by inhibiting disulfide flow toward mutant or damaged polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Serebryany
- From the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Shuhuai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Bogdan Budnik
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Eugene I Shakhnovich
- From the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.
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16
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Carroll L, Pattison DI, Davies JB, Anderson RF, Lopez-Alarcon C, Davies MJ. Superoxide radicals react with peptide-derived tryptophan radicals with very high rate constants to give hydroperoxides as major products. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 118:126-136. [PMID: 29496618 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is a common process in many biological systems and proteins are major targets for damage due to their high abundance and very high rate constants for reaction with many oxidants (both radicals and two-electron species). Tryptophan (Trp) residues on peptides and proteins are a major sink for a large range of biological oxidants as these side-chains have low radical reduction potentials. The resulting Trp-derived indolyl radicals (Trp•) have long lifetimes in some circumstances due to their delocalized structures, and undergo only slow reaction with molecular oxygen, unlike most other biological radicals. In contrast, we have shown previously that Trp• undergo rapid dimerization. In the current study, we show that Trp• also undergo very fast reaction with superoxide radicals, O2•-, with k 1-2 × 109 M-1 s-1. These values do not alter dramatically with peptide structure, but the values of k correlate with overall peptide positive charge, consistent with positive electrostatic interactions. These reactions compete favourably with Trp• dimerization and O2 addition, indicating that this may be a major fate in some circumstances. The Trp• + O2•- reactions occur primarily by addition, rather than electron transfer, with this resulting in high yields of Trp-derived hydroperoxides. Subsequent degradation of these species, both stimulated and native decay, gives rise to N-formylkynurenine, kynurenine, alcohols and diols. These data indicate that reaction of O2•- with Trp• should be considered as a major pathway to Trp degradation on peptides and proteins subjected to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Carroll
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin B Davies
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Robert F Anderson
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Camilo Lopez-Alarcon
- Departmento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Quimica, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile
| | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Wootton CA, Sanchez-Cano C, Lopez-Clavijo AF, Shaili E, Barrow MP, Sadler PJ, O'Connor PB. Sequence-dependent attack on peptides by photoactivated platinum anticancer complexes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2733-2739. [PMID: 29732057 PMCID: PMC5911824 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05135b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Octahedral platinum(iv) complexes such as trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(pyridine)2] (1) are stable in the dark, but potently cytotoxic to a range of cancer cells when activated by UVA or visible light, and active in vivo. Photoactivation causes the reduction of the complex and leads to the formation of unusual Pt(ii) lesions on DNA. However, radicals are also generated in the excited state resulting from photoactivation (J. S. Butler, J. A. Woods, N. J. Farrer, M. E. Newton and P. J. Sadler, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 16508-16511). Here we show that once photoactivated, 1 also can interact with peptides, and therefore proteins are potential targets of this candidate drug. High resolution FT-ICR MS studies show that reactions of 1 activated by visible light with two neuropeptides Substance P, RPKPQQFFGLM-NH2 (SubP) and [Lys]3-Bombesin, pEQKLGNQWAVGHLM-NH2 (K3-Bom) give rise to unexpected products, in the form of both oxidised and platinated peptides. Further MS/MS analysis using electron-capture dissociation (ECD) dissociation pathways (enabling retention of the Pt complex during fragmentation), and EPR experiments using the spin-trap DEPMPO, show that the products generated during the photoactivation of 1 depend on the amino acid composition of the peptide. This work reveals the multi-targeting nature of excited state platinum anticancer complexes. Not only can they target DNA, but also peptides (and proteins) by sequence dependent platination and radical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Wootton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK . ; ; ; Fax: +44 (0)24 765 23819 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 76151008 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 765 23818
| | - Carlos Sanchez-Cano
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK . ; ; ; Fax: +44 (0)24 765 23819 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 76151008 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 765 23818
| | - Andrea F Lopez-Clavijo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK . ; ; ; Fax: +44 (0)24 765 23819 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 76151008 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 765 23818
| | - Evyenia Shaili
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK . ; ; ; Fax: +44 (0)24 765 23819 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 76151008 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 765 23818
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK . ; ; ; Fax: +44 (0)24 765 23819 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 76151008 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 765 23818
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK . ; ; ; Fax: +44 (0)24 765 23819 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 76151008 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 765 23818
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK . ; ; ; Fax: +44 (0)24 765 23819 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 76151008 ; Tel: +44 (0)24 765 23818
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18
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Koivumäki TP, Gürbüz G, Heinonen IM. Tryptophan and Cysteine Oxidation Products Dominate in α-Lactalbumin-Derived Peptides Analyzed with LC-MSn. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2062-2069. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli P. Koivumäki
- Div. of Food Chemistry, Dept. of Food and Environmental Sciences; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 11) FI-00014 Finland
| | - Göker Gürbüz
- Div. of Food Chemistry, Dept. of Food and Environmental Sciences; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 11) FI-00014 Finland
| | - I. Marina Heinonen
- Div. of Food Chemistry, Dept. of Food and Environmental Sciences; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 11) FI-00014 Finland
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19
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Sadok I, Gamian A, Staniszewska MM. Chromatographic analysis of tryptophan metabolites. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3020-3045. [PMID: 28590049 PMCID: PMC5575536 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway generates multiple tryptophan metabolites called collectively kynurenines and leads to formation of the enzyme cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The first step in this pathway is tryptophan degradation, initiated by the rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, depending on the tissue. The balanced kynurenine metabolism, which has been a subject of multiple studies in last decades, plays an important role in several physiological and pathological conditions such as infections, autoimmunity, neurological disorders, cancer, cataracts, as well as pregnancy. Understanding the regulation of tryptophan depletion provide novel diagnostic and treatment opportunities, however it requires reliable methods for quantification of kynurenines in biological samples with complex composition (body fluids, tissues, or cells). Trace concentrations, interference of sample components, and instability of some tryptophan metabolites need to be addressed using analytical methods. The novel separation approaches and optimized extraction protocols help to overcome difficulties in analyzing kynurenines within the complex tissue material. Recent developments in chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry provide new opportunity for quantification of tryptophan and its degradation products in various biological samples. In this review, we present current accomplishments in the chromatographic methodologies proposed for detection of tryptophan metabolites and provide a guide for choosing the optimal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Sadok
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary ResearchThe John Paul II Catholic University of LublinLublinPoland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical MicrobiologyHirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of SciencesWroclawPoland
- Department of Medical BiochemistryWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
| | - Magdalena Maria Staniszewska
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary ResearchThe John Paul II Catholic University of LublinLublinPoland
- Laboratory of Medical MicrobiologyHirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of SciencesWroclawPoland
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20
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Chaudhury S, Roy P, Dasgupta S. Green tea flavanols protect human γB-crystallin from oxidative photodamage. Biochimie 2017; 137:46-55. [PMID: 28285129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Age related cataract is a major cause of visual loss worldwide that is a result of opacification of the eye lens proteins. One of the major reasons behind this deterioration is UV induced oxidative damage. The study reported here is focused on an investigation of the oxidative stress induced damage to γB-crystallin under UV exposure. Human γB-crystallin has been expressed and purified from E. coli. We have found that epicatechin gallate (ECG) has a higher affinity towards the protein compared to epigallocatechin (EGC). The in vitro study of UV irradiation under oxidative damage to the protein in the presence of increasing concentrations of GTPs is indicative of their effective role as potent inhibitors of oxidative damage. Docking analyses show that the GTPs bind to the cleft between the domains of human γB-crystallin that may be associated with the protection of the protein from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pritam Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Swagata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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21
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Gakamsky A, Duncan RR, Howarth NM, Dhillon B, Buttenschön KK, Daly DJ, Gakamsky D. Tryptophan and Non-Tryptophan Fluorescence of the Eye Lens Proteins Provides Diagnostics of Cataract at the Molecular Level. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40375. [PMID: 28071717 PMCID: PMC5223181 DOI: 10.1038/srep40375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical nature of the non-tryptophan (non-Trp) fluorescence of porcine and human eye lens proteins was identified by Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Fluorescence Steady-State and Lifetime spectroscopy as post-translational modifications (PTM) of Trp and Arg amino acid residues. Fluorescence intensity profiles measured along the optical axis of human eye lenses with age-related nuclear cataract showed increasing concentration of fluorescent PTM towards the lens centre in accord with the increased optical density in the lens nucleolus. Significant differences between fluorescence lifetimes of "free" Trp derivatives hydroxytryptophan (OH-Trp), N-formylkynurenine (NFK), kynurenine (Kyn), hydroxykynurenine (OH-Kyn) and their residues were observed. Notably, the lifetime constants of these residues in a model peptide were considerably greater than those of their "free" counterparts. Fluorescence of Trp, its derivatives and argpyrimidine (ArgP) can be excited at the red edge of the Trp absorption band which allows normalisation of the emission spectra of these PTMs to the fluorescence intensity of Trp, to determine semi-quantitatively their concentration. We show that the cumulative fraction of OH-Trp, NFK and ArgP emission dominates the total fluorescence spectrum in both emulsified post-surgical human cataract protein samples, as well as in whole lenses and that this correlates strongly with cataract grade and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gakamsky
- Edinburgh Instruments, 2 Bain Square, Livingston, EH54 7DQ, UK
| | - Rory R. Duncan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 6, UK
| | - Nicola M. Howarth
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 6, UK
| | - Baljean Dhillon
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kim K. Buttenschön
- Lein Applied Diagnostics, Reading Enterprise Centre, Whiteknights Rd, Reading RG6 6BU, UK
| | - Daniel J. Daly
- Lein Applied Diagnostics, Reading Enterprise Centre, Whiteknights Rd, Reading RG6 6BU, UK
| | - Dmitry Gakamsky
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 6, UK
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22
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Muñoz-Rugeles L, Galano A, Alvarez-Idaboy JR. The role of acid–base equilibria in formal hydrogen transfer reactions: tryptophan radical repair by uric acid as a paradigmatic case. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:15296-15309. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01557g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sequential proton gain electron transfer and proton electron sequential transfer mechanisms play the most important roles in tryptophan repair by uric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Muñoz-Rugeles
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Física y Química Teórica
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México
- Mexico
| | - Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa
- México
- Mexico
| | - Juan Raúl Alvarez-Idaboy
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Física y Química Teórica
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México
- Mexico
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23
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González Esquivel D, Ramírez-Ortega D, Pineda B, Castro N, Ríos C, Pérez de la Cruz V. Kynurenine pathway metabolites and enzymes involved in redox reactions. Neuropharmacology 2017; 112:331-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Photo-oxidation of IgG1 and Model Peptides: Detection and Analysis of Triply Oxidized His and Trp Side Chain Cleavage Products. Pharm Res 2016; 34:229-242. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Fawzy A, Ashour S, Musleh M, Hassan R, Asghar B. Kinetics and mechanistic approach to the chromic acid oxidation of l-tryptophan with a spectral detection of chromium(III) product. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Nakazawa Y, Oka M, Tamura H, Takehana M. Effect of hesperetin on chaperone activity in selenite-induced cataract. Open Med (Wars) 2016; 11:183-189. [PMID: 28352791 PMCID: PMC5329822 DOI: 10.1515/med-2016-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chaperone activity of α-crystallin in the lens works to prevent protein aggregation and is important to maintain the lens transparency. This study evaluated the effect of hesperetin on lens chaperone activity in selenite-induced cataracts. METHODOLOGY Thirteen-day-old rats were divided into four groups. Animals were given hesperetin (groups G2 and G4) or vehicle (G1 and G3) on Days 0, 1, and 2. Rats in G3 and G4 were administered selenite subcutaneously 4 hours after the first hesperetin injection. On Days 2, 4, and 6, cataract grades were evaluated using slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The amount of a-crystallin and chaperone activity in water-soluble fraction were measured after animals sacrificed. RESULTS G3 on day 4 had developed significant cataract, as an average cataract grading of 4.6 ± 0.2. In contrast, G4 had less severe central opacities and lower stage cataracts than G3, as an average cataract grading of 2.4 ± 0.4. The a-crystallin levels in G3 lenses were lower than in G1, but the same as G4. Additionally, chaperone activity was weaker in G3 lenses than G1, but the same as in G4. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that hesperetin can prevent the decreasing lens chaperone activity and a-crystallin water solubility by administered of selenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nakazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan, 105-8512, Tel/Fax: +81-3-5400-2689
| | - Mikako Oka
- Center for Pharmaceutical Education, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Takehana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Japan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Education, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Japan
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27
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Serebryany E, Takata T, Erickson E, Schafheimer N, Wang Y, King JA. Aggregation of Trp > Glu point mutants of human gamma-D crystallin provides a model for hereditary or UV-induced cataract. Protein Sci 2016; 25:1115-28. [PMID: 26991007 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous mutations and covalent modifications of the highly abundant, long-lived crystallins of the eye lens cause their aggregation leading to progressive opacification of the lens, cataract. The nature and biochemical mechanisms of the aggregation process are poorly understood, as neither amyloid nor native-state polymers are commonly found in opaque lenses. The βγ-crystallin fold contains four highly conserved buried tryptophans, which can be oxidized to more hydrophilic products, such as kynurenine, upon UV-B irradiation. We mimicked this class of oxidative damage using Trp→Glu point mutants of human γD-crystallin. Such substitutions may represent a model of UV-induced photodamage-introduction of a charged group into the hydrophobic core generating "denaturation from within." The effects of Trp→Glu substitutions were highly position dependent. While each was destabilizing, only the two located in the bottom of the double Greek key fold-W42E and W130E-yielded robust aggregation of partially unfolded intermediates at 37°C and pH 7. The αB-crystallin chaperone suppressed aggregation of W130E, but not W42E, indicating distinct aggregation pathways from damage in the N-terminal vs C-terminal domain. The W130E aggregates had loosely fibrillar morphology, yet were nonamyloid, noncovalent, showed little surface hydrophobicity, and formed at least 20°C below the melting temperature of the native β-sheets. These features are most consistent with domain-swapped polymerization. Aggregation of partially destabilized crystallins under physiological conditions, as occurs in this class of point mutants, could provide a simple in vitro model system for drug discovery and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Serebryany
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Takumi Takata
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Erika Erickson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Nathaniel Schafheimer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Yongting Wang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Jonathan A King
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
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Turyan I, Khatwani N, Sosic Z, Jayawickreme S, Mandler D. A novel approach for oxidation analysis of therapeutic proteins. Anal Biochem 2016; 494:108-13. [PMID: 26548959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Measuring and monitoring of protein oxidation modifications is important for biopharmaceutical process development and stability assessment during long-term storage. Currently available methods for biomolecules oxidation analysis use time-consuming peptide mapping analysis. Therefore, it is desirable to develop high-throughput methods for advanced process control of protein oxidation. Here, we present a novel approach by which oxidative protein modifications are monitored by an indirect potentiometric method. The method is based on adding an electron mediator, which enhances electron transfer (ET) between all redox species and the electrode surface. Specifically, the procedure involves measuring the sharp change in the open circuit potential (OCP) for the mediator system (redox couple) as a result of its interaction with the oxidized protein species in the solution. Application of Pt and Ag/AgCl microelectrodes allowed for a high-sensitivity protein oxidation analysis. We found that the Ru(NH3)6(2+/3+) redox couple is suitable for measuring the total oxidation of a wide range of therapeutic proteins between 1.1 and 13.6%. Accuracy determined by comparing with the known percentage oxidation of the reference standard showed that percentage oxidation determined for each sample was within ± 20% of the expected percentage oxidation determined by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Turyan
- Analytical Development, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Nikhil Khatwani
- Rare Disease Research Unit (RDRU), Pfizer, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zoran Sosic
- Analytical Development, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Daniel Mandler
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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29
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Song H, Xu J, Jin M, Huang C, Bongers J, Bai H, Wu W, Ludwig R, Li Z, Tao L, Das TK. Investigation of Color in a Fusion Protein Using Advanced Analytical Techniques: Delineating Contributions from Oxidation Products and Process Related Impurities. Pharm Res 2015; 33:932-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Ehrenshaft M, Deterding LJ, Mason RP. Tripping up Trp: Modification of protein tryptophan residues by reactive oxygen species, modes of detection, and biological consequences. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:220-8. [PMID: 26393422 PMCID: PMC4684788 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Proteins comprise a majority of the dry weight of a cell, rendering them a major target for oxidative modification. Oxidation of proteins can result in significant alterations in protein molecular mass such as breakage of the polypeptide backbone and/or polymerization of monomers into dimers, multimers, and sometimes insoluble aggregates. Protein oxidation can also result in structural changes to amino acid residue side chains, conversions that have only a modest effect on protein size but can have widespread consequences for protein function. There are a wide range of rate constants for amino acid reactivity, with cysteine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan having the highest rate constants with commonly encountered biological oxidants. Free tryptophan and tryptophan protein residues react at a diffusion-limited rate with hydroxyl radical and also have high rate constants for reactions with singlet oxygen and ozone. Although oxidation of proteins in general and tryptophan residues specifically can have effects detrimental to the health of cells and organisms, some modifications are neutral, whereas others contribute to the function of the protein in question or may act as a signal that damaged proteins need to be replaced. This review provides a brief overview of the chemical mechanisms by which tryptophan residues become oxidized, presents both the strengths and the weaknesses of some of the techniques used to detect these oxidative interactions, and discusses selected examples of the biological consequences of tryptophan oxidation in proteins from animals, plants, and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Ehrenshaft
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Leesa J Deterding
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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31
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Zheng S, Zhang K, Tian S, He X, Zhang Y. Identification of Two Novel Modifications at Tryptophan Residues. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1787-1790. [PMID: 26238325 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) play important roles in cellular physiology. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed into a powerful tool to identify all possible protein modifications. Herein, we describe our efforts to deduce the structures of two unknown modifications at tryptophan (Trp) residues (W + 92 Da and W + 108 Da). The two modifications were further confirmed by aligning the MS/MS fragmentation of synthetic peptide with in-vivo peptide identified. Finally, the mimic experiment elucidated how two Trp modifications occur. This study, therefore, expands current knowledge of Trp modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shanshan Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiwen He
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China.
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Leong PK, Fung SY, Tan CH, Sim SM, Tan NH. Immunological cross-reactivity and neutralization of the principal toxins of Naja sumatrana and related cobra venoms by a Thai polyvalent antivenom (Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom). Acta Trop 2015; 149:86-93. [PMID: 26026717 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The low potency of cobra antivenom has been an area of concern in immunotherapy for cobra envenomation. This study sought to investigate factors limiting the neutralizing potency of cobra antivenom, using a murine model. We examined the immunological reactivity and neutralizing potency of a Thai polyvalent antivenom against the principal toxins of Naja sumatrana (Equatorial spitting cobra) venom and two related Asiatic cobra venom α-neurotoxins. The antivenom possesses moderate neutralizing potency against phospholipases A2 (P, potency of 0.98mg/mL) and moderately weak neutralizing potency against long-chain α-neurotoxins (0.26-0.42mg/mL) but was only weakly effective in neutralizing the short-chain α-neurotoxins and cardiotoxins (0.05-0.08mg/mL). The poor neutralizing potency of the antivenom on the low molecular mass short-chain neurotoxins and cardiotoxins is presumably the main limiting factor of the efficacy of the cobra antivenom. Our results also showed that phospholipase A2, which exhibited the highest ELISA reactivity and avidity, was most effectively neutralized, whereas N. sumatrana short-chain neurotoxin, which exhibited the lowest ELISA reactivity and avidity, was least effectively neutralized by the antivenom. These observations suggest that low immunoreactivity (low ELISA reactivity and avidity) is one of the reasons for poor neutralization of the cobra venom low molecular mass toxins. Nevertheless, the overall results show that there is a lack of congruence between the immunological reactivity of the toxins toward antivenom and the effectiveness of toxin neutralization by the antivenom, indicating that there are other factors that also contribute to the weak neutralization capacity of the antivenom. Several suggestions have been put forward to overcome the low efficacy of the cobra antivenom. The use of a 'proper-mix' formulation of cobra venoms as immunogen, whereby the immunogen mixture used for hyperimmunization contains a mix of various types of α-neurotoxins and cardiotoxins in sufficient amount, may also help to improve the efficacy and broaden the neutralization spectrum of the antivenom.
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Karumanchi DK, Karunaratne N, Lurio L, Dillon JP, Gaillard ER. Non-enzymatic glycation of α-crystallin as an in vitro model for aging, diabetes and degenerative diseases. Amino Acids 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Borzova VA, Markossian KA, Muranov KO, Polyansky NB, Kleymenov SY, Kurganov BI. Quantification of anti-aggregation activity of UV-irradiated α-crystallin. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 73:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Correia M, Snabe T, Thiagarajan V, Petersen SB, Campos SRR, Baptista AM, Neves-Petersen MT. Photonic activation of plasminogen induced by low dose UVB. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116737. [PMID: 25635856 PMCID: PMC4312030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of plasminogen to its active form plasmin is essential for several key mechanisms, including the dissolution of blood clots. Activation occurs naturally via enzymatic proteolysis. We report that activation can be achieved with 280 nm light. A 2.6 fold increase in proteolytic activity was observed after 10 min illumination of human plasminogen. Irradiance levels used are in the same order of magnitude of the UVB solar irradiance. Activation is correlated with light induced disruption of disulphide bridges upon UVB excitation of the aromatic residues and with the formation of photochemical products, e.g. dityrosine and N-formylkynurenine. Most of the protein fold is maintained after 10 min illumination since no major changes are observed in the near-UV CD spectrum. Far-UV CD shows loss of secondary structure after illumination (33.4% signal loss at 206 nm). Thermal unfolding CD studies show that plasminogen retains a native like cooperative transition at ~70 ºC after UV-illumination. We propose that UVB activation of plasminogen occurs upon photo-cleavage of a functional allosteric disulphide bond, Cys737-Cys765, located in the catalytic domain and in van der Waals contact with Trp761 (4.3 Å). Such proximity makes its disruption very likely, which may occur upon electron transfer from excited Trp761. Reduction of Cys737-Cys765 will result in likely conformational changes in the catalytic site. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that reduction of Cys737-Cys765 in plasminogen leads to an increase of the fluctuations of loop 760–765, the S1-entrance frame located close to the active site. These fluctuations affect the range of solvent exposure of the catalytic triad, particularly of Asp646 and Ser74, which acquire an exposure profile similar to the values in plasmin. The presented photonic mechanism of plasminogen activation has the potential to be used in clinical applications, possibly together with other enzymatic treatments for the elimination of blood clots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Correia
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Snabe
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Viruthachalam Thiagarajan
- BioPhotonics Group, Department of Nanomedicine, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Steffen Bjørn Petersen
- BioPhotonics Group, Department of Nanomedicine, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- The Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics; University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sara R. R. Campos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António M. Baptista
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Neves-Petersen
- BioPhotonics Group, Department of Nanomedicine, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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36
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Modulating the structure of EGFR with UV light: new possibilities in cancer therapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111617. [PMID: 25386651 PMCID: PMC4227675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. EGFR is activated upon binding to e.g. epidermal growth factor (EGF), leading to cell survival, proliferation and migration. EGFR overactivation is associated with tumor progression. We have previously shown that low dose UVB illumination of cancer cells overexpressing EGFR prior to adding EGF halted the EGFR signaling pathway. We here show that UVB illumination of the extracellular domain of EGFR (sEGFR) induces protein conformational changes, disulphide bridge breakage and formation of tryptophan and tyrosine photoproducts such as dityrosine, N-formylkynurenine and kynurenine. Fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism and thermal studies confirm the occurrence of conformational changes. An immunoassay has confirmed that UVB light induces structural changes in the EGF binding site. A monoclonal antibody which competes with EGF for binding sEGFR was used. We report clear evidence that UVB light induces structural changes in EGFR that impairs the correct binding of an EGFR specific antibody that competes with EGF for binding EGFR, confirming that the 3D structure of the EGFR binding domain suffered conformational changes upon UV illumination. The irradiance used is in the same order of magnitude as the integrated intensity in the solar UVB range. The new photonic technology disables a key receptor and is most likely applicable to the treatment of various types of cancer, alone or in combination with other therapies.
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Plowman JE, Deb-Choudhury S, Grosvenor AJ, Dyer JM. Protein oxidation: identification and utilisation of molecular markers to differentiate singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidative pathways. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 12:1960-7. [PMID: 24057301 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50182e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of reactive oxidation species (ROS) on tryptophan or tyrosine was investigated by qualitatively determining the major detectable oxidation products generated by hydroxyl radicals, produced by the Fenton process, or singlet oxygen, generated by exposure to green light in the presence of Rose Bengal, on these photosensitive amino acids in synthetic pentapeptides. Based on mass spectrometric analysis it would appear that the hydroxyl radical favours a pathway leading to the formation of tryptophandione-based products from tryptophan. In contrast singlet oxygen attack appears to favour the formation of kynurenine-type products from tryptophan. Specific oxidative products observed proteomically are therefore potentially able to discriminate between predominant ROS-mediated pathways. To validate these findings, a keratin-enriched extract was exposed to UVB light under aqueous conditions. The observation of the conversion of tryptophan to hydroxytryptophan in marker peptides, and the absence of singlet-oxygen specific modifications, suggested that under these conditions oxidative degradation occurred primarily via hydroxyl radical attack. These observations provide the first direct proteomic evidence of the dominant photodegradation pathways in wet wool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Plowman
- Food & Bio-Based Products, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Lu X, Murphy RM. Synthesis and disaggregation of asparagine repeat-containing peptides. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:860-7. [PMID: 25044797 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Of all amino acid repeats in eukaryotes, polyglutamine (polyQ) is the most frequent, followed by polyasparagine (polyN). Glutamine repeats are expanded in proteins associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. The expanded polyQ domain is known to induce aggregation, and it is hypothesized that aggregation is directly causative of pathology. Despite the widespread presence of asparagine repeats in invertebrate eukaryotes, polyN is curiously quite rare in vertebrates. Several investigators have characterized the conformational and aggregation properties of polyQ-containing peptides and proteins, and to a lesser extent, peptides containing mixed glutamine and asparagine, but to our knowledge, there is no detailed characterization of polyN-containing peptides. Such a comparison could elucidate reasons for the paucity of asparagine repeats in humans. In this study, we synthesized a peptide containing a 24-asparagine repeat (N24). For aggregation studies, it is critical to start with monomeric unaggregated peptide. A protocol involving dissolution in mixed trifluoroacetic acid and hexafluoroisopropanol (TFA + HFIP) solvents is widely used for disaggregation of polyQ peptides. We used the same protocol for N24 but discovered that there was both oxidative damage and insufficient disaggregation. Oxidation of tryptophan, used as a flanking residue, was common. Moreover, we found evidence of Förster resonance energy transfer between Trp and its oxidation product N-formylkynurenine, even in chemical denaturants. This suggested that N24 was insufficiently disaggregated, a conclusion that was further supported by gel electrophoresis analysis. Oxidation was reduced, but not eliminated, by addition of methionine to the buffer. Formic acid proved to be a better disaggregator and caused no oxidative damage. The glutamine repeat peptide Q24 also underwent some oxidation after extended incubation in TFA + HFIP, but there was no evidence of Förster resonance energy transfer, and samples appeared monomeric by gel electrophoresis. This result indicates that polyN-containing peptides self-associate more strongly than polyQ-containing peptides. Circular dichroism spectra reveal a greater propensity for β-turn formation in polyN than polyQ, providing an explanation for the increased stability of polyN aggregates relative to polyQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Lu
- Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Li Y, Polozova A, Gruia F, Feng J. Characterization of the degradation products of a color-changed monoclonal antibody: tryptophan-derived chromophores. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6850-7. [PMID: 24937252 DOI: 10.1021/ac404218t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe the characterization of degradation products responsible for color change in near UV-visible light-irradiated and heat-stressed monoclonal antibody (mAb) drug product in liquid formulation. The treated samples were characterized using reversed-phase HPLC and size-exclusion HPLC with absorption spectroscopy. Both methods showed color change was due to chromophores formed on the mAb but not associated with the formulation excipients in both light-irradiated and heat-stressed mAb samples. These chromophores were further located by a new peptide mapping methodology with a combination of mass spectrometry and absorption spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry identified the major tryptophan oxidation products as kynurenine (Kyn), N-formylkynurenine (NFK), and hydroxytryptophan (OH-Trp). The absorption spectra showed that each of the tryptophan oxidation products exhibited a distinct absorption band above 280 nm shifted to the longer wavelengths in the order of OH-Trp < NFK < Kyn. The Kyn-containing peptide was detected by absorption at 420 nm. No new absorption bands were observed for either methionine or histidine oxidation products. This confirmed that tryptophan oxidation products, but not methionine and histidine oxidation products, were responsible for the color change. It is worth noting that a new oxidation product with the loss of hydrogen (2 Da mass decrease) for Trp-107 of the heavy chain was identified in the heat-stressed mAb sample. This oxidized tryptophan residue exhibited a distinct absorption band at the maximum absorbance wavelength 335 nm, which is responsible for the color change to yellow. This study showed that the new peptide mapping methodology with a combination of mass spectrometry and absorption spectroscopy is useful to identify tryptophan oxidation products as chromophores responsible for color change in stressed mAb drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- MedImmune , Analytical Biotechnology, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
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Yap MKK, Tan NH, Sim SM, Fung SY, Tan CH. Pharmacokinetics of Naja sumatrana (equatorial spitting cobra) venom and its major toxins in experimentally envenomed rabbits. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2890. [PMID: 24901441 PMCID: PMC4046969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimization of snakebite management and the use of antivenom depend greatly on the knowledge of the venom's composition as well as its pharmacokinetics. To date, however, pharmacokinetic reports on cobra venoms and their toxins are still relatively limited. In the present study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of Naja sumatrana (Equatorial spitting cobra) venom and its major toxins (phospholipase A2, neurotoxin and cardiotoxin), following intravenous and intramuscular administration into rabbits. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The serum antigen concentration-time profile of the N. sumatrana venom and its major toxins injected intravenously fitted a two-compartment model of pharmacokinetics. The systemic clearance (91.3 ml/h), terminal phase half-life (13.6 h) and systemic bioavailability (41.9%) of N. sumatrana venom injected intramuscularly were similar to those of N. sputatrix venom determined in an earlier study. The venom neurotoxin and cardiotoxin reached their peak concentrations within 30 min following intramuscular injection, relatively faster than the phospholipase A2 and whole venom (Tmax=2 h and 1 h, respectively). Rapid absorption of the neurotoxin and cardiotoxin from the injection site into systemic circulation indicates fast onsets of action of these principal toxins that are responsible for the early systemic manifestation of envenoming. The more prominent role of the neurotoxin in N. sumatrana systemic envenoming is further supported by its significantly higher intramuscular bioavailability (Fi.m.=81.5%) compared to that of the phospholipase A2 (Fi.m.=68.6%) or cardiotoxin (Fi.m.=45.6%). The incomplete absorption of the phospholipase A2 and cardiotoxin may infer the toxins' affinities for tissues at the injection site and their pathological roles in local tissue damages through synergistic interactions. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that the venom neurotoxin is absorbed very rapidly and has the highest bioavailability following intramuscular injection, supporting its role as the principal toxin in systemic envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Khai Khun Yap
- CENAR and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nget Hong Tan
- CENAR and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Si Mui Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shin Yee Fung
- CENAR and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choo Hock Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Adem YT, Molina P, Liu H, Patapoff TW, Sreedhara A, Esue O. Hexyl Glucoside and Hexyl Maltoside Inhibit Light-Induced Oxidation of Tryptophan. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:409-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Rivardo F, Leach TGH, Chan CS, Winstone TML, Ladner CL, Sarfo KJ, Turner RJ. Unique Photobleaching Phenomena of the Twin-Arginine Translocase Respiratory Enzyme Chaperone DmsD. Open Biochem J 2014; 8:1-11. [PMID: 24497893 PMCID: PMC3912628 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01408010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DmsD is a chaperone of the redox enzyme maturation protein family specifically required for biogenesis of DMSO reductase in Escherichia coli. It exists in multiple folding forms, all of which are capable of binding its known substrate, the twin-arginine leader sequence of the DmsA catalytic subunit. It is important for maturation of the reductase and targeting to the cytoplasmic membrane for translocation. Here, we demonstrate that DmsD exhibits an irreversible photobleaching phenomenon upon 280 nm excitation irradiation. The phenomenon is due to quenching of the tryptophan residues in DmsD and is dependent on its folding and conformation. We also show that a tryptophan residue involved in DmsA signal peptide binding (W87) is important for photobleaching of DmsD. Mutation of W87, or binding of the DmsA twin-arginine signal peptide to DmsD in the pocket that includes W72, W80, and W91 significantly affects the degree of photobleaching. This study highlights the advantage of a photobleaching phenomenon to study protein folding and conformation changes within a protein that was once considered unusable in fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Rivardo
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Thorin G H Leach
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Catherine S Chan
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Tara M L Winstone
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Carol L Ladner
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Kwabena J Sarfo
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Raymond J Turner
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Kao D, Chaintreau A, Lepoittevin JP, Giménez-Arnau E. Mechanistic studies on the reactivity of sensitizing allylic hydroperoxides: investigation of the covalent modification of amino acids by carbon-radical intermediates. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50109d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Sankeshi V, Kumar PA, Naik RR, Sridhar G, Kumar MP, Gopal VVH, Raju TN. Inhibition of aldose reductase by Aegle marmelos and its protective role in diabetic cataract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:215-221. [PMID: 23827758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. (Aegle marmelos) leaves were extensively used in the Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha systems of Indian medicine as an anti-diabetic agent, which serves as hypoglycemic agent. However, the significance of this plant on secondary complications of diabetes such as cataract remained unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible anti-cataractous activity of Aegle marmelos against streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic cataract in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aegle marmelos leaf extract was prepared using three different solvents (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) and tested for inhibition against rat lens aldose reductase (AR), a key enzyme of polyol pathway. Furthermore, the pharmacological potential of Aegle marmelos extract was investigated against osmotic stress induced opacification of lens in ex vivo organ culture and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic cataract in rats. RESULTS Ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos inhibited rat lens AR in vitro with an IC50 value of ≈ 15 µg/ml. This extract also prevented the hyperglycemia induced increase in AR activity, sorbitol accumulation and opacification of rat lens in ex vivo lens organ culture. Supplementation of ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos to STZ-induced diabetic rats decreased the blood glucose levels due to hyperglycemia and inhibited the AR activity and delayed cataract progression in dose dependent manner. α-crystallin isolated from diabetic rats fed with Aegle marmelos showed improved chaperone activity than that of isolated from rats naïve to Aegle marmelos. CONCLUSION This study indicates that ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos has pharmacologically active components with a potential to inhibit rat lens AR and consequential decrease in osmotic stress. Besides this, the present study also demonstrates that the extract prevented loss of antioxidants contributing to the integrity of α-crystallin's chaperone activity and thereby delaying cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Sankeshi
- Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Puddick J, Prinsep MR, Wood SA, Miles CO, Rise F, Cary SC, Hamilton DP, Wilkins AL. Structural characterization of new microcystins containing tryptophan and oxidized tryptophan residues. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3025-45. [PMID: 23966035 PMCID: PMC3766880 DOI: 10.3390/md11083025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are cyclic peptides produced by cyanobacteria, which can be harmful to humans and animals when ingested. Eight of the (more than) 90 microcystin variants presently characterized, contain the amino acid tryptophan. The well-researched oxidation products of tryptophan; kynurenine, oxindolylalanine, and N-formylkynurenine, have been previously identified in intact polypeptides but microcystin congeners containing oxidized tryptophan moieties have not been reported. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of an extract of Microcystis CAWBG11 led to the tentative identification of two new tryptophan-containing microcystins (MC‑WAba and MC-WL), as well as eight other microcystin analogs containing kynurenine, oxindolylalanine and N‑formylkynurenine (Nfk). Investigation of one of these congeners (MC‑NfkA) by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to verify the presence of Nfk in the microcystin. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of a tryptophan oxidation experiment demonstrated that tryptophan-containing microcystins could be converted into oxidized tryptophan analogs and that low levels of oxidized tryptophan congeners were present intracellularly in CAWBG11. MC-NfkR and MC-LNfk were detected in standards of MC-WR and MC-LW, indicating that care during storage of tryptophan-containing microcystins is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; E-Mails: (J.P.); (S.A.W.)
| | - Michèle R. Prinsep
- Chemistry Department, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +64-78-384-466 (ext. 8902); Fax: +64-78-384-219
| | - Susanna A. Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; E-Mails: (J.P.); (S.A.W.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; E-Mails: (S.C.C.); (D.P.H.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Stephen Craig Cary
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; E-Mails: (S.C.C.); (D.P.H.)
| | - David P. Hamilton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; E-Mails: (S.C.C.); (D.P.H.)
| | - Alistair L. Wilkins
- Chemistry Department, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; E-Mail:
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; E-Mail:
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Zou M, Li Y, Wang J, Gao J, Wang Q, Wang B, Fan P. Spectroscopic studies on H2O2 damaging BSA induced by 1,2-dihydroxy-9, 10-anthraquinone-3-aminomethyl-N, N-diacetate-ferrous(III). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 112:206-213. [PMID: 23666356 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between 1,2-dihydroxy-9, 10-anthraquinone-3-aminomethyl-N, N-diacetate-Ferrous(III) (Alizarin-DA-Fe(III)) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by using UV-vis and fluorescence spectra. And then, the H2O2 damage of BSA induced by Alizarin-DA-Fe(III) was examined. The results show that due to the interaction the fluorescence of BSA solution can be obviously quenched by Alizarin-DA-Fe(III) and that the quenching process belongs to the static quenching. In addition, in the presence of Alizarin-DA-Fe(III) the BSA molecules were markedly damaged by H2O2. Meanwhile, the effects of the standing time, Alizarin-DA-Fe(III) concentration and H2O2 concentration on the damage of BSA molecules were also researched. The experimental results demonstrate that the damage degree increase with the increase of standing time, Alizarin-DA-Fe(III) concentration and H2O2 concentration. Finally, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from H2O2 induced by Alizarin-DA-Fe(III) as Fenton-like reagent was estimated by some quenchers. Because the Iminodiacetic-Ferrous(III) (IDA-Fe(III)) and Nitrilotriacetic-Ferrous(III) (NTA-Fe(III)) can be thought of as the active part of Alizarin-DA-Fe(III), they were used to compare the catalytic activity with Alizarin-DA-Fe(III). Owing to the special plane structure, the experiment results showed that the Alizarin-DA-Fe(III) exhibited higher damage ability than IDA-Fe(III) and NTA-Fe(III). Perhaps, the Alizarin-DA-Fe(III) may be used as a new antitumor compound to induce peroxides in body to kill cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zou
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
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Goto T, Murata K, Lee SH, Oe T. Complete amino acid sequencing and immunoaffinity clean-up can facilitate screening of various chemical modifications on human serum albumin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7383-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Functional proteomic approach to discover geographic variations of king cobra venoms from Southeast Asia and China. J Proteomics 2013; 89:141-53. [PMID: 23796489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study deciphers the geographic variations of king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom using functional proteomics. Pooled samples of king cobra venom (abbreviated as Ohv) were obtained from Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and two provinces of China, namely Guangxi and Hainan. Using two animal models to test and compare the lethal effects, we found that the Chinese Ohvs were more fatal to mice, while the Southeast Asian Ohvs were more fatal to lizards (Eutropis multifasciata). Various phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), three-finger toxins (3FTxs) and Kunitz-type inhibitors were purified from these Ohvs and compared. Besides the two Chinese Ohv PLA2s with known sequences, eight novel PLA2s were identified from the five Ohv samples and their antiplatelet activities were compared. While two 3FTxs (namely oh-55 and oh-27) were common in all the Ohvs, different sets of 3FTx markers were present in the Chinese and Southeast Asian Ohvs. All the Ohvs contain the Kunitz inhibitor, OH-TCI, while only the Chinese Ohvs contain the inhibitor variant, Oh11-1. Relative to the Chinese Ohvs which contained more phospholipases, the Southeast Asian Ohvs had higher metalloproteinase, acetylcholine esterase, and alkaline phosphatase activities. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Remarkable variations in five king cobra geographic samples reveal fast evolution and dynamic translational regulation of the venom which probably adapted to different prey ecology as testified by the lethal tests on mice and lizards. Our results predict possible variations of the king cobra envenoming to human and the importance of using local antivenin for snakebite treatment.
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Zou M, Zhang L, Wang J, Wang Q, Gao J, Fan P. Investigation on interaction and sonodynamic damage of fluorescein derivants to bovine serum albumin (BSA) under ultrasonic irradiation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 110:364-376. [PMID: 23583854 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescein derivants (Fluorescein: (2-(6-Hydroxy-3-oxo-(3H)-xanthen-9-yl) benzoic acid), Fluorescein-DA: (Bis [N,N-bis (carboxymethyl) aminomethyl] fluorescein) and Fluorescein-DA-Fe(III): (Bis [N,N-bis (carboxymethyl) aminomethyl] fluorescein-Ferrous(III)) with a tricyclic plane structure were used to study the interaction and sonodynamic damage to bovine serum albumin (BSA) under ultrasonic irradiation through fluorospectrometry and UV-vis spectrophotometry. Besides, because of the existence of Fe(III) ion in Fluorescein-DA-Fe(III), under ultrasonic irradiation the sonocatalytic activity in the damage of BSA molecules was also found. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra and three-dimensional fluorescence contour profile spectra were mentioned to determine the fluorescence quenching and the conformation change of BSA in the absence and presence of these fluorescein derivants. As judged from the experimental results, the fluorescence quenching of BSA in aqueous solution caused by these fluorescein derivants were all attributed to static quenching process. The damage degree and mode were related to some factors such as ultrasonic irradiation time, fluorescein derivant concentration and ionic strength. Finally, several quenchers were used to determine the amount and kind of generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) during sonodynamic and sonocatalytic reaction processes. It suggests that these fluorescein derivants induce protein damage via various ROS, at least, including singlet oxygen ((1)O2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH). Perhaps, this paper may offer some important subjects for broadening the application of these fluorescein derivants in sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and sonocatalytic therapy (SCT) technologies for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zou
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
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Facile method of quantification for oxidized tryptophan degradants of monoclonal antibody by mixed mode ultra performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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