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Ratajczak W, Laszczyńska M, Rył A, Dołęgowska B, Sipak O, Stachowska E, Słojewski M, Lubkowska A. Tissue immunoexpression of IL-6 and IL-18 in aging men with BPH and MetS and their relationship with lipid parameters and gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:10875-10896. [PMID: 37847180 PMCID: PMC10637784 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that inflammation is one of the causes of the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Inflammation may result from past infections, metabolic disorders, but also from the state of functioning of the intestinal microbiota. The aim of the study was to assess whether the diagnostic lipid parameters for metabolic syndrome and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are related to the immunoexpression of interleukins in prostate tissue with benign hyperplasia. The study involved 103 men with BPH, who were divided into two groups depending on the presence of MetS. We analysed tissue immunoexpression of two proinflammatory interleukins: IL-6, which is known to be involved in the development of BPH, and IL-18, which has not been analysed so far. The results of our study indicate that men with BPH + MetS in the stroma of the prostate have a significantly higher overall percentage of IL-6+ cells compared to men without MetS (p = 0.034). The analysis of IL-18 immunoexpression in prostate tissue indicated that in men with BPH + MetS, the glandular part of the prostate had a significantly higher percentage of cells with strong IL-18 expression (p = 0.040). We also noticed a relationship between tissue expression of IL-6 and IL-18 and lipid parameters (TG and HDL). We conclude that lipid disorders occurring in men with BPH increase inflammation in the prostate gland. Moreover, it has also been demonstrated for the first time that, indirectly, through SCFAs, the gut microbiota can act to prevent or create an inflammatory microenvironment in the prostate gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Ratajczak
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska, Szczecin 71-210, Poland
| | - Maria Laszczyńska
- Department of Nursing, State University of Applied Sciences, Leśna, Koszalin 75-582, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rył
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska, Szczecin 71-210, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich, Szczecin 70-111, Poland
| | - Olimpia Sipak
- Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska, Żołnierska, Szczecin 71-210, Poland
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego, Szczecin 71-460, Poland
| | - Marcin Słojewski
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich, Szczecin 70-111, Poland
| | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska, Szczecin 71-210, Poland
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2
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Consoli V, Burò I, Gulisano M, Castellano A, D'Amico AG, D'Agata V, Vanella L, Sorrenti V. Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antiangiogenic Activity of a Pomegranate Extract in BPH-1 Prostate Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10719. [PMID: 37445909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that develops from hyper-proliferation of the stromal and epithelium region. Activation of pathways involving inflammation and oxidative stress can contribute to cell proliferation in BPH and tumorigenesis. Agricultural-waste-derived extracts have drawn the attention of researchers as they represent a valid and sustainable way to exploit waste production. Indeed, such extracts are rich in bioactive compounds and can provide health-promoting effects. In particular, extracts obtained from pomegranate wastes and by-products have been shown to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study focused on the evaluation of the anti-angiogenic effects and chemopreventive action of a pomegranate extract (PWE) in cellular models of BPH. In our experimental conditions, we observed that PWE was able to significantly (p < 0.001) reduce the proliferation and migration rates (up to 60%), together with the clonogenic capacity of BPH-1 cells concomitantly with the reduction in inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, PGE2) and pro-angiogenic factor (VEGF-ADMA) release. Additionally, we demonstrated the ability of PWE in reducing angiogenesis in an in vitro model of BPH consisting in transferring BPH-1-cell-conditioned media to human endothelial H5V cells. Indeed, PWE was able to reduce tube formation in H5V cells through VEGF level reduction even at low concentrations. Overall, we confirmed that inhibition of angiogenesis may be an alternative therapeutic option to prevent neovascularization in prostate tissue with BPH and its transformation into malignant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Consoli
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- CERNUT-Research Centre for Nutraceuticals and Health Products, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Ilaria Burò
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Gulisano
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Castellano
- Mediterranean Nutraceutical Extracts (Medinutrex), Via Vincenzo Giuffrida 202, 95128 Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Vanella
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- CERNUT-Research Centre for Nutraceuticals and Health Products, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Sorrenti
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- CERNUT-Research Centre for Nutraceuticals and Health Products, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Naiyila X, Li J, Huang Y, Chen B, Zhu M, Li J, Chen Z, Yang L, Ai J, Wei Q, Liu L, Cao D. A Novel Insight into the Immune-Related Interaction of Inflammatory Cytokines in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051821. [PMID: 36902608 PMCID: PMC10003138 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common male condition that impacts many men's quality of life by generating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). In recent years, inflammation has become very common in the prostate, and BPH with inflammation has a higher International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) score and an enlarged prostate. Chronic inflammation leads to tissue damage and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of BPH. We will focus on current advancements in pro-inflammatory cytokines in BPH, as well as the future of pro-inflammatory cytokine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokaiti Naiyila
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinze Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengli Zhu
- Research Core Facility, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liangren Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (D.C.); Tel./Fax: +86-28-8542-2451 (L.L. & D.C.)
| | - Dehong Cao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (D.C.); Tel./Fax: +86-28-8542-2451 (L.L. & D.C.)
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Mao C, Ding Y, Xu N. A Double-Edged Sword Role of Cytokines in Prostate Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:688489. [PMID: 34868907 PMCID: PMC8635015 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.688489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common malignancies among men and is the second leading cause of cancer death. PC immunotherapy has taken relatively successful steps in recent years, and these treatments are still being developed and tested. Evidence suggests that immunotherapy using cytokines as essential mediators in the immune system may help treat cancer. It has been shown that cytokines play an important role in anti-tumor defense. On the other hand, other cytokines can also favor the tumor and suppress anti-tumor responses. Moreover, the dose of cytokine in cancer cytokine-based immunotherapy, as well as the side effects of high doses, can also affect the outcomes of treatment. Cytokines can also be determinative in the outcome of other immunotherapy methods used in PC. In this review, the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cancer and their impacts on the main types of immunotherapies in the treatment of PC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Mao
- Department of Medical Oncology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nong Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Liu CP, Chen ZD, Ye ZY, He DY, Dang Y, Li ZW, Wang L, Ren M, Fan ZJ, Liu HX. Therapeutic Applications of Functional Nanomaterials for Prostatitis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:685465. [PMID: 34140892 PMCID: PMC8205439 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.685465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostatitis is a common disease in adult males, with characteristics of a poor treatment response and easy recurrence, which seriously affects the patient's quality of life. The prostate is located deep in the pelvic cavity, and thus a traditional infusion or other treatment methods are unable to easily act directly on the prostate, leading to poor therapeutic effects. Therefore, the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies has become a research hotspot in the field of prostatitis treatment. In recent years, nanomaterials have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various infectious diseases. Nanotechnology is a promising tool for 1) the accurate diagnosis of diseases; 2) improving the targeting of drug delivery systems; 3) intelligent, controlled drug release; and 4) multimode collaborative treatment, which is expected to be applied in the diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis. Nanotechnology is attracting attention in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of prostatitis. However, as a new research area, systematic reviews on the application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis are still lacking. In this mini-review, we will highlight the treatment approaches for and challenges associated with prostatitis and describe the advantages of functional nanoparticles in improving treatment effectiveness and overcoming side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-De Chen
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Yan Ye
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Yue He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Dang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Ren
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Jin Fan
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Xing Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Liu CP, Chen ZD, Ye ZY, He DY, Dang Y, Li ZW, Wang L, Ren M, Fan ZJ, Liu HX. Therapeutic Applications of Functional Nanomaterials for Prostatitis. Front Pharmacol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.685465
expr 881861845 + 830625731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostatitis is a common disease in adult males, with characteristics of a poor treatment response and easy recurrence, which seriously affects the patient’s quality of life. The prostate is located deep in the pelvic cavity, and thus a traditional infusion or other treatment methods are unable to easily act directly on the prostate, leading to poor therapeutic effects. Therefore, the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies has become a research hotspot in the field of prostatitis treatment. In recent years, nanomaterials have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various infectious diseases. Nanotechnology is a promising tool for 1) the accurate diagnosis of diseases; 2) improving the targeting of drug delivery systems; 3) intelligent, controlled drug release; and 4) multimode collaborative treatment, which is expected to be applied in the diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis. Nanotechnology is attracting attention in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of prostatitis. However, as a new research area, systematic reviews on the application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis are still lacking. In this mini-review, we will highlight the treatment approaches for and challenges associated with prostatitis and describe the advantages of functional nanoparticles in improving treatment effectiveness and overcoming side effects.
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7
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Kushwaha B, Devi A, Maikhuri JP, Rajender S, Gupta G. Inflammation driven tumor-like signaling in prostatic epithelial cells by sexually transmitted Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J Urol 2020; 28:225-240. [PMID: 33251708 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the sequence of inflammation-driven signaling cascades and other molecular events that might cause tumor-like transformation of prostatic cells. METHODS Cytokine array analysis, Reactome and STRING analysis, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms governing inflammation-driven adverse changes in human prostatic cells caused by the sexually transmitted infection, Trichomonas vaginalis, resulting in prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. RESULTS Array analysis showed upregulation of 23 cytokines within 24 h of infection of human prostatic epithelial RWPE-1 cells with the parasite, in vitro. Reactome and STRING analysis of array data identified interleukin-6, interleukin-8, nuclear factor kappa B, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and cyclooxygenase 2 as chief instigators of prostatic anomaly, which were found to be significantly upregulated by immunofluorescence and western blotting analyses. STRING further connected these instigators with macrophage migration inhibitory factor, PIM-1 and prostate-specific antigen; which was confirmed by their marked stimulation in infected prostatic cells by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. Upregulated proliferation markers, such as Ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and B-cell lymphoma 2, suggested tumor-like signaling in infected RWPE-1 cells, which was further supported by downregulation of E-cadherin, upregulation of vimentin and activation of focal adhesion kinase. Prostate tumor DU145 cells were more sensitive to parasite invasion, and showed rapid upregulation with nuclear translocation of sensitive parameters, such as nuclear factor kappa B, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor. The migration of DU145 cells augmented when incubated in spent media from parasite-infected RWPE-1 cells. CONCLUSION The initiation of inflammation driven tumor-like cell signaling in parasite-infected human prostatic epithelial cells is apparent, with the prostate tumor (DU145) cells being more sensitive to T. vaginalis than normal (RWPE-1) prostatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Kushwaha
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Archana Devi
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Jagdamba P Maikhuri
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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8
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Zendehdel A, Ansari M, Khatami F, Mansoursamaei S, Dialameh H. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:3325-3331. [PMID: 33213976 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammation and proliferation are the cause of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and are the key components of its mechanism of action. In this study we sought to determine the role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in BPH, because of its anti-inflammatory activities, and its effect on prostate volume and BPH symptoms. METHODS This randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted on 108 participants >50 years of age who had either asymptomatic or mild BPH symptoms according to the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, intervention and control. The intervention group received 50 000 units of vitamin D3 and the control group received a placebo every two weeks for six months. Prostate ultrasound, routine clinical examinations, toucher rectal (TR), and laboratory tests were performed for all patients. After six months, the patients underwent another ultrasound evaluation, measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and completed the IPSS. Results of the evaluations before and after the intervention were compared between the groups using the chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression analysis. Repeated measure analysis was used to evaluate the effect of vitamin D intervention on the changes in the IPSS score. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 56 ± 9 years. In the control group, the mean prostate volume was higher compared to the intervention group (p < 0.001). The control group had a higher mean PSA level than the intervention group (p < 0.001). Although the IPSS score decreased over time in both groups, analysis of variance showed that the amount of change or decrease in IPSS score in the intervention group was significantly more than the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study support the effect of vitamin D in reducing prostate volume and PSA levels, and in improving BPH symptoms. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings to verify the use of vitamin D as a treatment for BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Zendehdel
- Geriatrics Department, Associate Professor of Internal Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Family Medicine Department, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ansari
- Radiology Department, Amir al-Momenin Hospital, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Khatami
- Community Medicine Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Family Medicine Department, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shapour Mansoursamaei
- Family Medicine Department, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Dialameh
- Department of Urology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present historical and contemporary hypotheses on the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and the potential implications for current medical therapies. METHODS The literature on BPH was reviewed. BPH is a prevalent disease with significant health and economic impacts on patients and health organisations across the world, whilst the cause/initiation of the disease process has still not been fully determined. RESULTS In BPH, pathways involving androgens, oestrogens, insulin, inflammation, proliferative reawakening, stem cells and telomerase have been hypothesised in the pathogenesis of the disease. A number of pathways first described >40 years ago have been first rebuked and then have come back into favour. A system of an inflammatory process within the prostate, which leads to growth factor production, stem cell activation, and cellular proliferation encompassing a number of pathways, is currently in vogue. This review also highlights the physiology of the prostate cell subpopulations and how this may account for the delay/failure in treatment response for certain medical therapies. CONCLUSION BPH is an important disease, and as the pathogenesis is not fully understood it impacts the effectiveness of medical therapies. This impacts patients, with further research potentially highlighting novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor M Devlin
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.,Urology Department, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK
| | | | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
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10
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Meng Y, Yu W, Liu Z, Zhang M, Chen Y, Li S, Fan Y, Hu S, Zhang K, Zhang Q, Jin J. The inflammation patterns of different inflammatory cells in histological structures of hyperplasic prostatic tissues. Transl Androl Urol 2020; 9:1639-1649. [PMID: 32944525 PMCID: PMC7475681 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The distribution characteristics of inflammatory cells in hyperplastic prostatic tissue and its influences on disease development remain unknown. We aimed to explore the infiltration characteristics of different inflammatory cells in histological structures of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in combination with clinical data. Methods The present study included 76 cases of BPH patients underwent transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to identify the degree of general inflammation in prostatic tissues. The infiltration of T-lymphocytes (CD3), B-lymphocytes (CD20), and macrophages (CD68) were recorded by immunohistochemistry. Results The present study included 76 BPH patients with the mean age of 69.5 years old (range, 49-83 years) and the mean prostate volume of 91.9 mL (range, 24-218 mL). Periglandular inflammation was the most common pattern, being presented in 94.7% (72/76) patients, followed by stromal inflammation (67/76, 88.2%) and glandular inflammation (57/76, 75.0%). However, the stroma presented the highest rate of severe inflammation (14.6%). And the grades of glandular inflammation and stromal inflammation were independently correlated with prostate volume. T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and macrophages had different infiltrated patterns in histological structures of prostate. And stromal hyperplasia dominated BPH was only significantly correlated with the T-lymphocytes infiltration condition (P=0.001). Meanwhile, overweight patients had more severe glandular inflammation in the prostate (P=0.010). The grade of glandular inflammation could independently increase prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Conclusions We characterized infiltrated patterns of different inflammatory cells in histological structures of hyperplasic prostatic tissues from surgically treated BPH specimens. The role of inflammation in BPH development was highlighted by its correlation with the prostate volume, metabolism and PSA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisen Meng
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Muqiu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuke Chen
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobo Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing, China
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11
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Benign prostate hyperplasia and nutrition. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 33:5-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Liu LC, Lin YH, Lin YC, Ho CT, Hung CM, Way TDER, Bau DAT. Banana Flower Extract Suppresses Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Regulating the Inflammatory Response and Inducing G 1 Cell-cycle Arrest. In Vivo 2019; 32:1373-1379. [PMID: 30348691 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The banana flower is used for ameliorating urinary disturbance. However, there is limited evidence to support the efficacy or mechanism of action of banana flower against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In the present study, the anti-BPH activity and mechanisms of banana flower extracts were investigated in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The banana flower extract is a water-soluble extract obtained by sonication. MTT assay was used to examine whether banana flower extract exhibited cytotoxic effects on BPH-1 cells. The effect of banana flower extract on cell-cycle distribution was examined by flow cytometry. The expression of cell-cycle-regulatory molecules was determined by western blot analysis. Testosterone propionate (TP)-induced rat model of BPH was used to evaluate the anti-BPH activity of banana flower extract in vivo. RESULTS Banana flower extract reduced epithelial cell line BPH-1 cell viability through cell-cycle arrest at G1 phase. Moreover, banana flower extract reduced the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 6, while it increased the expression of p53 and p27. Interestingly, banana flower extract suppressed BPH-related inflammatory responses through suppressing cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production. Finally, banana flower extract administered orally to male rats reduced prostatic weight and serum dihydrotestosterone level, and improved prostate gland morphology. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed that banana flower extract contains citric acid, taurine, pantothenic acid and nicotinic acid components. In summary, banana flower extract may be used as a therapeutic agent for BPH via anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chih Liu
- Department of Surgery, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | | | - Ying-Chao Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung Branch, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Chao-Ming Hung
- Department of General Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzong-DER Way
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - DA-Tian Bau
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Xu D, Chen P, Xiao H, Wang X, DiSanto ME, Zhang X. Upregulated Interleukin 21 Receptor Enhances Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Process in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:4. [PMID: 30728806 PMCID: PMC6351785 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Interleukins (ILs) and related chronic inflammation have been found to contribute to the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in recent decades. As a late member of the ILs family, IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) can modulate cell proliferation, however, IL-21R activity in the prostate has not been examined. The current study aimed to elucidate a potential role of IL-21R in the development of BPH. Material and Methods: Human prostate tissues, cell lines and rats were used. QRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry, along with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and immunofluorescent staining were performed. BPH-1 cells with IL-21R silenced were cultured or co-cultured with macrophages (active THP-1, AcTHP-1). Apoptosis and cell cycle phases were determined via flow cytometry. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes were also examined. In vivo, rat prostatitis was induced with intraprostatic injected lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results: IL-21R was highly expressed in human as well as rat prostate, mainly in the epithelial compartment. BPH concomitant with prostatitis significantly upregulated the expression of IL-21R. Knockdown of IL-21R induced cell apoptosis and cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, and blocked the EMT process in BPH-1 cells. When IL-21R silenced BPH-1 cells were co-cultured with AcTHP-1 cells, these aforementioned processes and IL-21R change were completely reversed. Prostatic hyperplasia was observed with IL-21R upregulated in LPS induced prostatitis rats. More specifically, the expression of apoptosis, cyclin, and EMT proteins in this rat model are altered in a manner consistent with that seen in the cell line model. Conclusions: Our novel data demonstrates the expression and functional activities of IL-21R in the mechanism for development of BPH. IL-21R mainly localized in prostate epithelium and it was upregulated in hyperplastic prostate tissues. IL-21R enhanced proliferation of BPH-1 cells, via inhibiting cell apoptosis, and modulating cell cycles, as well as the EMT process, in response to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - He Xiao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael E. DiSanto
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Zhang
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Rivera Del Alamo MM, Díaz-Lobo M, Busquets S, Rodríguez-Gil JE, Fernández-Novell JM. Specific expression pattern of tissue cytokines analyzed through the Surface Acoustic Wave technique is associated with age-related spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 14:26-34. [PMID: 29872731 PMCID: PMC5986627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study reported herein was to evaluate the suitability of the Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) technique as a possible diagnostic tool in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Moreover, for the first time, the BPH model was a totally physiological using naturally aged rats with spontaneous, age-related BPH instead of the pharmacologically induced models usually used. Eighteen male Wistar rats were distributed according to their age: 6 weeks (young), 12 weeks (adult) and 12 months (old) old. Prostate gland was removed and analyzed by mini-arrays, Western blotting (WB) and SAW techniques. Mini-arrays indicated that there were significant differences in the expression of 29/34 inflammation-related cytokines. WB was carried out to confirm the results after selection of 4 cytokines from which one showed no changes, namely PDGF-AA, and the other three, which significantly increase in older animals, were CD86, β-NGF and VEGF. Notwithstanding, WB of old rats yielded confusing results due to an anomalous migration of proteins, dismissing this technique as an useful tool in these animals. Accurate results in old rats were uniquely obtained by using the SAW technique. Thus, SAW analysis showed that there were not differences among groups in the amount of PDGF-AA. On the contrary, SAW analysis showed that amounts of CD86, β-NGF and VEGF in old rats were 2.0, 1.9 and 5.7-fold higher than that from young ones, respectively. These results indicate that SAW is a highly accurate technique for determining changes in the cytokines expression in BPH. Diagnosis of prostate alterations can be improved by using the SAW technique. Study of prostate alterations can be optimized by using an age-related animal model. VEGF is a sensitive marker of bening prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Rivera Del Alamo
- Dept. de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Mireia Díaz-Lobo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Busquets
- Dept. Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular. Facultat de Biologia. Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan E Rodríguez-Gil
- Dept. de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Josep M Fernández-Novell
- Dept. Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular. Facultat de Biologia. Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Tepedelen BE, Soya E, Korkmaz M. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate reduces the proliferation of benign prostatic hyperplasia cells via regulation of focal adhesions. Life Sci 2017; 191:74-81. [PMID: 29032114 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urological disease that is characterized by the excessive growth of prostatic epithelial and stromal cells. Pharmacological therapy for BPH has limited use due to the many side effects so there is a need for new agents including natural compounds such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). This study was undertaken to assess the role of EGCG, suppressing the formation of BPH by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, in cytoskeleton organization and ECM interactions via focal adhesions. MAIN METHODS We performed MTT assay to investigate cell viability of BPH-1 cells, wound healing assay to examine cell migration, immunofluorescence assay for F-actin organization and paxillin distribution and finally immunoblotting to investigate focal adhesion protein levels in the presence and absence of EGCG. KEY FINDINGS We found that EGCG inhibits cell proliferation at the concentration of 89.12μM, 21.2μM and 2.39μM for 24, 48 and 72h, respectively as well as inhibitory effects of EGCG on BPH-1 cell migration were observed in a wound healing assay. Furthermore, it was determined by immunofluorescence labeling that EGCG disrupts F-actin organization and reduces paxillin distribution. Additionally, EGCG decreases the activation of FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) and the levels of paxillin, RhoA (Ras homolog gene family, member A), Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42) and PAK1 (p21 protein-activated kinase 1) in a dose-dependent manner. SIGNIFICANCE For the first time, by this study, we found evidence that BPH-1 cell proliferation could be inhibited with EGCG through the disruption of cytoskeleton organization and ECM interactions. Consequently, EGCG might be useful in the prevention and treatment of diseases characterized by excessive cell proliferation such as BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Erbaykent Tepedelen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Arts and Science, Uludağ University, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Elif Soya
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45030, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Korkmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45030, Turkey.
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16
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Bushman WA, Jerde TJ. The role of prostate inflammation and fibrosis in lower urinary tract symptoms. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F817-F821. [PMID: 27440781 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00602.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in aging men are extremely common. They have historically been attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), enlargement of the prostate, and bladder outlet obstruction. However, recent studies have revealed acute and chronic inflammation to be highly associated with LUTS, correlated with prostatic enlargement, and implicated as a cause of prostatic fibrosis that contributes to bladder outlet obstruction. This review examines the evidence implicating inflammation and fibrosis in BPH/LUTS. It identifies potential mechanisms by which inflammation may drive nociceptive signaling as well as hyperplastic growth and fibrosis and identifies targets for pharmacological intervention. This is a promising area for research and development of novel therapies to prevent or more effectively treat LUTS in aging men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade A Bushman
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Travis J Jerde
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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17
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Engelhardt PF, Seklehner S, Brustmann H, Lusuardi L, Riedl CR. Immunohistochemical expression of interleukin-2 receptor and interleukin-6 in patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Association with asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis NIH category IV. Scand J Urol 2014; 49:120-6. [DOI: 10.3109/21681805.2014.971427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Androgen receptor and immune inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:935-950. [PMID: 26594314 DOI: 10.4155/cli.14.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Both benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) are frequent diseases in middle-aged to elderly men worldwide. While both diseases are linked to abnormal growth of the prostate, the epidemiological and pathological features of these two prostate diseases are different. BPH nodules typically arise from the transitional zone, and, in contrast, PCa arises from the peripheral zone. Androgen deprivation therapy alone may not be sufficient to cure these two prostatic diseases due to its undesirable side effects. The alteration of androgen receptor-mediated inflammatory signals from infiltrating immune cells and prostate stromal/epithelial cells may play key roles in those unwanted events. Herein, this review will focus on the roles of androgen/androgen receptor signals in the inflammation-induced progression of BPH and PCa.
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19
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Bardan R, Dumache R, Dema A, Cumpanas A, Bucuras V. The role of prostatic inflammation biomarkers in the diagnosis of prostate diseases. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:909-15. [PMID: 24560954 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) are chronic conditions, which are hormone-dependent and epidemiologically associated with prostate inflammation. As a large number of studies have demonstrated, the stimulation of T-cells at the level of prostatic chronic inflammatory infiltrates is followed by stromal and epithelial cell proliferation. The aim of this review is to present the actual level of knowledge in the field of prostatic immune response and chronic inflammation, and to analyze the relationships between chronic inflammation and BPH/PCa. The most studied prostatic inflammation biomarkers detected in biological fluids are also presented, together with their potential roles in the diagnosis and prognosis of prostatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan Bardan
- Department of Urology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Raluca Dumache
- Department of Biochemistry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alis Dema
- Department of Pathology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alin Cumpanas
- Department of Urology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Viorel Bucuras
- Department of Urology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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20
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The senescence-associated secretory phenotype promotes benign prostatic hyperplasia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:721-31. [PMID: 24434012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by increased tissue mass in the transition zone of the prostate, which leads to obstruction of urine outflow and considerable morbidity in a majority of older men. Senescent cells accumulate in human tissues, including the prostate, with increasing age. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines is increased in these senescent cells, a manifestation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Multiplex analysis revealed that multiple cytokines are increased in BPH, including GM-CSF, IL-1α, and IL-4, and that these are also increased in senescent prostatic epithelial cells in vitro. Tissue levels of these cytokines were correlated with a marker of senescence (cathepsin D), which was also strongly correlated with prostate weight. IHC analysis revealed the multifocal epithelial expression of cathepsin D and coexpression with IL-1α in BPH tissues. In tissue recombination studies in nude mice with immortalized prostatic epithelial cells expressing IL-1α and prostatic stromal cells, both epithelial and stromal cells exhibited increased growth. Expression of IL-1α in prostatic epithelial cells in a transgenic mouse model resulted in increased prostate size and bladder obstruction. In summary, both correlative and functional evidence support the hypothesis that the senescence-associated secretory phenotype can promote the development of BPH, which is the single most common age-related pathology in older men.
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21
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Penna G, Fibbi B, Maggi M, Adorini L. Prostate autoimmunity: from experimental models to clinical counterparts. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 5:577-86. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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23
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Lai KP, Huang CK, Fang LY, Izumi K, Lo CW, Wood R, Kindblom J, Yeh S, Chang C. Targeting stromal androgen receptor suppresses prolactin-driven benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1617-31. [PMID: 23893956 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal-epithelial interaction plays a pivotal role to mediate the normal prostate growth, the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer development. Until now, the stromal androgen receptor (AR) functions in the BPH development, and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we used a genetic knockout approach to ablate stromal fibromuscular (fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) AR in a probasin promoter-driven prolactin transgenic mouse model (Pb-PRL tg mice) that could spontaneously develop prostate hyperplasia to partially mimic human BPH development. We found Pb-PRL tg mice lacking stromal fibromuscular AR developed smaller prostates, with more marked changes in the dorsolateral prostate lobes with less proliferation index. Mechanistically, prolactin mediated hyperplastic prostate growth involved epithelial-stromal interaction through epithelial prolactin/prolactin receptor signals to regulate granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor expression to facilitate stromal cell growth via sustaining signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 activity. Importantly, the stromal fibromuscular AR could modulate such epithelial-stromal interacting signals. Targeting stromal fibromuscular AR with the AR degradation enhancer, ASC-J9(®), led to the reduction of prostate size, which could be used in future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Pao Lai
- George Whipple Distinguished University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, New York 14642.
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Gandaglia G, Briganti A, Gontero P, Mondaini N, Novara G, Salonia A, Sciarra A, Montorsi F. The role of chronic prostatic inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BJU Int 2013; 112:432-41. [PMID: 23650937 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several different stimuli may induce chronic prostatic inflammation, which in turn would lead to tissue damage and continuous wound healing, thus contributing to prostatic enlargement. Patients with chronic inflammation and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have been shown to have larger prostate volumes, more severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and a higher probability of acute urinary retention than their counterparts without inflammation. Chronic inflammation could be a predictor of poor response to BPH medical treatment. Thus, the ability to identify patients with chronic inflammation would be crucial to prevent BPH progression and develop target therapies. Although the histological examination of prostatic tissue remains the only available method to diagnose chronic inflammation, different parameters, such as prostatic calcifications, prostate volume, LUTS severity, storage and prostatitis-like symptoms, poor response to medical therapies and urinary biomarkers, have been shown to be correlated with chronic inflammation. The identification of patients with BPH and chronic inflammation might be crucial in order to develop target therapies to prevent BPH progression. In this context, clinical, imaging and laboratory parameters might be used alone or in combination to identify patients that harbour chronic prostatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gandaglia
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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25
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Pace G, Di Massimo C, De Amicis D, Vicentini C, Ciancarelli MGT. Inflammation and endothelial activation in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Int Braz J Urol 2012; 37:617-22. [PMID: 22099274 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382011000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Emerging insights underline a link among chronic inflammation and endothelial activation with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). We aim to investigate whether specific plasma markers of inflammation and endothelial activation allow to discriminate BPH and PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen patients affected by BPH, 15 by PCa and 15 controls, were enrolled. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), CD40 ligand (CD40L), endothelial-selectin (E-selectin), platelet-selectin (P-selectin), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured. RESULTS In systemic blood samples, IL-6 has been found increased in patients affected by BPH (4.25 ± 0. pg/mL) and PCa (5.08 ± 0.24) respect to controls (2.62 ± 0.34; p < 0.05). CD40L was higher in BPH (4.25 ± 0.65 ng/mL; p < 0.05) than in control (2.31 ± 0.20) and PCa group (2.60 ± 0.56). E-selectin, P-selectin and VCAM-1 did not show any significant difference. Higher levels of ICAM-1 were detected in patients with PCa (573.04 ± 52.23) and BPH (564.40 ± 74.67) than in the controls (215.30 ± 11.53 ng/mL; p < 0.05). In local blood samples, IL-6 has been found significantly increased in PCa in comparison with patients with BPH; there was no difference in CD40L, E-selectin, P-selectin, VCAM-1 ed ICAM-1. CONCLUSIONS Changes in inflammation and endothelial activation markers may be not considered to be of value in discriminating BPH and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Pace
- Department of Health Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Italy.
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Chen J, Xiong CM, Song SS, Han P, Ruan JL. Fraction of macroporous resin from Smilax china L. inhibits testosterone propionate-induced prostatic hyperplasia in castrated rats. J Med Food 2012; 15:646-50. [PMID: 22510101 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a fraction of macroporous resin (FMR), a bioactive component of Smilax china L., on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in castrated rats induced by testosterone propionate. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: the negative control group (sham-operated), the model group, two FMR-treated groups (at doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg of body weight), and the positive control group (treated with finasteride at the dose of 3 mg/kg). Drugs were administered once a day for three consecutive weeks by gastric gavage. Prostates were weighed, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels in serum were determined, and histopathological examinations were carried out. FMR treatment inhibited prostatic hyperplasia, reducing the DHT level in serum and improving the prostate gland morphology compared with the model group. The overall results of this study suggest that FMR is effective at inhibiting experimentally induced prostate enlargement, and it presents a valuable resource for the treatment of human BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resources Evaluation of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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27
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Yang YJ, Chuang CC, Yang HB, Lu CC, Sheu BS. Lactobacillus acidophilus ameliorates H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation by inactivating the Smad7 and NFκB pathways. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:38. [PMID: 22429929 PMCID: PMC3340303 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background H. pylori infection may trigger Smad7 and NFκB expression in the stomach, whereas probiotics promote gastrointestinal health and improve intestinal inflammation caused by pathogens. This study examines if probiotics can improve H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation by inactivating the Smad7 and NFκB pathways. Results Challenge with H. pylori increased IL-8 and TNF-α expressions but not TGF-β1 in MKN45 cells. The RNA levels of Smad7 in AGS cells increased after H. pylori infection in a dose-dependent manner. A higher dose (MOI 100) of L. acidophilus pre-treatment attenuated the H. pylori-induced IL-8 expressions, but not TGF-β1. Such anti-inflammatory effect was mediated via increased cytoplasmic IκBα and depletion of nuclear NFκB. L. acidophilus also inhibited H. pylori-induced Smad7 transcription by inactivating the Jak1 and Stat1 pathways, which might activate the TGF-β1/Smad pathway. L. acidophilus pre-treatment ameliorated IFN-γ-induced Smad7 translation level and subsequently reduced nuclear NF-κB production, as detected by western blotting. Conclusions H. pylori infection induces Smad7, NFκB, IL-8, and TNF-α production in vitro. Higher doses of L. acidophilus pre-treatment reduce H. pylori-induced inflammation through the inactivation of the Smad7 and NFκB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Jong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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28
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Tokmadžić VS, Tomaš MI, Sotošek S, Laškarin G, Dominović M, Tulić V, Dorđević G, Sustić A, Mrakovčić-Šutić I. Different perforin expression in peripheral blood and prostate tissue in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:368-76. [PMID: 21535078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Perforin (P) is a prototypical cytotoxic molecule involved in cell-mediated immunity against various pathogens, alloantigens and particularly different tumours. The purpose of this study was to determine P expression in different lymphocyte subpopulations isolated from peripheral blood and prostate tissue of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) and compare it with the P expression found in the control group. Twenty subjects were recruited in each of the groups. Prostate mononuclear cells of the BPH and PCa tissues were isolated by enzymatic digestion and gradient density centrifugation, whereas peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by gradient density centrifugation alone. Cells and tissue samples were labelled using monoclonal antibodies against P and different surface antigens (CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD56) and analysed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Total P expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes did not differ significantly between BPH/PCa patients and control group, although the BPH and PCa tissue showed lower P expression level. A negative correlation between prostate-specific antigen levels and the overall percentage of P(+), CD3(+) CD56(-) P(+) , and CD3(-) CD56(+) P(+) cells in the prostate tissue was observed only in patients with PCa. Our findings indicate that the low frequency of P(+) lymphocytes, including T, NKT and NK cells, in the prostate tissue of patients with BPH and, particularly, PCa could be the consequence of local tissue microenvironment and one of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of prostate hyperplasia following malignant alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Tokmadžić
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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Mengus C, Le Magnen C, Trella E, Yousef K, Bubendorf L, Provenzano M, Bachmann A, Heberer M, Spagnoli GC, Wyler S. Elevated levels of circulating IL-7 and IL-15 in patients with early stage prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2011; 9:162. [PMID: 21943235 PMCID: PMC3191336 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammation has been suggested to favour prostate cancer (PCA) development. Interleukins (IL) represent essential inflammation mediators. IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21, sharing a common receptor γ chain (c-γ), control T lymphocyte homeostasis and proliferation and play major roles in regulating cancer-immune system interactions. We evaluated local IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 gene expression in prostate tissues from patients with early stage PCA or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As control, we used IL-6 gene, encoding an IL involved in PCA progression. IL-6, IL-7 and IL-15 titres were also measured in patients' sera. Methods Eighty patients with BPH and 79 with early (1 to 2c) stage PCA were enrolled. Gene expression in prostate tissues was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Serum IL concentrations and acute phase protein titres were evaluated by ELISA. Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon and χ2 tests were used to compare IL gene expression and serum titers in the two groups of patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the possibility to distinguish sera from different groups of patients based on IL titers. Results IL-2 and IL-21 gene expression was comparably detectable, with low frequency and at low extents, in PCA and BPH tissues. In contrast, IL-6, IL-7 and IL-15 genes were expressed more frequently (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0047 and p = 0.0085, respectively) and to significantly higher extents (p = 0.0051, p = 0.0310 and p = 0.0205, respectively) in early stage PCA than in BPH tissues. Corresponding proteins could be detected to significantly higher amounts in sera from patients with localized PCA, than in those from patients with BPH (p = 0.0153, p = 0.0174 and p = 0.0064, respectively). Analysis of ROC curves indicates that IL-7 (p = 0.0039), but not IL-6 (p = 0.2938) or IL-15 (p = 0.1804) titres were able to distinguish sera from patients with malignancy from those from patients with benign disease. Serum titres of C reactive (CRP), high mobility group B1 (HMGB1) and serum amyloid A (SAA) acute phase proteins were similar in both groups of patients. Conclusions Expression IL-7 and IL-15 genes in prostate tissues and corresponding serum titres are significantly increased in patients with early stage PCA as compared with patients with BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Mengus
- ICFS, Department of Surgery, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
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30
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McLaren ID, Jerde TJ, Bushman W. Role of interleukins, IGF and stem cells in BPH. Differentiation 2011; 82:237-43. [PMID: 21864972 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia may be defined as a benign enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from a proliferation of both benign epithelial and stromal elements. It might also be defined clinically as a constellation of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs) in aging men. The purpose of this review is to consider the ways in which inflammatory cytokines belonging to the interleukin family, members of the IFG family, and stem cells may contribute to the development and progression of BPH-LUTS. This might occur in three mechanisms: One, interleukin signaling, IFG signaling and stem cells may contribute to reactivation of developmental growth mechanisms in the adult prostate leading to tissue growth. Two, given that epidemiologic studies indicate an increased incidence of BPH-LUTS in association with obesity and diabetes, IFG signaling may provide the mechanistic basis for the effect of diabetes and obesity on prostate growth. Three, expression of interleukins in association with inflammation in the prostate may induce sensitization of afferent fibers innervating the prostate and result in increased sensitivity to pain and noxious sensations in the prostate and bladder and heightened sensitivity to bladder filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D McLaren
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common condition affecting men older than 50 years of age. It affects about 10 percent of men under the age of 40, and increases to about 80 percent by 80 years of age. BPH is a hyperplastic process of the fibromuscular stromal and glandular epithelial elements of the prostate. Aging and the presence of the functional testes are the two established risk factors for the development of BPH. The etiopathogenesis of BPH is still largely unresolved, but multiple partially overlapping and complementary theories have been proposed, all of which seem to be operative at least to some extent. This review is focused on recent progress in this area and on the growing consensus for the important mechanisms underlying the etiology and pathogenesis of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, P. R, China
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Schauer IG, Rowley DR. The functional role of reactive stroma in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation 2011; 82:200-10. [PMID: 21664759 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human prostate gland is one of the only internal organs that continue to enlarge throughout adulthood. The specific mechanisms that regulate this growth, as well as the pathological changes leading to the phenotype observed in the disease benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), are essentially unknown. Recent studies and their associated findings have made clear that many complex alterations occur, involving persistent and chronic inflammation, circulating hormonal level deregulation, and aberrant wound repair processes. BPH has been etiologically characterized as a progressive, albeit discontinuous, hyperplasia of both the glandular epithelial and the stromal cell compartments coordinately yielding an expansion of the prostate gland and clinical symptoms. Interestingly, the inflammatory and repair responses observed in BPH are also key components of general wound repair in post-natal tissues. These responses include altered expression of chemokines, cytokines, matrix remodeling factors, chronic inflammatory processes, altered immune surveillance and recognition, as well as the formation of a prototypical 'reactive' stroma, which is similar to that observed across various fibroplasias and malignancies of a variety of tissue sites. Stromal tissue, both embryonic mesenchyme and adult reactive stroma myofibroblasts, has been shown to exert potent and functional regulatory control over epithelial proliferation and differentiation as well as immunoresponsive modulation. Thus, the functional biology of a reactive stroma, within the context of an adult disease typified by epithelial and stromal aberrant hyperplasia, is critical to understand within the context of prostate disease and beyond. The mechanisms that regulate reactive stroma biology in BPH represent targets of opportunity for new therapeutic approaches that may extend to other tissue contexts. Accordingly, this review seeks to address the dissection of important factors, signaling pathways, genes, and other regulatory components that mediate the interplay between epithelium and stromal responses in BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah G Schauer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, One Baylor Plaza, Jewish Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, 325D, mailstop BCM130, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Jiang M, Strand DW, Franco OE, Clark PE, Hayward SW. PPARγ: a molecular link between systemic metabolic disease and benign prostate hyperplasia. Differentiation 2011; 82:220-36. [PMID: 21645960 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergent epidemic of metabolic syndrome and its complex list of sequelae mandate a more thorough understanding of benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH/LUTS) in the context of systemic metabolic disease. Here we discuss the nature and origins of BPH, examine its role as a component of LUTS and review retrospective clinical studies that have drawn associations between BPH/LUTS and type II diabetes, inflammation and dyslipidemia. PPARγ signaling, which sits at the nexus of systemic metabolic disease and BPH/LUTS through its regulation of inflammation and insulin resistance, is proposed as a candidate for molecular manipulation in regard to BPH/LUTS. Finally, we introduce new cell and animal models that are being used to study the consequences of obesity, diabetes and inflammation on benign prostatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Rick FG, Schally AV, Block NL, Halmos G, Perez R, Fernandez JB, Vidaurre I, Szalontay L. LHRH antagonist Cetrorelix reduces prostate size and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors in a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 2011; 71:736-47. [PMID: 20945403 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent findings suggest that BPH has an inflammatory component. Clinical trials have documented that therapy with LHRH antagonist Cetrorelix causes a marked and prolonged improvement in LUTS in men with symptomatic BPH. We investigated the mechanism of action and effect of Cetrorelix in a rat model of BPH. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were used. BPH was induced in rats by subcutaneous injections of TE 2 mg/day for 4 weeks. Control animals received injections of corn oil. After induction of BPH, rats received depot Cetrorelix pamoate at the doses of 0.625, 1.25, and 12.5 mg/kg on days 1 and 22 and TE-control rats received vehicle injections. Whole prostates were weighed and processed for RNA and protein. Real-time RT-PCR assays for numerous inflammatory cytokines and growth factors were performed. Quantitative analyses of prostatic LHRH receptor, LHRH, androgen receptor (AR) and 5α-reductase 2 were done by real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting; serum DHT, LH, PSA, and IGF-1 by immunoassays. RESULTS mRNA levels for inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IL-15, and IL-17 and for growth factors EGF, FGF-2, FGF-7, FGF-8, FGF-14, TGF-β1, and VEGF-A were significantly reduced by Cetrorelix 0.625 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Prostate weights were also significantly lowered by any dose of Cetrorelix. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that Cetrorelix reduces various inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in rat prostate and, at doses which do not induce castration levels of testosterone, can lower prostate weights. Our findings shed light on the mechanism of action of LHRH antagonists in BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc G Rick
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, Florida 33125, USA
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De Nunzio C, Kramer G, Marberger M, Montironi R, Nelson W, Schröder F, Sciarra A, Tubaro A. The controversial relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: the role of inflammation. Eur Urol 2011; 60:106-17. [PMID: 21497433 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in the adult male, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) represents the most frequent urologic diagnosis in elderly males. Recent data suggest that prostatic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of both conditions. OBJECTIVE This review aims to evaluate the available evidence on the role of prostatic inflammation as a possible common denominator of BPH and PCa and to discuss its possible clinical implication for the management, prevention, and treatment of both diseases. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The National Library of Medicine Database was searched for the following Patient population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) terms: male, inflammation, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, diagnosis, progression, prognosis, treatment, and prevention. Basic and clinical studies published in the past 10 yr were reviewed. Additional references were obtained from the reference list of full-text manuscripts. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The histologic signature of chronic inflammation is a common finding in benign and malignant prostate tissue. The inflammatory infiltrates are mainly represented by CD3(+) T lymphocytes (70-80%, mostly CD4), CD19 or CD20 B lymphocytes (10-15%), and macrophages (15%). Bacterial infections, urine reflux, dietary factors, hormones, and autoimmune response have been considered to cause inflammation in the prostate. From a pathophysiologic standpoint, tissue damage associated with inflammatory response and subsequent chronic tissue healing may result in the development of BPH nodules and proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA). The loss of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) may be responsible in patients with genetic predisposition for the transition of PIA into high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and PCa. Although there is growing evidence of the association among inflammatory response, BPH, and PCa, we can only surmise on the immunologic mechanisms involved, and further research is required to better understand the role of prostatic inflammation in the initiation of BPH and PCa. There is not yet proof that targeting prostate inflammation with a pharmacologic agent results in a lower incidence and progression or regression of either BPH or PCa. CONCLUSIONS Evidence in the peer-reviewed literature suggested that chronic prostatic inflammation may be involved in the development and progression of chronic prostatic disease, such as BPH and PCa, although there is still no evidence of a causal relation. Inflammation should be considered a new domain in basic and clinical research in patients with BPH and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo De Nunzio
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Adorini L, Penna G, Fibbi B, Maggi M. Vitamin D receptor agonists target static, dynamic, and inflammatory components of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1193:146-52. [PMID: 20398021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), is a secosteroid hormone that binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and modulates a variety of biological functions. The VDR is expressed by most cell types, including cells of the urogenital system, such as prostate and bladder cells. In particular, the prostate is a target organ of VDR agonists and represents an extrarenal synthesis site of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). We have analyzed the capacity of VDR agonists to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a complex syndrome characterized by a static component related to prostate overgrowth, a dynamic component responsible for urinary irritative symptoms, and an inflammatory component. Data reviewed here demonstrate that VDR agonists, and notably elocalcitol, reduce the static component of BPH by inhibiting the activity of intraprostatic growth factors downstream of the androgen receptor, the dynamic component by targeting the RhoA/ROCK pathway in prostate and bladder cells, and the inflammatory component by targeting the NF-kappaB pathway.
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Schenk JM, Kristal AR, Neuhouser ML, Tangen CM, White E, Lin DW, Kratz M, Thompson IM. Biomarkers of systemic inflammation and risk of incident, symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171:571-82. [PMID: 20142396 PMCID: PMC2842217 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors conducted a nested case-control study of serum inflammatory markers and risk of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), using data from the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (1993-2003). Incident BPH (n = 676) was defined as treatment, report of 2 International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) values >14, or 2 increases of > or = 5 from baseline values with at least one value > or = 12. Controls (n = 683) were men who reported no BPH treatment or IPSS values >7 over the 7-year trial. Baseline serum was analyzed for C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha (monomer), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II (sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII), interleukin 6, and interferon gamma. Controlled for age and race, a high C-reactive protein concentration was associated with increased BPH risk (for quartile 4 vs. quartile 1, odds ratio (OR) = 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.88); this was attenuated after control for body mass index (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.75). Low sTNF-RII and high interleukin 6 concentrations were associated with increased BPH risk (for quartile 4 vs. quartile 1, sTNF-RII: OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.82; interleukin 6: OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.42); these associations were only in men aged <65 years. Results suggest that systemic inflammation or lower levels of soluble receptors that bind inflammatory cytokines increase BPH risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette M Schenk
- Schenk, Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Djavan B, Eckersberger E, Espinosa G, Kramer G, Handisurya A, Lee C, Marberger M, Lepor H, Steiner GE. Complex Mechanisms in Prostatic Inflammatory Response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Briganti A, Capitanio U, Suardi N, Gallina A, Salonia A, Bianchi M, Tutolo M, Di Girolamo V, Guazzoni G, Rigatti P, Montorsi F. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Its Aetiologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Fibbi B, Penna G, Morelli A, Adorini L, Maggi M. Chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 33:475-88. [PMID: 19508330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disorder affecting 50-80% of the aged male population. Androgens and age have been traditionally considered the main determinants of prostate enlargement, but in the last years a potentially important role of chronic inflammation in BPH pathogenesis has emerged. Bacterial and non-infectious chronic prostatitis could represent inciting factors leading to tissue hyperproliferation, possibly via the recently demonstrated antigen-presenting capacity of prostatic stromal cells, enabling them to induce and sustain intraglandular immune responses. The prostate growth-promoting chemokine IL-8 could represent a direct link between chronic prostate inflammation and autocrine/paracrine stromal cell proliferation, in agreement with its marked secretion induced in BPH stromal cells by a combination of Th1 and Th17 cell-derived inflammatory cytokines. BPH stromal cells express the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is up-regulated by exposure to inflammatory stimuli. The non-hypercalcaemic VDR agonist elocalcitol, shown to arrest BPH development by decreasing the intra-prostatic androgen signalling without directly interfering with systemic androgen action, exerts immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties in different prostatic pathology characterized by growth and inflammation. The mechanism of action of VDR agonists supports an important role of chronic inflammation in BPH pathogenesis and strengthens the concept of these agents as a therapeutic option for pharmacological treatment of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fibbi
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Vykhovanets EV, Shukla S, MacLennan GT, Vykhovanets OV, Bodner DR, Gupta S. Il-1 beta-induced post-transition effect of NF-kappaB provides time-dependent wave of signals for initial phase of intrapostatic inflammation. Prostate 2009; 69:633-43. [PMID: 19170127 PMCID: PMC2669895 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous findings have shown that systemic administration of interleukin (IL)-1 beta induces up-regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) in mouse prostate tissue that may be responsible for leukocyte extravasation into prostate stroma. It has been hypothesized that NF-kappaB plays a role in the development of prostatitis, and that NF-kappaB activation might provide chemoattractive signals for leukocyte extravasation in the prostate. METHODS IL-1 beta was administrated intravenously, alone or with dexamethasone (Dex), to separate groups of C57BL/6J mice. Expression of NF-kappaB, chemoattractant receptors, and IL-17F in the prostates of the two groups of mice at various time periods following treatment was evaluated and compared. RESULTS IL-1 beta administration up-regulated NF-kappaB/p65 activity in the mouse prostate. IL-1 beta administration promoted extravasation and accumulation of CD45+ mononuclear cells but not neutrophils in the mouse prostate stroma. IL-1 beta administration provided earlier (4 hr) CXCR1/IL-8RA receptor expression in mouse prostate as a first signal, inducing capillary homing, adhesion, and initial extravasation of mononuclear cells into the prostate tissue. IL-1 beta administration also induced relatively late (24 hr) up-regulation of VCAM1 in the endothelial cells of microvessels and of IL-17F in prostate epithelium and in stromal infiltrating leukocytes. Concomitant administration of Dex, a known NF-kappaB inhibitor, resulted in significantly down-regulated IL-1 beta-induced NF-kappaB/p65 activity, as well as reduced expression of chemokine receptors and IL-17F in mouse prostate tissue. CONCLUSION Systemic IL-1 beta administration induces NF-kappaB-responsive genes to promote aberrant NF-kappaB/p65 activity, which may be critical in the development of prostatitis through its role in the production of chemoattractant signals that promote extravasation and stromal accumulation of mononuclear cells (mainly by CXCR1/IL-8RA), and initiation of a new wave of pro-inflammatory signals favorable to chronic inflammation (mainly by IL-17F).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V. Vykhovanets
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Case Medical Center & University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Case Medical Center & University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gregory T. MacLennan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Case Medical Center & University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Olena V. Vykhovanets
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Case Medical Center & University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Donald R. Bodner
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Case Medical Center & University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Case Medical Center & University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
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Penna G, Fibbi B, Amuchastegui S, Cossetti C, Aquilano F, Laverny G, Gacci M, Crescioli C, Maggi M, Adorini L. Human benign prostatic hyperplasia stromal cells as inducers and targets of chronic immuno-mediated inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4056-64. [PMID: 19299703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a highly prevalent prostatic condition, could involve an inflammatory component in disease pathogenesis. In this study, we show that human stromal prostate cells obtained from BPH tissue can actively contribute to the inflammatory process by secreting proinflammatory cytokines as well as chemokines able to recruit lymphomonuclear cells and by acting as APCs. BPH cells express all of the TLRs and their ligation leads to the secretion of CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL10, and IL-6. In addition, BPH cells express costimulatory as well as class I and class II MHC molecules, which activate alloreactive CD4(+) cells that in turn markedly up-regulate IL-12/IL-23p40 and IL-12p75 secretion by BPH cells. Alloreactive CD4(+) cells activated by BPH cells secrete IFN-gamma and IL-17. These cytokines up-regulate IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL10 production by BPH cells, creating a positive feedback loop that can amplify inflammation. IL-8 induces autocrine/paracrine proliferation of BPH cells, indicating also a growth-promoting activity of this chemokine in disease pathogenesis. These results show that human BPH cells represent nonprofessional APCs able to induce and sustain chronic inflammatory processes, supporting the relevance of inflammation in BPH pathogenesis.
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Penna G, Fibbi B, Amuchastegui S, Corsiero E, Laverny G, Silvestrini E, Chavalmane A, Morelli A, Sarchielli E, Vannelli GB, Gacci M, Colli E, Maggi M, Adorini L. The vitamin D receptor agonist elocalcitol inhibits IL-8-dependent benign prostatic hyperplasia stromal cell proliferation and inflammatory response by targeting the RhoA/Rho kinase and NF-kappaB pathways. Prostate 2009; 69:480-93. [PMID: 19107880 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by an important inflammatory component. Stimulation of human prostate stromal cells from BPH tissues with proinflammatory cytokines leads to secretion of IL-8, a chemokine involved in BPH pathogenesis. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonist elocalcitol can arrest prostate growth in BPH patients, but its mechanism of action in this pathology is still incompletely understood. METHODS IL-8 levels were measured by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. NF-kappaB translocation and COX-2 expression were evaluated by confocal microscopy. RhoA and Rho-kinase (ROCK) gene expression and functional activity were studied by real-time RT-PCR, immuno-kinase assays, Western blot analysis, confocal microscopy, and cell invasion. RESULTS Stimulation of BPH cells with IL-8 activates the calcium-sensitizing RhoA/ROCK pathway, as demonstrated by the increased membrane translocation of RhoA and by phosphorylation of the ROCK substrate myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT-1). In agreement with these data, C3 exoenzyme, a selective RhoA inhibitor, inhibits IL-8-induced invasion of BPH cells. The VDR agonist elocalcitol significantly inhibits IL-8 production by BPH cells stimulated with inflammatory cytokines, and IL-8-induced proliferation of BPH cells. In addition, elocalcitol inhibits IL-8-induced membrane translocation of RhoA and MYPT-1 phosphorylation in BPH cells, and inhibits dose-dependently their IL-8-dependent invasion. The inhibition induced by elocalcitol of IL-8 production by BPH cells is accompanied by decreased COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production and by arrest of NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation, associated with inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK pathway. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a mechanistic explanation for the anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties of elocalcitol in BPH cells.
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Kim HW, Kim SH, Kim SW, Jung KI, Min KO, Cho SY. Effects of Subclinical Prostatitis on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Korean J Urol 2009. [DOI: 10.4111/kju.2009.50.2.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae Woong Kim
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu In Jung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Ouk Min
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Yeon Cho
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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45
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St Sauver JL, Jacobsen SJ. Inflammatory Mechanisms Associated with Prostatic Inflammation and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 6:67-73. [PMID: 19809538 DOI: 10.1007/s11918-008-0011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a common finding in histologic prostate specimens obtained from aging men, and accumulating data suggest that inflammation may play an important role in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and the development and progression of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Inflammatory processes may contribute to prostatic enlargement directly through stimulation of prostate growth, or, alternatively, through decreasing prostatic apoptosis. Additionally, inflammatory processes may impact other components of the urogenital tract, such as the bladder, and contribute to the LUTS that may be experienced both in the presence and in the absence of prostate enlargement. Current research therefore offers clues about converging inflammatory pathways which may be targeted to improve treatment of BPH and/or LUTS as well as identifying potential targets for prevention of these syndromes.
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Terme M, Chaput N, Combadiere B, Ma A, Ohteki T, Zitvogel L. Regulatory T cells control dendritic cell/NK cell cross-talk in lymph nodes at the steady state by inhibiting CD4+ self-reactive T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4679-86. [PMID: 18354191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role in the control of peripheral tolerance by directly inhibiting conventional T cell proliferative and effector functions. However, the mechanisms by which Treg regulate the homeostasis of lymph nodes remain unclear. In this study, we show in a mouse model that Treg control two major checkpoints dictated by the interaction between self-reactive CD4(+) T cells and resident dendritic cell (DC) in secondary lymphoid organs. First, Treg inhibit the production of CCR5 ligands, limiting the CCR5-dependent recruitment of DC in the lymph nodes. Second, Treg prevent the DC exposure of IL-15Ralpha, markedly interfering in the DC-mediated NK cell proliferation in vivo. Therefore, the DC/T cell autoreactivity leading to NK cell triggering could potentially be controlled by the coinhibition of both IL-15Ralpha and CCR5 in autoimmune disorders in which NK cells play a deleterious role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Terme
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 805, Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France
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Badoual C, Bouchaud G, Agueznay NEH, Mortier E, Hans S, Gey A, Fernani F, Peyrard S, -Puig PL, Bruneval P, Sastre X, Plet A, Garrigue-Antar L, Quintin-Colonna F, Fridman WH, Brasnu D, Jacques Y, Tartour E. The Soluble α Chain of Interleukin-15 Receptor: A Proinflammatory Molecule Associated with Tumor Progression in Head and Neck Cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3907-14. [PMID: 18483276 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Badoual
- EA 4054 Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Medecine; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Abstract
Prostatitis, a histologic diagnosis, has evolved over the years to describe a clinical syndrome that was believed to be associated with prostatic inflammation. Similarly, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), another histologic diagnosis, has evolved to describe a clinical syndrome believed to be associated with prostatic enlargement. Recent explorations of the interrelationships between these prostate-associated histologic and clinical conditions have generated much interest and excitement. This article describes these relationships and their impact on the management of, in particular, BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Curtis Nickel
- Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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49
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Alexeyev OA, Marklund I, Shannon B, Golovleva I, Olsson J, Andersson C, Eriksson I, Cohen R, Elgh F. Direct visualization of Propionibacterium acnes in prostate tissue by multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization assay. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3721-8. [PMID: 17881550 PMCID: PMC2168516 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01543-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate tissues from patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) frequently contain histological inflammation, and a proportion of these patients show evidence of Propionibacterium acnes infection in the prostate gland. We developed a multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay targeting P. acnes 23S rRNA along with a 14-kb region of the P. acnes genome. This assay was used to analyze prostate tissues from patients with prostate cancer and BPH. P. acnes infection of the prostate gland was demonstrated in prostatic tissue in 5 of 10 randomly selected prostate cancer patients. FISH analysis and confocal laser microscopy imaging revealed intracellular localization and stromal biofilm-like aggregates as common forms of P. acnes infection in prostate tissues from both prostate cancer and BPH patients. A sequential analysis of prostate tissue from individual patients suggested that P. acnes can persist for up to 6 years in the prostate gland. These results indicate that P. acnes can establish a persistent infection in the prostate gland. Further study is needed to clarify the link between this bacterium and prostatic inflammation which may contribute to the development of BPH and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Alexeyev
- Department of Pathology, Umeå University, S-90185, Umeå, Sweden.
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50
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Kramer G, Mitteregger D, Maj-Hes A, Sevchenco S, Brozek W. [Chronic inflammation as promotor and treatment target in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and in prostate cancer]. Urologe A 2007; 46:1095-6. [PMID: 17671777 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-007-1444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Kramer
- Klinik für Urologie, Medizinische Universität, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090, Wien, Osterreich.
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