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Xu Y, Han X, You S, Zhu W, Zhang M, Lu C, He J, Yao Q. SLC45A4 is involved in malignant progression of ovarian cancer through glycolytic metabolic reprogramming. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23031. [PMID: 39363015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells promote malignant behaviors such as proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells through glucose metabolic reprogramming, but the role of the H-dependent sugar cotransporter SLC45A4 in regulating metabolic reprogramming in ovarian cancer (OC) remains largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SLC45A4 silencing on the transcriptome spectrum of ovarian cancer cells (OCC), glucose uptake, lactic acid production, intracellular ATP levels, and the expression and activity of HIF-α glycolysis signaling pathway. The results showed that SLC45A4 is overexpressed in OC and its elevated expression correlates with adverse clinical outcomes in OC patients. Silencing of SLC45A4 significantly inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of OCC by suppressing glucose uptake and glycolysis, and it also reduced the expression of HIF-α glycolysis signaling pathway in OC tissues. In vivo experiments using shRNA to knock down SLC45A4 in xenograft models in nude mice demonstrated a significant inhibition of tumor growth. These findings suggest that SLC45A4 silencing can restrain the malignant progression of OC by inhibiting glucose uptake in OCC and affecting the reprogramming of glycolytic energy metabolism, indicating that SLC45A4 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for OC intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuance Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xiahui Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Shijing You
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Mingyun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Changyu Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Junqi He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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Viehweger F, Böcker C, Weidemann S, Freytag M, Menz A, Büscheck F, Luebke AM, Putri D, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Hinsch A, Lennartz M, Lutz F, Reiswich V, Höflmayer D, Fraune C, Möller K, Bernreuther C, Lebok P, Sauter G, Steurer S, Dum D, Marx AH, Simon R, Krech T, Clauditz TS, Jacobsen F, Gorbokon N, Burandt E, Minner S, Kind S. Prostein expression in human tumors: a tissue microarray study on 19,202 tumors from 152 different Tumor entities. Diagn Pathol 2024; 19:12. [PMID: 38218896 PMCID: PMC10788021 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-023-01434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostein (P501S), also termed solute carrier family 45 member 3 (SLC45A3) is an androgen regulated protein which is preferentially expressed in prostate epithelial cells. Because of its frequent expression in prostate cancer, prostein was suggested a diagnostic prostate cancer marker. METHODS In order to comprehensively assess the diagnostic utility of prostein immunohistochemistry, a tissue microarray containing 19,202 samples from 152 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Prostein immunostaining was typically cytoplasmic, granular and perinuclear. Prostein positivity was seen in 96.7% of 419 prostate cancers including 78.3% with strong staining. In 16,709 extra-prostatic tumors, prostein positivity was observed in 7.2% of all cases but only 0.3% had a strong staining. Overall, 50 different extra-prostatic tumor categories were prostein positive, 12 of which included at least one strongly positive case. Extra-prostatic tumors with highest rates of prostein positivity included different subtypes of salivary gland tumors (7.6-44.4%), neuroendocrine neoplasms (15.8-44.4%), adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract (7.3-14.8%), biliopancreatic adenocarcinomas (3.6-38.7%), hepatocellular carcinomas (8.1%), and adenocarcinomas of other organs (up to 21%). CONCLUSIONS Our data provide a comprehensive overview on prostein expression in human cancers. Prostein is a highly sensitive prostate cancer marker occurring in > 96% of prostate cancers. Because prostein can also be expressed in various other tumor entities, classifying of a tumor mass as a prostate cancer should not be based on prostein positivity alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Viehweger
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carola Böcker
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Morton Freytag
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Devita Putri
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Lutz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Reiswich
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Am Finkenhuegel 1, Osnabrueck, 49076, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Marx
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Jakob-Henle-Straße 1, Fuerth, 90766, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Am Finkenhuegel 1, Osnabrueck, 49076, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Kind
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Li J, Wilkerson ML, Deng FM, Liu H. The Application and Pitfalls of Immunohistochemical Markers in Challenging Diagnosis of Genitourinary Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2024; 148:13-32. [PMID: 37074862 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0493-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— The morphologic features of different entities in genitourinary pathology overlap, presenting a diagnostic challenge, especially when diagnostic materials are limited. Immunohistochemical markers are valuable when morphologic features alone are insufficient for definitive diagnosis. The World Health Organization classification of urinary and male genital tumors has been updated for 2022. An updated review of immunohistochemical markers for newly classified genitourinary neoplasms and their differential diagnosis is needed. OBJECTIVE.— To review immunohistochemical markers used in the diagnosis of genitourinary lesions in the kidney, bladder, prostate, and testis. We particularly emphasized difficult differential diagnosis and pitfalls in immunohistochemistry application and interpretation. New markers and new entities in the 2022 World Health Organization classifications of genitourinary tumors are reviewed. Recommended staining panels for commonly encountered difficult differential diagnoses and potential pitfalls are discussed. DATA SOURCES.— Review of current literature and our own experience. CONCLUSIONS.— Immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of problematic lesions of the genitourinary tract. However, the immunostains must be carefully interpreted in the context of morphologic findings with a thorough knowledge of pitfalls and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Li
- From the Department of Pathology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Li, Wilkerson, Liu)
| | - Myra L Wilkerson
- From the Department of Pathology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Li, Wilkerson, Liu)
| | - Fang-Ming Deng
- the Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City (Deng)
| | - Haiyan Liu
- From the Department of Pathology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Li, Wilkerson, Liu)
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Schimmelpfennig C, Rade M, Füssel S, Löffler D, Blumert C, Bertram C, Borkowetz A, Otto DJ, Puppel SH, Hönscheid P, Sommer U, Baretton GB, Köhl U, Wirth M, Thomas C, Horn F, Kreuz M, Reiche K. Characterization and evaluation of gene fusions as a measure of genetic instability and disease prognosis in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:575. [PMID: 37349736 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. The clinical manifestations and molecular characteristics of PCa are highly variable. Aggressive types require radical treatment, whereas indolent ones may be suitable for active surveillance or organ-preserving focal therapies. Patient stratification by clinical or pathological risk categories still lacks sufficient precision. Incorporating molecular biomarkers, such as transcriptome-wide expression signatures, improves patient stratification but so far excludes chromosomal rearrangements. In this study, we investigated gene fusions in PCa, characterized potential novel candidates, and explored their role as prognostic markers for PCa progression. METHODS We analyzed 630 patients in four cohorts with varying traits regarding sequencing protocols, sample conservation, and PCa risk group. The datasets included transcriptome-wide expression and matched clinical follow-up data to detect and characterize gene fusions in PCa. With the fusion calling software Arriba, we computationally predicted gene fusions. Following detection, we annotated the gene fusions using published databases for gene fusions in cancer. To relate the occurrence of gene fusions to Gleason Grading Groups and disease prognosis, we performed survival analyses using the Kaplan-Meier estimator, log-rank test, and Cox regression. RESULTS Our analyses identified two potential novel gene fusions, MBTTPS2,L0XNC01::SMS and AMACR::AMACR. These fusions were detected in all four studied cohorts, providing compelling evidence for the validity of these fusions and their relevance in PCa. We also found that the number of gene fusions detected in a patient sample was significantly associated with the time to biochemical recurrence in two of the four cohorts (log-rank test, p-value < 0.05 for both cohorts). This was also confirmed after adjusting the prognostic model for Gleason Grading Groups (Cox regression, p-values < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our gene fusion characterization workflow revealed two potential novel fusions specific for PCa. We found evidence that the number of gene fusions was associated with the prognosis of PCa. However, as the quantitative correlations were only moderately strong, further validation and assessment of clinical value is required before potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schimmelpfennig
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Rade
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Füssel
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dennis Löffler
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Conny Blumert
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Catharina Bertram
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelika Borkowetz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dominik J Otto
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven-Holger Puppel
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pia Hönscheid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sommer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gustavo B Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manfred Wirth
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Thomas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Friedemann Horn
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Kreuz
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Reiche
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Ida A, Okubo Y, Kasajima R, Washimi K, Sato S, Yoshioka E, Osaka K, Suzuki T, Yamamoto Y, Yokose T, Kishida T, Miyagi Y. Clinicopathological and genetic analyses of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate: Histological features for accurate diagnosis and toward future novel therapies. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 229:153731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chen W, Huang F, Huang J, Li Y, Peng J, Zhuang Y, Huang X, Lu L, Zhu Z, Zhang S. SLC45A4 promotes glycolysis and prevents AMPK/ULK1-induced autophagy in TP53 mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Gene Med 2021; 23:e3364. [PMID: 34010493 PMCID: PMC8459293 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Somatic mutations of the TP53 gene occur frequently in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Solute carrier family 45 member A4 (SLC45A4) is a H+‐dependent sugar cotransporter. The role of SLC45A4 in PDA, especially in TP53 mutant PDA, remains poorly understood. Methods We explored the TCGA datasets to identify oncogenes in TP53 mutant PDA. MTS [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium], colony formation and 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (Edu) assays were performed to investigate the function of SLC45A4 in vitro. Glucose consumption, lactate production and ATP production were detected to evaluate glucose utilization. Extracellular acidification rate and oxygen consumption rate assays were used to evaluate glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The subcutaneous xenotransplantation models were conducted to explore the function of SLC45A4 in vivo. RNA‐sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis were employed to explore the biological alteration caused by SLC45A4 knockdown. Western blotting was performed to evaluate the activation of glycolysis, as well as the AMPK pathway and autophagy. Results SLC45A4 was overexpressed in PDA for which the expression was significantly higher in TP53 mutant PDA than that in wild‐type PDA tissues. Moreover, high level of SLC45A4 expression was tightly associated with poor clinical outcomes in PDA patients. Silencing SLC45A4 inhibited proliferation in TP53 mutant PDA cells. Knockdown of SLC45A4 reduced glucose uptake and ATP production, which led to activation of autophagy via AMPK/ULK1 pathway. Deleting SLC45A4 in TP53 mutant HPAF‐II cells inhibited the growth of xenografts in nude mice. Conclusions The present study found that SLC45A4 prevents autophagy via AMPK/ULK1 axis in TP53 mutant PDA, which may be a promising biomarker and therapeutic target in TP53 mutant PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengting Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanhua Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tungwah Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Juanfei Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianxian Huang
- Center of Digestive Endoscopy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liting Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shineng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Distinguishing between poorly differentiated urothelial carcinoma and high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma is a common challenge in genitourinary pathology, particularly when the tumor involves the bladder neck or prostatic urethra. Clinically, the distinction between these 2 tumors can also be difficult. Proper diagnosis in these patients is essential as they have differing prognoses and clinical management. GATA3 is thought to be a sensitive and relatively specific marker of urothelial carcinoma. However, there is scant data regarding GATA3 labeling of high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma. The aim of this study is to describe rare cases with strong aberrant GATA3 staining in prostatic adenocarcinoma as a potential diagnostic pitfall. We identified 9 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma with aberrant positive GATA3 staining from 2015 to 2020 as part of a large consultation service at our institution. All 9 cases were grade group 5, 8 had a Gleason score of 5+5=10 and 1 had a score of 4+5=9. Five of the cases were from the prostate, 3 from the urinary bladder, and 1 from the prostatic urethra. All cases were morphologically typical of high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma, although were sent for consultation due to uncertainty in the diagnosis. GATA3 positivity was strong, diffuse in 4 cases; strong, patchy in 2 cases and strong, focal in 3 cases. All cases were positive for NKX3.1, 6 positive for p501s, and 6 positive for PSA, with 7/9 cases showing expression of at least 2 prostate-specific markers. The current study describes that rare cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma can show focal or diffuse strong staining for GATA3. In order to avoid this diagnostic pitfall, undifferentiated carcinomas involving the prostate, bladder neck, or trigone should be evaluated not only with GATA3 but also prostate-specific markers.
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Das J, Barman Mandal S. Classification of Homo sapiens gene behavior using linear discriminant analysis fused with minimum entropy mapping. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:673-691. [PMID: 33595791 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Classification of Homo sapiens gene behavior employing computational biology is a recent research trend. But monitoring gene activity profile and genetic behavior from the alphabetic DNA sequence using a non-invasive method is a tremendous challenge in functional genomics. The present paper addresses such issue and attempts to differentiate Homo sapiens genes using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method. Annotated protein coding sequences of Homo sapiens genes, collected from NCBI, are taken as test samples. Minimum entropy-based mapping (MEM) technique assists to extract highest information from the numerical DNA sequences. The proposed LDA technique has successfully classified Homo sapiens genes based on the following features: composition of hydrophilic amino acids, dominance of arginine amino acid, and magnitude and size of individual amino acids. The proposed algorithm is successfully tested on 84 Homo sapiens healthy and cancer genes of the prostate and breast cells. Classification performance of the proposed LDA technique is judged by sensitivity (89.12%), specificity (91.9%), accuracy (90.87%), F1 score (92.03%), Matthews' correlation coefficients (81.04%), and miss rate (9.12%), and it outperforms other four existing classifiers. The results are cross-validated through Rayleigh PDF and mutual information technique. Fisher test, 2-sample T-test, and relative entropy test are considered to verify the efficacy of the present classifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyshri Das
- Institute of Radio Physics & Electronics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Soma Barman Mandal
- Institute of Radio Physics & Electronics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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9
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Hagaman DE, Damasco JA, Perez JVD, Rojo RD, Melancon MP. Recent Advances in Nanomedicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis. Molecules 2021; 26:E384. [PMID: 33450939 PMCID: PMC7828457 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced prostate cancer can develop painful and debilitating bone metastases. Currently available interventions for prostate cancer bone metastases, including chemotherapy, bisphosphonates, and radiopharmaceuticals, are only palliative. They can relieve pain, reduce complications (e.g., bone fractures), and improve quality of life, but they do not significantly improve survival times. Therefore, additional strategies to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer bone metastases are needed. Nanotechnology is a versatile platform that has been used to increase the specificity and therapeutic efficacy of various treatments for prostate cancer bone metastases. In this review, we summarize preclinical research that utilizes nanotechnology to develop novel diagnostic imaging tools, translational models, and therapies to combat prostate cancer bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Hagaman
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.E.H.); (J.A.D.); (J.V.D.P.); (R.D.R.)
| | - Jossana A. Damasco
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.E.H.); (J.A.D.); (J.V.D.P.); (R.D.R.)
| | - Joy Vanessa D. Perez
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.E.H.); (J.A.D.); (J.V.D.P.); (R.D.R.)
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila NCR 1000, Philippines
| | - Raniv D. Rojo
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.E.H.); (J.A.D.); (J.V.D.P.); (R.D.R.)
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila NCR 1000, Philippines
| | - Marites P. Melancon
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.E.H.); (J.A.D.); (J.V.D.P.); (R.D.R.)
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Garudadri G, Rao BV, Sundaram C, Fonseca D, Murthy SS, Sharma R, Rao TS. Diagnostic utility of immunohistochemical marker prostein for evaluation of primary and metastatic prostatic carcinomas. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2020; 63:S18-S24. [PMID: 32108621 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_852_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context The diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma on histopathology depends on architectural and cytomorphological features supported by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Though all the prostate markers show excellent specificity, the sensitivity and percentage positivity vary. Aims In this study, we aim to study the expression of prostein in normal, benign, and malignant (primary and metastatic) lesions with particular emphasis on its utility in the differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma along with a standard panel of IHC markers. Settings and Design This was both a prospective and retrospective as well as descriptive and observational study. Subjects and Methods All samples from patients with clinically suspected carcinoma prostate from both primary and metastatic sites from June 2015 to May 2016 were included in the study. Samples with difficulty in diagnosis on hematoxylin and eosin staining were subjected to a panel of IHC markers along with prostein. Statistical Analysis Used Receiver operating curve analysis and Chi-square test. Results Prostein showed a 100% sensitivity and specificity to identify normal prostatic epithelium, benign and premalignant lesions, and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Prostein showed a specificity of 100% in differentiating prostatic carcinoma from poorly differentiated urothelial carcinoma and in differentiating metastatic prostatic carcinoma from adenocarcinoma of nonprostatic origin. Conclusions Prostein is a new and promising prostate-specific marker that showed slightly more sensitivity and specificity than prostate-specific antigen. Thus, adding prostein to the IHC panel will greatly improve the detection of poorly differentiated primary and metastatic lesions of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Garudadri
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B Vishal Rao
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Challa Sundaram
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Daphne Fonseca
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Sudha Murthy
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - T Subramanyeshwar Rao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Das J, Barman Mandal S. Identification of Homo sapiens cancer classes based on fusion of hidden gene features. J Biomed Inform 2020; 110:103555. [PMID: 32916304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Classification of Homo sapiens cancer genes in molecular level is a challenging research issue as they are extremely pseudo random in nature. Signature gene features need to be exposed to distinctly identify the gene class. Tree-structured filter bank is chosen to perform feature extraction and dimension reduction of the genes. Extracted gene features are fused using Gaussian mixture probability distribution function and identify different cancer classes depending on amount of correlation and exploiting maximum likelihood function. The algorithm is tested on 161 sample gene data of 7 different cancer classes. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision and F-score are used as metrics to judge the performance of the system and ROC is plotted in comparison with existing electrical network model based classifier. The proposed classifier can identify more than stated number of cancer classes which is a major limitation of the existing electrical network based method. The proposed algorithm is validated by comparing the results with other seven existing image processing based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyshri Das
- Institute of Radio Physics & Electronics, University of Calcutta, India.
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12
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Ross J, Li G, Yang XJ. Application and Pitfalls of Immunohistochemistry in Diagnosis of Challenging Genitourinary Cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2020; 144:290-304. [PMID: 32101059 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0550-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has become increasingly important in the evaluation of pathologic conditions in the genitourinary (GU) organs. In addition to careful evaluation of hematoxylin-eosin sections and generation of a differential diagnosis, choosing the optimal panel of IHC markers becomes even more important when the biopsy material is very limited. The following summary of our experience supplemented with relevant literature review exemplifies how to use IHC to facilitate pathologic diagnosis in the GU system. OBJECTIVE.— To describe our experience with the most common immunohistochemical markers used in GU pathology. DATA SOURCES.— Institutional experience and literature search comprise our data sources. CONCLUSIONS.— Application of IHC provides enormous benefits to the interpretation of GU pathologic conditions, including benign and malignant lesions. However, both insufficient and excessive types of use of IHC, as well as incorrect interpretations in common and rare GU conditions, could present pitfalls in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ross
- From the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guangyuan Li
- From the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ximing J Yang
- From the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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13
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Role of CYP3A5 in Modulating Androgen Receptor Signaling and Its Relevance to African American Men with Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040989. [PMID: 32316460 PMCID: PMC7226359 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor signaling is crucial for prostate cancer growth and is positively regulated in part by intratumoral CYP3A5. As African American (AA) men often carry the wild type CYP3A5 and express high levels of CYP3A5 protein, we blocked the wild type CYP3A5 in AA origin prostate cancer cells and tested its effect on androgen receptor signaling. q-PCR based profiler assay identified several AR regulated genes known to regulate AR nuclear translocation, cell cycle progression, and cell growth. CYP3A5 processes several commonly prescribed drugs and many of these are CYP3A5 inducers or inhibitors. In this study, we test the effect of these commonly prescribed CYP3A5 inducers/inhibitors on AR signaling. The results show that the CYP3A5 inducers promoted AR nuclear translocation, downstream signaling, and cell growth, whereas CYP3A5 inhibitors abrogated them. The observed changes in AR activity is specific to alterations in CYP3A5 activity as the effects are reduced in the CYP3A5 knockout background. Both the inducers tested demonstrated increased cell growth of prostate cancer cells, whereas the inhibitors showed reduced cell growth. Further, characterization and utilization of the observation that CYP3A5 inducers and inhibitors alter AR signaling may provide guidance to physicians prescribing CYP3A5 modulating drugs to treat comorbidities in elderly patients undergoing ADT, particularly AA.
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15
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van der Toom EE, Axelrod HD, de la Rosette JJ, de Reijke TM, Pienta KJ, Valkenburg KC. Prostate-specific markers to identify rare prostate cancer cells in liquid biopsies. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:7-22. [PMID: 30479377 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in early detection and advances in treatment, patients with prostate cancer continue to die from their disease. Minimal residual disease after primary definitive treatment can lead to relapse and distant metastases, and increasing evidence suggests that circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and bone marrow-derived disseminated tumour cells (BM-DTCs) can offer clinically relevant biological insights into prostate cancer dissemination and metastasis. Using epithelial markers to accurately detect CTCs and BM-DTCs is associated with difficulties, and prostate-specific markers are needed for the detection of these cells using rare cell assays. Putative prostate-specific markers have been identified, and an optimized strategy for staining rare cancer cells from liquid biopsies using these markers is required. The ideal prostate-specific marker will be expressed on every CTC or BM-DTC throughout disease progression (giving high sensitivity) and will not be expressed on non-prostate-cancer cells in the sample (giving high specificity). Some markers might not be specific enough to the prostate to be used as individual markers of prostate cancer cells, whereas others could be truly prostate-specific and would make ideal markers for use in rare cell assays. The goal of future studies is to use sensitive and specific prostate markers to consistently and reliably identify rare cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haley D Axelrod
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth J Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Sanguedolce F, Russo D, Mancini V, Selvaggio O, Calò B, Carrieri G, Cormio L. Morphological and Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Distinguishing Prostate Carcinoma and Urothelial Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Surg Pathol 2018; 27:120-133. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896918814198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis between high-grade prostate carcinoma and infiltrating urothelial carcinoma (UC) in transurethral resection prostate specimens as well as cystoprostatectomy specimens may often be challenging due to morphologic and clinical overlap of the 2 entities. Such distinction has critical therapeutic and staging consequences, yet it is hampered by both issues in morphology and by the low accuracy rates of single immunohistochemical markers, as reported in literature. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the available morphological and immunohistochemical parameters, which may allow to discriminate between prostate carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma in the proper clinical context and to discuss their diagnostic applications in daily practice.
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17
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Reis H, Krafft U, Niedworok C, Módos O, Herold T, Behrendt M, Al-Ahmadie H, Hadaschik B, Nyirady P, Szarvas T. Biomarkers in Urachal Cancer and Adenocarcinomas in the Bladder: A Comprehensive Review Supplemented by Own Data. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:7308168. [PMID: 29721106 PMCID: PMC5867586 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7308168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Urachal cancer (UrC) is a rare but aggressive cancer. Due to overlapping histomorphology, discrimination of urachal from primary bladder adenocarcinomas (PBAC) and adenocarcinomas secondarily involving the bladder (particularly colorectal adenocarcinomas, CRC) can be challenging. Therefore, we aimed to give an overview of helpful (immunohistochemical) biomarkers and clinicopathological factors in addition to survival analyses and included institutional data from 12 urachal adenocarcinomas. A PubMed search yielded 319 suitable studies since 1930 in the English literature with 1984 cases of UrC including 1834 adenocarcinomas (92%) and 150 nonadenocarcinomas (8%). UrC was more common in men (63%), showed a median age at diagnosis of 50.8 years and a median tumor size of 6.0 cm. No associations were noted for overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) and clinicopathological factors beside a favorable PFS in male patients (p = 0.047). The immunohistochemical markers found to be potentially helpful in the differential diagnostic situation are AMACR and CK34βE12 (UrC versus CRC and PBAC), CK7, β-Catenin and CD15 (UrC and PBAC versus CRC), and CEA and GATA3 (UrC and CRC versus PBAC). Serum markers like CEA, CA19-9 and CA125 might additionally be useful in the follow-up and monitoring of UrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Reis
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krafft
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Niedworok
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Orsolya Módos
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 78/b, 1082 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Herold
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Mark Behrendt
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hikmat Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Boris Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Nyirady
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 78/b, 1082 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 78/b, 1082 Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Markers of clinical utility in the differential diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:S143-155. [PMID: 29297492 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics is a rapidly evolving area of surgical pathology, that is gradually beginning to transform our diagnostical procedures for a variety of tumors. Next to molecular prognostication that has begun to complement our histological diagnosis in breast cancer, additional testing to detect targets and to predict therapy response has become common practice in breast and lung cancer. Prostate cancer is a bit slower in this respect, as it is still largely diagnosed and classified on morphological grounds. Our diagnostic immunohistochemical armamentarium of basal cell markers and positive markers of malignancy now allows to clarify the majority of lesions, if applied to the appropriate morphological context (and step sections). Prognostic immunohistochemistry remains a problematic and erratic yet tempting research field that provides information on tumor relevance of proteins, but little hard data to integrate into our diagnostic workflow. Main reasons are various issues of standardization that hamper the reproducibility of cut-off values to delineate risk categories. Molecular testing of DNA-methylation or transcript profiling may be much better standardized and this review discusses a couple of commercially available tests: The ConfirmDX test measures DNA-methylation to estimate the likelihood of cancer detection on a repeat biopsy and may help to reduce unnecessary biopsies. The tests Prolaris, OncotypeDX Prostate, and Decipher all are transcript tests that have shown to provide prognostic data independent of clinico-pathological parameters and that may aid in therapy planning. However, further validation and more comparative studies will be needed to clarify the many open questions concerning sampling bias and tumor heterogeneity.
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19
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Kristiansen I, Stephan C, Jung K, Dietel M, Rieger A, Tolkach Y, Kristiansen G. Sensitivity of HOXB13 as a Diagnostic Immunohistochemical Marker of Prostatic Origin in Prostate Cancer Metastases: Comparison to PSA, Prostein, Androgen Receptor, ERG, NKX3.1, PSAP, and PSMA. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061151. [PMID: 28555048 PMCID: PMC5485975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Determining the origin of metastases is an important task of pathologists to allow for the initiation of a tumor-specific therapy. Recently, homeobox protein Hox-B13 (HOXB13) has been suggested as a new marker for the detection of prostatic origin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of HOXB13 in comparison to commonly used immunohistochemical markers for prostate cancer. Materials and methods: Histologically confirmed prostate cancer lymph node metastases from 64 cases were used to test the diagnostic value of immunohistochemical markers: prostate specific antigen (PSA), Prostatic acid phosphatase (PSAP), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), homeobox gene NKX3.1, prostein, androgen receptor (AR), HOXB13, and ETS-related gene (ERG). All markers were evaluated semi-quantitatively using Remmele’s immune reactive score. Results: The detection rate of prostate origin of metastasis for single markers was 100% for NKX3.1, 98.1% for AR, 84.3% for PSMA, 80.8% for PSA, 66% for PSAP, 60.4% for HOXB13, 59.6% for prostein, and 50.0% for ERG. Conclusions: Our data suggest that HOXB13 on its own lacks sensitivity for the detection of prostatic origin. Therefore, this marker should be only used in conjunction with other markers, preferably the highly specific PSA. The combination of PSA with NKX3.1 shows a higher sensitivity and thus appears preferable in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Kristiansen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaus Jung
- Berlin Institute of Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Manfred Dietel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Rieger
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yuri Tolkach
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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20
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Shahriari K, Shen F, Worrede-Mahdi A, Liu Q, Gong Y, Garcia FU, Fatatis A. Cooperation among heterogeneous prostate cancer cells in the bone metastatic niche. Oncogene 2017; 36:2846-2856. [PMID: 27991924 PMCID: PMC5436952 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The growth of disseminated tumor cells into metastatic lesions depends on the establishment of a favorable microenvironment in the stroma of the target organs. Here we show that mice treated with anakinra, an antagonist of the interleukin (IL)-1β receptor (IL-1R), or harboring a targeted deletion of IL-1R are significantly less prone to develop bone tumors when inoculated in the arterial circulation with human prostate cancer (PCa) cells expressing IL-1β. Interestingly, human mesenchymal stem cells exposed in vitro to medium conditioned by IL-1β-expressing cancer cells responded by upregulating S100A4, a marker of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and this effect was blocked by anakinra. Analogously, the stroma adjacent to skeletal metastases generated in mice by IL-1β-expressing cancer cells showed a dramatic increase in S100A4, COX-2 and the alteration of 30 tumor-related genes as measured by Nanostring analysis. These effects were not observed in the stroma associated with the rare and much smaller metastases generated by the same cells in IL-1R knockout animals, confirming that tumor-secreted IL-1β generates skeletal CAFs and conditions the surrounding bone microenvironment. In skeletal lesions from patients with metastatic PCa, histological and molecular analyses revealed that IL-1β is highly expressed in cancer cells in which the androgen receptor (AR) is not detected (AR-), whereas this cytokine is uniformly absent in the AR-positive (AR+) metastatic cells. The stroma conditioned by IL-1β-expressing cancer cells served as a supportive niche also for coexisting IL-1β-lacking cancer cells, which are otherwise unable to generate tumors after independently seeding the skeleton of mice. This niche is established very early following tumor seeding and hints to a role of IL-1β in promoting early colonization of PCa at the skeletal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shahriari
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - F Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Worrede-Mahdi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Q Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y Gong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - F U Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Eastern Regional Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Fatatis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Program in Prostate Cancer, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Expression of SOCS1 and the downstream targets of its putative tumor suppressor functions in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:157. [PMID: 28235401 PMCID: PMC5326496 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) is considered a tumor suppressor due to frequent epigenetic and micro-RNA-mediated repression of its gene expression in diverse cancers. In prostate cancer (PCa), elevated expression of miR-30d that targets SOCS1 mRNA is associated with increased risk of disease recurrence. SOCS1 can mediate its tumor suppressor functions by diverse mechanisms such as inhibiting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, promoting the tumor suppressor functions of p53, attenuating MET receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and blocking the oncogenic potential of the cell cycle inhibitor p21CIP1 (p21). Here, we studied the expression of SOCS1 and the downstream targets of its putative tumor suppressor functions (p53, MET and p21) in human PCa specimens to evaluate their significance as markers of disease prognosis. Methods Tissue microarrays were constructed of 78 archived prostatectomy specimens that were grouped according to the recommendations of the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) based on the Gleason patterns. SOCS1, p53, MET and p21 protein expression were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining alongside the common prostate cancer-related markers Ki67, prostein and androgen receptor. Statistical correlations between the staining intensities of these markers and ISUP grade groups, local invasion or lymph node metastasis were evaluated. Results SOCS1 showed diffuse staining in the prostatic epithelium. SOCS1 staining intensity correlated inversely with the ISUP grade groups (ρ = −0.4687, p <0.0001) and Ki67 (ρ = −0.2444, p = 0.031), and positively with prostein (ρ = 0.3511, p = 0.0016). Changes in SOCS1 levels did not significantly associate with those of p53, MET or p21. However, p21 positively correlated with androgen receptor expression (ρ = −0.1388, p = 0.0003). A subset of patients with regional lymph node metastasis, although small in number, showed reduced SOCS1 expression and increased expression of MET and p21. Conclusions Our findings suggest that evaluating SOCS1 and p21 protein expression in prostatectomy specimens may have a prognostic value in identifying the aggressive disease. Hence, prospective studies with larger numbers of metastatic PCa specimens incorporating clinical correlates such as disease-free and overall survival are warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3141-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Pin E, Henjes F, Hong MG, Wiklund F, Magnusson P, Bjartell A, Uhlén M, Nilsson P, Schwenk JM. Identification of a Novel Autoimmune Peptide Epitope of Prostein in Prostate Cancer. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:204-216. [PMID: 27700103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a demand for novel targets and approaches to diagnose and treat prostate cancer (PCA). In this context, serum and plasma samples from a total of 609 individuals from two independent patient cohorts were screened for IgG reactivity against a sum of 3833 human protein fragments. Starting from planar protein arrays with 3786 protein fragments to screen 80 patients with and without PCA diagnosis, 161 fragments (4%) were chosen for further analysis based on their reactivity profiles. Adding 71 antigens from literature, the selection of antigens was corroborated for their reactivity in a set of 550 samples using suspension bead arrays. The antigens prostein (SLC45A3), TATA-box binding protein (TBP), and insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) showed higher reactivity in PCA patients with late disease compared with early disease. Because of its prostate tissue specificity, we focused on prostein and continued with mapping epitopes of the 66-mer protein fragment using patient samples. Using bead-based assays and 15-mer peptides, a minimal peptide epitope was identified and refined by alanine scanning to the KPxAPFP. Further sequence alignment of this motif revealed homology to transmembrane protein 79 (TMEM79) and TGF-beta-induced factor 2 (TGIF2), thus providing a reasoning for cross-reactivity found in females. A comprehensive workflow to discover and validate IgG reactivity against prostein and homologous targets in human serum and plasma was applied. This study provides useful information when searching for novel biomarkers or drug targets that are guided by the reactivity of the immune system against autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pin
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Frauke Henjes
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Mun-Gwan Hong
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (MEB), Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (MEB), Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University , 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , 171 65 Solna, Sweden
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Zaccagnino A, Pilarsky C, Tawfik D, Sebens S, Trauzold A, Novak I, Schwab A, Kalthoff H. In silico analysis of the transportome in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2016; 45:749-763. [PMID: 27652669 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-016-1171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The altered expression and/or activity of ion channels and transporters (transportome) have been associated with malignant behavior of cancer cells and were proposed to be a hallmark of cancer. However, the impact of altered transportome in epithelial cancers, such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as well as its pathophysiological consequences, still remains unclear. Here, we report the in silico analysis of 840 transportome genes in PDAC patients' tissues. Our study was focused on the transportome changes and their correlation with functional and behavioral responses in PDAC tumor and stromal compartments. The dysregulated gene expression datasets were filtered using a cut-off of fold-change values ≤-2 or ≥2 (adjusted p value ≤0.05). The dysregulated transportome genes were clearly associated with impaired physiological secretory mechanisms and/or pH regulation, control of cell volume, and cell polarity. Additionally, some down-regulated transportome genes were found to be closely linked to epithelial cell differentiation. Furthermore, the observed decrease in genes coding for calcium and chloride transport might be a mechanism for evasion of apoptosis. In conclusion, the current work provides a comprehensive overview of the altered transportome expression and its association with predicted PDAC malignancy with special focus on the epithelial compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaccagnino
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - C Pilarsky
- Department of Surgery, University Clinic, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - D Tawfik
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - S Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - A Trauzold
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - I Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Muenster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27 b, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - H Kalthoff
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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Oh WJ, Chung AM, Kim JS, Han JH, Hong SH, Lee JY, Choi YJ. Differential Immunohistochemical Profiles for Distinguishing Prostate Carcinoma and Urothelial Carcinoma. J Pathol Transl Med 2016; 50:345-54. [PMID: 27498545 PMCID: PMC5042899 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2016.06.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathologic distinction between high-grade prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC) involving the urinary bladder and high-grade urothelial carcinoma (UC) infiltrating the prostate can be difficult. However, making this distinction is clinically important because of the different treatment modalities for these two entities. Methods A total of 249 patient cases (PAC, 111 cases; UC, 138 cases) collected between June 1995 and July 2009 at Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital were studied. An immunohistochemical evaluation of prostatic markers (prostate-specific antigen [PSA], prostate-specific membrane antigen [PSMA], prostate acid phosphatase [PAP], P501s, NKX3.1, and α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase [AMACR]) and urothelial markers (CK34βE12, p63, thrombomodulin, S100P, and GATA binding protein 3 [GATA3]) was performed using tissue microarrays from each tumor. Results The sensitivities of prostatic markers in PAC were 100% for PSA, 83.8% for PSMA, 91.9% for PAP, 93.7% for P501s, 88.3% for NKX 3.1, and 66.7% for AMACR. However, the urothelial markers CK34βE12, p63, thrombomodulin, S100P, and GATA3 were also positive in 1.8%, 0%, 0%, 3.6%, and 0% of PAC, respectively. The sensitivities of urothelial markers in UC were 75.4% for CK34βE12, 73.9% for p63, 45.7% for thrombomodulin, 22.5% for S100P, and 84.8% for GATA3. Conversely, the prostatic markers PSA, PSMA, PAP, P501s, NKX3.1, and AMACR were also positive in 9.4%, 0.7%, 18.8%, 0.7%, 0%, and 8.7% of UCs, respectively. Conclusions Prostatic and urothelial markers, including PSA, NKX3.1, p63, thrombomodulin, and GATA3 are very useful for differentiating PAC from UC. The optimal combination of prostatic and urothelial markers could improve the ability to differentiate PAC from UC pathologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jin Oh
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Arthur Minwoo Chung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Soon Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Heun Han
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hoo Hong
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeol Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong Jin Choi
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Rebelo TS, Noronha JP, Galésio M, Santos H, Diniz M, Sales MGF, Fernandes MH, Costa-Rodrigues J. Testing the variability of PSA expression by different human prostate cancer cell lines by means of a new potentiometric device employing molecularly antibody assembled on graphene surface. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 59:1069-1078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Mohsenzadegan M, Shekarabi M, Madjd Z, Asgari M, Abolhasani M, Tajik N, Farajollahi MM. Study of NGEP expression pattern in cancerous tissues provides novel insights into prognostic marker in prostate cancer. Biomark Med 2016; 9:391-401. [PMID: 25808443 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to produce a novel polyclonal antibody against extracellular domain of NGEP protein and explore its role in prognosis of prostate cancer. MATERIALS & METHODS Polyclonal antibodies against two peptides (NGEP-p1 and NGEP-p2) derived extracellular domains of NGEP were prepared and the intensity and distribution of NGEP expression analyzed in large series of prostate tissue specimens. RESULTS We found a significant inverse correlation between NGEP expression and prognostic features such as Gleason score, pathologic tumor stage and prostate-specific antigen level using anti-NGEP-p2 antibody. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the high level of expression could be associated with good prognosis in prostate cancer. However, additional studies are required to evaluate NGEP as an independent prognostic factor for prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Mohsenzadegan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Conti A, Santoni M, Burattini L, Scarpelli M, Mazzucchelli R, Galosi AB, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Briganti A, Montorsi F, Montironi R. Update on histopathological evaluation of lymphadenectomy specimens from prostate cancer patients. World J Urol 2015; 35:517-526. [PMID: 26694187 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastases to lymph nodes (LNs) represent an unfavorable prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Histological examination represents the gold standard in the evaluation of the lymphadenectomy (LND) specimens for the presence of secondary deposits. METHODS AND RESULTS The metastatic detection rate can vary according to the approach adopted in the microscopic analysis of the LNs, which includes frozen-section examination, total inclusion of the tissue with and without whole-mount sections, serial sectioning, and the application of immunohistochemistry. The assessment of the sentinel LN, the search for micrometastases, and the evaluation of atypical LN metastatic sites further contribute to the detection of the metastatic spread. CONCLUSION In this review, an update on the histopathological evaluation of LND specimens in patients with PCa is given, and focus is made on their clinical and prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Conti
- Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Section of Urology, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, GM Lancisi, G Salesi, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luciano Burattini
- Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, GM Lancisi, G Salesi, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, via Conca 71, 60126, Torrette, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazzucchelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, via Conca 71, 60126, Torrette, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea B Galosi
- Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Section of Urology, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Alberto Briganti
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, via Conca 71, 60126, Torrette, Ancona, Italy.
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Queisser A, Hagedorn SA, Braun M, Vogel W, Duensing S, Perner S. Comparison of different prostatic markers in lymph node and distant metastases of prostate cancer. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:138-45. [PMID: 24925052 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is mostly diagnosed at an early stage; however, some tumors are diagnosed in a metastatic stage as cancer of unknown primary origin. In order to allow specific treatment in the case of prostate cancer presenting as cancer of unknown primary origin, it is important to determine the tumor origin. Prostate-specific antigen is used as a diagnostic marker for prostate cancer but the expression declines with progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer. Aim of this study was to identify the most informative marker constellation, which is able to detect metastatic prostate cancer at high sensitivity. The widely used prostate cancer markers such as prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific acid phosphatase, androgen receptor, prostate-specific membrane antigen, prostein, and ETS-related gene were investigated for their sensitivity to detect prostatic origin of metastases. Expression of prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific acid phosphatase, androgen receptor, prostate-specific membrane antigen, prostein, and ETS-related gene was determined on archived tissue specimens consisting of benign prostatic tissue (n=9), primary prostate cancer (n=79), lymph node metastases (n=58), and distant metastases (n=39) using immunohistochemistry. The staining intensity was categorized as negative (0), weak (1), moderate (2), and strong (3). All markers except ETS-related gene were able to detect at least 70% of lymph node metastases and distant metastases, with prostate-specific antigen, androgen receptor, and prostate-specific membrane antigen having the highest sensitivity (97%, 91%, and 94%, respectively). A further increase of the sensitivity up to 98% and 100% could be achieved by the combination of prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen, or androgen receptor for lymph node metastases and for distant metastases, respectively. The same sensitivity could be reached by combining prostate-specific membrane antigen and prostein. Our data show that a combined staining of at least two prostate markers should be utilized to identify metastases as originating from prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Queisser
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn and Centre for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne A Hagedorn
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn and Centre for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Braun
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn and Centre for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wenzel Vogel
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn and Centre for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn and Centre for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Wilkerson ML, Lin F, Liu H, Cheng L. The Application of Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Urologic Surgical Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:1643-65. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0078-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context
Tumors of the genitourinary tract can be diagnostically challenging, particularly in core biopsies and cystoscopic biopsies with limited material. Immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool to use when morphology alone is insufficient for diagnosis.
Objectives
To review tumors and benign lesions of the kidney, urinary bladder, prostate gland, testis, and paratesticular structures with an emphasis on difficult differential diagnoses, as well as staining patterns in normal tissue. Recommended immunohistochemical stain panels are discussed that can assist in the diagnostic workup.
Data Sources
Review of current literature.
Conclusions
Immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool, assisting in the diagnosis of problematic tumors and benign lesions of the genitourinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra L. Wilkerson
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Wilkerson, Lin, and Liu)
| | - Fan Lin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Wilkerson, Lin, and Liu)
| | - Haiyan Liu
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Wilkerson, Lin, and Liu)
| | - Liang Cheng
- and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Cheng)
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30
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Kim S, Shin C, Jee SH. Genetic variants at 1q32.1, 10q11.2 and 19q13.41 are associated with prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer screening in two Korean population-based cohort studies. Gene 2014; 556:199-205. [PMID: 25434496 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels are affected by non-cancerous conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, inflammations, and inherited factors. To search for genetic variants associated with PSA levels, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a two-stage design. A total of 554 men from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II were used as a discovery stage and 1575 men collected by the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study were used as a replication stage. Analysis by Genome-wide Human single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array 5.0 was performed by using DNAs derived from venous blood. We analyzed the association between genetic variants and PSA levels using multivariate linear regression models, including age as a covariate. We detected 12 genome-wide significant signals on chromosome 1q32.1, 10q11.2, and 19q13.41 between PSA levels and SNPs. The top SNP associated with log PSA levels was rs2153904 in SLC45A3 (p values, 5.24×10(-9) to 2.00×10(-6)). We also investigated GWAS using 754 subjects from KCPS-II cohort whether our genome-wide significant loci were associated with a risk of prostate cancer (PCa) (200 PCa cases and 554 controls). Three of the SNPs on 10q11.2, rs7077830, rs2611489, and rs4631830, were associated with a risk of PCa. However, two loci, 1q32.1 and 19q13, were not significantly associated with a PCa risk. We suggest that our results for some but not all PCa risk SNPs to be associated with PSA levels could be used as an evidence for the advance of individual PCa screening strategies, such as applying a personalized cutoff value for PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soriul Kim
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Vitavska O, Wieczorek H. The SLC45 gene family of putative sugar transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:655-60. [PMID: 23506898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
According to the classic point of view, transport of sugars across animal plasma membranes is performed by two families of transporters. Secondary active transport occurs via Na(+) symporters of the SLC5 gene family, while passive transport occurs via facilitative transporters of the SLC2 family. In recent years a new family appeared in the scenery which was called the SLC45 gene family of putative sugar transporters, mainly because of obvious similarities to plant sucrose transporters. The SLC45 family consists of only four members that have been denominated A1-A4. These members apparently have counterparts in all vertebrates. Moreover, their amino acid sequences reveal close homologies also to respective invertebrate proteins such as a recently detected sucrose transporter in Drosophila, and suggest a phylogenetic relationship also to corresponding proteins from plants, fungi and bacteria. This minireview describes the molecular features of its members with a focus on their possible role as sugar transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vitavska
- University of Osnabrück, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Department of Animal Physiology, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Matsueda S, Wang M, Weng J, Li Y, Yin B, Zou J, Li Q, Zhao W, Peng W, Legras X, Loo C, Wang RF, Wang HY. Identification of prostate-specific G-protein coupled receptor as a tumor antigen recognized by CD8(+) T cells for cancer immunotherapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45756. [PMID: 23029225 PMCID: PMC3447865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among elderly men in the US, and immunotherapy has been shown to be a promising strategy to treat patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Efforts to identify novel prostate specific tumor antigens will facilitate the development of effective cancer vaccines against prostate cancer. Prostate-specific G-protein coupled receptor (PSGR) is a novel antigen that has been shown to be specifically over-expressed in human prostate cancer tissues. In this study, we describe the identification of PSGR-derived peptide epitopes recognized by CD8+ T cells in an HLA-A2 dependent manner. Methodology/Principal Findings Twenty-one PSGR-derived peptides were predicted by an immuno-informatics approach based on the HLA-A2 binding motif. These peptides were examined for their ability to induce peptide-specific T cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from either HLA-A2+ healthy donors or HLA-A2+ prostate cancer patients. The recognition of HLA-A2 positive and PSGR expressing LNCaP cells was also tested. Among the 21 PSGR-derived peptides, three peptides, PSGR3, PSGR4 and PSGR14 frequently induced peptide-specific T cell responses in PBMCs from both healthy donors and prostate cancer patients. Importantly, these peptide-specific T cells recognized and killed LNCaP prostate cancer cells in an HLA class I-restricted manner. Conclusions/Significance We have identified three novel HLA-A2-restricted PSGR-derived peptides recognized by CD8+ T cells, which, in turn, recognize HLA-A2+ and PSGR+ tumor cells. The PSGR-derived peptides identified may be used as diagnostic markers as well as immune targets for development of anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Matsueda
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Brimo F, Epstein JI. Immunohistochemical pitfalls in prostate pathology. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:313-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tumor-associated antigens for specific immunotherapy of prostate cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:193-217. [PMID: 24213236 PMCID: PMC3712678 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common noncutaneous cancer diagnosis and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States. Effective treatment modalities for advanced metastatic PCa are limited. Immunotherapeutic strategies based on T cells and antibodies represent interesting approaches to prevent progression from localized to advanced PCa and to improve survival outcomes for patients with advanced disease. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) efficiently recognize and destroy tumor cells. CD4+ T cells augment the antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells and promote the expansion of tumor-reactive CTLs. Antibodies mediate their antitumor effects via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, activation of the complement system, improving the uptake of coated tumor cells by phagocytes, and the functional interference of biological pathways essential for tumor growth. Consequently, several tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have been identified that represent promising targets for T cell- or antibody-based immunotherapy. These TAAs comprise proteins preferentially expressed in normal and malignant prostate tissues and molecules which are not predominantly restricted to the prostate, but are overexpressed in various tumor entities including PCa. Clinical trials provide evidence that specific immunotherapeutic strategies using such TAAs represent safe and feasible concepts for the induction of immunological and clinical responses in PCa patients. However, further improvement of the current approaches is required which may be achieved by combining T cell- and/or antibody-based strategies with radio-, hormone-, chemo- or antiangiogenic therapy.
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Srinivasan M, Parwani AV. Diagnostic utility of p63/P501S double sequential immunohistochemical staining in differentiating urothelial carcinoma from prostate carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6:67. [PMID: 21777423 PMCID: PMC3163513 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-6-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Distinguishing urothelial carcinoma (UC) from prostate carcinoma (PC) is important due to potential therapeutic and prognostic implications. However, this can be a diagnostic challenge when there is limited tissue and in poorly differentiated tumors. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of a dual immunohistochemical stain comprising p63 and P501S (prostein), applied sequentially on a single slide and visualized by double chromogen reaction, in differentiating these two cancers. Thus far, there have been no previous studies assessing the diagnostic utility of p63 and P501S combined together as a dual immunostain in distinguishing between these two cancers. Methods p63/P501S dual-color sequential immunohistochemical staining was performed on archival material from 132 patients with high-grade UC and 23 patients with PC, and evaluated for p63 (brown nuclear) and P501S (red cytoplasmic) expression. Both the staining intensity and percentage of positive tumor cells were assessed. Results p63 was positive in 119/132 of UC and negative in PC. P501S was positive in 22/23 of PC and negative in UC. The p63+/P501S- immunoprofile had 90% sensitivity and 100% specificity for UC. The p63-/P501S+ immunoprofile had 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity for PC. Conclusion Our results indicate that double sequential immunohistochemical staining with p63 and P501S is highly specific and can be a useful tool in distinguishing UC from PC especially when there is limited diagnostic tissue as it can be performed on a single slide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Halat S, Eble JN, Grignon DJ, Lacy S, Montironi R, MacLennan GT, Lopez-Beltran A, Tan PH, Baldridge LA, Cheng L. Ectopic prostatic tissue: histogenesis and histopathological characteristics. Histopathology 2011; 58:750-8. [PMID: 21438904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of ectopic prostatic tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 20 cases of ectopic prostate. In 85% (17/20) of the cases, the ectopic prostatic tissue was located in the bladder; in the remaining cases, it was located in the urethra. In 60% of the cases (12/20), no significant inflammatory or reactive/reparative changes were identified in the adjacent tissue. Immunohistochemical stains for prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific acid phosphatase, and prostein were positive in the glandular epithelial cells of all cases. Stains for 34βE12 and p63 confirmed the presence of basal cells in all cases. There was no overexpression of α-methylacyl-CoA racemase in any of the cases. There was cytoplasmic luminal staining for CD10 and cytoplasmic staining for cytokeratin 18 in acinar cells in all cases. In cases in which followup data were available, no patient was found to have residual or recurrent ectopic prostatic tissue and none developed prostatic adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Ectopic prostatic tissue is occasionally encountered in the lower urinary tract, most commonly in the bladder and urethra of males. Ectopic prostatic tissue has histological and immunohistochemical characteristics that are indistinguishable from those of normal prostatic tissue, and most likely represents the persistence of embryonic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Halat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:517493. [PMID: 21076523 PMCID: PMC2975068 DOI: 10.1155/2010/517493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which display an extraordinary capacity to induce, sustain, and regulate T-cell responses providing the opportunity of DC-based cancer vaccination strategies. Thus, clinical trials enrolling prostate cancer patients were conducted, which were based on the administration of DCs loaded with tumor-associated antigens. These clinical trials revealed that DC-based immunotherapeutic strategies represent safe and feasible concepts for the induction of immunological and clinical responses in prostate cancer patients. In this context, the administration of the vaccine sipuleucel-T consisting of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells including APCs, which were pre-exposed in vitro to the fusion protein PA2024, resulted in a prolonged overall survival among patients with metastatic castration-resistent prostate cancer. In April 2010, sipuleucel-T was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for prostate cancer therapy.
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Abstract
NKX3.1 is a prostatic tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 8p. Although most studies have shown that staining for NKX3.1 protein is positive in the majority of primary prostatic adenocarcinomas, it has been shown to be downregulated in many high-grade prostate cancers, and completely lost in the majority of metastatic prostate cancers (eg, in 65% to 78% of lesions). A recent study showed that NKX3.1 staining with a novel antibody was highly sensitive and specific for high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma when compared with high-grade urothelial carcinoma. This raised the question that this antibody may perform better than earlier used antibodies in metastatic prostate tumors. However, the sensitivity and specificity for prostate carcinomas for this antibody in metastatic lesions was not determined. Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) are excellent tissue markers of prostate cancer, at times they may be expressed at low levels, focally, or not at all in poorly differentiated primary and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinomas. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of NKX3.1 as a marker of metastatic adenocarcinoma of prostatic origin. Immunohistochemical staining against NKX3.1, PSA, and PSAP was carried out on a tissue microarray (TMA) (0.6-mm tissue cores) of hormone naïve metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma specimens from lymph nodes, bone, and soft tissue. To determine the specificity of NKX3.1 for prostatic adenocarcinoma, we used TMAs that contained cancers from various sites including the urinary bladder, breast, colon, salivary gland, stomach, pancreas, thyroid, and central nervous system, and standard paraffin sections of cancers from other sites including the adrenal cortex, kidney, liver, lung, and testis. Overall 349 nonprostatic tumors were evaluated. Any nuclear staining for NKX3.1 was considered positive and the percentage of cells with nuclear staining and their mean intensity level were assessed visually. Sensitivity was calculated by considering a case positive if any TMA core was positive. The sensitivity for identifying metastatic prostatic adenocarcinomas overall was 98.6% (68/69 cases positive) for NKX3.1, 94.2% (65/69 cores positive) for PSA, and 98.6% (68/69 cores positive) for PSAP. The specificity of NKX3.1 was 99.7% (1/349 nonprostatic tumors positive). The sole positive nonprostatic cancer case was an invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. NKX3.1 seems to be a highly sensitive and specific tissue marker of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. In the appropriate clinical setting, the addition of IHC staining for NKX3.1, along with other prostate-restricted markers, may prove to be a valuable adjunct to definitively determine prostatic origin in poorly differentiated metastatic carcinomas.
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Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder demonstrates diverse morphologic features, often leading to diagnostic challenges in the discrimination between UCC and benign mimickers of neoplasia, and between primary UCC and secondary neoplasms involving the bladder. In situ lesions also provide diagnostic difficulty in some instances, most prominently in the distinction between normal, reactive urothelium and flat urothelial carcinoma in situ. The use of ancillary techniques, including panels of immunohistochemical markers, in distinguishing these entities has aided not only in the diagnosis of UCC, but has also provided insight into the molecular pathogenesis and prognostic value of numerous molecular pathways in UCC. This review focuses on some of the more commonly encountered biomarkers in UCC and their role in addressing key diagnostic and prognostic issues in this disease process.
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41
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Molinié V. [The role of the pathologist in the diagnosis of metastases from urological malignancies]. Prog Urol 2008; 18 Suppl 7:S178-95. [PMID: 19070790 DOI: 10.1016/s1166-7087(08)74541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastases are sometimes the first revelation of urologic cancers. The role of the pathologist in case metastatic disease of unknown origin is to affirm the malignant character of the lesion; provide histological information for possible origins; and to give histological therapeutic arguments. In most of the cases the histological analysis based on cellular morphology is sufficient to suspect a particular origin. In case of poor differentiated carcinoma in addition to the histological analysis, the immunohistochemical study allows the detection of various specific antigens. In this review we approach the various morphological criteria and the interest of the various antibodies to confirm the urologic origin of a metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Molinié
- Service de Pathologie, Hôpital Saint Joseph, Paris, France.
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42
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Kusumi T, Koie T, Tanaka M, Matsumoto K, Sato F, Kusumi A, Ohyama C, Kijima H. Immunohistochemical detection of carcinoma in radical prostatectomy specimens following hormone therapy. Pathol Int 2008; 58:687-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2008.02294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Lane Z, Hansel DE, Epstein JI. Immunohistochemical Expression of Prostatic Antigens in Adenocarcinoma and Villous Adenoma of the Urinary Bladder. Am J Surg Pathol 2008; 32:1322-6. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181656ca0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumour and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American men. One of the most troubling aspects of this disease is that, after androgen ablation therapy, androgen-dependent cancer cells inevitably progress to an androgen-independent status, for which no effective treatment has yet been developed. To date, the mechanisms that underlie the occurrence and progression of CaP remain largely unknown. Recent studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in human tumourigenesis. Some aberrantly expressed miRNAs have been discovered in CaP cell lines, xenografts and clinical tissues and these CaP-related miRNAs may play critical roles in the pathogenesis of CaP. This review provides an overview of current findings about aberrantly expressed miRNAs in CaP. Although a number of CaP-related miRNAs were discovered, to date, only five are characterized for their functionalities: three as oncogenes and two as tumour suppressors. To understand the mechanisms of miRNA action as oncogenes or tumour suppressors, mRNA targets of miRNAs were characterized. Oncogenic miRNAs down-regulate the expression of apoptosis-related genes, and tumour suppressor miRNAs target the proliferation-related genes. Importantly, there is evidence that CaP-related miRNAs are regulated through androgen signalling and that this regulation may contribute to the development of androgen independence. Due to the oncogenic or tumour-suppressive properties of CaP-related miRNAs, they are highly likely to be of clinical use first as biomarkers but more importantly as therapeutic targets for prostate cancer treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Bao Shi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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45
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Prostatic adenocarcinoma in colorectal biopsy: clinical and pathologic features. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:543-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Hammerich KH, Ayala GE, Wheeler TM. Application of Immunohistochemistry to the Genitourinary System (Prostate, Urinary Bladder, Testis, and Kidney). Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:432-40. [DOI: 10.5858/2008-132-432-aoittg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Context.—The variety of morphologic patterns of different entities of the genitourinary tract can present a diagnostic dilemma for the pathologist. This is especially true in cases of mimics of cancer, a cancer of unknown primary, or poorly differentiated tumors, in which it is hard to assign histogenesis needed to plan the correct therapy for the patient. Immunohistochemistry offers a better capacity than hematoxylin-eosin staining alone to differentiate human tissue types. Also, in the past decades, several techniques had been developed to differentiate between benign and malignant processes with morphologic overlap. By using immunohistochemistry in selected cases, the rate of false-negative and false-positive diagnoses can be reduced, and some patients are afforded the opportunity to get more specific or effective therapy as a result.
Objective.—For each subgroup of genitourinary system tumors, common diagnostic problems are reviewed, and immunohistochemical markers useful in addressing these problems are discussed, along with expected patterns of immunoreactivity.
Data Sources.—The pertinent literature, with focus on immunohistochemical staining of tumors of the genitourinary tract.
Conclusions.—The addition of immunohistochemistry to the diagnostic armamentarium for genitourinary pathologic diagnosis has increased the sensitivity and specificity of diagnoses and aided in the selection of optional therapeutic regimens in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hans Hammerich
- From the Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Gustavo E. Ayala
- From the Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Thomas M. Wheeler
- From the Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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Ectopic expression of miR-126*, an intronic product of the vascular endothelial EGF-like 7 gene, regulates prostein translation and invasiveness of prostate cancer LNCaP cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:313-22. [PMID: 18193184 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 11/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding RNAs that down-regulate gene expression by promoting cleavage or translational arrest of target mRNAs. While most miRNAs are transcribed from their own dedicated genes, some map to introns of 'host' transcripts, the biological significance of which remains unknown. Here, we show that prostate cells are naturally devoid of EGF-like domain 7 (Egfl7) transcripts and hence also deficient in a miRNA, miR-126*, generated from splicing and processing of its ninth intron. Use of recombinant and synthetic miRNAs or a specific antagomir established a role of miR-126* in silencing prostein in non-endothelial cells. We mapped two miR-126*-binding sites in the 3'UTR of the prostein mRNA required for translational repression. Transfection of synthetic miR-126* into prostate cancer LNCaP cells strongly reduced the translation of prostein. Interestingly, loss of prostein correlated with reduction of LNCaP cell migration and invasion. Thus, the robust expression of prostein protein in the prostate cells results from a combination of transcriptional activation of the prostein gene and absence of intronic miRNA-126* due to the prostate-specific repression of the Egfl7 gene. We conclude that intronic miRNAs from tissue-specific transcripts, or their natural absence, make cardinal contributions to cellular gene expression and phenotype. These findings also open the door to tissue-specific miRNA therapy.
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48
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Kiessling A, Füssel S, Wehner R, Bachmann M, Wirth MP, Rieber EP, Schmitz M. Advances in specific immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2007; 53:694-708. [PMID: 18061335 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The absence of effective therapies for advanced prostate cancer has entailed an intensive search for novel treatments. This review presents an overview of specific immunotherapeutic strategies for prostate cancer. METHODS Current literature was reviewed regarding the identification of tumor antigens and the design of T-cell- and antibody-based immunotherapy for prostate cancer. The PubMed database was searched using the key words antibodies, clinical trials, dendritic cells, immunotherapy, prostate cancer, and T cells. RESULTS T cells and antibodies are powerful components of the specific antitumor immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) efficiently destroy tumor cells. CD4+ T cells improve the antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) and support the stimulation of tumor-reactive CTLs. Monoclonal antibodies exhibit their antitumor effects via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement activation. Consequently, much attention has been given to the identification of tumor antigens that represent attractive targets for specific immunotherapy. Several prostate cancer-related antigens were described and used in clinical trials. Such studies were based on the administration of peptides, proteins, or DNA. Furthermore, men with prostate cancer were vaccinated with peptide-, protein-, or RNA-loaded DCs, which display an extraordinary capacity to induce tumor-reactive T cells. Monoclonal antibodies directed against surface antigens were also used. Clinical trials revealed that immunotherapeutic strategies represent safe and feasible concepts for the induction of immunologic and clinical responses in men with prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS Specific immunotherapy represents a promising treatment modality for prostate cancer. Further improvement of the current approaches is required and may be achieved by combining T-cell- and antibody-based vaccination strategies with radio-, hormone-, chemo-, or antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kiessling
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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49
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Yin M, Dhir R, Parwani AV. Diagnostic utility of p501s (prostein) in comparison to prostate specific antigen (PSA) for the detection of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2007; 2:41. [PMID: 17963516 PMCID: PMC2174437 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-2-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunohistochemical detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) is widely used to identify metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. However, PSA may not be expressed in some poorly differentiated prostatic carcinomas and its immunoreactivity has been found in some non-prostatic tissues. P501s (prostein) is a prostate-specific marker that is expressed in the cytoplasm of benign and malignant prostatic glandular cells. It has not been detected in any other normal or malignant tissues. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of P501s in metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma and compare its expression with PSA. Methods Immunohistochemical stains with anti-P501s antibodies were performed on 5-micron sections of tissue microarray (TMA) specimens. The TMA is constructed with normal donor prostates (NDP), prostatic adenocarcinoma (PRCA), non-neoplastic prostatic tissues adjacent to malignant glands (NAT), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), high-grade prostatic neoplasia (PIN), metastatic adenocarcinoma to lymph nodes (MLN), metastatic adenocarcinoma to other sites (MC), and samples of benign testis, colon, adrenal and kidney. The two groups of metastatic lesions were also subjected to stains with antibodies to PSA. A composite score (ranging from 0 to 3) was assigned to score intensity of staining. Results Granular staining pattern of p501s was seen in all benign glands (score = 1.77 – 2.1) and malignant acini (score = 1.52) at the apical aspect of cytoplasm, predominantly adjacent to the nuclei. No staining was observed in controls including testis, colon, adrenal and kidney. The MLN group received a score of 1.0, with 10% of cases negative for p501s. The MC cases had a score of 0.64, with 16.7% of case showing loss of p501s expression. Although the metastatic lesions demonstrated similar rate of negative expression with PSA antibody, only 2 MC cases (3.3%) showed simultaneous negative stains for both P501S and PSA. Conclusion P501s is an organ specific marker for benign and malignant prostatic epithelial cells. Its characteristic cytoplasmic stain pattern provides an additional valuable immunomarker for detection of metastatic prostatic malignancy, even though the intensity of its expression is reduced, as in the case with PSA. Simultaneous stains with P501S and PSA will greatly improve the detection rate and identify a significant majority of the metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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50
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Chuang AY, DeMarzo AM, Veltri RW, Sharma RB, Bieberich CJ, Epstein JI. Immunohistochemical differentiation of high-grade prostate carcinoma from urothelial carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:1246-55. [PMID: 17667550 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31802f5d33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The histologic distinction between high-grade prostate cancer and infiltrating high-grade urothelial cancer may be difficult, and has significant implications because each disease may be treated very differently (ie, hormone therapy for prostate cancer and chemotherapy for urothelial cancer). Immunohistochemistry of novel and established prostatic and urothelial markers using tissue microarrays (TMAs) were studied. Prostatic markers studied included: prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostein (P501s), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), NKX3.1 (an androgen-related tumor suppressor gene), and proPSA (pPSA) (precursor form of PSA). "Urothelial markers" included high molecular weight cytokeratin (HMWCK), p63, thrombomodulin, and S100P (placental S100). TMAs contained 38 poorly differentiated prostate cancers [Gleason score 8 (n=2), Gleason score 9 (n=18), Gleason score 10 (n=18)] and 35 high-grade invasive urothelial carcinomas from radical prostatectomy and cystectomy specimens, respectively. Each case had 2 to 8 tissue spots (0.6-mm diameter). If all spots for a case showed negative staining, the case was called negative. The sensitivities for labeling prostate cancers were PSA (97.4%), P501S (100%), PSMA (92.1%), NKX3.1 (94.7%), and pPSA (94.7%). Because of PSA's high sensitivity on the TMA, we chose 41 additional poorly differentiated primary (N=36) and metastatic (N=5) prostate carcinomas which showed variable PSA staining at the time of diagnosis and performed immunohistochemistry on routine tissue sections. Compared to PSA, which on average showed 18.8% of cells with moderate to strong positivity, cases stained for P501S, PSMA, and NKX3.1 had on average 42.5%, 53.7%, 52.9% immunoreactivity, respectively. All prostatic markers showed excellent specificity. HMWCK, p63, thrombomodulin, and S100P showed lower sensitivities in labeling high-grade invasive urothelial cancer in the TMAs with 91.4%, 82.9%, 68.6%, and 71.4% staining, respectively. These urothelial markers were relatively specific with only a few prostate cancers showing scattered (<or=2%) weak-moderate positive cells. In summary, PSA can be used as the first screening marker for differentiating high-grade prostate adenocarcinoma from high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry for P501S, PSMA, NKX3.1, and pPSA are useful when high-grade prostate cancer is suspected based on the morphology or clinical findings, yet shows negative or equivocal PSA staining. HMWCK and p63 are superior to the novel markers thrombomodulin and S100P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ying Chuang
- Department of Pathology, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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