1
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Choudhury AR, Nagesh AM, Gupta S, Chaturvedi PK, Kumar N, Sandeep K, Pandey D. MicroRNA signature of stromal-epithelial interactions in prostate and breast cancers. Exp Cell Res 2024; 441:114171. [PMID: 39029573 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Stromal-epithelial communication is an absolute necessity when it comes to the morphogenesis and pathogenesis of solid tissues, including the prostate and breast. So far, signalling pathways of several growth factors have been investigated. Besides such chemical factors, non-coding RNAs such as miRNAs have recently gained much interest because of their variety and complexity of action. Prostate and breast tissues being highly responsive to steroid hormones such as androgen and estrogen, respectively, it is not surprising that a huge set of available literature critically investigated the interplay between such hormones and miRNAs, especially in carcinogenesis. This review showcases our effort to highlight hormonally-related miRNAs that also somehow perturb the regular stromal-epithelial interactions during carcinogenesis in the prostate and breast. In future, we look forward to exploring how hormonal changes in the tissue microenvironment bring about miRNA-mediated changes in stromal-epithelial interactome in carcinogenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Roy Choudhury
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - A Muni Nagesh
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Surabhi Gupta
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kumar Sandeep
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Pandey
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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2
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Kyoda Y, Shibamori K, Shindo T, Maehana T, Hashimoto K, Kobayashi K, Tanaka T, Fukuta F, Masumori N. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors causing hyperplasia of the prostate. Int J Urol 2024; 31:705-717. [PMID: 38462732 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Prostatic hyperplasia is very common in elderly men and is a typical disease that reduces quality of life. Histologically, hyperplasia of the prostate gland causes obstruction at the bladder outlet, resulting in symptoms such as a weak urine stream. Various factors have been considered to cause histological enlargement of the prostate, but the underlying cause is still unknown. The factors that cause prostate hyperplasia can be broadly classified into intrinsic and extrinsic ones. Extrinsic factors include things that we directly come into contact with such as bacteria and food. On the other hand, intrinsic factors are those that cause changes in functions originally provided in the body due to some cause, including extrinsic factors, such as chronic inflammation and an imbalance of sex hormones. A large number of reports have been made to date regarding the etiology of prostatic hyperplasia, although they have not yet clarified the fundamental cause(s). The various factors currently known should be outlined for future research. Should it be possible to prevent this highly prevalent prostatic hyperplasia which is mainly cause of dcreasing quality of life, there is no doubt that it would be a huge contribution to humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kyoda
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Shibamori
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shindo
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Maehana
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohei Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ko Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumimasa Fukuta
- Department of Urology, Steel Memorial Muroran Hospital, Muroran, Japan
| | - Naoya Masumori
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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3
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Liu Z, Li S, Chen S, Sheng J, Li Z, Lv T, Yu W, Fan Y, Wang J, Liu W, Hu S, Jin J. YAP-mediated GPER signaling impedes proliferation and survival of prostate epithelium in benign prostatic hyperplasia. iScience 2024; 27:109125. [PMID: 38420594 PMCID: PMC10901089 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) occurs when there is an imbalance between the proliferation and death of prostate cells, which is regulated tightly by estrogen signaling. However, the role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in prostate cell survival remains ambiguous. In this study, we observed that prostates with epithelial hyperplasia showed increased yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) expression and decreased levels of estrogen and GPER. Blocking YAP through genetic or drug interventions led to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in the prostate epithelial cells. Interestingly, GPER agonists produced similar effects. GPER activation enhanced the phosphorylation and degradation of YAP, which was crucial for suppressing cell proliferation and survival. The Gαs/cAMP/PKA/LATS pathway, downstream of GPER, transmitted signals that facilitated YAP inhibition. This study investigated the interaction between GPER and YAP in the prostate epithelial cells and its contribution to BPH development. It lays the groundwork for future research on developing BPH treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Senmao Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Shengbin Chen
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jindong Sheng
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Tianjing Lv
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- Department of Urology, Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
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4
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Bologna E, Licari LC, Franco A, Ditonno F, Leonardo C, De Nunzio C, Autorino R, Manfredi C. Gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender women and risk of prostate cancer: pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024:10.1038/s41391-024-00796-1. [PMID: 38297151 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-024-00796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Bologna
- Department of Urology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Maternal-Child and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Leslie Claire Licari
- Department of Urology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Maternal-Child and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franco
- Department of Urology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ditonno
- Department of Urology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Costantino Leonardo
- Department of Urology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Cosimo De Nunzio
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Celeste Manfredi
- Department of Urology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Unit of Urology, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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5
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Chandran K, Grochot R, de Los Dolores Fenor De La Maza M, Yuan W, Gurel B, Miranda S, Paschalis A, Riisnaes R, Figueiredo I, Bogdan D, Sharp A, Carreira S, de Bono JS. A Transgender Patient with Prostate Cancer: Lessons Learnt. Eur Urol 2023; 83:379-380. [PMID: 36609007 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khobe Chandran
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rafael Grochot
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Bora Gurel
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Alec Paschalis
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Adam Sharp
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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6
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Yang Y, Sheng J, Hu S, Cui Y, Xiao J, Yu W, Peng J, Han W, He Q, Fan Y, Niu Y, Lin J, Tian Y, Chang C, Yeh S, Jin J. Estrogen and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor accelerate the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia by inducing prostatic fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:533. [PMID: 35672281 PMCID: PMC9174491 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common and progressive urological disease in elderly men worldwide. Epidemiological studies have suggested that the speed of disease progression varies among individuals, while the pathophysiological mechanisms of accelerated clinical progression in some BPH patients remain to be elucidated. In this study, we defined patients with BPH as belonging to the accelerated progressive group (transurethral resection of the prostate [TURP] surgery at ≤50 years old), normal-speed progressive group (TURP surgery at ≥70 years old), or non-progressive group (age ≤50 years old without BPH-related surgery). We enrolled prostate specimens from the three groups of patients and compared these tissues to determine the histopathological characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying BPH patients with accelerated progression. We found that the main histopathological characteristics of accelerated progressive BPH tissues were increased stromal components and prostatic fibrosis, which were accompanied by higher myofibroblast accumulation and collagen deposition. Mechanism dissection demonstrated that these accelerated progressive BPH tissues have higher expression of the CYP19 and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) with higher estrogen biosynthesis. Estrogen functions via GPER/Gαi signaling to modulate the EGFR/ERK and HIF-1α/TGF-β1 signaling to increase prostatic stromal cell proliferation and prostatic stromal fibrosis. The increased stromal components and prostatic fibrosis may accelerate the clinical progression of BPH. Targeting this newly identified CYP19/estrogen/GPER/Gαi signaling axis may facilitate the development of novel personalized therapeutics to better suppress the progression of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Jindong Sheng
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Cui
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100020 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Peng
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenke Han
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
| | - Qun He
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Fan
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, 300211 Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Lin
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, 300211 Tianjin, China ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Jie Jin
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
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7
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De Falco M, Laforgia V. Combined Effects of Different Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) on Prostate Gland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9772. [PMID: 34574693 PMCID: PMC8471191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) belong to a heterogeneous class of environmental pollutants widely diffused in different aquatic and terrestrial habitats. This implies that humans and animals are continuously exposed to EDCs from different matrices and sources. Moreover, pollution derived from anthropic and industrial activities leads to combined exposure to substances with multiple mechanisms of action on the endocrine system and correlated cell and tissue targets. For this reason, specific organs, such as the prostate gland, which physiologically are under the control of hormones like androgens and estrogens, are particularly sensitive to EDC stimulation. It is now well known that an imbalance in hormonal regulation can cause the onset of various prostate diseases, from benign prostate hyperplasia to prostate cancer. In this review, starting with the description of normal prostate gland anatomy and embryology, we summarize recent studies reporting on how the multiple and simultaneous exposure to estrogenic and anti-androgenic compounds belonging to EDCs are responsible for an increase in prostate disease incidence in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Falco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘‘Federico II’’, 80126 Naples, Italy;
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
- Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘‘Federico II’’, 80126 Naples, Italy;
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
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Sterling J, Garcia MM. Cancer screening in the transgender population: a review of current guidelines, best practices, and a proposed care model. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 9:2771-2785. [PMID: 33457249 PMCID: PMC7807311 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 50 years cancer mortality has decreased, the biggest contributor to this decrease has been the widespread adoption of cancer screening protocols. These guidelines are based on large population studies, which often do not capture the non-gender conforming portion of the population. The aim of this review is to cover current guidelines and practice patterns of cancer screening in transgender patients, and, where evidence-based data is lacking, to draw from cis-gender screening guidelines to suggest best-practice screening approaches for transgender patients. We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar and Medline, using all iterations of the follow search terms: transgender, gender non-conforming, gender non-binary, cancer screening, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, anal cancer, and all acceptable abbreviations. Given the limited amount of existing literature inclusion was broad. After eliminating duplicates and abstract, all queries yielded 85 unique publications. There are currently very few transgender specific cancer screening recommendations. All the guidelines discussed in this manuscript were designed for cis-gender patients and applied to the transgender community based on small case series. Currently, there is not sufficient to evidence to determine the long-term effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on an individual’s cancer risk. Established guidelines for cisgender individuals and can reasonably followed for transgender patients based on what organs remain in situ. In the future comprehensive cancer screening and prevention initiatives centered on relevant anatomy and high-risk behaviors specific for transgender men and women are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Sterling
- Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Maurice M Garcia
- Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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9
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Maitland NJ. Resistance to Antiandrogens in Prostate Cancer: Is It Inevitable, Intrinsic or Induced? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:327. [PMID: 33477370 PMCID: PMC7829888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly sophisticated therapies for chemical castration dominate first-line treatments for locally advanced prostate cancer. However, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) offers little prospect of a cure, as resistant tumors emerge rather rapidly, normally within 30 months. Cells have multiple mechanisms of resistance to even the most sophisticated drug regimes, and both tumor cell heterogeneity in prostate cancer and the multiple salvage pathways result in castration-resistant disease related genetically to the original hormone-naive cancer. The timing and mechanisms of cell death after ADT for prostate cancer are not well understood, and off-target effects after long-term ADT due to functional extra-prostatic expression of the androgen receptor protein are now increasingly being recorded. Our knowledge of how these widely used treatments fail at a biological level in patients is deficient. In this review, I will discuss whether there are pre-existing drug-resistant cells in a tumor mass, or whether resistance is induced/selected by the ADT. Equally, what is the cell of origin of this resistance, and does it differ from the treatment-naïve tumor cells by differentiation or dedifferentiation? Conflicting evidence also emerges from studies in the range of biological systems and species employed to answer this key question. It is only by improving our understanding of this aspect of treatment and not simply devising another new means of androgen inhibition that we can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Maitland
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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10
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Gould ML, Nicholson HD. Changes in receptor location affect the ability of oxytocin to stimulate proliferative growth in prostate epithelial cells. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1166-1179. [PMID: 31034785 DOI: 10.1071/rd18362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal prostate cells, cell membrane receptors are located within signalling microdomains called caveolae. During cancer progression, caveolae are lost and sequestered receptors move out onto lipid rafts. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a change in the localisation of receptors out of caveolae and onto the cell membrane increased cell proliferation invitro, and to determine whether this is related to changes in the cell signalling pathways. Normal human prostate epithelial cells (PrEC) and androgen-independent (PC3) cancer cells were cultured with 10nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The effects of oxytocin (OT) and gonadal steroids on proliferation were assessed using the MTS assay. Androgen receptor (AR) and oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression was identified by immunofluorescence and quantified by western blot. OTR and lipid raft staining was determined using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Protein-protein interactions were detected and the cell signalling pathways identified. Treatment with OT did not affect the proliferation of PrEC. In PC3 cells, OT or androgen alone increased cell proliferation, but together had no effect. In normal cells, OTR localised to the membrane and AR localised to the nucleus, whereas in malignant cells both OTR and AR were identified in the cell membrane. Colocalisation of OTR and AR increased following treatment with androgens. Significantly fewer OTR/AR protein-protein interactions were seen in PrEC. With OT treatment, several cell signalling pathways were activated. Movement of OTR out of caveolae onto lipid rafts is accompanied by activation of alternative signal transduction pathways involved in stimulating increased cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Gould
- Anatomy Department, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; and Corresponding author.
| | - H D Nicholson
- Anatomy Department, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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11
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Obesity-associated inflammation induces androgenic to estrogenic switch in the prostate gland. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2020; 23:465-474. [PMID: 32029929 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-0208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Our patient cohort revealed that obesity is strongly associated with steroid-5α reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) promoter methylation and reduced protein expression. The underlying mechanism of prostatic growth in this population is poorly understood. Here we addressed the question of how obesity, inflammation, and steroid hormones affect the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIAL AND METHODS We used preadipocytes, macrophages, primary human prostatic stromal cells, prostate tissues from high-fat diet-induced obese mice, and 35 prostate specimens that were collected from patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). RNA was isolated and quantified with RT-PCR. Genome DNA was extracted and SRD5A2 promoter methylation was determined. Sex hormones were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Protein was extracted and determined by ELISA test. RESULTS In prostatic tissues with obesity, the levels of inflammatory mediators were elevated. SRD5A2 promoter methylation was promoted, but SRD5A2 expression was inhibited. Inflammatory mediators and saturated fatty acid synergistically regulated aromatase activity. Obesity promoted an androgenic to estrogenic switch in the prostate. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that obesity-associated inflammation induces androgenic to estrogenic switch in the prostate gland, which may serve as an effective strategy for alternative therapies for management of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with BPH in select individuals.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men in the USA, but the effect of prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment on men in a sexual minority group, including men who have sex with men and transgender women, is poorly understood. Efforts to study this population are complicated, as cancer registries do not routinely collect information on sexual orientation. As a result, epidemiological data regarding this population have come from small studies that have included disparate rates of prostate cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment. Qualitative studies indicate that prostate cancer is experienced differently by sexual minorities, with distinct health-care needs that arise owing to differences in sexual practices, social support systems and relationships with the medical community. Notably, sexual minorities have been reported to experience poorer health-related quality of life outcomes than heterosexual men, and tend to have less robust social support systems, experience increased psychological distress caused by sexual dysfunction (areas of which are unmeasured after treatment), experience isolation within the health-care system and express increased levels of dissatisfaction with treatment. The incidence of prostate cancer actually seems to be decreased in men from sexual minorities living with HIV, despite there being no differences in screening and treatment, with poor cancer-specific mortality. Although the literature on patients with prostate cancer in men from sexual minority groups has historically been sparse, peer-reviewed research in this area has grown considerably during the past decade and has become an important field of study.
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Inhibitory effect of α 1D/1A antagonist 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazinyl) propyl] acetamide on estrogen/androgen-induced rat benign prostatic hyperplasia model in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 870:172817. [PMID: 31756334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disorder of the urinary system in aging men. 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazinyl) propyl] acetamide (HJZ-3), which is derived from naftopidil, exhibited 97.7- and 64.6-fold greater inhibitory effects for a1D adrenoceptor than for a1B- and a1A-adrenoceptors in vitro, respectively. To investigate the therapeutic potential for treating BPH, we evaluated the pharmacological activity of HJZ-3. Specifically, we evaluated through estrogen/androgen-induced rat benign prostatic hyperplasia model in vivo. HJZ-3 effectively prevented the progression of rat prostatic hyperplasia by suppressing the increase in prostate index and reducing the quantitative analysis of the relative acinus volume, relative stroma, epithelial volume and epithelial thickness and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and α-smooth muscle actin. HJZ-3 decreased α1A- and α1D-adrenoceptor protein expressions in prostate tissue. HJZ-3 is a good alternative for α1A- and α1D-adrenoceptor blocker. It may relax smooth muscle tone and relieve symptoms of BPH.
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Di Donato M, Cernera G, Giovannelli P, Galasso G, Bilancio A, Migliaccio A, Castoria G. Recent advances on bisphenol-A and endocrine disruptor effects on human prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457:35-42. [PMID: 28257827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are man-made substances widespread in the environment that include, among many others, bisphenol A (BPA), organochlorinated pesticides and hormone derivatives detectable in meat from animals raised in concentrated animal feeding operations. Increasing evidence indicates that EDCs have a negative impact on human health as well as on male and female fertility. They may also be associated with some endocrine diseases and increased incidence of breast and prostate cancer. This review aims to summarize available data on the (potential) impact of some common EDCs, focusing particularly on BPA, prostate cancer and their mechanisms of action. These compounds interfere with normal hormone signal pathway transduction, resulting in prolonged exposure of receptors to stimuli or interference with cellular hormone signaling in target cells. Understanding the effects of BPA and other EDCs as well as their molecular mechanism(s) may be useful in sensitizing the scientific community and the manufacturing industry to the importance of finding alternatives to their indiscriminate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Di Donato
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bilancio
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Deebel NA, Morin JP, Autorino R, Vince R, Grob B, Hampton LJ. Prostate Cancer in Transgender Women: Incidence, Etiopathogenesis, and Management Challenges. Urology 2017; 110:166-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Rahman HP, Hofland J, Foster PA. In touch with your feminine side: how oestrogen metabolism impacts prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R249-66. [PMID: 27194038 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the primary cancer in males, with increasing global incidence rates making this malignancy a significant healthcare burden. Androgens not only promote normal prostate maturity but also influence the development and progression of prostate cancer. Intriguingly, evidence now suggests endogenous and exogenous oestrogens, in the form of phytoestrogens, may be equally as relevant as androgens in prostate cancer growth. The prostate gland has the molecular mechanisms, catalysed by steroid sulphatase (STS), to unconjugate and utilise circulating oestrogens. Furthermore, prostate tissue also expresses enzymes essential for local oestrogen metabolism, including aromatase (CYP19A1) and 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Increased expression of these enzymes in malignant prostate tissue compared with normal prostate indicates that oestrogen synthesis is favoured in malignancy and thus may influence tumour progression. In contrast to previous reviews, here we comprehensively explore the epidemiological and scientific evidence on how oestrogens impact prostate cancer, particularly focusing on pre-receptor oestrogen metabolism and subsequent molecular action. We analyse how molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways involved in androgen and oestrogen synthesis intertwine to alter prostate tissue. Furthermore, we speculate on whether oestrogen receptor status in the prostate affects progression of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibur P Rahman
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Johannes Hofland
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Healthcare Partners, Birmingham, UK
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Pytlowanciv EZ, Pinto-Fochi ME, Reame V, Gobbo MG, Ribeiro DL, Taboga SR, Góes RM. Differential ontogenetic exposure to obesogenic environment induces hyperproliferative status and nuclear receptors imbalance in the rat prostate at adulthood. Prostate 2016; 76:662-78. [PMID: 26847797 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental data indicate that high-fat diet (HFD) may alter proliferative activity and prostate health. However, the consequences of HFD exposure during different periods of ontogenetic development on prostate histophysiology remain to be elucidated. Herein, we compare the influence of obesogenic environment (OE) due to maternal obesity and HFD at different periods of life on proliferative activity and nuclear receptors frequency in the rat ventral prostate and a possible relationship with metabolic and hormonal alterations. METHODS Male Wistar rats (19 weeks old), treated with balanced chow (Control group-C; 3% high-fat, 3.5 Kcal/g), were compared with those exposed to HFD (20% high-fat, 4.9 kcal/g) during gestation (G-maternal obesity), gestation and lactation (GL), from post-weaning to adulthood (WA), from lactation to adulthood (LA) and from gestation to adulthood (GA). After the experimental period, the ventral prostate lobes were removed and analyzed with different methods. RESULTS Metabolic data indicated that G and GL rats became insulin resistant and WA, LA, and GA became insulin resistant and obese. There was a strong inverse correlation between serum testosterone (∼133% lower) and leptin levels (∼467% higher) in WA, LA, and GA groups. Estrogen serum levels increased in GA, and insulin levels increased in all groups, especially in WA (64.8×). OE-groups exhibited prostatic hypertrophy, since prostate weight increased ∼40% in G, GL, LA, and GA and 31% in WA. As indicated by immunohistochemistry, all HFD-groups except G exhibited an increase in epithelial cell proliferation (PCNA-positive) and a decrease in frequency of AR- and ERβ-positive epithelial cells; there was also an increment of ERα-positive stromal cells in comparison with control. Cells containing PPARγ increased in both epithelium and stroma of all OE groups and those expressing LXRα decreased, particularly in groups OE-exposed during gestation (G, GL and GA). CONCLUSIONS OE leads to prostate hypertrophy regardless of the period of development and, except when restricted to gestation, leads to a hyperproliferative status which was correlated to downregulation of AR and LXRα and upregulation of ERα and PPARγ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloísa Zanin Pytlowanciv
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Etelvina Pinto-Fochi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Reame
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Guimarães Gobbo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Lisboa Ribeiro
- Histology Sector, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Choi BR, Soni KK, Zhang LT, Lee SW, So I, Kim HK, Park JK. Effect of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid on the intraurethral pressure in a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Urol 2015; 23:259-65. [PMID: 26646436 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid, a new benzofuroindole derivative, on the intraurethral pressure in a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia. METHODS Benign prostatic hyperplasia was induced by testosterone and 17β-estradiol, which were administered intramuscularly once a day for 12 weeks. The effects of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid and tamsulosin on the intraurethral pressure induced by the electrostimulation of hypogastric nerves after a single intravenous injection of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid (10 mg/kg) or tamsulosin (10 μg/kg) were evaluated in a benign prostatic hyperplasia model. The electrostimulation-induced intraurethral pressure was measured just before and after the injection of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid. Bodyweight and genitourinary organ weights were recorded, and serums and tissues were subjected to hormone assays and histopathology. In addition, the expression of α1-adrenoceptors in the prostate was measured by western blotting. RESULTS The benign prostatic hyperplasia groups showed increased prostatic index, increased concentrations of testosterone, free testosterone and estradiol in serum, and increased epithelial thickness of the prostate. An injection of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid or tamsulosin significantly inhibited the elevation of electrostimulation-induced intraurethral pressure. In addition, 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid did not cause a significant change in the blood pressure compared with tamsulosin. While the benign prostatic hyperplasia group showed increased the expression of α1-adrenoceptors, the 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid or tamsulosin injection into a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia decreased the expression of α1-adrenoceptors. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid might be beneficial for lowering the intraurethral pressure associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and it could represent a therapeutic option for benign prostatic hyperplasia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Choi
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Kiran Kumar Soni
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Li Tao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sung Won Lee
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jong Kwan Park
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Abstract
Oxytocin is a neurohypophyseal hormone that is produced centrally by neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is released directly into higher brain centres and into the peripheral circulation where it produces a multitude of effects. Classically, oxytocin is known for inducing uterine contractions at parturition and milk ejection during suckling. Oxytocin also acts in a species and gender specific manner as an important neuromodulator. It can affect behaviours associated with stress and anxiety, as well social behaviours including sexual and relationship behaviours, and maternal care. Additionally, oxytocin has been shown to have a variety of physiological roles in peripheral tissues, many of which appear to be modulated largely by locally produced oxytocin, dispelling the notion that oxytocin is a purely neurohypophyseal hormone. Oxytocin levels are altered in several diseases and the use of oxytocin or its antagonists have been identified as a possible clinical intervention in the treatment of mood disorders and pain conditions, some cancers, benign prostatic disease and osteoporosis. Indeed, oxytocin has already been successful in clinical trials to treat autism and schizophrenia. This review will report briefly on the known functions of oxytocin, it will discuss in depth the data from recent clinical trials and highlight future targets for oxytocinergic modulation.
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Imanieh MH, Bagheri F, Alizadeh AM, Ashkani-Esfahani S. Oxytocin has therapeutic effects on cancer, a hypothesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 741:112-23. [PMID: 25094035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is the first peptide hormone structurally assessed and chemically synthesized in biologically active form. This hormone acts as an important factor in a human reproductive system particularly during pregnancy and lactation in women. So far, different therapeutic roles for OT have been identified as a spectrum from central and peripheral actions on male and female reproductive systems, circulatory system, musculoskeletal system, etc. Some in vitro and in vivo studies also revealed that OT is responsible for bivariate biological functions involved in cancer as following. By activating OT receptor in tumoral cells, OT enacts as a growth regulator, whether activator or inhibitor. Regarding the increase of OT in some conditions such as breastfeeding, exercise, and multiparity, we can relate the effect of these conditions on cancer with OT effects. Based on this hypothesis, we present a review on the effects of this neuropeptide on various types of cancer and also the influence of these conditions on the same cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fereshte Bagheri
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Alizadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 1419733141, Tehran, Iran.
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Aquila S, De Amicis F. Steroid receptors and their ligands: effects on male gamete functions. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:303-13. [PMID: 25062984 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years a new picture of human sperm biology is emerging. It is now widely recognized that sperm contain nuclear encoded mRNA, mitochondrial encoded RNA and different transcription factors including steroid receptors, while in the past sperm were considered incapable of transcription and translation. One of the main targets of steroid hormones and their receptors is reproductive function. Expression studies on Progesterone Receptor, estrogen receptor, androgen receptor and their specific ligands, demonstrate the presence of these systems in mature spermatozoa as surface but also as nuclear conventional receptors, suggesting that both systemic and local steroid hormones, through sperm receptors, may influence male reproduction. However, the relationship between the signaling events modulated by steroid hormones and sperm fertilization potential as well as the possible involvement of the specific receptors are still controversial issues. The main line of this review highlights the current research in human sperm biology examining new molecular systems of response to the hormones as well as specific regulatory pathways controlling sperm cell fate and biological functions. Most significant studies regarding the identification of steroid receptors are reported and the mechanistic insights relative to signaling pathways, together with the change in sperm metabolism energy influenced by steroid hormones are discussed.The reviewed evidences suggest important effects of Progesterone, Estrogen and Testosterone and their receptors on spermatozoa and implicate the involvement of both systemic and local steroid action in the regulation of male fertility potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saveria Aquila
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Via P Bucci cubo 34 B, Rende 87036, CS, Italy
| | - Francesca De Amicis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Via P Bucci cubo 34 B, Rende 87036, CS, Italy.
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Audenet F, Murez T, Ripert T, Villers A, Neuzillet Y. [CYP17A1 inhibitors in prostate cancer: mechanisms of action independent of the androgenic pathway]. Prog Urol 2013; 23 Suppl 1:S9-15. [PMID: 24314739 DOI: 10.1016/s1166-7087(13)70041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this article is to review the mechanisms of action of abiraterone acetate, independently of the androgenic pathway. MATERIAL AND METHOD A systematic review of the literature was carried out on Medline and Embase databases. RESULTS Inhibition of CYP17A1 with abiraterone acetate induces changes in steroid metabolism, whose main component is the reduction of DHEA and androstenedione synthesis. This results in inhibition of androgen pathway in prostatic cancerous epithelial cell. Regardless of androgen activation pathway, abiraterone acetate could also act via an alternative mechanism of action not fully elucidated. Stromal cells, like tumor cells, could undergo the effects of CYP17A1 inhibition, resulting in blocking the production of secondary mediators that contribute to tumor progression. Similarly, it has been suggested that abiraterone acetate efficacy may be related to its ability to alter intratumoral concentrations of estrogen and progesterone. CONCLUSION The validation of these mechanisms could contribute to improved therapeutic strategies based on the use of abiraterone acetate alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Audenet
- Service d'urologie, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), université Paris-Descartes, 75015 Paris, France.
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23
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Fochi RA, Santos FCA, Goes RM, Taboga SR. Progesterone as a morphological regulatory factor of the male and female gerbil prostate. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:373-86. [PMID: 24205795 PMCID: PMC3944449 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Testosterone (T) and oestrogen are the main active steroid hormones in the male and female reproductive system respectively. In female rodents progesterone (P4), together with testosterone and oestrogen, has an essential role in the regulation of the oestrous cycle, which influences the prostate physiology through their oscillations. In this work we investigated how the male and female prostate gland of Mongolian gerbils responds to surgical castration at the start of puberty and what are the effects of T, oestradiol (E2) and P4 replacement, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. We also examined the location of the main steroid receptors present in the prostate. In the castrated animals of both sexes an intense glandular regression, along with disorganization of the stromal compartment, and abundant hyperplasia was observed. The replacement of P4 secured a mild recovery of the glandular morphology, inducing the growth of secretory cells and restoring the androgen receptor (AR) cells. The administration of P4 and E2 eliminated epithelial hyperplasia and intensified gland hypertrophy, favouring the emergence of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). In animals treated with T and P4, even though there are some inflammatory foci and other lesions, the prostate gland revealed morphology closer to that of control animals. In summary, through the administration of P4, we could demonstrate that this hormone has anabolic characteristics, promoting hyperplasia and hypertrophy, mainly in the epithelial compartment. When combined with E2 and T, there is an accentuation of glandular hypertrophy that interrupts the development of hyperplasia and ensures the presence of a less dysplastic glandular morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Fochi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Slusarz A, Jackson GA, Day JK, Shenouda NS, Bogener JL, Browning JD, Fritsche KL, MacDonald RS, Besch-Williford CL, Lubahn DB. Aggressive prostate cancer is prevented in ERαKO mice and stimulated in ERβKO TRAMP mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4160-70. [PMID: 22753646 PMCID: PMC3423626 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous evidence suggests soy genistein may be protective against prostate cancer, but whether this protection involves an estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent mechanism is unknown. To test the hypothesis that phytoestrogens may act through ERα or ERβ to play a protective role against prostate cancer, we bred transgenic mice lacking functional ERα or ERβ with transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice. Dietary genistein reduced the incidence of cancer in ER wild-type (WT)/transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate mice but not in ERα knockout (KO) or ERβKO mice. Cancer incidence was 70% in ERWT mice fed the control diet compared with 47% in ERWT mice fed low-dose genistein (300 mg/kg) and 32% on the high-dose genistein (750 mg/kg). Surprisingly, genistein only affected the well differentiated carcinoma (WDC) incidence but had no effect on poorly differentiated carcinoma (PDC). No dietary effects have been observed in either of the ERKO animals. We observed a very strong genotypic influence on PDC incidence, a protective effect in ERαKO (only 5% developed PDC), compared with 19% in the ERWT, and an increase in the incidence of PDC in ERβKO mice to 41%. Interestingly, immunohistochemical analysis showed ERα expression changing from nonnuclear in WDC to nuclear in PDC, with little change in ERβ location or expression. In conclusion, genistein is able to inhibit WDC in the presence of both ERs, but the effect of estrogen signaling on PDC is dominant over any dietary treatment, suggesting that improved differential targeting of ERα vs. ERβ would result in prevention of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Slusarz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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25
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Reduced prostate branching morphogenesis in stromal fibroblast, but not in epithelial, estrogen receptor α knockout mice. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:546-55. [PMID: 22609821 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early studies suggested that estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is involved in estrogen-mediated imprinting effects in prostate development. We recently reported a more complete ERα knockout (KO) mouse model via mating β-actin Cre transgenic mice with floxed ERα mice. These ACTB-ERαKO male mice showed defects in prostatic branching morphogenesis, which demonstrates that ERα is necessary to maintain proliferative events in the prostate. However, within which prostate cell type ERα exerts those important functions remains to be elucidated. To address this, we have bred floxed ERα mice with either fibroblast-specific protein (FSP)-Cre or probasin-Cre transgenic mice to generate a mouse model that has deleted ERα gene in either stromal fibroblast (FSP-ERαKO) or epithelial (pes-ERαKO) prostate cells. We found that circulating testosterone and fertility were not altered in FSP-ERαKO and pes-ERαKO male mice. Prostates of FSP-ERαKO mice have less branching morphogenesis compared to that of wild-type littermates. Further analyses indicated that loss of stromal ERα leads to increased stromal apoptosis, reduced expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and FGF10, and increased expression of BMP4. Collectively, we have established the first in vivo prostate stromal and epithelial selective ERαKO mouse models and the results from these mice indicated that stromal fibroblast ERα plays important roles in prostatic branching morphogenesis via a paracrine fashion. Selective deletion of the ERα gene in mouse prostate epithelial cells by probasin-Cre does not affect the regular prostate development and homeostasis.
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Kawashima H, Nakatani T. Involvement of estrogen receptors in prostatic diseases. Int J Urol 2012; 19:512-22; author reply 522-3. [PMID: 22375605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.02987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that estrogens participate in the pathogenesis and development of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer by activating estrogen receptor α. In contrast, estrogen receptor β is involved in the differentiation and maturation of prostatic epithelial cells, and thus possesses antitumor effects in prostate cancer. However, the natural ligands of estrogen receptor β are not fully understood, and its mode of action according to its ligands and the binding sites located in the promoter regions of downstream genes remains to be elucidated. Here, we review recent experimental investigations of estrogen receptors and their urological relevance. Estrogen receptor-mediated signaling in the prostate is essential together with the androgen receptor-mediated pathway, providing a new therapeutic target for prostatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Kawashima
- Department of Urology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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Chen M, Yeh CR, Chang HC, Vitkus S, Wen XQ, Bhowmick NA, Wolfe A, Yeh S. Loss of epithelial oestrogen receptor α inhibits oestrogen-stimulated prostate proliferation and squamous metaplasia via in vivo tissue selective knockout models. J Pathol 2011; 226:17-27. [PMID: 22069040 DOI: 10.1002/path.2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Squamous metaplasia (SQM) is a specific phenotype in response to oestrogen in the prostate and oestrogen receptor (ER) α is required to mediate this response. Previous studies utilizing tissue recombination with seminal vesicle (SV) mesenchyme and prostatic ductal tips from wild type and ERαKO mice suggested that both epithelial and stromal ERα are necessary for SQM. However, tissue recombination is conducted in the renal capsule of immune-deficient mice, in which the microenvironment is different from normal prostate microenvironment in the intact mice. Furthermore, whether the requirement of stromal ERα in the SV for developing SQM is the same as in the prostate is unknown. Therefore, there is a clear need to evaluate the respective roles of ERα in prostate epithelial versus stromal compartments in the intact mouse. Here we generated a mouse model that has selectively lost ERα in either stromal (FSP-ERαKO) or epithelial prostate cells (pes-ERαKO) to determine the requirements of ERα for oestrogen-stimulated prostate proliferation and SQM. Our results indicated that FSP-ERαKO prostates develop full and uniform SQM, which suggests that loss of the majority (~65%) of stromal ERα will not influence oestrogen-mediated SQM. In contrast, loss of epithelial ERα inhibits oestrogen-mediated prostate growth and SQM evidenced by decreasing cytokertin 10 positive squamous cell stratification and differentiation, by reduced ERα protein expression in SQM compared to wild type mice ERα, and by the presence of normal proliferative activities in the oestrogen-treated pes-ERαKO prostates. These in vivo results suggest that epithelial ERα is required for oestrogen-mediated proliferative response and could be an appropriate target for preventing aberrant oestrogen signalling in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Abstract
Estrogens and androgens have both been implicated as causes of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although epidemiological data on an association between serum androgen concentrations and BPH are inconsistent, it is generally accepted that androgens play a permissive role in BPH pathogenesis. In clinical practice, inhibitors of 5α-reductase (which converts testosterone to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone) have proven effective in the management of BPH, confirming an essential role for androgens in BPH pathophysiology. To date, multiple lines of evidence support a role for estrogens in BPH pathogenesis. Studies of the two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes have shed light on their differential functions in the human prostate; ERα and ERβ have proliferative and antiproliferative effects on prostate cells, respectively. Effects of estrogens on the prostate are associated with multiple mechanisms including apoptosis, aromatase expression and paracrine regulation via prostaglandin E2. Selective estrogen receptor modulators or other agents that can influence intraprostatic estrogen levels might conceivably be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of BPH.
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Karlou M, Tzelepi V, Efstathiou E. Therapeutic targeting of the prostate cancer microenvironment. Nat Rev Urol 2011; 7:494-509. [PMID: 20818327 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2010.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors can be thought of as multicellular 'organs' that consist of a variety of cells as well as a scaffold of noncellular matrix. Stromal-epithelial crosstalk is integral to prostate cancer progression and metastasis, and androgen signaling is an important component of this crosstalk at both the primary and metastatic sites. Intratumoral production of androgen is an important mechanism of castration resistance and has been the focus of novel therapeutic approaches with promising results. Various other pathways are important for stromal-epithelial crosstalk and represent attractive candidate therapeutic targets. Hedgehog signaling has been associated with tumor progression, growth and survival, while Src family kinases have been implicated in tumor progression and in regulation of cancer cell migration. Fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factor beta signaling regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis in the prostate cancer microenvironment. Integrins mediate communication between the cell and the extracellular matrix, enhancing growth, migration, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. The contribution of stromal-epithelial crosstalk to prostate cancer initiation and progression provides the impetus for combinatorial microenvironment-targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karlou
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA
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Kumar R, Verma V, Sarswat A, Maikhuri JP, Jain A, Jain RK, Sharma VL, Dalela D, Gupta G. Selective estrogen receptor modulators regulate stromal proliferation in human benign prostatic hyperplasia by multiple beneficial mechanisms—action of two new agents. Invest New Drugs 2010; 30:582-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Assinder SJ, Au E, Dong Q, Winnick C. A novel splice variant of the beta-tropomyosin (TPM2) gene in prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:525-31. [PMID: 20336778 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Decreased expression of high molecular weight isoforms of tropomyosin (Tm) is associated with oncogenic transformation and is evident in cancers, with isoform Tm1 seemingly an important tumor suppressor. Tm1 expression in prostate cancer has not previously been described. In this study, while demonstrating suppressed levels of Tm1 in the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, PC3, and DU-145 compared to normal prostate epithelial cell primary isolates (PrEC), a novel splice variant of the TPM2 gene was identified. Quantitative RT-PCR determined significantly greater levels of the transcript variant in all three prostate cancer cell lines than in normal prostate epithelial cells. Characterization of this novel variant demonstrated it to include exon 6b, previously thought unique to the muscle-specific beta-Tm isoform, with an exon arrangement of 1-2-3-4-5-6a-6b-7-8-10. Inclusion of exon 6b introduces a premature stop codon directly following the 6a-6b exon boundary. Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of a truncated protein in prostate cancer cell lines that was absent in normal prostate epithelial cells. It is hypothesized that this truncated protein will result in suppression of Tm1 polymer formation required for actin filament association. The lack of Tm polymer-actin association will result in loss of the stable actin microfilament organization and stress fiber formation, a state associated with cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Assinder
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Heemers HV, Schmidt LJ, Kidd E, Raclaw KA, Regan KM, Tindall DJ. Differential regulation of steroid nuclear receptor coregulator expression between normal and neoplastic prostate epithelial cells. Prostate 2010; 70:959-70. [PMID: 20166126 PMCID: PMC2875314 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulated androgen receptor (AR) action is critical for prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Aberrant expression of AR-associated coregulators contributes to AR activity in PCa. The mechanisms underlying coregulator expression in PCa are under intense investigation as they may lead to alternative means of targeting AR activity in PCa cells. We have recently shown that over 30% of coregulator expression in the PCa cell line LNCaP is subject to androgen regulation. METHODS Using multiple PCa cell lines as well as xenograft models, non-malignant prostate epithelial cell lines and androgen-responsive tissues derived from a male Wistar rat model system, we explored the effect of androgen stimulation and androgen deprivation on the expression of the core coactivators SRC1, SRC2, SRC3, CBP, and p300. RESULTS Androgen stimulation of model systems representing PCa led to a decrease in the expression of SRC1, SRC2, SRC3, CBP, and p300, whereas androgen deprivation induced the expression of these coactivators. In contrast, expression of these coregulators remained largely unaffected following changes in the androgenic milieu in AR-positive models representing non-malignant prostate cells and tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate differences in the regulation of coregulator expression between neoplastic and normal prostate cells. These findings emphasize the important potential of targeting the mechanisms regulating coregulator expression for therapeutic intervention in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Urology Research/Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Prasad PD, Stanton JAL, Assinder SJ. Expression of the actin-associated protein transgelin (SM22) is decreased in prostate cancer. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 339:337-47. [PMID: 20012321 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transgelin is an actin-binding protein shown to be tumour-suppressive. Loss of transgelin expression in transformed cells is associated with oncogenesis. This study aimed to determine whether transgelin expression was suppressed in prostate cancer. An in silico meta-analysis with public-domain expressed-sequence-tag libraries of normal human prostate epithelium, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, invasive carcinoma and metastasised lesions predicted decreased transgelin expression with disease progression. Similarly, analysis of Affymetrix gene chip data and the Oncomine database indicated that transgelin was one the 2% most significant of all down-regulated genes in response to prostate cancer. Analysis by quantitative reverse transcription with the polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of patient biopsies determined transgelin expression to be significantly lower in prostate tumour tissue than in matched normal tissue. Similarly, qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis of representative prostate cancer cell lines demonstrated significantly lower levels of transgelin mRNA and protein in all but the DU145 prostate cancer cell line. Increased expression of TAGLN and increased transgelin protein in response to treatment with transforming growth factor-beta suggested that reduced expression in prostate cancer was not attributable to gene promoter suppression by hypermethylation. Gene ontology function analysis highlighted the importance of transgelin in the co-deregulation of actin-binding proteins. Thus, transgelin is suppressed during prostate cancer progression and seems to be an important factor in the dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya D Prasad
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Gupta L, Thakur H, Sobti RC, Seth A, Singh SK. Role of genetic polymorphism of estrogen receptor-alpha gene and risk of prostate cancer in north Indian population. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 335:255-61. [PMID: 19904497 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Present study depicted the role of polymorphisms in estrogen receptor-alpha gene in association with prostate cancer in north Indian population. The study was performed on 157 cases of prostate cancer, 170 cases of BPH, and 170 healthy Indian males diagnosed with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and healthy males as controls. Determination of polymorphism in the ER-alpha gene was done by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with PvuII and XbaI enzymes. An association was observed between PvuII polymorphism of ER-alpha gene and that of prostate cancer. However, there was no such association with XbaI polymorphism in ER-alpha gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipsy Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Proliferation and phenotypic changes of stromal cells in response to varying estrogen/androgen levels in castrated rats. Asian J Androl 2009; 11:451-9. [PMID: 19483715 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2009.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that human benign prostatic hyperplasia might arise from an estrogen/androgen (E/T) imbalance. We studied the response of castrated rat prostate to different ratios of circulating E/T. The castrated male Wistar rats were randomly injected with E/T at different ratios for 4 weeks. The prostates of E/T (1:100) group showed a distinct prostatic hyperplasia response by prostatic index, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA). In this group, cells positive for Vimentin, non-muscle myosin heavy chain (NMMHC) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) increased in the stroma and epithelium. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) and NMMHC increased. So E/T at a ratio of 1:100 can induce a stromal hyperplastic response in the prostate of castrated rats. The main change observed was an increase of smooth muscle cells, whereas some epithelial changes were also seen in the rat prostates.
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Effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators on cell proliferation and estrogen receptor activities in normal human prostate stromal and epithelial cells. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2009; 12:375-81. [PMID: 19468285 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2009.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of E(2) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) on the proliferation and estrogen receptor (ER) activities in normal human prostate cells. SERMs such as toremifene, raloxifene and tamoxifen suppressed the proliferation of prostate epithelial and stromal cells whereas anti-androgens did not. In prostate stromal cells, the transactivation activities of ER were enhanced by adding E(2) and reduced remarkably by toremifene. The results indicate that the ER-mediated pathway plays a central role in the growth of normal prostate cells.
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Tzelepi V, Grivas P, Kefalopoulou Z, Kalofonos H, Varakis JN, Melachrinou M, Sotiropoulou-Bonikou G. Estrogen signaling in colorectal carcinoma microenvironment: expression of ERβ1, AIB-1, and TIF-2 is upregulated in cancer-associated myofibroblasts and correlates with disease progression. Virchows Arch 2009; 454:389-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tzelepi V, Grivas P, Kefalopoulou Z, Kalofonos H, Varakis JN, Sotiropoulou-Bonikou G. Expression of estrogen receptor co-regulators NCoR and PELP1 in epithelial cells and myofibroblasts of colorectal carcinomas: cytoplasmic translocation of NCoR in epithelial cells correlates with worse prognosis. Virchows Arch 2008; 454:41-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Revised: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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40
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Hong MY, Seeram NP, Heber D. Pomegranate polyphenols down-regulate expression of androgen-synthesizing genes in human prostate cancer cells overexpressing the androgen receptor. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:848-55. [PMID: 18479901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is dependent on circulating testosterone in its early stages and is treatable with radiation and surgery. However, recurrent prostate tumors advance to an androgen-independent state in which they progress in the absence of circulating testosterone, leading to metastasis and death. During the development of androgen independence, prostate cancer cells are known to increase intracellular testosterone synthesis, which maintains cancer cell growth in the absence of significant amounts of circulating testosterone. Overexpression of the androgen receptor (AR) occurs in androgen-independent prostate cancer and has been proposed as another mechanism promoting the development of androgen independence. The LNCaP-AR cell line is engineered to overexpress AR but is otherwise similar to the widely studied LNCaP cell line. We have previously shown that pomegranate extracts inhibit both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cell growth. In this study, we examined the effects of pomegranate polyphenols, ellagitannin-rich extract and whole juice extract on the expression of genes for key androgen-synthesizing enzymes and the AR. We measured expression of the HSD3B2 (3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2), AKR1C3 (aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3) and SRD5A1 (steroid 5alpha reductase type 1) genes for the respective androgen-synthesizing enzymes in LNCaP, LNCaP-AR and DU-145 human prostate cancer cells. A twofold suppression of gene expression was considered statistically significant. Pomegranate polyphenols inhibited gene expression and AR most consistently in the LNCaP-AR cell line (P=.05). Therefore, inhibition by pomegranate polyphenols of gene expression involved in androgen-synthesizing enzymes and the AR may be of particular importance in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells and the subset of human prostate cancers where AR is up-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Young Hong
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Prins GS, Korach KS. The role of estrogens and estrogen receptors in normal prostate growth and disease. Steroids 2008; 73:233-44. [PMID: 18093629 PMCID: PMC2262439 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens have significant direct and indirect effects on prostate gland development and homeostasis and have been long suspected in playing a role in the etiology of prostatic diseases. Direct effects are mediated through prostatic estrogen receptors alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta) with expression levels changing over time and with disease progression. The present review examines the evidence for a role of estrogens and specific estrogen receptors in prostate growth, differentiation and disease states including prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and cancer and discusses potential therapeutic strategies for growth regulation via these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Assinder SJ. Oxytocin increases 5alpha-reductase activity of human prostate epithelial cells, but not stromal cells. Prostate 2008; 68:115-21. [PMID: 18008328 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxytocin is known to modulate 5-alpha-reductase expression and has, therefore, been implicated in the etiology and novel pharmacological treatments of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). These suggestions have been made in the absence of any direct evidence that oxytocin regulates expression or activity of 5-alpha-reductase isoenzymes in the human prostate. This study evaluated the effects of oxytocin on the activity and expression of 5-alpha-reductase isoenzymes I and II of human prostate stromal (PrSC; primary site of BPH development) and epithelial (PrEC) cells. METHODS Cell cultures were incubated with oxytocin, or oxytocin plus a specific oxytocin antagonist for 24 hr, and conversion of (3)H-Testosterone to dihydrotestosterone used to estimate total 5-alpha-reductase activity and to determine activity of both type I and type II isoenzymes. Fully quantitative real-time RT-PCR determined levels of expression of both isoenzymes following treatments. RESULTS Oxytocin significantly increased the total 5-alpha-reductase activity of PrEC but not of PrSC. 5-alpha-Reductase I gene expression and enzyme activity were also increased (P<0.05) in PrEC by oxytocin. Oxytocin significantly increased type II activity, but not expression, in PrEC. Oxytocin did not significantly affect 5-alpha-reductase activity or expression in PrSC. CONCLUSION Both 5-alpha-reductase I and II are expressed in normal human prostate stromal and epithelial cells. Only 5-alpha-reductase isoenzymes of prostate epithelium are modulated by oxytocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Assinder
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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McIntyre MH, Kantoff PW, Stampfer MJ, Mucci LA, Parslow D, Li H, Gaziano JM, Abe M, Ma J. Prostate Cancer Risk and ESR1 TA, ESR2 CA Repeat Polymorphisms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:2233-6. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Wu CT, Altuwaijri S, Ricke WA, Huang SP, Yeh S, Zhang C, Niu Y, Tsai MY, Chang C. Increased prostate cell proliferation and loss of cell differentiation in mice lacking prostate epithelial androgen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12679-84. [PMID: 17652515 PMCID: PMC1937526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704940104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental studies of the prostate have established that ductal morphogenesis, epithelial cytodifferentiation, and proliferation/apoptosis are regulated by androgens acting through stromal androgen receptor (AR). Here, we found mice lacking epithelial AR within the mature prostate (pes-ARKO) developed prostate tissue that was less differentiated and hyperproliferative relative to WT littermates. Epithelial AR protein was significantly decreased in 6-week-old mice and was nearly absent by >/=24 weeks of age. Circulating levels of testosterone, external genitalia, or fertility were not altered in pes-ARKO mice. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in bromo-deoxyuridine-positive epithelia was observed in ventral and dorsal-lateral prostates of pes-ARKO mice at 24 weeks of age. Less differentiation was observed as indicated by decreased epithelial height and glandular infolding through 24 weeks of age, differentiation markers probasin, PSP-94, and Nkx3.1 were sig nificantly decreased, and epithelial sloughing and luminal cell apoptosis increased from 6 to 32 weeks of age in pes-ARKO mice. Gain of function occurred by crossing pes-ARKO to the T857A transgenic mice containing constitutively activated AR. In T857A-pes-ARKO mice prostates were of normal size, contained glandular infoldings, and maintained high secretory epithelium, and the appropriate prostatic epithelial proliferation was restored. Collectively, these results suggest that prostatic epithelial AR plays an important role in the homeostasis of the prostate gland. These data support the hypothesis that epithelial AR controls prostate growth by suppressing epithelial proliferation in the mature gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Te Wu
- *George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Departments of Urology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 333, Taiwan
| | - Saleh Altuwaijri
- *George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Saad Specialist Hospital, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia 31952; and
| | - William A. Ricke
- *George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620
| | - Shu-Pin Huang
- *George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- *George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620
| | - Caixia Zhang
- *George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- *George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620
| | - Meng-Ying Tsai
- *George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Departments of Urology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 333, Taiwan
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- *George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Kassi E, Papoutsi Z, Pratsinis H, Aligiannis N, Manoussakis M, Moutsatsou P. Ursolic acid, a naturally occurring triterpenoid, demonstrates anticancer activity on human prostate cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133:493-500. [PMID: 17516089 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-007-0193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glucocorticoids are widely used as adjuvant therapy in hormonal refractory prostate cancer; their therapeutic role, however, remains unclear. Ursolic acid, a natural triterpene, structurally similar to dexamethasone, exhibits antitumor effects in various cell types. Our main objective was to investigate the effects of ursolic acid on cell viability, apoptosis and bcl-2 protein, in human hormone refractory and androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. METHODS The ursolic acid-induced changes in cell viability, apoptosis and bcl-2 protein were examined in human hormone refractory prostate cancer PC-3 cells and androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells, by MTT assay, flow cytometry and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Ursolic acid inhibited significantly the cell viability and induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells at 55 microM and in LNCaP cells at 45 microM associated with a downregulation of bcl-2 protein. CONCLUSIONS The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of ursolic acid in PC-3 and LNCaP cells implicate its potential therapeutic use for the treatment of hormone refractory and androgen-sensitive prostate cancer. The downregulation of bcl-2 may be one of the molecular mechanisms via which it induces apoptosis in PC-3 and LNCaP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 115 27 Goudi, Athens, Greece
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Whittington K, Connors B, King K, Assinder S, Hogarth K, Nicholson H. The effect of oxytocin on cell proliferation in the human prostate is modulated by gonadal steroids: implications for benign prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma of the prostate. Prostate 2007; 67:1132-42. [PMID: 17492653 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxytocin (OT) is implicated in regulating prostate growth. OT concentrations are increased in benign, and decreased in malignant prostate disease. This study investigated whether the altered concentrations of OT present in prostate disease affect the proliferation of malignant and non-malignant human prostate cells. METHODS The effects of varying concentrations of OT and gonadal steroids on cell proliferation of non-malignant prostatic epithelial (PrEC) and stromal (PrSC) cells and androgen dependent (LNCaP) and independent (PC-3) malignant cell lines were assessed. RESULTS OT (>0.5 nmol . L(-1)) had no effect on PrEC proliferation when cells were cultured alone. When co-cultured with PrSC and gonadal steroids, OT inhibited epithelial cell proliferation. OT inhibited PrSC proliferation, when cells were cultured alone. When PrSC were co-cultured in the presence of estrogen physiological concentrations of OT were inhibitory. No effect on cell proliferation was observed with higher concentrations of OT. OT did not affect the proliferation of malignant cell lines in the absence of androgens but, in the presence of testosterone, low concentrations of OT (<1 nmol . L(-1)) stimulated proliferation of PC-3 cells. Disruption of caveolae in the plasma membrane removed the inhibitory effect of OT on PrSC proliferation but did not affect the stimulatory effect of OT on PC-3 cells cultured in the presence of androgens. CONCLUSIONS Changes in prostatic concentrations of OT that occur with aging and malignant disease may act to facilitate cell proliferation. The localization of the OT receptor within the plasma membrane modulates OT's proliferative response in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Whittington
- Department of Clinical Science South Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Ilvesaro JM, Merrell MA, Swain TM, Davidson J, Zayzafoon M, Harris KW, Selander KS. Toll like receptor-9 agonists stimulate prostate cancer invasion in vitro. Prostate 2007; 67:774-81. [PMID: 17373717 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes microbial DNA. In addition to immune cells, TLR9 expression has been detected in various cancer cells. We showed recently that TLR9 agonistic CpG-oligonucleotides (CpG-ODNs) induce matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13)-mediated invasion in TLR9-expressing (TLR9(+)) breast cancer cells. We investigated here TLR9 expression and function in human prostate cancer (CaP) cells. METHODS TLR9 expression was detected with Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Invasion was studied with Matrigel-assays. MMP-13 was assayed with ELISA. RESULTS Human CaP cell lines and clinical samples exhibit various levels of TLR9 expression. Treatment of TLR9(+), but not TLR9(-) CaP cells with CpG-ODNs or bacterial DNA increased their invasion, which was inhibited with chloroquine. CpG-ODN-treatment also increased MMP-13 activity and neutralizing anti-MMP-13 antibody prevented CpG-ODN-induced invasion in TLR9(+) CaP cells. Estradiol up-regulated TLR9 expression in LnCaP cells. CONCLUSIONS TLR9-mediated invasion may represent a novel mechanism through which infections promote prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Ilvesaro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-3300, USA
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Nicholson HD, Whittington K. Oxytocin and the human prostate in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 263:253-86. [PMID: 17725969 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)63006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone produced by the neurohypophysis. The discovery that the peptide is produced locally within the male and female reproductive tracts has raised the possibility that oxytocin may have paracrine and autocrine actions outside of the nervous system. Oxytocin and its receptor have been identified in the human prostate. The prostate is an androgen-dependent organ whose function is to secrete components of the seminal fluid. Oxytocin has been shown to modulate contractility of prostate tissue and also to regulate local concentrations of the biologically active androgens. Oxytocin has also been shown to regulate cell growth. Prostate disease is common and results from abnormal growth of the gland. Oxytocin concentrations are altered in both benign and malignant prostate diseases and in vitro studies suggest that the peptide may be involved in the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen D Nicholson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, New Zealand
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