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Li J, Li Y, Zhou L, Li H, Wan T, Tang J, Zhou L, Xie H, Wang L. Microbiome analysis reveals the inducing effect of Pseudomonas on prostatic hyperplasia via activating NF-κB signalling. Virulence 2024; 15:2313410. [PMID: 38378443 PMCID: PMC10880505 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2313410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent disease among middle-aged and elderly males, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. Dysbiosis of the microbiome is increasingly recognized as a significant factor in various human diseases. Prostate tissue also contains a unique microbiome, and its dysbiosis has been proposed to contribute to prostate diseases. Here, we obtained prostate tissues and preoperative catheterized urine from 24 BPH individuals, and 8 normal prostate samples as controls, which followed strict aseptic measures. Using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), we found the disparities in the microbiome composition between normal and BPH tissues, with Pseudomonas significantly enriched in BPH tissues, as confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Additionally, we showed that the prostate microbiome differed from the urine microbiome. In vitro experiments revealed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Pseudomonas activated NF-κB signalling, leading to inflammation, proliferation, and EMT processes, while inhibiting apoptosis in prostatic cells. Overall, our research determines the presence of microbiome dysbiosis in BPH, and suggests that Pseudomonas, as the dominant microflora, may promote the progression of BPH through LPS activation of NF-κB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaren Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Youyou Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongming Li
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tengfei Wan
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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2
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Kyoda Y, Shibamori K, Shindo T, Maehana T, Hashimoto K, Kobayashi K, Tanaka T, Fukuta F, Masumori N. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors causing hyperplasia of the prostate. Int J Urol 2024; 31:705-717. [PMID: 38462732 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Prostatic hyperplasia is very common in elderly men and is a typical disease that reduces quality of life. Histologically, hyperplasia of the prostate gland causes obstruction at the bladder outlet, resulting in symptoms such as a weak urine stream. Various factors have been considered to cause histological enlargement of the prostate, but the underlying cause is still unknown. The factors that cause prostate hyperplasia can be broadly classified into intrinsic and extrinsic ones. Extrinsic factors include things that we directly come into contact with such as bacteria and food. On the other hand, intrinsic factors are those that cause changes in functions originally provided in the body due to some cause, including extrinsic factors, such as chronic inflammation and an imbalance of sex hormones. A large number of reports have been made to date regarding the etiology of prostatic hyperplasia, although they have not yet clarified the fundamental cause(s). The various factors currently known should be outlined for future research. Should it be possible to prevent this highly prevalent prostatic hyperplasia which is mainly cause of dcreasing quality of life, there is no doubt that it would be a huge contribution to humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kyoda
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Shibamori
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shindo
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Maehana
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohei Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ko Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumimasa Fukuta
- Department of Urology, Steel Memorial Muroran Hospital, Muroran, Japan
| | - Naoya Masumori
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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3
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Hung SC, Chang LW, Hsiao TH, Lin GC, Wang SS, Li JR, Chen IC. Polygenic risk score predicting susceptibility and outcome of benign prostatic hyperplasia in the Han Chinese. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:49. [PMID: 38778357 PMCID: PMC11110300 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the high prevalence of BPH among elderly men, pinpointing those at elevated risk can aid in early intervention and effective management. This study aimed to explore that polygenic risk score (PRS) is effective in predicting benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) incidence, prognosis and risk of operation in Han Chinese. METHODS A retrospective cohort study included 12,474 male participants (6,237 with BPH and 6,237 non-BPH controls) from the Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI). Genotyping was performed using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide TWB 2.0 SNP Array. PRS was calculated using PGS001865, comprising 1,712 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Logistic regression models assessed the association between PRS and BPH incidence, adjusting for age and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. The study also examined the relationship between PSA, prostate volume, and response to 5-α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) treatment, as well as the association between PRS and the risk of TURP. RESULTS Individuals in the highest PRS quartile (Q4) had a significantly higher risk of BPH compared to the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.274-1.783, p < 0.0001), after adjusting for PSA level. The Q4 group exhibited larger prostate volumes and a smaller volume reduction after 5ARI treatment. The Q1 group had a lower cumulative TURP probability at 3, 5, and 10 years compared to the Q4 group. PRS Q4 was an independent risk factor for TURP. CONCLUSIONS In this Han Chinese cohort, higher PRS was associated with an increased susceptibility to BPH, larger prostate volumes, poorer response to 5ARI treatment, and a higher risk of TURP. Larger prospective studies with longer follow-up are warranted to further validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chun Hung
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Chang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hung Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Cheng Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shian-Shiang Wang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Chieh Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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4
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Jin R, Forbes CM, Miller NL, Lafin J, Strand DW, Case T, Cates JM, Liu Q, Ramirez-Solano M, Mohler JL, Matusik RJ. Transcriptomic analysis of benign prostatic hyperplasia identifies critical pathways in prostatic overgrowth and 5-alpha reductase inhibitor resistance. Prostate 2024; 84:441-459. [PMID: 38168866 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medical therapy of prostatic symptoms (MTOPS) trial randomized men with symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and followed response of treatment with a 5α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI), an alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist (α-blocker), the combination of 5ARI and α-blocker or no medical therapy (none). Medical therapy reduced risk of clinical progression by 66% but the reasons for nonresponse or loss of therapeutic response in some patients remains unresolved. Our previous work showed that prostatic glucocorticoid levels are increased in 5ARI-treated patients and that glucocorticoids can increased branching of prostate epithelia in vitro. To understand the transcriptomic changes associated with 5ARI treatment, we performed bulk RNA sequencing of BPH and control samples from patients who received 5ARI versus those that did not. Deconvolution analysis was performed to estimate cellular composition. Bulk RNA sequencing was also performed on control versus glucocorticoid-treated prostate epithelia in 3D culture to determine underlying transcriptomic changes associated with branching morphogenesis. METHOD Surgical BPH (S-BPH) tissue was defined as benign prostatic tissue collected from the transition zone (TZ) of patients who failed medical therapy while control tissue termed Incidental BPH (I-BPH) was obtained from the TZ of men undergoing radical prostatectomy for low-volume/grade prostatic adenocarcinoma confined to the peripheral zone. S-BPH patients were divided into four subgroups: men on no medical therapy (none: n = 7), α-blocker alone (n = 10), 5ARI alone (n = 6) or combination therapy (α-blocker and 5ARI: n = 7). Control I-BPH tissue was from men on no medical therapy (none: n = 8) or on α-blocker (n = 6). A human prostatic cell line in 3D culture that buds and branches was used to identify genes involved in early prostatic growth. Snap-frozen prostatic tissue taken at the time of surgery and 3D organoids were used for RNA-seq analysis. Bulk RNAseq data were deconvoluted using CIBERSORTx. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) that were statistically significant among S-BPH, I-BPH, and during budding and branching of organoids were used for pathway analysis. RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis between S-BPH (n = 30) and I-BPH (n = 14) using a twofold cutoff (p < 0.05) identified 377 DEG (termed BPH377) and a cutoff < 0.05 identified 3377 DEG (termed BPH3377). Within the S-BPH, the subgroups none and α-blocker were compared to patients on 5ARI to reveal 361 DEG (termed 5ARI361) that were significantly changed. Deconvolution analysis of bulk RNA seq data with a human prostate single cell data set demonstrated increased levels of mast cells, NK cells, interstitial fibroblasts, and prostate luminal cells in S-BPH versus I-BPH. Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced budding and branching of benign prostatic cells in 3D culture was compared to control organoids to identify early events in prostatic morphogenesis. GC induced 369 DEG (termed GC359) in 3D culture. STRING analysis divided the large datasets into 20-80 genes centered around a hub. In general, biological processes induced in BPH supported growth and differentiation such as chromatin modification and DNA repair, transcription, cytoskeleton, mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquitination, protein folding, and cholesterol synthesis. Identified signaling pathways were pooled to create a list of DEG that fell into seven hubs/clusters. The hub gene centrality was used to name the network including AP-1, interleukin (IL)-6, NOTCH1 and NOTCH3, NEO1, IL-13, and HDAC/KDM. All hubs showed connections to inflammation, chromatin structure, and development. The same approach was applied to 5ARI361 giving multiple networks, but the EGF and sonic hedgehog (SHH) hub was of particular interest as a developmental pathway. The BPH3377, 5ARI363, and GC359 lists were compared and 67 significantly changed DEG were identified. Common genes to the 3D culture included an IL-6 hub that connected to genes identified in BPH hubs that defined AP1, IL-6, NOTCH, NEO1, IL-13, and HDAC/KDM. CONCLUSIONS Reduction analysis of BPH and 3D organoid culture uncovered networks previously identified in prostatic development as being reinitiated in BPH. Identification of these pathways provides insight into the failure of medical therapy for BPH and new therapeutic targets for BPH/LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Jin
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Connor M Forbes
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Urology Department, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicole L Miller
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John Lafin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas, Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, University of Texas, Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas Case
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Justin M Cates
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marisol Ramirez-Solano
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Robert J Matusik
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Lin Z, Liu Z, Niu Y. Exploring the Enigma of 5-ARIs Resistance in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Paving the Path for Personalized Medicine. Curr Urol Rep 2023; 24:579-589. [PMID: 37987980 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-023-01188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the widespread utilization of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), certain BPH patients exhibit unresponsiveness to 5-ARIs therapy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current perspectives on the mechanisms of 5-ARIs resistance in BPH patients and integrates potential biomarkers and underlying therapeutic options for 5-ARIs resistance. These findings may facilitate the development of novel or optimize more effective treatment options, and promote personalized medicine for BPH. RECENT FINDINGS The pathways contributing to resistance against 5-ARIs in certain BPH patients encompass epigenetic modifications, shifts in hormone levels, autophagic processes, and variations in androgen receptor structures, and these pathways may ultimately be attributed to inflammation. Promisingly, novel biomarkers, including intravesical prostatic protrusion, inflammatory factors, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, may offer predictive insights into the responsiveness to 5-ARIs therapy, empowering physicians to fine-tune treatment strategies. Additionally, on the horizon, GV1001 and mTOR inhibitors have emerged as potential alternative therapeutic modalities for addressing BPH in the future. After extensive investigation into BPH's pathological processes and molecular landscape, it is now recognized that diverse pathophysiological mechanisms may contribute to different BPH subtypes among individuals. This insight necessitates the adoption of personalized treatment strategies, moving beyond the prevailing one-size-fits-all paradigm centered around 5-ARIs. The imperative for early identification of individuals prone to treatment resistance will drive physicians to proactively stratify risk and adapt treatment tactics in future practice. This personalized medicine approach marks a progression from the current standard treatment model, emerging as the future trajectory in BPH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemin Lin
- Department of Urology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Zhanliang Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yinong Niu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Duan H, Wang X, Qi W, Shi J, Han L, Wang G, Xu Y, Liu J, Wang J. Two genetic variants in the SRD5A2 gene are found to be associated with sex differences in the disease characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:68. [PMID: 37784175 PMCID: PMC10546680 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the expression characteristics of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SRD5A2 gene and investigate their potential association with differences in the clinical characteristics between sexes in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. METHODS A total of 30 loci in six genes primarily involved in the metabolism and signaling of sex hormones/sex hormone receptors, namely AKR1C2, AKR1C3, HSD17B6, SRD5A1, SRD5A2, and ESR1, were genotyped in 1007 patients from eight counties (cities) in Northeastern China with chronic HBV infection and 1040 healthy controls, and their association with viral replication characteristics and the differences in disease severity between sexes was assessed. Western blotting was conducted to determine the hepatic SRD5A2 protein level and its relationship with the inflammatory activity and fibrosis degree in male and female patients. RESULTS Two SNP loci in the SRD5A2 gene (rs12470143 and rs7594951) exhibited significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between sexes, with the proportion of T alleles significantly higher in males than in females. It was found that the incidence and severity of HBV-related liver fibrosis were significantly higher in patients with the T/T genotype in SRD5A2 rs12470143 and rs7594951 than those with the non-T/T genotype. Additionally, serum HBV DNA levels were significantly elevated in T/T patients compared to non-T/T patients. Female patients exhibited significantly lower serum DNA levels compared to male patients. Western blot analysis indicated that greater hepatic SRD5A2 protein levels were associated with higher METAVIR inflammation and fibrosis scores. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that the two genetic variants in the SRD5A2 gene (rs12470143 C > T, r7594951 C > T), together with the male sex, age > 50 years old, HBeAg positive status, elevated serum HBsAg load, high serum HBV DNA load, and HBV genotype C, were independent risk factors for HBV-related liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that two genetic variants in the SRD5A2 gene (rs12470143 C > T, r7594951 C > T) are associated with sex differences in the clinical characteristics of patients with chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Wenqian Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Jingyi Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Liang Han
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Songyuan Jilin Oilfield Hospital, Songyuan, 138000, Jilin, China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Jiangbin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China.
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Al-Rashidi RR, Noraldeen SAM, Kareem AK, Mahmoud AK, Kadhum WR, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Iswanto AH, Obaid RF, Jalil AT, Mustafa YF, Nabavi N, Wang Y, Wang L. Malignant function of nuclear factor-kappaB axis in prostate cancer: Molecular interactions and regulation by non-coding RNAs. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106775. [PMID: 37075872 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate carcinoma is a malignant situation that arises from genomic alterations in the prostate, leading to changes in tumorigenesis. The NF-κB pathway modulates various biological mechanisms, including inflammation and immune responses. Dysregulation of NF-κB promotes carcinogenesis, including increased proliferation, invasion, and therapy resistance. As an incurable disease globally, prostate cancer is a significant health concern, and research into genetic mutations and NF-κB function has the efficacy to facilitate the introduction of novel therapies. NF-κB upregulation is observed during prostate cancer progression, resulting in increased cell cycle progression and proliferation rates. Additionally, NF-κB endorses resistance to cell death and enhances the capacity for metastasis, particularly bone metastasis. Overexpression of NF-κB triggers chemoresistance and radio-resistance, and inhibition of NF-κB by anti-tumor compounds can reduce cancer progression. Interestingly, non-coding RNA transcripts can regulate NF-κB level and its nuclear transfer, offering a potential avenue for modulating prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Kamil Kareem
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001, Hillah, Iraq
| | | | - Wesam R Kadhum
- Department of Pharmacy, Kut University College, Kut 52001, Wasit, Iraq
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador; University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Colombia
| | - Acim Heri Iswanto
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rasha Fadhel Obaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6 Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6 Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Institute, V5Z1L3 Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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8
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Liu Z, Lin Z, Cao F, Jiang M, jin S, Cui Y, Niu YN. Upregulation of mir-1199-5p is associated with reduced type 2 5-α reductase expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia. BMC Urol 2022; 22:172. [PMID: 36344974 PMCID: PMC9639318 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-01121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
5-α reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) are first-line drugs for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Unfortunately, some patients do not respond to 5-ARI therapy and may even show worsening symptoms. The decreased expression of steroid 5-α reductase type 2(SRD5A2) in BPH tissues may explain the failure of 5-ARI therapy, however, the mechanisms underlying SRD5A2 decreased remained unelucidated. Objectives
To investigate microRNA-mediated regulation of the expression of SRD5A2 resulting in 5-ARI therapy failure. Materials and methods
The expression of SRD5A2 and microRNAs in BPH tissues and prostate cells were detected by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm that microRNA directly combine to SRD5A2 mRNA. The apoptosis of prostatic cells was detected by flow cytometry. Results
SRD5A2 expression was variable; it was negative, weak, and strong in 13.6%, 28.8%, and 57.6% of BPH tissues respectively. The normal human prostatic epithelial cell line RWPE-1 strongly expressed SRD5A2, whereas the immortalized human prostatic epithelial cell line BPH-1 weakly expressed SRD5A2. miR-1199-5p expression was remarkably higher in BPH-1 than in RWPE-1 cells(P<0.001), and miR-1199-5p expression was significantly upregulated in BPH tissues with negative SRD5A2 expression than those with positive SRD5A2 expression. Transfection of miR-1199-5p mimics in RWPE-1 cells led to a marked decrease in SRD5A2 expression, whereas miR-1199-5p inhibitor increased SRD5A2 expression in BPH-1 cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-1199-5p could bind the 3′untranslated region of SRD5A2 mRNA. miR-1199-5p also decreased the RWPE-1 sensibility to finasteride, an inhibitor of SRD5A2. Conclusion
Our results show that SRD5A2 expression varies in BPH tissues and miR-1199-5p might be one of the several factors contributing to differential SRD5A2 expression in BPH patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12894-022-01121-5.
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9
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Jin R, Forbes C, Miller NL, Strand D, Case T, Cates JM, Kim HYH, Wages P, Porter NA, Mantione KM, Burke S, Mohler JL, Matusik RJ. Glucocorticoids are induced while dihydrotestosterone levels are suppressed in 5-alpha reductase inhibitor treated human benign prostate hyperplasia patients. Prostate 2022; 82:1378-1388. [PMID: 35821619 PMCID: PMC9427722 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and medication-refractory lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) remain poorly understood. This study attempted to characterize the pathways associated with failure of medical therapy for BPH/LUTS. METHODS Transitional zone tissue levels of cholesterol and steroids were measured in patients who failed medical therapy for BPH/LUTS and controls. Prostatic gene expression was measured using qPCR and BPH cells were used in organoid culture to study prostatic branching. RESULTS BPH patients on 5-α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) showed low levels of tissue dihydrotestosterone (DHT), increased levels of steroid 5-α-reductase type II (SRD5A2), and diminished levels of androgen receptor (AR) target genes, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). 5ARI raised prostatic tissue levels of glucocorticoids (GC), whereas alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists (α-blockers) did not. Nuclear localization of GR in prostatic epithelium and stroma appeared in all patient samples. Treatment of four BPH organoid cell lines with dexamethasone, a synthetic GC, resulted in budding and branching. CONCLUSIONS After failure of medical therapy for BPH/LUTS, 5ARI therapy continued to inhibit androgenesis but a 5ARI-induced pathway increased tissue levels of GC not seen in patients on α-blockers. GC stimulation of organoids indicated that the GC receptors are a trigger for controlling growth of prostate glands. A 5ARI-induced pathway revealed GC activation can serve as a master regulator of prostatic branching and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Jin
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Connor Forbes
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nicole L. Miller
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Douglas Strand
- Department of Urology, University of Texas, Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas Case
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Justin M. Cates
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hye-Young H. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Phillip Wages
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Krystin M. Mantione
- Bioanalytics, Metabolomics, and Pharmacokinetics Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Burke
- Bioanalytics, Metabolomics, and Pharmacokinetics Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - James L. Mohler
- Bioanalytics, Metabolomics, and Pharmacokinetics Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Robert J. Matusik
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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10
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Vickman RE, Aaron-Brooks L, Zhang R, Lanman NA, Lapin B, Gil V, Greenberg M, Sasaki T, Cresswell GM, Broman MM, Paez JS, Petkewicz J, Talaty P, Helfand BT, Glaser AP, Wang CH, Franco OE, Ratliff TL, Nastiuk KL, Crawford SE, Hayward SW. TNF is a potential therapeutic target to suppress prostatic inflammation and hyperplasia in autoimmune disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2133. [PMID: 35440548 PMCID: PMC9018703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune (AI) diseases can affect many organs; however, the prostate has not been considered to be a primary target of these systemic inflammatory processes. Here, we utilize medical record data, patient samples, and in vivo models to evaluate the impact of inflammation, as seen in AI diseases, on prostate tissue. Human and mouse tissues are used to examine whether systemic targeting of inflammation limits prostatic inflammation and hyperplasia. Evaluation of 112,152 medical records indicates that benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) prevalence is significantly higher among patients with AI diseases. Furthermore, treating these patients with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-antagonists significantly decreases BPH incidence. Single-cell RNA-seq and in vitro assays suggest that macrophage-derived TNF stimulates BPH-derived fibroblast proliferation. TNF blockade significantly reduces epithelial hyperplasia, NFκB activation, and macrophage-mediated inflammation within prostate tissues. Together, these studies show that patients with AI diseases have a heightened susceptibility to BPH and that reducing inflammation with a therapeutic agent can suppress BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E Vickman
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - LaTayia Aaron-Brooks
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Renyuan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Nadia A Lanman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Brittany Lapin
- Biostatistics and Research Informatics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Victoria Gil
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Max Greenberg
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Gregory M Cresswell
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- GW Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Meaghan M Broman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - J Sebastian Paez
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jacqueline Petkewicz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Pooja Talaty
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Brian T Helfand
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Alexander P Glaser
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Chi-Hsiung Wang
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Biostatistics and Research Informatics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kent L Nastiuk
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA.
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11
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Nikolaou N, Hodson L, Tomlinson JW. The role of 5-reduction in physiology and metabolic disease: evidence from cellular, pre-clinical and human studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 207:105808. [PMID: 33418075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The 5-reductases (5α-reductase types 1, 2 and 3 [5αR1-3], 5β-reductase [5βR]) are steroid hormone metabolising enzymes that hold fundamental roles in human physiology and pathology. They possess broad substrate specificity converting many steroid hormones to their 5α- and 5β-reduced metabolites, as well as catalysing crucial steps in bile acid synthesis. 5αRs are fundamentally important in urogenital development by converting testosterone to the more potent androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5αDHT); inactivating mutations in 5αR2 lead to disorders of sexual development. Due to the ability of the 5αRs to generate 5αDHT, they are an established drug target, and 5αR inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of androgen-dependent benign or malignant prostatic diseases. There is an emerging body of evidence to suggest that the 5-reductases can impact upon aspects of health and disease (other than urogenital development); alterations in their expression and activity have been associated with metabolic disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, inflammation and bone metabolism. This review will outline the evidence base for the extra-urogenital role of 5-reductases from in vitro cell systems, pre-clinical models and human studies, and highlight the potential adverse effects of 5αR inhibition in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Nikolaou
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK.
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12
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Montes M, MacKenzie L, McAllister MJ, Roseweir A, McCall P, Hatziieremia S, Underwood MA, Boyd M, Paul A, Plevin R, MacKay SP, Edwards J. Determining the prognostic significance of IKKα in prostate cancer. Prostate 2020; 80:1188-1202. [PMID: 33258506 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the survival of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains poor, and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways play key roles in prostate cancer (PC) progression, several studies have focused on inhibiting the NF-κB pathway through generating inhibitory κB kinase subunit α (IKKα) small molecule inhibitors. However, the identification of prognostic markers able to discriminate which patients could benefit from IKKα inhibitors is urgently required. The present study investigated the prognostic value of IKKα, IKKα phosphorylated at serine 180 (p-IKKα S180) and threonine 23 (p-IKKα T23), and their relationship with the androgen receptor (AR) and Ki67 proliferation index to predict patient outcome. METHODS A cohort of 115 patients with hormone-naïve PC (HNPC) and CRPC specimens available were used to assess tumor cell expression of proteins within both the cytoplasm and the nucleus by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels were dichotomized (low vs high) to determine the associations between IKKα, AR, Ki67, and patients'Isurvival. In addition, an analysis was performed to assess potential IKKα associations with clinicopathological and inflammatory features, and potential IKKα correlations with other cancer pathways essential for CRPC growth. RESULTS High levels of cytoplasmic IKKα were associated with a higher cancer-specific survival in HNPC patients with low AR expression (hazards ratio [HR], 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] log-rank, 0.11-0.98; P = .04). Furthermore, nuclear IKKα (HR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.27-5.33; P = .01) and cytoplasmic p-IKKα S180 (HR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.17-3.76; P = .01) were associated with a lower time to death from recurrence in patients with CRPC. In addition, high IKKα expression was associated with high levels of T-cells (CD3+ P = .01 and CD8+ P = .03) in HNPC; however, under castration conditions, high IKKα expression was associated with high levels of CD68+ macrophages (P = .04), higher Gleason score (P = .01) and more prostate-specific antigen concentration (P = .03). Finally, we identified crosstalk between IKKα and members of the canonical NF-κB pathway in the nucleus of HNPC. Otherwise, IKKα phosphorylated by noncanonical NF-κB and Akt pathways correlated with members of the canonical NF-κB pathway in CRPC. CONCLUSION The present study reports that patients with CRPC expressing high levels of nuclear IKKα or cytoplasmic p-IKKα S180, which associated with a lower time to death from recurrence, may benefit from IKKα inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Montes
- Unit of Gastrointestinal and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lewis MacKenzie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Milly J McAllister
- Unit of Gastrointestinal and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Antonia Roseweir
- Unit of Gastrointestinal and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pamela McCall
- Unit of Gastrointestinal and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sophia Hatziieremia
- Unit of Gastrointestinal and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marie Boyd
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew Paul
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robin Plevin
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Simon P MacKay
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Unit of Gastrointestinal and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Chen Y, Lan T. Molecular Origin, Expression Regulation, and Biological Function of Androgen Receptor Splicing Variant 7 in Prostate Cancer. Urol Int 2020; 105:337-353. [PMID: 32957106 DOI: 10.1159/000510124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The problem of resistance to therapy in prostate cancer (PCa) is multifaceted. Key determinants of drug resistance include tumor burden and growth kinetics, tumor heterogeneity, physical barriers, immune system and microenvironment, undruggable cancer drivers, and consequences of therapeutic pressures. With regard to the fundamental importance of the androgen receptor (AR) in all stages of PCa from tumorigenesis to progression, AR is postulated to have a continued critical role in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Suppression of AR signaling mediated by the full-length AR (AR-FL) is the therapeutic goal of all AR-directed therapies. However, AR-targeting agents ultimately lead to AR aberrations that promote PCa progression and drug resistance. Among these AR aberrations, androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7) is gaining attention as a potential predictive marker for as well as one of the resistance mechanisms to the most current anti-AR therapies in CRPC. Meanwhile, development of next-generation drugs that directly or indirectly target AR-V7 signaling is urgently needed. In the present review of the current literature, we have summarized the origin, alternative splicing, expression induction, protein conformation, interaction with coregulators, relationship with AR-FL, transcriptional activity, and biological function of AR-V7 in PCa development and therapeutic resistance. We hope this review will help further understand the molecular origin, expression regulation, and role of AR-V7 in the progression of PCa and provide insight into the design of novel selective inhibitors of AR-V7 in PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Joint Logistic Support 940 Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Urology, Joint Logistic Support 940 Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, China,
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14
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Sun J, Liu P, Mao J, Han W, Jiang X, Gu Y. TRIM52 positively mediates NF-κB to promote the growth of human benign prostatic hyperplasia cells through affecting TRAF2 ubiquitination. Life Sci 2020; 259:118380. [PMID: 32898524 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a progressive disease, which severely affects men's health. Here, we sought to analyze the functions and mechanism of action of the tripartite motif protein 52 (TRIM52), a novel prostate basal cell biomarker in BPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry assay was performed in sectioned human BPH tissues, BPH-1 cells, and prostate RWPE-1 cells, to detect the expressions of TRIM52 and NF-κB. Western blotting and qRT-PCR analyses were conducted to measure the relative protein and mRNA expression levels, respectively. Further, lentiviral transfection was performed in BPH-1 and RWPE-1 cells to study the overexpression and siRNA knockdown of TRIM52. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was applied to evaluate the relationship between NF-κB and TRIM52. Furthermore, CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry were employed to analyze cell proliferation and apoptosis. KEY FINDINGS TRIM52 and NF-κB levels were elevated in BPH tissues, and TRIM52 expression positively correlated with NF-κB expression. TRIM52 silencing suppressed the growth of BPH-1 cells and decreased the promoter activity of NF-κB. Moreover, the NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), suppressed TRIM52-induced proliferation of RWPE-1 cells and inhibited NF-κB promoter activity in oeTRIM52 transfected RWPE-1 cells. Silencing TRIM52 also inhibited TRAF2 ubiquitination in BPH-1 cells. Further, NF-κB promoter activity in siNC transfected cells was enhanced by the recombinant protein TNF-α and inhibited by siTRIM52. SIGNIFICANCE TRIM52 accelerated the growth of BPH-1 cells by upregulating NF-κB, and TRIM52 could promote TRAF2 ubiquitination. These findings might contribute to the understanding of the biological functions and action mechanisms of TRIM52 in BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Sun
- Department of Urology and Reproductive Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Urology and Reproductive Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Jianmin Mao
- Department of Urology and Reproductive Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Wenjun Han
- Department of Urology and Reproductive Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Department of Urology and Reproductive Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Yin Gu
- Department of Urology and Reproductive Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, China
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15
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Vickman RE, Franco OE, Moline DC, Vander Griend DJ, Thumbikat P, Hayward SW. The role of the androgen receptor in prostate development and benign prostatic hyperplasia: A review. Asian J Urol 2020; 7:191-202. [PMID: 32742923 PMCID: PMC7385520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a benign enlargement of the prostate in which incidence increases linearly with age, beginning at about 50 years old. BPH is a significant source of morbidity in aging men by causing lower urinary tract symptoms and acute urinary retention. Unfortunately, the etiology of BPH incidence and progression is not clear. This review highlights the role of the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate development and the evidence for its involvement in BPH. The AR is essential for normal prostate development, and individuals with defective AR signaling, such as after castration, do not experience prostate enlargement with age. Furthermore, decreasing dihydrotestosterone availability through therapeutic targeting with 5α-reductase inhibitors diminishes AR activity and results in reduced prostate size and symptoms in some BPH patients. While there is some evidence that AR expression is elevated in certain cellular compartments, how exactly AR is involved in BPH progression has yet to be elucidated. It is possible that AR signaling within stromal cells alters intercellular signaling and a "reawakening" of the embryonic mesenchyme, loss of epithelial AR leads to changes in paracrine signaling interactions, and/or chronic inflammation aids in stromal or epithelial proliferation evident in BPH. Unfortunately, a subset of patients fails to respond to current medical approaches, forcing surgical treatment even though age or associated co-morbidities make surgery less attractive. Fundamentally, new therapeutic approaches to treat BPH are not currently forthcoming, so a more complete molecular understanding of BPH etiology is necessary to identify new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E. Vickman
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Omar E. Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Daniel C. Moline
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Praveen Thumbikat
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
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16
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Fully automated chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization-mass spectrometry as an effective tool for rapid and high-throughput screening of 5α-reductase inhibitors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1685-1692. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Aaron-Brooks LM, Sasaki T, Vickman RE, Wei L, Franco OE, Ji Y, Crawford SE, Hayward SW. Hyperglycemia and T Cell infiltration are associated with stromal and epithelial prostatic hyperplasia in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Prostate 2019; 79:980-993. [PMID: 30999385 PMCID: PMC6591734 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic inflammation and various proinflammatory systemic comorbidities, such as diabetes and obesity are associated with human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). There is a paucity of in vivo models reflecting specific aspects of BPH pathogenesis. Our aim was to investigate the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse as a potential model for subsequent intervention studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the NOD mouse, a model of autoimmune inflammation leading to type 1 diabetes to examine the effects of systemic inflammation and diabetes on the prostate. We assessed changes in prostatic histology, infiltrating leukocytes, and gene expression associated with aging and diabetic status. RESULTS Both stromal expansion and epithelial hyperplasia were observed in the prostates. Regardless of diabetic status, the degree of prostatic hyperplasia varied. Local inflammation was associated with a more severe prostatic phenotype in both diabetic and nondiabetic mice. Testicular atrophy was noted in diabetic mice, but prostate glands showed persistent focal cell proliferation. In addition, a prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)-like phenotype was seen in several diabetic animals with an associated increase in c-Myc and MMP-2 expression. To examine changes in gene and cytokine expression we performed microarray and cytokine array analysis comparing the prostates of diabetic and nondiabetic animals. Microarray analysis revealed several differentially expressed genes including CCL3, CCL12, and TNFS10. Cytokine array analysis revealed increased expression of cytokines and proteases such as LDLR, IL28 A/B, and MMP-2 in diabetic mice. CONCLUSION Overall, NOD mice provide a model to examine the effects of hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation on the prostate, demonstrating relevance to some of the mechanisms present underlying BPH and potentially the initiation of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTayia M. Aaron-Brooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Renee E. Vickman
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lin Wei
- Program of Computational Genomics & Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Omar E. Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yuan Ji
- Program of Computational Genomics & Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Susan E. Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
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18
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Katharopoulos E, Sauter K, Pandey AV, Flück CE. In silico and functional studies reveal novel loss-of-function variants of SRD5A2, but no variants explaining excess 5α-reductase activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:263-272. [PMID: 30703436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are steroid hormones essential for human male and female development. Steroid reductases 5α (SRD5As) are key enzymes in androgen biosynthesis. Mutations in the human SRD5A2 are known to cause loss-of-function and severe 46,XY undervirilization. Gain-of-function variants have been suggested in androgen excess syndromes, but have not been found so far. Therefore we searched for gain-of-function mutations in the human SRD5A2 gene which might explain hyperandrogenic disorders such as the polycystic ovary syndrome, premature adrenarche and prostate cancer. We screened databases for candidate variants and characterised them in silico with the help of a novel SRD5A2 model. We selected 9 coding SNPs (A49T, R50A, P106L, P106A, N122A, L167S, R168C, P173S, R227Q) that have not been described in manifesting individuals, and assessed their enzyme kinetic properties in HEK293 cells. SRD5A2 activity was assessed by conversion of testosterone (T), progesterone (Prog) and androstenedione (Δ4A) to their 5α-reduced metabolites. Variants R50A and P173S showed partial activity with substrates T (34% and 28%) and Δ4A (37% and 22%). With substrate Prog variants P106L, P106A, L167S and R168C in addition showed partial activity (15% to 64%). Functional testing of all other variants showed loss-of-function. As predicted in our in silico analysis, all coding SNPs affected enzyme activity, however none of them showed gain-of-function. Thus excess 5α-reductase activity might be rather regulated at the (post)-transcriptional and/or post-translational level. However through this work seven new coding SNPs were characterised which might be of clinical relevance. It is possible that individuals carrying these SNPs show a minor phenotype that is not yet identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Katharopoulos
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Bern, University of Bern, 3000 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kay Sauter
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Enabling precision medicine by unravelling disease pathophysiology: quantifying signal transduction pathway activity across cell and tissue types. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1603. [PMID: 30733525 PMCID: PMC6367506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways are important in physiology and pathophysiology. Targeted drugs aim at modifying pathogenic pathway activity, e.g., in cancer. Optimal treatment choice requires assays to measure pathway activity in individual patient tissue or cell samples. We developed a method enabling quantitative measurement of functional pathway activity based on Bayesian computational model inference of pathway activity from measurements of mRNA levels of target genes of the pathway-associated transcription factor. Oestrogen receptor, Wnt, and PI3K-FOXO pathway assays have been described previously. Here, we report model development for androgen receptor, Hedgehog, TGFβ, and NFκB pathway assays, biological validation on multiple cell types, and analysis of data from published clinical studies (multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, contact dermatitis, Ewing sarcoma, lymphoma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, skin and prostate cancer). Multiple pathway analysis of clinical prostate cancer (PCa) studies showed increased AR activity in hyperplasia and primary PCa but variable AR activity in castrate resistant (CR) PCa, loss of TGFβ activity in PCa, increased Wnt activity in TMPRSS2:ERG fusion protein-positive PCa, active PI3K pathway in advanced PCa, and active PI3K and NFκB as potential hormonal resistance pathways. Potential value for future clinical practice includes disease subtyping and prediction and targeted therapy response prediction and monitoring.
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Staal J, Beyaert R. Inflammation and NF-κB Signaling in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Cells 2018; 7:E122. [PMID: 30158439 PMCID: PMC6162478 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a highly prevalent form of cancer that is usually slow-developing and benign. Due to its high prevalence, it is, however, still the second most common cause of death by cancer in men in the West. The higher prevalence of prostate cancer in the West might be due to elevated inflammation from metabolic syndrome or associated comorbidities. NF-κB activation and many other signals associated with inflammation are known to contribute to prostate cancer malignancy. Inflammatory signals have also been associated with the development of castration resistance and resistance against other androgen depletion strategies, which is a major therapeutic challenge. Here, we review the role of inflammation and its link with androgen signaling in prostate cancer. We further describe the role of NF-κB in prostate cancer cell survival and proliferation, major NF-κB signaling pathways in prostate cancer, and the crosstalk between NF-κB and androgen receptor signaling. Several NF-κB-induced risk factors in prostate cancer and their potential for therapeutic targeting in the clinic are described. A better understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms that control the development of prostate cancer and resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy will eventually lead to novel treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Staal
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Qiao J, Grabowska MM, Forestier IS, Mirosevich J, Case TC, Chung DH, Cates JM, Matusik RJ, Manning HC, Jin R. Activation of GRP/GRP-R signaling contributes to castration-resistant prostate cancer progression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:61955-61969. [PMID: 27542219 PMCID: PMC5308703 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate that androgen receptor splice variants (ARVs) play a critical role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), including the resistance to the new generation of inhibitors of androgen receptor (AR) action. Previously, we demonstrated that activation of NF-κB signaling increases ARVs expression in prostate cancer (PC) cells, thereby promoting progression to CRPC. However, it is unclear how NF-κB signaling is activated in CRPC. In this study, we report that long-term treatment with anti-androgens increases a neuroendocrine (NE) hormone - gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its receptor (GRP-R) expression in PC cells. In addition, activation of GRP/GRP-R signaling increases ARVs expression through activating NF-κB signaling. This results in an androgen-dependent tumor progressing to a castrate resistant tumor. The knock-down of AR-V7 restores sensitivity to antiandrogens of PC cells over-expressing the GRP/GRP-R signaling pathway. These findings strongly indicate that the axis of Androgen-Deprivation Therapy (ADT) induces GRP/GRP-R activity, activation NF-κB and increased levels of AR-V7 expression resulting in progression to CRPC. Both prostate adenocarcinoma and small cell NE prostate cancer express GRP-R. Since the GRP-R is clinically targetable by analogue-based approach, this provides a novel therapeutic approach to treat advanced CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Qiao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Magdalena M. Grabowska
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ingrid S. Forestier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Janni Mirosevich
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas C. Case
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dai H. Chung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Justin M.M. Cates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert J. Matusik
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - H. Charles Manning
- Institute of Imaging Science and Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Renjie Jin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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