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Xu C, Amna N, Shi Y, Sun R, Weng C, Chen J, Dai H, Wang C. Drug-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Enhance Antitumor Immunotherapy by Regulating MDSCs. Molecules 2024; 29:2436. [PMID: 38893313 PMCID: PMC11173511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are recognized as major immune suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment that may inhibit immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Here, we developed a Stattic-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticle (PEG-MSN-Stattic) delivery system to tumor sites to reduce the number of MDSCs in tumors. This approach is able to significantly deplete intratumoral MSDCs and thereby increase the infiltration of T lymphocytes in tumors to enhance ICB therapy. Our approach may provide a drug delivery strategy for regulating the tumor microenvironment and enhancing cancer immunotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Huaxing Dai
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Function Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (C.X.); (N.A.); (Y.S.); (R.S.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Function Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (C.X.); (N.A.); (Y.S.); (R.S.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
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2
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Fang B, Lu Y, Li X, Wei Y, Ye D, Wei G, Zhu Y. Targeting the tumor microenvironment, a new therapeutic approach for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024:10.1038/s41391-024-00825-z. [PMID: 38565910 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-024-00825-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing number of studies have shown that in addition to adaptive immune cells such as CD8 + T cells and CD4 + T cells, various other cellular components within prostate cancer (PCa) tumor microenvironment (TME), mainly tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), have been increasingly recognized as important modulators of tumor progression and promising therapeutic targets. OBJECTIVE In this review, we aim to delineate the mechanisms by which TAMs, CAFs and MDSCs interact with PCa cells in the TME, summarize the therapeutic advancements targeting these cells and discuss potential new therapeutic avenues. METHODS We searched PubMed for relevant studies published through December 10 2023 on TAMs, CAFs and MDSCs in PCa. RESULTS TAMs, CAFs and MDSCs play a critical role in the tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis of PCa. Moreover, they substantially mediate therapeutic resistance against conventional treatments including anti-androgen therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Therapeutic interventions targeting these cellular components have demonstrated promising effects in preclinical models and several clinical trials for PCa, when administrated alone, or combined with other anti-cancer therapies. However, the lack of reliable biomarkers for patient selection and incomplete understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interactions between these cellular components and PCa cells hinder their clinical translation and utility. CONCLUSION New therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs, CAFs, and MDSCs in PCa hold promising prospects. Future research endeavors should focus on a more comprehensive exploration of the specific mechanisms by which these cells contribute to PCa, aiming to identify additional drug targets and conduct more clinical trials to validate the safety and efficacy of these treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangwei Fang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gonghong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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3
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Walther M, Jenke R, Aigner A, Ewe A. Efficient polymeric nanoparticles for RNAi in macrophage reveal complex effects on polarization markers upon knockdown of STAT3/STAT6. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 197:114232. [PMID: 38395176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cell type in the tissue microenvironment, affecting tumor progression, metastasis and therapeutic response. Different macrophage activation ("polarization") states can be distinguished: resting (M0; non-activated), pro-inflammatory/anti-tumorigenic (M1) and anti-inflammatory/pro-tumorigenic (M2). When exploring macrophages as targets in novel cancer immunotherapy approaches, TAM repolarization from the M2 into the M1 phenotype is an intriguing strategy to block their pro-tumoral and enhance their anti-tumoral properties. In the context of RNAi-based gene knockdown of M2 promoting genes, major bottlenecks include cellular siRNA delivery and correct intracellular processing. This is particularly true in case of macrophages as a cell type well-known to be notoriously hard-to-transfect. Among polymeric nanocarriers, the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) is widely explored for delivering nucleic acids. Further advanced nanocarriers are tyrosine-modified polymers based on PEI or polypropylenimine dendrimers (PPI) for highly efficient siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. In this paper, we explored a panel of PEI- or PPI-based nanoparticle systems for siRNA-mediated gene knockdown efficacy in macrophages and subsequent TAM repolarization. The tyrosine-modified linear 10 kDa PEI (LP10Y) or branched 5 kDa PEI (P5Y) as well as a tyrosine-modified PPI (PPI-Y) were found most efficient for gene knockdown in macrophage cell lines or primary macrophages, independent of their polarization. Knockdown of STAT6 or STAT3 led to repolarization of M2 macrophages, as indicated by alterations in various M2 and M1 marker levels. This highly specific approach also demonstrated non-redundant functions of STAT3 and STAT6. Importantly, macrophage re-polarization from M2 to M1 upon PPI-Y/siRNA-mediated STAT6 knockdown increased tumor cell phagocytosis in a co-culture model. In conclusion, we identify certain tyrosine-modified PEI- or PPI-based nanoparticles as particularly efficient for macrophage transfection, and the specific, siRNA-mediated STAT6 knockdown as a promising approach for macrophage repolarization and enhancement of their tumor cell suppressive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Walther
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Jenke
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexander Ewe
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany.
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4
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Dong Y, Chen J, Chen Y, Liu S. Targeting the STAT3 oncogenic pathway: Cancer immunotherapy and drug repurposing. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115513. [PMID: 37741251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune effector cells in the microenvironment tend to be depleted or remodeled, unable to perform normal functions, and even promote the malignant characterization of tumors, resulting in the formation of immunosuppressive microenvironments. The strategy of reversing immunosuppressive microenvironment has been widely used to enhance the tumor immunotherapy effect. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was found to be a crucial regulator of immunosuppressive microenvironment formation and activation as well as a factor, stimulating tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasiveness and metastasis. Therefore, regulating the immune microenvironment by targeting the STAT3 oncogenic pathway might be a new cancer therapy strategy. This review discusses the pleiotropic effects of STAT3 on immune cell populations that are critical for tumorigenesis, and introduces the novel strategies targeting STAT3 oncogenic pathway for cancer immunotherapy. Lastly, we summarize the conventional drugs used in new STAT3-targeting anti-tumor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Dong
- Graduate School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24, Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine Internal Medicine, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 1 Xiyuan Playground, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songjiang Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No.26, Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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5
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Ren R, Xiong C, Ma R, Wang Y, Yue T, Yu J, Shao B. The recent progress of myeloid-derived suppressor cell and its targeted therapies in cancers. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e323. [PMID: 37547175 PMCID: PMC10397484 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are an immature group of myeloid-derived cells generated from myeloid cell precursors in the bone marrow. MDSCs appear almost exclusively in pathological conditions, such as tumor progression and various inflammatory diseases. The leading function of MDSCs is their immunosuppressive ability, which plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis through their immunosuppressive effects. Since MDSCs have specific molecular features, and only a tiny amount exists in physiological conditions, MDSC-targeted therapy has become a promising research direction for tumor treatment with minimal side effects. In this review, we briefly introduce the classification, generation and maturation process, and features of MDSCs, and detail their functions under various circumstances. The present review specifically demonstrates the environmental specificity of MDSCs, highlighting the differences between MDSCs from cancer and healthy individuals, as well as tumor-infiltrating MDSCs and circulating MDSCs. Then, we further describe recent advances in MDSC-targeted therapies. The existing and potential targeted drugs are divided into three categories, monoclonal antibodies, small-molecular inhibitors, and peptides. Their targeting mechanisms and characteristics have been summarized respectively. We believe that a comprehensive in-depth understanding of MDSC-targeted therapy could provide more possibilities for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesDepartment of OrthodonticsWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chenyi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Runyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Tianyang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jiayun Yu
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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Vegivinti CTR, Keesari PR, Veeraballi S, Martins Maia CMP, Mehta AK, Lavu RR, Thakur RK, Tella SH, Patel R, Kakumani VK, Pulakurthi YS, Aluri S, Aggarwal RK, Ramachandra N, Zhao R, Sahu S, Shastri A, Verma A. Role of innate immunological/inflammatory pathways in myelodysplastic syndromes and AML: a narrative review. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:60. [PMID: 37422676 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the innate immune system and inflammatory-related pathways has been implicated in hematopoietic defects in the bone marrow microenvironment and associated with aging, clonal hematopoiesis, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). As the innate immune system and its pathway regulators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of MDS/AML, novel approaches targeting these pathways have shown promising results. Variability in expression of Toll like receptors (TLRs), abnormal levels of MyD88 and subsequent activation of NF-κβ, dysregulated IL1-receptor associated kinases (IRAK), alterations in TGF-β and SMAD signaling, high levels of S100A8/A9 have all been implicated in pathogenesis of MDS/AML. In this review we not only discuss the interplay of various innate immune pathways in MDS pathogenesis but also focus on potential therapeutic targets from recent clinical trials including the use of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors against these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charan Thej Reddy Vegivinti
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US
| | | | | | | | - Ansh Krishnachandra Mehta
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jacobi Medical Center/ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US
| | - Rohit Reddy Lavu
- Department of Oncology, Yashoda hospitals, Hyderabad, 500036, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Thakur
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US
| | - Sri Harsha Tella
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, US
| | - Riya Patel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Buffalo - Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, US
| | | | | | - Srinivas Aluri
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US
| | | | - Nandini Ramachandra
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US
| | - Rongbao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US
| | - Srabani Sahu
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US
| | - Aditi Shastri
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US.
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, US.
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Li D, Xu W, Chang Y, Xiao Y, He Y, Ren S. Advances in landscape and related therapeutic targets of the prostate tumor microenvironment. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023. [PMID: 37294106 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The distinct tumor microenvironment (TME) of prostate cancer (PCa), which promotes tumor proliferation and progression, consists of various stromal cells, immune cells, and a dense extracellular matrix (ECM). The understanding of the prostate TME extends to tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) and metastasis niches to provide a more concise comprehension of tumor metastasis. These constituents collectively structure the hallmarks of the pro-tumor TME, including immunosuppressive, acidic, and hypoxic niches, neuronal innervation, and metabolic rewiring. In combination with the knowledge of the tumor microenvironment and the advancement of emerging therapeutic technologies, several therapeutic strategies have been developed, and some of them have been tested in clinical trials. This review elaborates on PCa TME components, summarizes various TME-targeted therapies, and provides insights into PCa carcinogenesis, progression, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duocai Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Weidong Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yifan Chang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yutian Xiao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yundong He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shancheng Ren
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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8
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Bronte G, Conteduca V, Landriscina M, Procopio AD. Circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells and survival in prostate cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2023; 26:41-46. [PMID: 36411316 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy has not achieved improvement of survival in prostate cancer patients. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tumor microenvironment can hamper its efficacy. Some preclinical studies explored the role of MDSCs in prostate cancer development. We aimed to verify the availability of studies exploring the prognostic effect of circulating MDSCs in prostate cancer patients. METHODS We systematically selected studies for a meta-analysis, which compares survival between prostate cancer patients with high vs low circulating MDSC levels. We extracted or calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and relative 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in terms of overall survival (OS) from selected studies. We calculated the pooled HR and relative 95% CIs and estimated publication bias. RESULTS Among 133 studies retrieved from search on Pubmed, 5 eligible studies (236 prostate cancer patients) met inclusion criteria. High circulating MDSC levels are associated with a worse OS (HR = 2.19; 95%CI = 1.51-3.17). Heterogeneity was not significant (I2 = 0%; p = 0.64). Publication bias was also not significant (Egger's test, p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS High levels of circulating MDSCs induce a worse OS in prostate cancer patients than in those with low levels. This finding supports the importance of MDSC detection and targeting also in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bronte
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
- Clinic of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health and Sciences on Ageing (IRCCS INRCA), Ancona, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Domenico Procopio
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Clinic of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health and Sciences on Ageing (IRCCS INRCA), Ancona, Italy
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9
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Dong P, Yan Y, Fan Y, Wang H, Wu D, Yang L, Zhang J, Yin X, Lv Y, Zhang J, Hou Y, Liu F, Yu X. The Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221142472. [PMID: 36573015 PMCID: PMC9806441 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221142472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has the highest mortality rate of all major cancers, with a 5-year survival rate of about 10%. Early warning signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer are vague or nonexistent, and most patients are diagnosed in Stage IV, when surgery is not an option for about 80%-85% of patients. For patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer, current conventional treatment modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) have suboptimal efficacy. Tumor progression is closely associated with the tumor microenvironment, which includes peripheral blood vessels, bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, signaling molecules, and extracellular matrix. Tumor cells affect the microenvironment by releasing extracellular signaling molecules, inducing peripheral immune tolerance, and promoting tumor angiogenesis. In turn, the immune cells of the tumor affect the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are key cellular components in the tumor microenvironment and exert immunosuppressive functions by producing cytokines, recognizing other immune cells, and promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are the main regulator of the tumor immune response and a key target for tumor treatments. Since the combination of RT and immunotherapy is the main strategy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, it is very important to understand the immune mechanisms which lead to MDSCs generation and the failure of current therapies in order to develop new target-based therapies. This review summarizes the research advances on the role of Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the progression of pancreatic cancer and its treatment application in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Dong
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Yujun Fan
- Medical Management Center,Health Commission of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Danzhu Wu
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China,Department of Oncology, Clinical Medical College of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Liyuan Yang
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China,Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yajuan Lv
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, China
| | - Fengjun Liu
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China
| | - Xinshuang Yu
- Department of oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China,Xinshuang Yu, Department of Oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China.
Fengjun Liu, Department of Oncology, The First affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong, China.
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Xu L, Zhou C, Liang Y, Fan T, Zhang F, Chen X, Yuan W. Epigenetic modifications in the accumulation and function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016870. [PMID: 36439186 PMCID: PMC9691837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are key players under various pathologic conditions, such as cancer. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, RNA-mediated processes, and histone modification can alter gene transcription, and thus regulating pathological process. Studies have shown that epigenetic modification contributes to the accumulation and function of MDSCs. This review summarizes the crosstalk between the epigenetic alterations and MDSCs functions, and briefly introduces how the accumulation and function of MDSCs caused by epigenetic modification impact on the disease development, which represents as a promising therapeutic strategy for the related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Tian H, Zhang T, Qin S, Huang Z, Zhou L, Shi J, Nice EC, Xie N, Huang C, Shen Z. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles for cancer treatment using versatile targeted strategies. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:132. [PMID: 36096856 PMCID: PMC9469622 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor targeting of therapeutics leading to severe adverse effects on normal tissues is considered one of the obstacles in cancer therapy. To help overcome this, nanoscale drug delivery systems have provided an alternative avenue for improving the therapeutic potential of various agents and bioactive molecules through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Nanosystems with cancer-targeted ligands can achieve effective delivery to the tumor cells utilizing cell surface-specific receptors, the tumor vasculature and antigens with high accuracy and affinity. Additionally, stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms have also been considered as a promising and effective targeting strategy against tumors, as these nanoplatforms maintain their stealth feature under normal conditions, but upon homing in on cancerous lesions or their microenvironment, are responsive and release their cargoes. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the field of active targeting drug delivery systems and a number of stimuli-responsive release studies in the context of emerging nanoplatform development, and also discuss how this knowledge can contribute to further improvements in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 315040, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 315040, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiayan Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Edouard C Nice
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan university, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Na Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 315040, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan university, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 315040, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 315040, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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van Geffen C, Heiss C, Deißler A, Kolahian S. Pharmacological modulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells to dampen inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:933847. [PMID: 36110844 PMCID: PMC9468781 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.933847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous cell population with potent suppressive and regulative properties. MDSCs’ strong immunosuppressive potential creates new possibilities to treat chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases or induce tolerance towards transplantation. Here, we summarize and critically discuss different pharmacological approaches which modulate the generation, activation, and recruitment of MDSCs in vitro and in vivo, and their potential role in future immunosuppressive therapy.
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13
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Zhou H, He Q, Li C, Alsharafi BLM, Deng L, Long Z, Gan Y. Focus on the tumor microenvironment: A seedbed for neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:955669. [PMID: 35938167 PMCID: PMC9355504 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.955669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a microecology consisting of tumor and mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrices. The TME plays important regulatory roles in tumor proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and differentiation. Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) is a mechanism by which castration resistance develops in advanced prostate cancer (PCa). NED is induced after androgen deprivation therapy and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is established finally. NEPC has poor prognosis and short overall survival and is a major cause of death in patients with PCa. Both the cellular and non-cellular components of the TME regulate and induce NEPC formation through various pathways. Insights into the roles of the TME in NEPC evolution, growth, and progression have increased over the past few years. These novel insights will help refine the NEPC formation model and lay the foundation for the discovery of new NEPC therapies targeting the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengfeng Zhou
- Andrology Center, Department of Urology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiangrong He
- Andrology Center, Department of Urology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Li
- Andrology Center, Department of Urology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Liang Deng
- Andrology Center, Department of Urology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Long
- Andrology Center, Department of Urology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Long, ; Yu Gan,
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Long, ; Yu Gan,
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14
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Siemińska I, Baran J. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells as Key Players and Promising Therapy Targets in Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:862416. [PMID: 35860573 PMCID: PMC9289201 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.862416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most often diagnosed malignancy in men and one of the major causes of cancer death worldwide. Despite genetic predispositions, environmental factors, including a high-fat diet, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, infections of the prostate, and exposure to chemicals or ionizing radiation, play a crucial role in PC development. Moreover, due to a lack of, or insufficient T-cell infiltration and its immunosuppressive microenvironment, PC is frequently classified as a “cold” tumor. This is related to the absence of tumor-associated antigens, the lack of T-cell activation and their homing into the tumor bed, and the presence of immunological cells with regulatory functions, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Treg), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). All of them, by a variety of means, hamper anti-tumor immune response in the tumor microenvironment (TME), stimulating tumor growth and the formation of metastases. Therefore, they emerge as potential anti-cancer therapy targets. This article is focused on the function and role of MDSCs in the initiation and progression of PC. Clinical trials directly targeting this cell population or affecting its biological functions, thus limiting its pro-tumorigenic activity, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Siemińska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, Jagiellonian University - University of Agriculture, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
- *Correspondence: Jarek Baran,
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15
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Phase II Trial of Sipuleucel-T and Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation for Patients with Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061419. [PMID: 35740441 PMCID: PMC9220346 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) We hypothesized that adding concurrent stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SAbR) would increase the time to progression in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPCA) treated with sipuleucel-T. (2) Patients with a history of prostate cancer (PC), radiographic evidence of metastatic disease, and rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) > 0.2 ng/dL on castrate testosterone levels were enrolled in this single-arm phase II clinical trial and treated with sipuleucel-T and SAbR. The primary endpoint was time to progression (TTP). Cellular and humoral responses were measured using ELISpot and Luminex multiplex assays, respectively. (3) Twenty patients with mCRPC were enrolled and treated with SAbR to 1−3 sites. Treatment was well tolerated with 51, 8, and 4 treatment-related grade 1, 2, and 3 toxicities, respectively, and no grade 4 or 5 adverse events. At a median follow-up of 15.5 months, the median TTP was 11.2 weeks (95% CI; 6.8−14.0 weeks). Median OS was 76.8 weeks (95% CI; 41.6−130.8 weeks). This regimen induced both humoral and cellular immune responses. Baseline M-MDSC levels were elevated in mCRPC patients compared to healthy donors (p = 0.004) and a decline in M-MDSC was associated with biochemical response (p = 0.044). Responders had lower baseline uric acid levels (p = 0.05). No clear correlation with radiographic response was observed. (4) While the regimen was safe, the PC-antigen-specific immune response induced by SAbR did not yield a synergistic clinical benefit for patients treated with sipuleucel-T compared to the historically reported outcomes.
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16
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Park K, Veena MS, Shin DS. Key Players of the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:830208. [PMID: 35345849 PMCID: PMC8957227 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.830208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex, dynamic battlefield for both immune cells and tumor cells. The advent of the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) since 2011, such as the anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein (CTLA)-4 and anti-programmed cell death receptor (PD)-(L)1 antibodies, provided powerful weapons in the arsenal of cancer treatments, demonstrating unprecedented durable responses for patients with many types of advanced cancers. However, the response rate is generally low across tumor types and a substantial number of patients develop acquired resistance. These primary or acquired resistance are attributed to various immunosuppressive elements (soluble and cellular factors) and alternative immune checkpoints in the TME. Therefore, a better understanding of the TME is absolutely essential to develop therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance. Numerous clinical studies are underway using ICIs and additional agents that are tailored to the characteristics of the tumor or the TME. Some of the combination treatments are already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), such as platinum-doublet chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) -targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) combined with anti-PD-(L)1 antibodies or immuno-immuno combinations (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1). In this review, we will discuss the key immunosuppressive cells, metabolites, cytokines or chemokines, and hypoxic conditions in the TME that contribute to tumor immune escape and the prospect of relevant clinical trials by targeting these elements in combination with ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Park
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mysore S Veena
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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17
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Deng J, Fleming JB. Inflammation and Myeloid Cells in Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:759691. [PMID: 35127700 PMCID: PMC8814460 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.759691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the most immunotherapy drugs act upon T cell surface proteins to promote tumoricidal T cell activity. However, this approach has to date been unsuccessful in certain solid tumor types including pancreatic, prostate cancer and glioblastoma. Myeloid-related innate immunity can promote tumor progression through direct and indirect effects on T cell activity; improved understanding of this field may provide another therapeutic avenue for patients with these tumors. Myeloid cells can differentiate into both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mature form depending upon the microenvironment. Most cancer type exhibit oncogenic activating point mutations (ex. P53 and KRAS) that trigger cytokines production. In addition, tumor environment (ex. Collagen, Hypoxia, and adenosine) also regulated inflammatory signaling cascade. Both the intrinsic and extrinsic factor driving the tumor immune microenvironment and regulating the differentiation and function of myeloid cells, T cells activity and tumor progression. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between cancer cells and myeloid cells-mediated tumor immune microenvironment to promote cancer progression and immunotherapeutic resistance. Furthermore, we will describe how cytokines and chemokines produced by cancer cells influence myeloid cells within immunosuppressive environment. Finally, we will comment on the development of immunotherapeutic strategies with respect to myeloid-related innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenying Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason B. Fleming
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Tampa, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jason B. Fleming,
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18
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Koinis F, Xagara A, Chantzara E, Leontopoulou V, Aidarinis C, Kotsakis A. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Prostate Cancer: Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Cells 2021; 11:20. [PMID: 35011582 PMCID: PMC8750906 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of research are being investigated to better understand mechanisms implicated in response or resistance to immune checkpoint blockade in prostate cancer (PCa). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have emerged as a major mediator of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment that promotes progression of various tumor types. The main mechanisms underlying MDSC-induced immunosuppression are currently being explored and strategies to enhance anti-tumor immune response via MDSC targeting are being tested. However, the role of MDSCs in PCa remains elusive. In this review, we aim to summarize and present the state-of-the-art knowledge on current methodologies to phenotypically and metabolically characterize MDSCs in PCa. We describe how these characteristics may be linked with MDSC function and may influence the clinical outcomes of patients with PCa. Finally, we briefly discuss emerging strategies being employed to therapeutically target MDSCs and potentiate the long-overdue improvement in the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Koinis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Larissa, 41221 Larissa, Thessaly, Greece; (F.K.); (E.C.); (V.L.); (C.A.)
- Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Thessaly, Greece;
| | - Anastasia Xagara
- Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Thessaly, Greece;
| | - Evangelia Chantzara
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Larissa, 41221 Larissa, Thessaly, Greece; (F.K.); (E.C.); (V.L.); (C.A.)
| | - Vassiliki Leontopoulou
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Larissa, 41221 Larissa, Thessaly, Greece; (F.K.); (E.C.); (V.L.); (C.A.)
| | - Chrissovalantis Aidarinis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Larissa, 41221 Larissa, Thessaly, Greece; (F.K.); (E.C.); (V.L.); (C.A.)
| | - Athanasios Kotsakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Larissa, 41221 Larissa, Thessaly, Greece; (F.K.); (E.C.); (V.L.); (C.A.)
- Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Thessaly, Greece;
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A Transcription Factor-Based Risk Model for Predicting the Prognosis of Prostate Cancer and Potential Therapeutic Drugs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6894278. [PMID: 34853602 PMCID: PMC8629613 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6894278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most critical cancers affecting men's health worldwide. The development of many cancers involves dysregulation or mutations in key transcription factors. This study established a transcription factor-based risk model to predict the prognosis of PC and potential therapeutic drugs. Materials and Methods In this study, RNA-sequencing data were downloaded and analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. A total of 145 genes related to the overall survival rate of PC patients were screened using the univariate Cox analysis. The Kdmist clustering method was used to classify prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), thereby determining the cluster related to the transcription factors. The support vector machine-recursive feature elimination method was used to identify genes related to the types of transcription factors and the key genes specifically upregulated or downregulated were screened. These genes were further analyzed using Lasso to establish a model. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used for the functional analysis. The TIMER algorithm was used to quantify the abundance of immune cells in PRAD samples. The chemotherapy response of each GBM patient was predicted based on the public pharmacogenomic database, Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC, http://www.cancerrxgene.org). The R package "pRRophetic" was applied to drug sensitivity (IC50) value prediction. Results We screened 10 genes related to prognosis, including eight low-risk genes and two high-risk genes. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.946. Patients in the high-risk score group had a poorer prognosis than those in the low-risk score group. The average area under the curve value of the model at different times was higher than 0.8. The risk score was an independent prognostic factor. Compared with the low-risk score group, early growth response-1 (EGR1), CACNA2D1, AC005831.1, SLC52A3, TMEM79, IL20RA, CRACR2A, and FAM189A2 expressions in the high-risk score group were decreased, while AC012181.1 and TRAPPC8 expressions were increased. GO and KEGG analyses showed that prognosis was related to various cancer signaling pathways. The proportion of B_cell, T_cell_CD4, and macrophages in the high-risk score group was significantly higher than that in the low-risk score group. A total of 25 classic immune checkpoint genes were screened out to express abnormally high-risk scores, and there were significant differences. Thirty mutant genes were identified; in the high- and low-risk score groups, SPOP, TP53, and TTN had the highest mutation frequency, and their mutations were mainly missense mutations. A total of 36 potential drug candidates for the treatment of PC were screened and identified. Conclusions Ten genes of both high-and low-risk scores were associated with the prognosis of PC. PC prognosis may be related to immune disorders. SPOP, TP53, and TTN may be potential targets for the prognosis of PC.
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Feng XY, Chen BC, Li JC, Li JM, Li HM, Chen XQ, Liu D, Li RT. Gansui-Banxia Decoction extraction inhibits MDSCs accumulation via AKT /STAT3/ERK signaling pathways to regulate antitumor immunity in C57bl/6 mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 93:153779. [PMID: 34638030 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gansui-Banxia Decoction (GSBXD) is a classic formula of traditional Chinese medical (TCM) sage Zhang Zhongjing to treat stagnation of evil heat and obstruction of qi. At present GSBXD is wildly used to treat cancerous ascites, pleural effusion, peritoneal effusion, pericardial effusion, cranial cavity effusion and several types of cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and esophageal cancer. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a kind of immature and heterogeneous cells which can suppress lymphocytes activation by forming a suppressive environment. MDSCs accumulation in peripheral blood and tumors are closely related to the cancer stage and low survival rate of clinical patients. The antitumor immune effect of GSBXD has not received widespread attention. PURPOSE To investigate the effects of GSBXD on MDSCs accumulation and the mediators including AKT/STAT3/ERK signaling pathways. METHODS The chemical components of GSBXD were analyzed by UHPLC-MS, and the putative pathways of GSBXD based on Network pharmacology were predicted. Mice were vaccinated with Hepatoma 22 (H22) to establish tumor growth model, which were then administrated with GSBXD ethanol extraction (0.49 mg/kg/day, 1.75 mg/kg/day), sorafenib (60 mg/kg) or saline for 14 days. The cell morphology was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and immunity cells were determined through flowcytometry analysis. The levels of cytokines production in blood were evaluated by using ELISA kits. STAT3, ERK and AKT/mTOR signaling transduction associated proteins were determined by Western blot. RESULTS GSBXD could inhibit tumor growth and splenomegaly in H22 tumor model mice. Importantly, GSBXD reduced MDSCs accumulation and differentiation, and inhibited proliferation of F4/80+ CD11b+ macrophages and apoptosis of T cells and B cells, and increased the percentage of CD 3- NK1.1+ NK cells. To better understand the active component of GSBXD, the ethanol-extraction powdered GSBXD was prepared and analyzed by UHPLC-MS. Combined with these main chemical compounds, we predicted that the anti-tumor effect of GSBXD mainly mediated PI3K-AKT and RAS-MAPK signal pathways based on Network Pharmacology. Western blot analysis of tumor tissues and MDSCs cells demonstrated that phosphorylation of AKT, ERK and STAT3 were significantly reduced, specially the activation of ERK. The levels of IL-1β and IFN-γ were significantly decreased by ELISA analysis. CONCLUSION GSBXD exhibited antitumor immune activity by reducing the accumulation of MDSCs in vivo, which is possible via down-regulation of AKT/STAT3/ERK signaling pathway and suppression of IL-1β and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Feng
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China; Faculty of basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, PR China
| | - Bi-Chun Chen
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jian-Chun Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jin-Mei Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xuan-Qin Chen
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China.
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21
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Carbon ion radiotherapy boosts anti-tumour immune responses by inhibiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells in melanoma-bearing mice. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:332. [PMID: 34732697 PMCID: PMC8566527 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) induces anti-cancer immune responses in melanoma patients, yet the mechanism remains elusive. The abundance of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the tumour microenvironment is associated with therapeutic efficacy and disease outcome. This study analysed the changes in the immune contexture in response to the carbon ion treatment. The murine melanoma B16, MelanA, and S91 tumour models were established in syngeneic immunocompetent mice. Then, the tumours were irradiated with carbon ion beams, and flow cytometry was utilised to observe the immune contexture changes in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, spleen, and tumours. The immune infiltrates in the tumour tissues were further assessed using haematoxylin/eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. The immunoblot detected the expression of proteins associated with the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. The secretion of immune-related cytokines was examined using ELISA. Compared to conventional radiotherapy, particle beams have distinct advantages in cancer therapy. Here, the use of carbon ion beams (5 GyE) for melanoma-bearing mice was found to reduce the population of MDSC in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and spleen of the animals via a JAK2/STAT3-dependent mechanism. The percentage of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells increased after radiation, resulting in reduced tumour growth and prolonged overall survival in the three different mouse models of melanoma. This study, therefore, substantiated that CIRT boosts anti-tumour immune responses via the inhibition of MDSC.
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Safarulla S, Khillar PS, Kini S, Jaiswal AK. Tissue engineered scaffolds as 3D models for prostate cancer metastasis to bone. MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 28:102641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
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23
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Wang Z, Hui C, Xie Y. Natural STAT3 inhibitors: A mini perspective. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105169. [PMID: 34333418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays pivotal role in several cellular processes such as cell proliferation and survival and has been found to be aberrantly activated in many cancers. STAT3 is largely believed to be one of the key oncogenes and crucial therapeutic targets. Much research has suggested the leading mechanisms for regulating the STAT3 pathway and its role in promoting tumorigenesis. Therefore, intensive efforts have been devoted to develop potent STAT3 inhibitors and several of them are currently undergoing clinical trials. Nevertheless, many natural products were identified as STAT3 inhibitors but attract less attention compared to the small molecule counterpart. In this review, the development of natural STAT3 inhibitors with an emphasis on their biological profile and chemical synthesis are detailed. The current state of STAT3 inhibitors and the future directions and opportunities for STAT3 inhibitor are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Southern University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunngai Hui
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yusheng Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Sanaei MJ, Taheri F, Heshmati M, Bashash D, Nazmabadi R, Mohammad-Alibeigi F, Nahid-Samiei M, Shirzad H, Bagheri N. Comparing the frequency of CD33 + pSTAT3 + myeloid-derived suppressor cells and IL-17 + lymphocytes in patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2086-2095. [PMID: 34184811 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most epidemic types of cancer in men. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of PCa is involved in the emergence of immunosuppressive factors such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which regulate the immune system by several mechanisms, including interleukin (IL)-10 production. On the other hand, IL-17+ helper T cells (Th17) induce MDSCs and chronic inflammation in TME by producing IL-17. This study demonstrated that the frequency of CD33+ pSTAT3+ MDSC and IL-17+ lymphocyte as well as IL-10 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were significantly higher in the PCa patients than in the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) group. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between the frequency of CD33+ pSTAT3+ MDSC, and IL-17+ lymphocyte with Gleason scores in the PCa group. We suggested that the higher frequency of CD33+ pSTAT3+ MDSC and IL-17+ lymphocyte and the more frequent expression of IL-10 mRNA in PCa patients may play roles in tumor progression from BPH to PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Taheri
- Department of Pathology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Masoud Heshmati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Nazmabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Mahboobeh Nahid-Samiei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hedayatollah Shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Mandula JK, Rodriguez PC. Tumor-related stress regulates functional plasticity of MDSCs. Cell Immunol 2021; 363:104312. [PMID: 33652258 PMCID: PMC8026602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) impair protective anti-tumor immunity and remain major obstacles that stymie the effectiveness of promising cancer therapies. Diverse tumor-derived stressors galvanize the differentiation, intra-tumoral expansion, and immunomodulatory function of MDSCs. These tumor-associated 'axes of stress' underwrite the immunosuppressive programming of MDSCs in cancer and contribute to the phenotypic/functional heterogeneity that characterize tumor-MDSCs. This review discusses various tumor-associated axes of stress that direct MDSC development, accumulation, and immunosuppressive function, as well as current strategies aimed at overcoming the detrimental impact of MDSCs in cancer. To better understand the constellation of signals directing MDSC biology, we herein summarize the pivotal roles, signaling mediators, and effects of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species-related stress, chronic inflammatory stress, hypoxia-linked stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, metabolic stress, and therapy-associated stress on MDSCs. Although therapeutic targeting of these processes remains mostly pre-clinical, intercepting signaling through the axes of stress could overcome MDSC-related immune suppression in tumor-bearing hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Mandula
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Paulo C Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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26
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Zhao Y, Peng X, Baldwin H, Zhang C, Liu Z, Lu X. Anti-androgen therapy induces transcriptomic reprogramming in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in a murine model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166151. [PMID: 33892077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent development of next-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains incurable and requires deeper understanding through studies in suitable animal models. Prostate-specific deletion of Pten and Smad4 in mice recapitulated the disease progression of human prostate adenocarcinoma, including metastasis to lymph nodes and lung. Moreover, Pten/Smad4 tumors fostered an immunosuppressive microenvironment dominated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). However, the response of Pten/Smad4 tumors to androgen deprivation and anti-androgen therapies has not been described. Here, we report that the combination of surgical castration and enzalutamide treatment in Pten/Smad4 mice slowed down the tumor growth and prolonged the median survival of the mice for 8 weeks. Treatment-naïve and castration-resistant primary tumors exhibited comparable levels of immune infiltrations with the exception of reduced monocytic MDSCs in CRPC. RNA profiling of treatment-naïve and castration-resistant primary tumors revealed largely preserved transcriptome with modest expressional alterations of collagen-related and immune-related genes, among which CC chemokine receptor type 2 (Ccr2) downregulation and predicted negative activation in CRPC was consistent with reduced monocytic MDSC infiltration. Importantly, significant transcriptomic reprograming was observed in lung metastatic CRPC compared with primary CRPC and enriched for immune-related and coagulation-related pathways. At the individual gene level, we validated the expression changes of some of the most upregulated (Cd36, Bmp5, Bmp6, Etv5, Prex2, Ptprb, Egfl6, Itga8 and Cxcl12) and downregulated genes (Cxcl9 and Adamts5). Together, this study uncovers the inherent activity of Pten/Smad4 tumors to progress to CRPC and highlights potentially targetable transcriptomic signatures associated with CRPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Peng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Hope Baldwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Witt K, Evans-Axelsson S, Lundqvist A, Johansson M, Bjartell A, Hellsten R. Inhibition of STAT3 augments antitumor efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 treatment against prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3155-3166. [PMID: 33786638 PMCID: PMC8505385 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new treatment options in metastatic drug-resistant prostate cancer. Combining immunotherapy with other targeted therapies may be an effective strategy for advanced prostate cancer. In the present study, we sought to investigate to enhance the efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 therapy against prostate cancer by the combination with STAT3 inhibition. Male C57BL6 mice were subcutaneously inoculated with the murine prostate cancer cell line RM-1. Tumor progression was monitored following treatment with vehicle, the small molecule STAT3 inhibitor GPB730, anti-CTLA-4 or GPB730 + anti-CTLA-4. Treatment with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-CTLA-4 + GPB730 significantly inhibited tumor growth and enhanced survival compared to vehicle. Combining anti-CTLA-4 treatment with GPB730 resulted in a significantly prolonged survival compared to anti-CTLA-4 alone. GPB730 significantly increased infiltration of CD45 + cells in tumors of anti-CTLA-4-treated mice compared to anti-CTLA-4 alone. The levels of tumor-infiltrating Tregs were significantly decreased and the CD8:Treg ratio significantly increased by GPB730 treatment in combination with anti-CTLA-4 compared to anti-CTLA-4 alone. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant increase in CD45-positive cells in anti-CTLA-4 and anti-CTLA-4 + GPB730-treated tumors compared to vehicle or GPB730 monotherapy. Plasma levels of IL10 were significantly increased by anti-CTLA-4 compared to vehicle but no increase was observed when combining anti-CTLA-4 with GPB730. In conclusion, STAT3 inhibition by GPB730 enhances the antitumoral activity of anti-CTLA-4 and decreases the intratumoral Treg frequency in a prostate cancer mouse model. These results support the combination of STAT3 inhibition with anti-CTLA-4 therapy to increase clinical responses in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Witt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susan Evans-Axelsson
- Division of Urological Cancers, Institution of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bjartell
- Division of Urological Cancers, Institution of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Hellsten
- Division of Urological Cancers, Institution of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Pihlstrøm N, Jin Y, Nenseth Z, Kuzu OF, Saatcioglu F. STAMP2 Expression Mediated by Cytokines Attenuates Their Growth-Limiting Effects in Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071579. [PMID: 33808059 PMCID: PMC8036285 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer death in men. Despite significant developments in therapy options with improved survival, no curative treatment is currently available. We have previously identified six transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) as an important factor for PCa growth and survival. We now show that STAMP2 expression is regulated by inflammatory signaling, which has recently been implicated in PCa. Two proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 and interleukin 1 beta, synergize with each other to induce STAMP2 expression. Interestingly, STAMP2 knockdown increased the sensitivity of PCa cells to cytokine treatment. Thus, STAMP2 that acts as a survival factor in PCa, is both independently and synergistically regulated by inflammatory signaling that may affect disease progression. Abstract Inflammatory events and dysregulated cytokine expression are implicated in prostate cancer (PCa), but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood at present. We have previously identified six transmembrane protein of the prostate 2 (STAMP2, also known as STEAP4) as an androgen-regulated gene, as well as a key regulator of PCa growth and survival. STAMP2 is also regulated by, and participates in, inflammatory signaling in other tissues and pathologies. Here, we show that the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) significantly increase and strongly synergize in promoting STAMP2 expression in PCa cells. The two cytokines increase androgen-induced STAMP2 expression, but not expression of other known androgen target genes, suggesting a unique interplay of androgens and cytokines in regulating STAMP2 expression. Interestingly, STAMP2 knockdown significantly increased the ability of IL-6 and IL-1β to inhibit PCa cell growth in vitro. These results suggest that STAMP2 may represent a unique node through which inflammatory events mediate their effects on PCa growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Pihlstrøm
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway; (N.P.); (Y.J.); (Z.N.)
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway; (N.P.); (Y.J.); (Z.N.)
| | - Zeynep Nenseth
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway; (N.P.); (Y.J.); (Z.N.)
| | - Omer F. Kuzu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway; (N.P.); (Y.J.); (Z.N.)
- Correspondence: (O.F.K.); (F.S.); Tel.: +47-22-854-569 (F.S.); Fax: +47-22-857-207 (F.S.)
| | - Fahri Saatcioglu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway; (N.P.); (Y.J.); (Z.N.)
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, 0188 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (O.F.K.); (F.S.); Tel.: +47-22-854-569 (F.S.); Fax: +47-22-857-207 (F.S.)
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29
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Shackleton EG, Ali HY, Khan M, Pockley GA, McArdle SE. Novel Combinatorial Approaches to Tackle the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment of Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1145. [PMID: 33800156 PMCID: PMC7962457 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second-most common cancer in men worldwide and treatment options for patients with advanced or aggressive prostate cancer or recurrent disease continue to be of limited success and are rarely curative. Despite immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) efficacy in some melanoma, lung, kidney and breast cancers, immunotherapy efforts have been remarkably unsuccessful in PCa. One hypothesis behind this lack of efficacy is the generation of a distinctly immunosuppressive prostate tumor microenvironment (TME) by regulatory T cells, MDSCs, and type 2 macrophages which have been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions including solid cancers. In PCa, Tregs and MDSCs are attracted to TME by low-grade chronic inflammatory signals, while tissue-resident type 2 macrophages are induced by cytokines such as IL4, IL10, IL13, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by Th2 cells. These then drive tumor progression, therapy resistance and the generation of castration resistance, ultimately conferring a poor prognosis. The biology of MDSC and Treg is highly complex and the development, proliferation, maturation or function can each be pharmacologically mediated to counteract the immunosuppressive effects of these cells. Herein, we present a critical review of Treg, MDSC and M2 involvement in PCa progression but also investigate a newly recognized type of immune suppression induced by the chronic stimulation of the sympathetic adrenergic signaling pathway and propose targeted strategies to be used in a combinatorial modality with immunotherapy interventions such as ICB, Sipuleucel-T or antitumor vaccines for an enhanced anti-PCa tumor immune response. We conclude that a strategic sequence of therapeutic interventions in combination with additional holistic measures will be necessary to achieve maximum benefit for PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G. Shackleton
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (E.G.S.); (H.Y.A.); (G.A.P.)
| | - Haleema Yoosuf Ali
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (E.G.S.); (H.Y.A.); (G.A.P.)
| | - Masood Khan
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK;
| | - Graham A. Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (E.G.S.); (H.Y.A.); (G.A.P.)
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Stephanie E. McArdle
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (E.G.S.); (H.Y.A.); (G.A.P.)
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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30
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Song G, Zhang Y, Tian J, Ma J, Yin K, Xu H, Wang S. TRAF6 Regulates the Immunosuppressive Effects of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Tumor-Bearing Host. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649020. [PMID: 33717204 PMCID: PMC7946975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature heterogeneous cells derived from the bone marrow and they are the major component of the tumor-induced immunosuppressive environment. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, catalyzes the polyubiquitination of target proteins. TRAF6 plays a critical role in modulating the immune system. However, whether TRAF6 is involved in the regulation of MDSCs has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In this study, we found that the expression of TRAF6 in MDSCs derived from tumor tissue was significantly upregulated compared with that of MDSCs from spleen of tumor-bearing mice. Knockdown of TRAF6 remarkably attenuated the immunosuppressive effects of MDSCs. Mechanistically, TRAF6 might improve the immunosuppression of MDSCs by mediating K63-linked polyubiquitination and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Additionally, it was discovered that the accumulation of MDSCs was abnormal in peripheral blood of lung cancer patients. TRAF6 and arginase 1 were highly expressed in MDSCs of patients with lung cancer. Taken together, our study demonstrated that TRAF6 participates in promoting the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs and provided a potential target for antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
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Cohesive cancer invasion of the biophysical barrier of smooth muscle. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:205-219. [PMID: 33398621 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle is found around organs in the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. Cancers arising in the bladder, prostate, stomach, colon, and other sites progress from low-risk disease to high-risk, lethal metastatic disease characterized by tumor invasion into, within, and through the biophysical barrier of smooth muscle. We consider here the unique biophysical properties of smooth muscle and how cohesive clusters of tumor use mechanosensing cell-cell and cell-ECM (extracellular matrix) adhesion receptors to move through a structured muscle and withstand the biophysical forces to reach distant sites. Understanding integrated mechanosensing features within tumor cluster and smooth muscle and potential triggers within adjacent adipose tissue, such as the unique damage-associated molecular pattern protein (DAMP), eNAMPT (extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase), or visfatin, offers an opportunity to prevent the first steps of invasion and metastasis through the structured muscle.
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Mirzaei S, Gholami MH, Mahabady MK, Nabavi N, Zabolian A, Banihashemi SM, Haddadi A, Entezari M, Hushmandi K, Makvandi P, Samarghandian S, Zarrabi A, Ashrafizadeh M, Khan H. Pre-clinical investigation of STAT3 pathway in bladder cancer: Paving the way for clinical translation. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111077. [PMID: 33378975 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective cancer therapy requires identification of signaling networks and investigating their potential role in proliferation and invasion of cancer cells. Among molecular pathways, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been of importance due to its involvement in promoting proliferation, and invasion of cancer cells, and mediating chemoresistance. In the present review, our aim is to reveal role of STAT3 pathway in bladder cancer (BC), as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In respect to its tumor-promoting role, STAT3 is able to enhance the growth of BC cells via inhibiting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. STAT3 also contributes to metastasis of BC cells via upregulating of MMP-2 and MMP-9 as well as genes in the EMT pathway. BC cells obtain chemoresistance via STAT3 overexpression and its inhibition paves the way for increasing efficacy of chemotherapy. Different molecular pathways such as KMT1A, EZH2, DAB2IP and non-coding RNAs including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs can function as upstream mediators of STAT3 that are discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahmood Khaksary Mahabady
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Research Services, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirabbas Haddadi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- IstitutoItaliano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, OrtaMahalle, ÜniversiteCaddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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Tang F, Tie Y, Hong W, Wei Y, Tu C, Wei X. Targeting Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells for Premetastatic Niche Disruption After Tumor Resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 28:4030-4048. [PMID: 33258011 PMCID: PMC7703739 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Surgical resection is a common therapeutic option for primary solid tumors. However, high cancer recurrence and metastatic rates after resection are the main cause of cancer related mortalities. This implies the existence of a “fertile soil” following surgery that facilitates colonization by circulating cancer cells. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are essential for premetastatic niche formation, and may persist in distant organs for up to 2 weeks after surgery. These postsurgical persistent lung MDSCs exhibit stronger immunosuppression compared with presurgical MDSCs, suggesting that surgery enhances MDSC function. Surgical stress and trauma trigger the secretion of systemic inflammatory cytokines, which enhance MDSC mobilization and proliferation. Additionally, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) directly activate MDSCs through pattern recognition receptor-mediated signals. Surgery also increases vascular permeability, induces an increase in lysyl oxidase and extracellular matrix remodeling in lungs, that enhances MDSC mobilization. Postsurgical therapies that inhibit the induction of premetastatic niches by MDSCs promote the long-term survival of patients. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and β-blockade, or their combination, may minimize the impact of surgical stress on MDSCs. Anti-DAMPs and associated inflammatory signaling inhibitors also are potential therapies. Existing therapies under tumor-bearing conditions, such as MDSCs depletion with low-dose chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors, MDSCs differentiation using all-trans retinoic acid, and STAT3 inhibition merit clinical evaluation during the perioperative period. In addition, combining low-dose epigenetic drugs with chemokine receptors, reversing immunosuppression through the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol, repairing vascular leakage, or inhibiting extracellular matrix remodeling also may enhance the long-term survival of curative resection patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopeadics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tie
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongqi Tu
- Department of Orthopeadics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Human Isogenic Cell Line Models for Neutrophils and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207709. [PMID: 33081041 PMCID: PMC7590135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils with immunosuppressive activity are polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and may contribute to the resistance to cancer immunotherapy. A major gap for understanding and targeting these cells is the paucity of cell line models with cardinal features of human immunosuppressive neutrophils and their normal counterparts, especially in an isogenic manner. To address this issue, we employ the human promyelocytic cell line HL60 and use DMSO and cytokines (granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 6 (IL6)) to induce the formation of either neutrophils or MDSCs. The induced MDSCs are CD11b+ CD33+ HLA-DR−/low and are heterogeneous for CD15 and CD14 expression. The induced MDSCs abrogate IL2 production and activation-induced cell death of the human T cell line Jurkat stimulated by CD3/CD28 antibodies, whereas the induced neutrophils enhance IL2 production from Jurkat cells. The induced MDSCs upregulate the expression of C/EBPβ, STAT3, VEGFR1, FATP2 and S100A8. Lastly, the immunosuppressive activity of the induced MDSCs is inhibited by all-trans retinoic acid and STAT3 inhibitor BP-1-102 through cellular differentiation and dedifferentiation mechanisms, respectively. Together, our study establishes a human isogenic cell line system for neutrophils and MDSCs and this system is expected to facilitate future studies on the biology and therapeutics of human immunosuppressive neutrophils.
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Darmani H, Daoud A. Mechanisms of immune suppression by myeloid-derived suppressor cells: the role of interleukin-10 as a key immunoregulatory cytokine. Open Biol 2020; 10:200111. [PMID: 32931721 PMCID: PMC7536076 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation and inflammation are unwanted consequences of many pathological conditions, since they could lead to tissue damage and immune exhaustion, both of which can worsen the pathological condition status. In fact, the immune system is naturally equipped with immunoregulatory cells that can limit immune activation and inflammation. However, chronic activation of downregulatory immune responses is also associated with unwanted consequences that, in turn, could lead to disease progression as seen in the case of cancer and chronic infections. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are now considered to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of different inflammatory pathological conditions, including different types of cancer and chronic infections. As a potent immunosuppressor cell population, MDSCs can inhibit specific and non-specific immune responses via different mechanisms that, in turn, lead to disease persistence. One such mechanism by which MDSCs can activate their immunosuppressive effects is accomplished by secreting copious amounts of immunosuppressant molecules such as interleukin-10 (IL-10). In this article, we will focus on the pathological role of MDSC expansion in chronic inflammatory conditions including cancer, sepsis/infection, autoimmunity, asthma and ageing, as well as some of the mechanisms by which MDSCs/IL-10 contribute to the disease progression in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Homa Darmani
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ammar Daoud
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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STAT3 transcription factor as target for anti-cancer therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1101-1124. [PMID: 32880101 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
STATs constitute a large family of transcription activators and transducers of signals that have an important role in many cell functions as regulation of proliferation and differentiation of the cell also regulation of apoptosis and angiogenesis. STAT3 as a member of that family, recently was discovered to have a vital role in progression of different types of cancers. The activation of STAT3 was observed to regulate multiple gene functions during cancer-like cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metastasis, inflammation, immunity, cell survival, and angiogenesis. The inhibition of STAT3 activation has been an important target for cancer therapy. Inhibitors of STAT3 have been used for a long time for treatment of many types of cancers like leukemia, melanoma, colon, and renal cancer. In this review article, we summarize and discuss different drugs inhibiting the action of STAT3 and used in treatment of different types of cancer.
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Zeng D, Long H, Zhu B. Antitumor effects of targeting myeloid-derived suppressive cells. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:5787-5797. [PMID: 35117939 PMCID: PMC8798346 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.01.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with major regulatory functions, which are expanded in pathological conditions, including cancers, infections and autoimmune diseases. Evidence has identified MDSCs as critical cells driving immune suppression in tumor microenvironments. Treatments targeting MDSCs have shown promising results in preclinical studies and some clinical trials. In this review, we discuss therapeutic approaches targeting MDSCs, which may benefit future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zeng
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haixia Long
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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38
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Application of Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Prostate Cancer. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082680. [PMID: 32824865 PMCID: PMC7464558 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major cause of human cancers. The environmental factors, such as microbiome, dietary components, and obesity, provoke chronic inflammation in the prostate, which promotes cancer development and progression. Crosstalk between immune cells and cancer cells enhances the secretion of intercellular signaling molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, thereby orchestrating the generation of inflammatory microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play pivotal roles in inflammation-associated cancer by inhibiting effective anti-tumor immunity. Anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin, metformin, and statins, have potential application in chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory immunity-targeted therapies may provide novel strategies to treat patients with cancer. Thus, anti-inflammatory agents are expected to suppress the “vicious cycle” created by immune and cancer cells and inhibit cancer progression. This review has explored the immune cells that facilitate prostate cancer development and progression, with particular focus on the application of anti-inflammatory agents for both chemoprevention and therapeutic approach in prostate cancer.
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Zadka Ł, Grybowski DJ, Dzięgiel P. Modeling of the immune response in the pathogenesis of solid tumors and its prognostic significance. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:539-575. [PMID: 32488850 PMCID: PMC7363737 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor initiation and subsequent progression are usually long-term processes, spread over time and conditioned by diverse aspects. Many cancers develop on the basis of chronic inflammation; however, despite dozens of years of research, little is known about the factors triggering neoplastic transformation under these conditions. Molecular characterization of both pathogenetic states, i.e., similarities and differences between chronic inflammation and cancer, is also poorly defined. The secretory activity of tumor cells may change the immunophenotype of immune cells and modify the extracellular microenvironment, which allows the bypass of host defense mechanisms and seems to have diagnostic and prognostic value. The phenomenon of immunosuppression is also present during chronic inflammation, and the development of cancer, due to its duration, predisposes patients to the promotion of chronic inflammation. The aim of our work was to discuss the above issues based on the latest scientific insights. A theoretical mechanism of cancer immunosuppression is also proposed. CONCLUSIONS Development of solid tumors may occur both during acute and chronic phases of inflammation. Differences in the regulation of immune responses between precancerous states and the cancers resulting from them emphasize the importance of immunosuppressive factors in oncogenesis. Cancer cells may, through their secretory activity and extracellular transport mechanisms, enhance deterioration of the immune system which, in turn, may have prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zadka
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Damian J Grybowski
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of Illinois, 900 S. Ashland Avenue (MC944) Room 3356, Molecular Biology Research Building Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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40
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Tang L, Xu M, Zhang L, Qu L, Liu X. Role of αVβ3 in Prostate Cancer: Metastasis Initiator and Important Therapeutic Target. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7411-7422. [PMID: 32801764 PMCID: PMC7395689 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s258252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer, distant organ metastasis is the leading cause of patient death. Although the mechanism of malignant tumor metastasis is unclear, studies have confirmed that integrin αVβ3 plays an important role in this process. In prostate cancer, αVβ3 mediates adhesion, invasion, immune escape and neovascularization through interactions with different ligands. Among these ligands and in addition to proteins that are directly related to tumor invasion, other proteins that contain the RGD structure could also bind to αVβ3 and cause a number of biological effects. In this article, we summarized the ligand and downstream proteins related to αVβ3-mediated prostate cancer metastasis as well as some diagnostic and therapeutic measures targeting αVβ3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Chifeng University, Chifeng, The Inner Mongol Autonomous Region 024005, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, People's Republic of China.,R&D Department, Seekgene Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 262500, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Qu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Anshan Hospital of the First Hospital of China Medical University, Anshan, Liaoning 114000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100000, People's Republic of China
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Zubair H, Khan MA, Anand S, Srivastava SK, Singh S, Singh AP. Modulation of the tumor microenvironment by natural agents: implications for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:237-255. [PMID: 32470379 PMCID: PMC7688484 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of cancer is not just the growth and proliferation of a single transformed cell, but its surrounding environment also coevolves with it. Indeed, successful cancer progression depends on the ability of the tumor cells to develop a supportive tumor microenvironment consisting of various types of stromal cells. The interactions between the tumor and stromal cells are bidirectional and mediated through a variety of growth factors, cytokines, metabolites, and other biomolecules secreted by these cells. Tumor-stromal crosstalk creates optimal conditions for the tumor growth, metastasis, evasion of immune surveillance, and therapy resistance, and its targeting is being explored for clinical management of cancer. Natural agents from plants and marine life have been at the forefront of traditional medicine. Numerous epidemiological studies have reported the health benefits imparted on the consumption of certain fruits, vegetables, and their derived products. Indeed, a significant majority of anti-cancer drugs in clinical use are either naturally occurring compounds or their derivatives. In this review, we describe fundamental cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor microenvironment and discuss the significance of natural compounds in their targeting. Existing literature provides hope that novel prevention and therapeutic approaches will emerge from ongoing scientific efforts leading to the reduced tumor burden and improve clinical outcomes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Zubair
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Mohammad Aslam Khan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Shashi Anand
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Ajay Pratap Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
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42
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Cytokines and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling in prostate cancer: overview and therapeutic opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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43
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Luszczak S, Kumar C, Sathyadevan VK, Simpson BS, Gately KA, Whitaker HC, Heavey S. PIM kinase inhibition: co-targeted therapeutic approaches in prostate cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:7. [PMID: 32296034 PMCID: PMC6992635 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PIM kinases have been shown to play a role in prostate cancer development and progression, as well as in some of the hallmarks of cancer, especially proliferation and apoptosis. Their upregulation in prostate cancer has been correlated with decreased patient overall survival and therapy resistance. Initial efforts to inhibit PIM with monotherapies have been hampered by compensatory upregulation of other pathways and drug toxicity, and as such, it has been suggested that co-targeting PIM with other treatment approaches may permit lower doses and be a more viable option in the clinic. Here, we present the rationale and basis for co-targeting PIM with inhibitors of PI3K/mTOR/AKT, JAK/STAT, MYC, stemness, and RNA Polymerase I transcription, along with other therapies, including androgen deprivation, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Such combined approaches could potentially be used as neoadjuvant therapies, limiting the development of resistance to treatments or sensitizing cells to other therapeutics. To determine which drugs should be combined with PIM inhibitors for each patient, it will be key to develop companion diagnostics that predict response to each co-targeted option, hopefully providing a personalized medicine pathway for subsets of prostate cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Luszczak
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Kumar
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Benjamin S Simpson
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kathy A Gately
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin 8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Heavey
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK.
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44
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Myeloid-driven mechanisms as barriers to antitumor CD8 + T cell activity. Mol Immunol 2019; 118:165-173. [PMID: 31884388 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system is essential for host defense against pathogenic challenges, and a major constituent is the CD8+ cytotoxic T cell. Ordinarily, CD8+ T cells are endowed with a unique ability to specifically recognize and destroy their targets. However, in cases where disease emerges, especially in cancer, the efficacy of the CD8+ T cell response is frequently counterbalanced in a 'tug-of-war' by networks of tumor-driven mechanisms of immune suppression. As a result, antitumor CD8+ T cell activity is hampered, which contributes to clinical manifestations of disease. It is now well-recognized that prominent elements of that network include myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and macrophages which assume tumor-supportive phenotypes. Both myeloid populations are thought to arise as consequences of chronic inflammatory cues produced during the neoplastic process. Numerous preclinical studies have now shown that inhibiting the production, trafficking and/or function of these immune suppressive myeloid populations restore antitumor CD8+ T cell responses during both immune surveillance or in response to immune-targeted interventions. Correlative studies in cancer patients support these preclinical findings and, thus, have laid the foundation for ongoing clinical trials in patients receiving novel agents that target such myeloid elements alone or in combination with immunotherapy to potentially improve cancer patient outcomes. Accordingly, this review focuses on how and why it is important to study the myeloid-T cell interplay as an innovative strategy to boost or reinvigorate the CD8+ T cell response as a critical weapon in the battle against malignancy.
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45
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Kourko O, Seaver K, Odoardi N, Basta S, Gee K. IL-27, IL-30, and IL-35: A Cytokine Triumvirate in Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:969. [PMID: 31681561 PMCID: PMC6797860 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the immune system in anti-tumor immunity cannot be overstated, as it holds the potential to promote tumor eradication or prevent tumor cell escape. Cytokines are critical to influencing the immune responses and interactions with non-immune cells. Recently, the IL-12 and IL-6 family of cytokines have accumulated newly defined members each with specific immune functions related to various cancers and tumorigenesis. There is a need to better understand how cytokines like IL-27, IL-30, and IL-35 interact with one another, and how a developing tumor can exploit these interactions to enhance immune suppression. Current cytokine-based immunotherapies are associated with cytotoxic side effects which limits the success of treatment. In addition to this toxicity, understanding the complex interactions between immune and cancer cells may be one of the greatest challenges to developing a successful immunotherapy. In this review, we bring forth IL-27, IL-30, and IL-35, “sister cytokines,” along with more recent additions to the IL-12 family, which serve distinct purposes despite sharing structural similarities. We highlight how these cytokines function in the tumor microenvironment by examining their direct effects on cancer cells as well their indirect actions via regulatory functions of immune cells that act to either instigate or inhibit tumor progression. Understanding the context dependent immunomodulatory outcomes of these sister cytokines, as well as their regulation within the tumor microenvironment, may shed light onto novel cancer therapeutic treatments or targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Kourko
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Seaver
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Natalya Odoardi
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sameh Basta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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46
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Hellsten R, Lilljebjörn L, Johansson M, Leandersson K, Bjartell A. The STAT3 inhibitor galiellalactone inhibits the generation of MDSC-like monocytes by prostate cancer cells and decreases immunosuppressive and tumorigenic factors. Prostate 2019; 79:1611-1621. [PMID: 31348843 PMCID: PMC6771992 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is implicated in cancer drug resistance, metastasis, and immunosuppression and has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for new anticancer drugs. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a major role in the suppression of antitumor immunity and STAT3 is involved in the accumulation, generation, and function of MDSCs. Thus, targeting STAT3 holds the potential of reversing immunosuppression in cancer. This study aims to investigate the effect of the small molecule STAT3 inhibitor galiellalactone on prostate cancer cell- induced generation of MDSCs from monocytes and the effect on immunosuppressive factors and inflammatory cytokines. METHODS Primary human monocytes were cocultured with prostate cancer cells (DU145, PC3, and LNCaP-IL6) or with conditioned medium (CM) from prostate cancer cells in the presence or absence of the STAT3 inhibitor galiellalactone. Monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry for an MDSC-like phenotype (CD14+ HLA-DR-/lo ). The secretion and gene expression of immunosuppressive factors and inflammatory cytokines from prostate cancer cells and monocytes were investigated. RESULTS Galiellalactone blocked the prostate cancer cell-induced generation of MDSC-like monocytes with an immunosuppressive phenotype ex vivo. Monocytes cultured with CM from prostate cancer cells showed increased expression of phosphorylated STAT3. Prostate cancer cells increased the expression of interleukin1β (IL1β), IL10, and IL6 in monocytes which was inhibited by galiellalactone. In addition, galiellalactone decreased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase gene expression in monocytes. Galiellalactone reduced the levels of IL8 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in prostate cancer cells per se. CONCLUSION The STAT3 inhibitor galiellalactone may prevent the prostate cancer cell-induced generation of MDSCs and reverse the immunosuppressive mechanisms caused by the interplay between prostate cancer cells and MDSCs. This is a potential new immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka Hellsten
- Division of Urological Cancers, Department of Translational MedicineLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Lisa Lilljebjörn
- Division of Urological Cancers, Department of Translational MedicineLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | | | - Karin Leandersson
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Translational MedicineLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Division of Urological Cancers, Department of Translational MedicineLund UniversityMalmöSweden
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