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Knudsen JT, Ignell R. Semiochemicals modulating bed bug behaviour. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 64:101207. [PMID: 38821142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Cimicidae, Hemiptera), is obligate haematophagous and can carry pathogens but is not known to transmit diseases to humans in natural settings. Bed bugs are activated and guided by semiochemicals and heat by potential hosts, as well as by an aggregation pheromone when searching for food and home. No sexual pheromone has been detected in bed bugs, which mate through traumatic insemination. First, after mounting, males are able to distinguish between large nymphs, other males, and females. To avoid unwanted traumatic inseminations, nymphs and adults emit an alarm pheromone. The olfactory system of bed bugs has relatively few odorant and ionotropic receptors, which likely reflects the simple environment that bed bugs live in, and use to search for hosts and conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Disease Vector Group, Department of Plant protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Parmar D, Verma S, Sharma D, Singh E. Semiochemical based integrated livestock pest control. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:49. [PMID: 38236343 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The role of arthropods as livestock pests has been well established. Besides their biting habits causing nuisance in animals; they are important vectors for transmission of economically important livestock diseases worldwide. Various pests and vector control managemental programs that also make use of chemicals have variable success rates. Consequently, insecticide/acaricide resistance has been reported against most of the commonly used chemicals along with increased concern for environment and demand for clean and green, residue-free animal products. This calls for an urgent need to develop novel, alternate, effective strategies/technologies. This lays the foundation for the use of semiochemicals as alternatives along with other biological control agents. Current knowledge on semiochemical use in livestock is refined and limited; however, it has been widely exploited in the agricultural sector to control plant and food crop pests, surveillance, and monitoring. Semiochemicals have an added advantage of being natural and safe; however, knowledge of extraction and quantification by using assays needs to be explicit. Expertise is required in behavioral and electrophysiological studies of arthropods and their interactions with the host and environment targeting specific semiochemicals for promising results. A thorough prior understanding on aspects such as mechanism of action, the stimulus for the release, the effecter/target species, response produced, application methods, dose and concentration is required to develop any successful pest/vector control program. The current review provides essential and frontline information on semiochemicals and their potential applications in the livestock sector along with future challenges and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Parmar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, 176062, India.
| | - Subhash Verma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, 176062, India
| | - Devina Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, 176062, India
| | - Ekta Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, 176062, India
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Akhoundi M, Chebbah D, Elissa N, Brun S, Jan J, Lacaze I, Izri A. Volatile Organic Compounds: A Promising Tool for Bed Bug Detection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5214. [PMID: 36982123 PMCID: PMC10048870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent decades' resurgence of bed bugs as a public health concern in industrialized countries has driven an increased interest on new sustainable insecticide-free methods to monitor and control these ectoparasites. Current methods of detection rely mainly on visual inspection or canine scent detection, which are methods that are time-consuming, require experience, are non-specific or require costly mission repetitions. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered an environmentally friendly alternative and a promising approach for bed bug detection. An overview of the released literature on VOCs, their chemical characteristics and their role in bed bugs' intra- and inter-species communications allowed us to highlight the identification of 49 VOCs in Cimex lectularius (23 molecules) and C. hemipterus (26), which are emitted by both sexes during diverse compartments including aggregation (46), mating (11), defense (4), etc., and all life stages including exuviae or dead bed bugs as a principal indicator of infestation. The latter has a great importance for application of these semiochemicals in successful detection and control management of bed bugs and to prevent their further dispersion. This approach has the advantage of more reliability compared to conventional detection methods with no need for repeated inspections, household furniture moving or resident rehousing for bed bugs' VOC detection, which are commonly performed by active or passive sampling with absorbing tubes and analyzed by gas chromatography-based analytical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Dahlia Chebbah
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
- Service Parisien de Santé Environnementale (SPSE), Sous-Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Prévention (SDSEP), Direction de la Santé Publique (DSP)—Mairie de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Nohal Elissa
- Service Parisien de Santé Environnementale (SPSE), Sous-Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Prévention (SDSEP), Direction de la Santé Publique (DSP)—Mairie de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Brun
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Julie Jan
- Agence Régionale de Santé (ARS) Île-de-France, 35, Rue de la Gare, CEDEX 19, 75935 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Lacaze
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Direction Santé Confort, Division Qualité Sanitaire des Ouvrages, 84, Avenue Jean Jaurès, CEDEX F-77447, 77420 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13000 Marseille, France
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Gaire S, DeVries ZC, Mick R, Santangelo RG, Bottillo G, Camera E, Schal C. Human skin triglycerides prevent bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) arrestment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22906. [PMID: 34880281 PMCID: PMC8654864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) have proliferated globally and have become one of the most challenging pests to control indoors. They are nocturnal and use multiple sensory cues to detect and orient towards their human hosts. After feeding, usually on a sleeping human, they return to a shelter on or around the sleeping surface, but not directly on the host. We hypothesized that although human skin odors attract hungry bed bugs, human skin compounds may also prevent arrestment on hosts. We used arrestment assays to test human skin swabs, extracts from human skin swabs, and pure compounds identified from human skin swabs. When given a choice, bed bugs preferred to arrest on substrates not previously conditioned by humans. These responses were consistent among laboratory-reared and apartment-collected bed bugs. The compounds responsible for this behavior were found to be extractable in hexane, and bed bugs responded to such extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Bioassay-guided fractionation paired with thin-layer chromatography, GC-MS, and LC-MS analyses suggested that triglycerides (TAGs), common compounds found on human skin, were preventing arrestment on shelters. Bed bugs universally avoided sheltering in TAG-treated shelters, which was independent of the number of carbons or the number of double bonds in the TAG. These results provide strong evidence that the complex of human skin compounds serve as multifunctional semiochemicals for bed bugs, with some odorants attracting host-seeking stages, and others (TAGs and possibly other compounds) preventing bed bug arrestment. Host chemistry, environmental conditions and the physiological state of bed bugs likely influence the dual nature behavioral responses of bed bugs to human skin compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Gaire
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, 1100 S. Limestone, S-225 Ag North, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA.
| | - Zachary C DeVries
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, 1100 S. Limestone, S-225 Ag North, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA.
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Russell Mick
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Richard G Santangelo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Grazia Bottillo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Camera
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Zhang J, Liang Q, Xia Y, Kong D, Wang C, Mo S, He Y, Wang D. Behavioral Response of the Tropical Bed Bug, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to Carbon Dioxide. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2198-2203. [PMID: 34410423 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bed bugs (Cimex spp.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are obligatory blood-sucking insects. Research on their behavioral response to host-derived olfactory cues will be helpful for designing more effective management tools. However, previous studies mainly focused on Cimex lectularius L., while the related studies on Cimex hemipterus (F.) have been rarely reported. In this study, we evaluated the behavioral responses of C. hemipterus to one of the crucial host-derived cues - carbon dioxide (CO2), at various concentrations. Pitfall traps baited with CO2 captured significantly more C. hemipterus (72%) than unbaited ones (28%). In the Y-tube test, bed bugs' exploratory activity (response rate) gradually decreased (from 70 to 27%) as the CO2 concentration increased (from 0.9 to 14.5%); and bed bugs exhibited a significant attraction to CO2 when the tested CO2 concentrations were between 0.9 and 7.3%. Cimex hemipterus were no longer attracted to CO2 after their antennae or mouthparts or both antennae and mouthparts were removed. In conclusion, C. hemipterus are attracted to CO2, and both antennae and mouthparts are important for CO2 perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Zhang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiling Liang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Xia
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Delong Kong
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shujie Mo
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yurong He
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Desen Wang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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Dery M, Lee CY, Choe DH. Differential responses to aldehyde pheromone blends in two bed bug species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). CHEMOECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-021-00359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dery M, Arriola K, Lee CY, Choe DH. Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110759. [PMID: 33167323 PMCID: PMC7694374 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bed bugs produce volatile aldehydes that have alarm and aggregation functions. Using two synanthropic bed bug species, Cimex lectularius L. and C. hemipterus (Fabricius), developmental changes were examined for (E)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, and 4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal, the four most abundant aldehydes shared between the two species. Quantitative analyses of the aldehydes in the nymphal exuviae indicated that the aldehydes' ratio remained similar throughout nymphal development. In general, (E)-2-octenal was most abundant, and (E)-2-hexenal and 4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal were least abundant. The fourth aldehyde, 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, was present in intermediate quantities. The quantities and percent abundances of the aldehydes in nymphal exuviae and the adults were significantly different between C. lectularius and C. hemipterus. The ratio between (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal was determined in adult male and female bed bugs of each species. Adult C. hemipterus had a higher proportion of (E)-2-hexenal than C. lectularius, while no sex differences were found. This work provides the first systematic quantification of four aldehydes [(E)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal] for all five of the nymphal stages for both C. lectularius and C. hemipterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dery
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (D.-H.C.)
| | - Kyle Arriola
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (D.-H.C.)
| | - Dong-Hwan Choe
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (D.-H.C.)
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Weeks ENI, Logan JG, Birkett MA, Caulfield JC, Gezan SA, Welham SJ, Brugman VA, Pickett JA, Cameron MM. Electrophysiologically and behaviourally active semiochemicals identified from bed bug refuge substrate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4590. [PMID: 32165700 PMCID: PMC7067832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed bugs are pests of public health importance due to their relentless biting habits that can lead to allergies, secondary infections and mental health issues. When not feeding on human blood bed bugs aggregate in refuges close to human hosts. This aggregation behaviour could be exploited to lure bed bugs into traps for surveillance, treatment efficacy monitoring and mass trapping efforts, if the responsible cues are identified. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the bed bug aggregation pheromone. Volatile chemicals were collected from bed bug-exposed papers, which are known to induce aggregation behaviour, by air entrainment. This extract was tested for behavioural and electrophysiological activity using a still-air olfactometer and electroantennography, respectively. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) was used to screen the extract and the GC-EAG-active chemicals, benzaldehyde, hexanal, (E)-2-octenal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, heptanal, (R,S)-1-octen-3-ol, 3-carene, β-phellandrene, (3E,5E)-octadien-2-one, (E)-2-nonenal, 2-decanone, dodecane, nonanoic acid, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate, (E)-2-undecanal and (S)-germacrene D, were identified by GC-mass spectrometry and quantified by GC. Synthetic blends, comprising 6, 16, and 18 compounds, at natural ratios, were then tested in the still-air olfactometer to determine behavioural activity. These aggregation chemicals can be manufactured into a lure that could be used to improve bed bug management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N I Weeks
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.
| | - J G Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Vecotech Ltd, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - M A Birkett
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - J C Caulfield
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - S A Gezan
- VSN International Ltd, 2 Amberside House, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 4TP, UK
| | - S J Welham
- Stats4biol Consultancy, 31 Longcroft Lane, Welwyn Garden City, AL8 6EB, UK
| | - V A Brugman
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Vecotech Ltd, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - J A Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - M M Cameron
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Vecotech Ltd, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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DeVries ZC, Saveer AM, Mick R, Schal C. Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Attraction to Human Odors: Validation of a Two-Choice Olfactometer. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:362-367. [PMID: 30423171 PMCID: PMC7182910 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites, and, therefore, must locate suitable hosts to ensure survival and reproduction. Their largely nocturnal activity suggests that chemosensory and thermosensory cues would play critical roles in host location. Yet, the importance of olfaction in host attraction of bed bugs remains unclear. We developed and validated a Y-tube, two-choice olfactometer and tested its suitability for investigating attraction to human odors (from skin swabs). Olfactometer orientation significantly affected the percentage of bed bugs that were activated by human odors, with significantly more bed bugs responding when the olfactometer was oriented vertically (bug introduced at bottom of the olfactometer) compared with all other orientations. Starved (7-10 d) adult males, mated females, and nymphs responded (47-77% moved up the olfactometer and made a choice) when human odors were present in the olfactometer, while starved, unmated females did not respond. Skin swabs from all five human participants elicited high response rates (65-82%), and bed bugs from four different populations responded to skin swabs (40-82% response rate). However, in all assays including those resulting in relatively low response rates, bed bugs exhibited >90% preference for human odors over blank controls. These results provide strong evidence that bed bugs can respond and orient towards human odors, independently of all other host cues. Furthermore, the validated olfactometer should enable rapid and efficient evaluations of bed bug behavioral responses to semiochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C DeVries
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Ahmed M Saveer
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Russell Mick
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Gries R, Zhai H, Lewis AR, Britton R, Gries G. Common bed bugs can biosynthesize pheromone components from amino acid precursors in human blood. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the aggregation pheromone of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, comprises a six-component blend of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, 2-hexanone, and histamine. Here, we tested the hypothesis that bed bugs biosynthesize some pheromone components from amino acid precursors in human blood, namely DMDS and DMTS from L-methionine and histamine from histidine. We tested this hypothesis by (i) allowing bed bugs to feed on and metabolize sheep blood enriched with 13C-labelled histidine or 2H-labelled methionine, (ii) extracting bed bug feces (a source of the aggregation pheromone), and (iii) analyzing feces extracts by GC-MS, HPLC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. The analyses revealed that bed bugs converted 2H-methionine to 2H-DMDS and 2H-DMTS, and 13C-histidine to 13C-histamine. There is not enough histidine in human blood to account for the amount of histamine that bed bugs produce and excrete with their feces, and only a small proportion of the available 13C-histidine was converted to 13C-histamine in our study. Therefore, it is likely that bed bugs biosynthesize histamine, and possibly also DMDS and DMTS, primarily de novo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Huimin Zhai
- Chemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Andrew R. Lewis
- Chemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Robert Britton
- Chemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Ma T, Liu Z, Wang C, Zhang S, Shi X, Sun Z, Chen X, Jia C, Wang C, He Y, Wen X. Production, identification, and field evaluation of sex pheromone from calling females in Diaphania angustalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:24485-24493. [PMID: 28900809 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insect sex pheromones play a crucial role in the mate finding and calling behavior of Lepidoptera pests. Currently, little is known about the chemical ecology of Diaphania angustalis Snellen (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a severe and important defoliator attacking the medicinal plant, Alstonia scholaris. In the present study, the pheromone components of D. angustalis females were investigated using electrophysiological and behavioral methods. Distilled hexane extracts of female pheromone glands were analyzed through electroantennogram (EAG) and gas chromatography-electroantennogram detector (GC-EAD), and the active compounds were identified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Production peak of female sex pheromone occurred on the third day of age at 5 h into the scotophase with the EAG test, and the hexane extracts were attractive to males in the wind tunnel test. GC-EAD analysis of virgin males to gland extracts that were subsequently evaluated showed two active compounds, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal (E10E12-16:Ald) and (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadien-1-ol (E10E12-16:OH), based on comparison of retention time and mass spectrum, with suitable synthetic compounds. Under laboratory conditions, the blend of E10E12-16:Ald and E10E12-16:OH in a ratio of 9:1 elicited a stronger EAG response than other treatments or a single component. In the field, more male moths were captured by traps baited with the mixture of E10E2-16:Ald and E10E2-16:OH in a ratio of 9:1, whereas a mixture of 8:1 and 10:1 also caught males. Accordingly, E10E2-16:Ald and E10E2-16:OH were regarded as the major sex pheromone components in D. angustalis females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhitao Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cai Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianhui Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhaohui Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | | | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Yurong He
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiujun Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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12
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Wang D, Wang C, Singh N, Eiden AL, Cooper R, Zha C. Effect of Feeding History and Time Elapsed From Field Collection on the Movement Behavior and Response to Stimulation in Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1719-1727. [PMID: 28541568 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) is an obligate blood-sucking insect that has been resurging in many countries. Researching this pest's behavior will help design more effective control methods. In this study, we evaluated the effect of feeding history and time elapsed from field collection on bed bug movement behavior and response to chemical lure or carbon dioxide stimulation in the laboratory. After CO2 was released, bed bugs unfed for 3 d began to return to harborages; in contrast, the ones unfed for 2 and 4 wk spent significantly more time outside their harborages during the first 1 h after than the 1 h before CO2 release. After CO2 release, there was an increase in activity (time spent moving outside harborage) in all bed bugs with different feeding history or time elapsed from field collection. During the 8-h observation period when CO2 was present, bed bug males unfed for 4 wk spent significantly more time exploring outside harborages than the ones unfed for 3 d, 1 wk, and 2 wk. Nymphs collected 1-2 wk and 1 yr ago spent significantly more time exploring outside harborages than the ones collected 43 yr ago. Bed bug's exploratory activity (the total percentage of bed bugs trapped in both baited and unbaited interceptors) was significantly affected by their time elapsed from field collection and their exploratory activity level was 1-2 wk > 6 mo > 5 and 43 yr. Both feeding history and time elapsed from field collection significantly affected bed bug movement, whereas bed bug's response to chemical lure or CO2 (the percentage of bed bugs trapped in the baited interceptor, summarized as the number of bed bugs trapped in the baited interceptor divided by the total number of trapped bed bugs in both baited and unbaited interceptors) was unaffected by the time elapsed from field collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Narinderpal Singh
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Amanda L Eiden
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Chen Zha
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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13
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Tomčala A, Jirošová A, Žáček P, Kaušková M, Hovorka O, Koutek B. Species Specificity of Aldehyde and Fatty Acid Profiles of Four Family Group Representatives within the Insect Infraorder Pentatomomorpha(Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Tomčala
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo náměstí 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology; Biology Center; Czech Academy of Sciences; Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jirošová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo náměstí 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Žáček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo náměstí 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Kaušková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo náměstí 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Hovorka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo náměstí 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Bohumír Koutek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo náměstí 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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14
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Olson JF, Vers LMV, Moon RD, Kells SA. Two compounds in bed bug feces are sufficient to elicit off-host aggregation by bed bugs, Cimex lectularius. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:198-205. [PMID: 27060680 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After feeding, bed bugs aggregate in cracks and crevices near a host. Aggregation and arrestment are mediated by tactile and chemical stimuli associated with the bugs' feces and exuviae. Volatiles derived from fecally stained filter papers were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and evaluated using a multichoice behavioral assay to determine their impact on bed bug aggregation. In addition, crude fecal extracts were collected in methanol, analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated in open-air multichoice behavioral assays. RESULTS The SPME method was used to detect (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal in heated bed bug feces. The presence of these two volatile components did not affect aggregation. Analysis of the crude fecal extracts revealed several semi-volatile nitrogenous compounds, a carboxylic acid and a sulfur-based compound. Adult antennae responded to compounds eluted from three regions of the crude extract using GC-EAD. A combination of two compounds, dimethyl trisulfide and methyldiethanolamine, resulted in aggregation responses equivalent to the original crude extract. CONCLUSION Bed bug aggregation is mediated by semi-volatile compounds derived from fecal extracts, and two compounds are sufficient to elicit aggregation. The two compounds identified here could be used to enhance the effectiveness of insecticidal applications or improve monitoring techniques. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle F Olson
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Roger D Moon
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Stephen A Kells
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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15
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McNeill CA, Pereira RM, Koehler PG, McNeill SA, Baldwin RW. Behavioral Responses of Nymph and Adult Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to Colored Harborages. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:760-769. [PMID: 27113099 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral bioassays were conducted to determine whether bed bug adults and nymphs prefer specific colored harborages. Two-choice and seven-choice behavioral color assays indicate that red (28.5%) and black (23.4%) harborages are optimal harborage choices for bed bugs. Yellow and green harborages appear to repel bed bugs. Harborage color preferences change according to gender, nutritional status, aggregation, and life stage. Female bed bugs prefer harborages with shorter wavelengths (lilac-14.5% and violet-11.5%) compared to males, whereas males prefer harborages with longer wavelengths (red-37.5% and black-32%) compared with females. The preference for orange and violet harborages is stronger when bed bugs are fed as opposed to when they are starved. Lone bed bugs (30%) prefer to be in black harborages while red harborages appear to be the optimum harborage color for bed bugs in more natural mixed aggregations (35.5%). Bed bug nymphs preferred different colored harborages at each stage of development, which is indicative of their developing eye structures and pigments. First instars showed no significant preference for any colored harborage soon after hatching. However, by the fifth instar, 27.5% of nymphs significantly preferred red and black harborages (which was a similar preference to adult bed bugs). The proportion of oviposited eggs was significantly greater under blue, red, and black harborages compared to other colored harborages tested. The use of visual cues such as specific colors offers great potential for improving bed bug monitoring tools by increasing trap captures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corraine A McNeill
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Union College, 3800 S. 48th St., Lincoln, NE 68506-0050 (; )
| | - Roberto M Pereira
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 (; ; )
| | - Philip G Koehler
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 (; ; )
| | - Seth A McNeill
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Union College, 3800 S. 48th St., Lincoln, NE 68506-0050 (; )
| | - Rebecca W Baldwin
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 (; ; )
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16
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Aak A, Roligheten E, Rukke BA, Birkemoe T. Desiccant dust and the use of CO 2 gas as a mobility stimulant for bed bugs: a potential control solution? JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2016; 90:249-259. [PMID: 28217039 PMCID: PMC5290065 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-016-0784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius, Hemiptera; Cimicidae) infests homes and service industries, and the number of infestations has greatly increased over the past 20 years. At present, no cost-effective control methods are available, and eradication programs are expensive and laborious. We investigated the control potential of desiccant dust in combination with CO2 as a bed bug activity stimulant. An initial experiment with two desiccant dusts was followed by arena studies with varying doses, available hiding places and the presence or absence of host signals. Finally, we conducted a field experiment with Syloid 244FP with or without CO2 gas. Syloid was superior compared to diatomaceous earth, and effective at the concentration of 1.0 g/m2 in the field experiment. The number of harborages and partial application of desiccant dust decreased mortality in the laboratory. Bed bug activation by CO2 appeared of minor importance in the arena studies, but was crucial for the eradication in the student dormitories. In fact, all 5 bed bug-infested dormitories with a combined treatment of desiccant dust and CO2 were freed of bed bugs, whereas eradication was not successful in any of the 6 dormitories with only desiccant dust treatment. The different results in the laboratory and field experiment were most likely caused by the longer activation and higher dose of CO2 used in the field experiment than the laboratory experiment. Our study showed that application of desiccant dust in combination with release of CO2 gas to mimic human presence is a promising option for bed bug control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 4404 Nydalen, NO-0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Roligheten
- Oslo Boligbygg, Wergelandsveien 3, Postboks 1192, Sentrum 0107 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 4404 Nydalen, NO-0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone Birkemoe
- Ecology and Natural Resource Management. Campus Ås, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, NO1430-Ås Oslo, Norway
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17
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Moriyama M, Hosokawa T, Tanahashi M, Nikoh N, Fukatsu T. Suppression of Bedbug's Reproduction by RNA Interference of Vitellogenin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153984. [PMID: 27096422 PMCID: PMC4838255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent resurgence of the bedbug Cimex lectularius is a global problem on the public health. On account of the worldwide rise of insecticide-resistant bedbug populations, exploration of new approaches to the bedbug control and management is anticipated. In this context, gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) has been considered for its potential application to pest control and management, because RNAi enables specific suppression of target genes and thus flexible selection of target traits to be disrupted. In this study, in an attempt to develop a control strategy targeting reproduction of the bedbug, we investigated RNAi-mediated gene silencing of vitellogenin (Vg), a major yolk protein precursor essential for oogenesis. From the bedbug transcriptomes, we identified a typical Vg gene and a truncated Vg gene, which were designated as ClVg and ClVg-like, respectively. ClVg gene was highly expressed mainly in the fat body of adult females, which was more than 100 times higher than the expression level of ClVg-like gene, indicating that ClVg gene is the primary functional Vg gene in the bedbug. RNAi-mediated suppression of ClVg gene expression in adult females resulted in drastically reduced egg production, atrophied ovaries, and inflated abdomen due to hypertrophied fat bodies. These phenotypic consequences are expected not only to suppress the bedbug reproduction directly but also to deteriorate its feeding and survival indirectly via behavioral modifications. These results suggest the potential of ClVg gene as a promising target for RNAi-based population management of the bedbug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Moriyama
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hosokawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tanahashi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naruo Nikoh
- Department of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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18
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Palenchar DJ, Gellatly KJ, Yoon KS, Mumcuoglu KY, Shalom U, Clark JM. Quantitative Sequencing for the Determination of Kdr-type Resistance Allele (V419L, L925I, I936F) Frequencies in Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Populations Collected from Israel. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1018-1027. [PMID: 26336243 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human bed bug infestations have dramatically increased worldwide since the mid-1990s. A similar phenomenon was also observed in Israel since 2005, when infestations were reported from all over the country. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (V419L and L925I) in the bed bug voltage-sensitive sodium channel confer kdr-type resistance to pyrethroids. Using quantitative sequencing (QS), the resistance allele frequencies of Israeli bed bug populations from across the country were determined. Genomic DNA was extracted from samples of 12 populations of bed bugs collected from Israel and DNA fragments containing the V419L or L925I and I936F mutations sites were PCR amplified. The PCR products were analyzed by QS and the nucleotide signal ratios calculated and used to predict the resistance allele frequencies of the unknown populations. Results of the genetic analysis show that resistant nucleotide signals are highly correlated to resistance allele frequencies for both mutations. Ten of the 12 tested populations had 100% of the L925I mutation and 0% of the V419L mutation. One population was heterogeneous for the L925I mutation and had 0% of the V419L mutation and another population was heterogeneous for the V419L mutation and had 100% of the L925I mutation. I936F occurred only at low levels. These results indicate that bed bugs in Israel are genetically resistant to pyrethroids. Thus, pyrethroids should only be used for bed bug management with caution using effective application and careful monitoring procedures. Additionally, new and novel-acting insecticides and nonchemical means of controlling bed bugs should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Palenchar
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Kyle J Gellatly
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026
| | - Kosta Y Mumcuoglu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, the Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | - Uri Shalom
- Divison of Pest Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | - J Marshall Clark
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003. Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.
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19
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Carnohan LP, Kaufman PE, Allan SA, Gezan SA, Weeks ENI. Evaluation of Four Bed Bug Traps for Surveillance of the Brown Dog Tick (Acari: Ixodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:260-268. [PMID: 26336310 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tju020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latrielle), can be a serious residential pest due to its unique ability, among ticks, to complete its lifecycle indoors. A single engorged and fertilized female tick can oviposit around 4,000 eggs, allowing indoor establishment to be rapid and easy to miss in early-stage infestations. Acaricide treatment is currently the primary method of control, but can be costly and can lead to the development of acaricide resistance in tick populations. Traps of various designs can be used to help monitor and manage populations of indoor pests, such as cockroaches and bed bugs, but there are currently no commercially available traps for use with brown dog tick infestations. This study included a comparison of four commercially available bed bug traps (NightWatch [BioSensory Inc., Putnam, CT], Bed Bug Beacon [PackTite, Fort Collins, CO], ClimbUp [Susan McKnight Inc., Memphis, TN], and Verify [FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA]) with regard to their efficacy in capturing brown dog ticks, and also compared tick attraction to ClimbUp traps baited with several stimuli including CO2. Significantly more ticks were captured and attracted to the NightWatch and CO2-baited ClimbUp traps than the other two trap models. The results suggest that bed bug traps may be useful in brown dog tick monitoring, and CO2 will likely be an important component of a trapping system employed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P Carnohan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Phillip E Kaufman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Sandra A Allan
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1600/1700 SW 23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Salvador A Gezan
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Emma N I Weeks
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Corresponding author, e-mail:
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20
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Wang L, Cai X, Xu Y. Status of Urban Bed Bug Infestations in Southern China: An Analysis of Pest Control Service Records in Shenzhen in 2012 and Dongguan in 2013. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:76-80. [PMID: 26336282 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tju015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent resurgence of bed bugs (Cimex spp.) in many developed countries has drawn increasing attention worldwide. The status of urban bed bug infestations were investigated in Shenzhen and Dongguan, two major cities in southern Guangdong Province of southern China, based on pest control service records from two different companies (one during 2012 and another during 2013). The results showed that Shenzhen and Dongguan have a severe problem with bed bug infestations: the control of bed bugs is a constant concern, except during the winter. In Shenzhen, a similar number of premises were treated for bed bugs in central business districts and suburban districts. However, in Dongguan, more premises were treated for bed bugs in suburban districts than in central business districts. The treatment rate for worker sleeping quarters, apartments, hotel, and private houses in Shenzhen was 53.8, 43.0, 1.9, and 1.3%, respectively. The percentage of treated rooms was 56.1% for worker sleeping quarters and 91.1% for apartments. In Dongguan, the treatment rate for worker sleeping quarters, apartments, hotel, and private houses was 90.0, 10.0, 0.0, and 0.0%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Rd., Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Xuquan Cai
- Shenzhen Yili Pest Control Co. Ltd, 1279 Hongling Zhonglu, Shenzhen, 518022, China
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Rd., Guangzhou, 510642 China.
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21
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Gries R, Britton R, Holmes M, Zhai H, Draper J, Gries G. Bed Bug Aggregation Pheromone Finally Identified. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Gries R, Britton R, Holmes M, Zhai H, Draper J, Gries G. Bed bug aggregation pheromone finally identified. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1135-8. [PMID: 25529634 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bed bugs have become a global epidemic and current detection tools are poorly suited for routine surveillance. Despite intense research on bed bug aggregation behavior and the aggregation pheromone, which could be used as a chemical lure, the complete composition of this pheromone has thus far proven elusive. Here, we report that the bed bug aggregation pheromone comprises five volatile components (dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, 2-hexanone), which attract bed bugs to safe shelters, and one less-volatile component (histamine), which causes their arrestment upon contact. In infested premises, a blend of all six components is highly effective at luring bed bugs into traps. The trapping of juvenile and adult bed bugs, with or without recent blood meals, provides strong evidence that this unique pheromone bait could become an effective and inexpensive tool for bed bug detection and potentially their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia (Canada)
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23
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The odorant receptor co-receptor from the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113692. [PMID: 25411789 PMCID: PMC4239089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. has re-emerged as a serious and growing problem in many parts of the world. Presence of resistant bed bugs and the difficulty to eliminate them has renewed interest in alternative control tactics. Similar to other haematophagous arthropods, bed bugs rely on their olfactory system to detect semiochemicals in the environment. Previous studies have morphologically characterized olfactory organs of bed bugs’ antenna and have physiologically evaluated the responses of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) to host-derived chemicals. To date, odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and odorant receptors (ORs) associated with these olfaction processes have not been studied in bed bugs. Chemoreception in insects requires formation of heteromeric complexes of ORs and a universal OR coreceptor (Orco). Orco is the constant chain of every odorant receptor in insects and is critical for insect olfaction but does not directly bind to odorants. Orco agonists and antagonists have been suggested as high-value targets for the development of novel insect repellents. In this study, we have performed RNAseq of bed bug sensory organs and identified several odorant receptors as well as Orco. We characterized Orco expression and investigated the effect of chemicals targeting Orco on bed bug behavior and reproduction. We have identified partial cDNAs of six C. lectularius OBPs and 16 ORs. Full length bed bug Orco was cloned and sequenced. Orco is widely expressed in different parts of the bed bug including OR neurons and spermatozoa. Treatment of bed bugs with the agonist VUAA1 changed bed bug pheromone-induced aggregation behavior and inactivated spermatozoa. We have described and characterized for the first time OBPs, ORs and Orco in bed bugs. Given the importance of these molecules in chemoreception of this insect they are interesting targets for the development of novel insect behavior modifiers.
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Aak A, Rukke BA, Soleng A, Rosnes MK. Questing activity in bed bug populations: male and female responses to host signals. PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 39:199-207. [PMID: 26166936 PMCID: PMC4491371 DOI: 10.1111/phen.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A large-arena bioassay is used to examine sex differences in spatiotemporal patterns of bed bug Cimex lectularius L. behavioural responses to either a human host or CO2 gas. After release in the centre of the arena, 90% of newly-fed bed bugs move to hiding places in the corners within 24 h. They require 3 days to settle down completely in the arena, with generally low activity levels and the absence of responses to human stimuli for 5 days. After 8-9 days, persistent responses can be recorded. Sex differences are observed, in which females are more active during establishment, respond faster after feeding, expose themselves more than males during the daytime, and respond more strongly to the host signal. The number of bed bugs that rest in harbourages is found to vary significantly according to light setting and sex. Both sexes stay inside harbourages more in daylight compared with night, and males hide more than females during the daytime but not during the night. The spatial distribution of the bed bugs is also found to change with the presence of CO2, and peak aggregation around the odour source is observed after 24 min. Both male and female bed bugs move from hiding places or the border of the arena toward the centre where CO2 is released. Peak responses are always highest during the night. Bed bug behaviour and behaviour-regulating features are discussed in the context of control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn A Rukke
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo, Norway
| | - Arnulf Soleng
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo, Norway
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Aak A, Rukke BA. Bed bugs, their blood sources and life history parameters: a comparison of artificial and natural feeding. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 28:50-9. [PMID: 23692154 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A blood-feeding system that utilizes a small amount of whole heparinized human blood in parafilm bags is described in detail, and similarities and differences between artificially fed and naturally rodent-fed bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are discussed. Blood with high levels of heparin (10%) was unsuitable for artificial colony rearing, whereas bed bugs fed on 1% heparinized blood and those that naturally ingested rat blood completed their lifecycle with similar stage structures over time, with no significant differences in mortality. No differences in feeding efficiency or fertility were found in a direct comparison of bed bugs maintained under each of these two treatments, but analysis of the full lifecycle revealed that artificially fed bed bugs became significantly smaller and laid fewer eggs than rodent-fed bed bugs. The level of membrane stretching regulated the number of bed bugs that fed. When the membrane was stretched to twice its length and width, 96% of bed bugs successfully fed through the parafilm. Whole heparinized blood that was stored at 6 °C for ≥ 14 days failed to retain its nutritional value and the amount of blood consumed and number of consecutive moults were significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Vaidyanathan R, Feldlaufer MF. Bed bug detection: current technologies and future directions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 88:619-25. [PMID: 23553226 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies to detect bed bugs have not kept pace with their global resurgence. Early detection is critical to prevent infestations from spreading. Detection based exclusively on bites is inadequate, because reactions to insect bites are non-specific and often misdiagnosed. Visual inspections are commonly used and depend on identifying live bugs, exuviae, or fecal droplets. Visual inspections are inexpensive, but they are time-consuming and unreliable when only a few bugs are present. Use of a dog to detect bed bugs is gaining in popularity, but it can be expensive, may unintentionally advertise a bed bug problem, and is not foolproof. Passive monitors mimic natural harborages; they are discreet and typically use an adhesive to trap bugs. Active monitors generate carbon dioxide, heat, a pheromone, or a combination to attract bed bugs to a trap. New technologies using DNA analysis, mass spectrometry, and electronic noses are innovative but impractical and expensive for widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Vaidyanathan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Biodefense Research, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA 22802, USA.
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Real-time measurement of volatile chemicals released by bed bugs during mating activities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50981. [PMID: 23227225 PMCID: PMC3515544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) problems have increased dramatically in many parts of the world, leading to a renewed interest in their chemical ecology. Most studies of bed bug semiochemicals have been based on the collection of volatiles over a period of time followed by chemical analysis. Here we present for the first time, a combination of proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry and video analysis for real-time measurement of semiochemicals emitted by isolated groups of bed bugs during specific behavioural activities. The most distinct peaks in the proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry recordings were always observed close to the termination of mating attempts, corresponding to the defensive emissions that bed bugs have been suspected to exploit for prevention of unwanted copulations. The main components of these emissions were (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal recorded in ratios between 1∶3 and 3∶1. In the current study, the quantity varied over 1000 fold for both of the compounds with up to 40 µg total release in a single emission. Males also emit defensive compounds due to homosexual copulation attempts by other males, and no significant differences were observed in the ratio or the amount of the two components released from males or females. In summary, this study has demonstrated that combining proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry with video analysis can provide detailed information about semiochemicals emitted during specific behavioural activities.
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Fong D, Bos C, Stuart T, Perron S, Kosatsky T, Shum M. Prevention, identification, and treatment options for the management of bed bug infestations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5864/d2012-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, bed bug infestations have been increasing worldwide. Historically, studies have failed to provide evidence for the transmission of human diseases through bed bugs, but recent evidence is lacking. Although physical reactions to bed bug bites continue to be documented, evidence regarding the mental health effects arising from bed bug infestations is limited to anecdotes and case reports. This report provides an update and summary of the bed bug management strategies discussed during a workshop at the 2010 Canadian Public Health Association Conference. “Best practices” regarding prevention, identification, and treatment options are presented, using evidence from existing evaluative studies. Awareness of bed bug behaviour and proper building maintenance can prevent transfer of bed bugs from belongings, including second-hand items, and reduce entry points and harbourage sites. In addition to inspection by trained professionals, early recognition of clinical symptoms and environmental signs of an infestation are important to avoid further spread of bed bugs and to allow implementation of safe and effective treatment options. Early findings may indicate a need for special support for vulnerable individuals with mental health issues potentially exacerbated by bed bug infestations. Preparing units for treatment, including the removal of clutter, is essential. However, physical and financial limitations are challenges for managing bed bug infestations, especially for vulnerable populations. Current treatment options such as application of heat or pesticides can be effective when properly implemented, but there are concerns with pesticide resistance. An Integrated Pest Management approach is recommended and should include ongoing monitoring and prevention that are essential for positive treatment outcomes. Regulatory officials, building management, and pest management professionals are encouraged to collaborate using a systematic approach to address bed bug infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fong
- National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Constance Bos
- National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | | | | | - Tom Kosatsky
- National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Mona Shum
- National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, Vancouver, British Columbia
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Delaunay P. Human travel and traveling bedbugs. J Travel Med 2012; 19:373-9. [PMID: 23379708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A dramatic increase of reported bedbug (Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus) infestations has been observed worldwide over the past decade. Bedbug infestations have also been detected across a wide range of travel accommodations, regardless of their comfort and hygiene levels. Travelers are increasingly exposed to the risks of bedbug bites, infestation of personal belongings, and subsequent contamination of newly visited accommodations and their homes. METHODS We searched Medline publications via the PubMed database. National bedbug recommendations, textbooks, newspapers, and Centers for Disease Control websites were also searched manually. DISCUSSION To detect infested sites, avoid or limit bedbug bites, and reduce the risk of contaminating one's belongings and home, bedbug biology and ecology must be understood. A detailed search of their most classic hiding niches is a key to finding adult bedbugs, nymphs, eggs, and feces or traces of blood from crushed bedbugs. Locally, bedbugs move by active displacement to feed (bite) during the night. Bed, mattress, sofa, and/or curtains are the most frequently infested places. If you find bedbugs, change your room or, even better, the hotel. Otherwise, travelers should follow recommendations for avoiding bedbugs and their bites during the night and apply certain simple rules to avoid infesting other sites or their home. CONCLUSION Travelers exposed to bedbugs can minimize the risks of bites and infestation of their belongings, and must also do their civic duty to avoid contributing to the subsequent contamination of other hotels and, finally, home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Delaunay
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France.
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Davies TGE, Field LM, Williamson MS. The re-emergence of the bed bug as a nuisance pest: implications of resistance to the pyrethroid insecticides. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 26:241-54. [PMID: 22235873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A global resurgence of bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) has led to renewed scientific interest in these insects. The current bed bug upsurge appears to have started almost synchronously in the late 1990 s in Europe, the U.S.A. and Australia. Several factors have led to this situation, with resistance to applied insecticides making a significant contribution. With a growing number of insecticides (DDT, carbamates, organophosphates etc.) being no longer available as a result of regulatory restrictions, the mainstay chemistry used for bed bug control over the past few decades has been the pyrethroid insecticides. With reports of increasing tolerance to pyrethroids leading to control failures on the rise, containing and eradicating bed bugs is proving to be a difficult task. Consequently, several recent studies have focused on determining the mode of action of pyrethroid resistance in bed bug populations sourced from different locations. Correct identification of the factor(s) responsible for the increasing resistance is critical to the development of effective management strategies, which need to be based, wherever possible, on firm scientific evidence. Here we review the literature on this topic, highlighting the mechanisms thought to be involved and the problems currently faced by pest control professionals in dealing with a developing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G E Davies
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
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Abstract
Since the late 1990s, bed bugs of the species Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus have undergone a worldwide resurgence. These bed bugs are blood-sucking insects that readily bite humans. Cutaneous reactions may occur and can start out as small macular lesions that can develop into distinctive wheals of around 5 cm in diameter, which are accompanied by intense itching. Occasionally, bullous eruptions may result. If bed bugs are numerous, the patient can present with widespread urticaria or eythematous rashes. Often, bites occur in lines along the limbs. Over 40 pathogens have been detected in bed bugs, but there is no definitive evidence that they transmit any disease-causing organisms to humans. Anemia may result when bed bugs are numerous, and their allergens can trigger asthmatic reactions. The misuse of chemicals and other technologies for controlling bed bugs has the potential to have a deleterious impact on human health, while the insect itself can be the cause of significant psychological trauma. The control of bed bugs is challenging and should encompass a multidisciplinary approach utilizing nonchemical means of control and the judicious use of insecticides. For accommodation providers, risk management procedures should be implemented to reduce the potential of bed bug infestations.
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Cohnstaedt LW, Rochon K, Duehl AJ, Anderson JF, Barrera R, Su NY, Gerry AC, Obenauer PJ, Campbell JF, Lysyk TJ, Allan SA. Arthropod Surveillance Programs: Basic Components, Strategies, and Analysis. ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 105:135-149. [PMID: 26543242 PMCID: PMC4630213 DOI: 10.1603/an11127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Effective entomological surveillance planning stresses a careful consideration of methodology, trapping technologies, and analysis techniques. Herein, the basic principles and technological components of arthropod surveillance plans are described, as promoted in the symposium "Advancements in arthropod monitoring technology, techniques, and analysis" presented at the 58th annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America in San Diego, CA. Interdisciplinary examples of arthropod monitoring for urban, medical, and veterinary applications are reviewed. Arthropod surveillance consists of the three components: 1) sampling method, 2) trap technology, and 3) analysis technique. A sampling method consists of selecting the best device or collection technique for a specific location and sampling at the proper spatial distribution, optimal duration, and frequency to achieve the surveillance objective. Optimized sampling methods are discussed for several mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) and ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). The advantages and limitations of novel terrestrial and aerial insect traps, artificial pheromones and kairomones are presented for the capture of red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), small hive beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), and Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) respectively. After sampling, extrapolating real world population numbers from trap capture data are possible with the appropriate analysis techniques. Examples of this extrapolation and action thresholds are given for termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and red flour beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W. Cohnstaedt
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS
| | - Kateryn Rochon
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Adrian J. Duehl
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, EL
| | | | - Roberto Barrera
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Nan-Yao Su
- University of Florida, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
| | | | | | - James F. Campbell
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS
| | - Tim J. Lysyk
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Sandra A. Allan
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, EL
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Brooks G. Editorial for January 2012. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:1-2. [PMID: 22190234 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Weeks EN, Logan JG, Birkett MA, Pickett JA, Cameron MM. Tracking bed bugs (Cimex lectularius): a study of the effect of physiological and extrinsic factors on the response to bed bug-derived volatiles. J Exp Biol 2012; 216:460-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.074930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, feeds on the blood of mammal and bird hosts, and is a pest of global importance. Semiochemicals are chemicals involved in animal communication that may affect behaviour and/or physiology. Attractive semiochemicals that play a role in mediating bed bug behaviour could be exploited for the development of a highly effective novel monitoring device. Tracking software, was used to record the response of bed bugs to volatiles from paper previously exposed to conspecific bugs in a still-air olfactometer illuminated by infrared lights, through a variety of activity variables. The effect of time of day as an extrinsic factor, and sex, stage, mating status and nutritional status as physiological factors on the response of bed bugs to the volatiles was examined. Bed bugs of both sexes and all stages responded to the volatiles from bed bug-exposed papers, showing significant attraction and orientation towards the volatile source whether they were starved or engorged. Confirmation that the physiological factors examined do not affect the response of bed bugs to the volatiles from bed bug-exposed papers provides evidence that these bed bug derived volatiles contain aggregation cues, as semiochemicals that promote aggregation should by definition be detected by both sexes and all life stages. A device baited with such semiochemicals could play a major role in limiting the impact of the current bed bug resurgence by enabling timely detection of infestations, along with quantitative evaluation of control and effective surveillance of the geographical distribution of the pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N.I. Weeks
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Rothamstead Research; University of Florida
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González JA, García-Barriuso M, Gordaliza M, Amich F. Traditional plant-based remedies to control insect vectors of disease in the Arribes del Duero (western Spain): an ethnobotanical study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:595-601. [PMID: 22001073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In several Spanish rural communities, simple and effective plant-based remedies are employed for the control of vector-borne diseases. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and usage custom of traditional insect control in the Arribes del Duero-ARD-(Salamanca-Zamora, W Spain). MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2005 and 2009, 116 semi-structured interviews of 80 non-specialist people (44 men and 36 women; mean age, 72) were conducted. This community was located in the Arribes del Duero Natural Park, representative of a highly heterogeneous Mediterranean landscape with a strong decline in the population and a significant proportion (almost 40%) age 65 or greater. We calculated the cultural importance for each species cited. To analyze how traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) varies with the characteristics of the informants, we performed an ANCOVA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We documented the traditional use of 22 vascular plants as remedies to prevent or treat external parasites, and control mosquitoes, flies and other nuisance insects. There were described 27 plant remedies, of which 16 (59%) continue to be in use, including basil (Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum minimum L.) as a repellent for mosquitoes and houseflies. Most of the plant species contain phenols and/or terpenoids, and in several investigations bioassays have been performed to test their repellent and/or insecticidal properties. Three taxa (Ballota nigra L., Cicer arietinum L. and Ocimum minimum) have not been tested and these may offer excellent natural remedies. As well as allowing the discovery of new chemical compounds with insecticidal activity, this traditional knowledge may be paramount in the control of potential populations of vectors of emerging diseases in the Mediterranean region without harming the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A González
- Área de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca E-37071, Spain.
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Feldlaufer MF, Blomquist GJ. Cuticular hydrocarbons from the bed bug Cimex lectularius L. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Stress Tolerance of Bed Bugs: A Review of Factors That Cause Trauma to Cimex lectularius and C. Hemipterus. INSECTS 2011; 2:151-72. [PMID: 26467619 PMCID: PMC4553455 DOI: 10.3390/insects2020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent emergence of bed bugs (Cimex spp.) has prompted a significant expansion of research devoted to this pest. The ability to survive and recover from stress has significant implications on the distribution and survival of insects, and bed bugs are no exception. Research on bed bug stress tolerance has shown considerable progress and necessitates a review on this topic. Bed bugs have an extraordinary ability to resist dehydration between bloodmeals, and this represents a critical factor allowing their prolonged survival when no host is available. High relative humidities are detrimental to bed bugs, leading to reduced survival in comparison to those held at lower relative humidities. Continual exposure of bed bugs, eggs and mobile stages, to temperatures below freezing and short term exposure (=1 h) to temperatures below -16 to -18 °C results in mortality. The upper thermal limit for short term exposure of eggs, nymphs and adults is between 40-45 °C for the common (Cimex lectularius) and tropical (C. hemipterus) bed bugs. Long-term exposure to temperatures above 35 °C results in significant reduction in survival of mobile bed bugs. Eggs for C. lectularius and C. hemipterus are no longer viable when held below 10 °C or above 37 °C throughout embryogenesis. Blood feeding, although necessary for survival and reproduction, is discussed as a stress due to thermal and osmotic fluctuations that result from ingesting a warm bloodmeal from a vertebrate host. Cold, heat, water stress and blood feeding prompted the expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps). Pesticide application is a common human-induced stress for urban pests, and recent studies have documented pesticide resistance in many bed bug populations. High levels of traumatic insemination (mating) of bed bugs has been linked to reduced survival and fecundity along with possibly exposing individuals to microbial infections after cuticular penetration by the paramere (=male reproductive organ), thus represents a form of sexual stress. Additionally, less common stress types such as microbial infections that have been documented in bed bugs will be discussed. Overall, this review provides a current update of research related to bed bug stress tolerance and how their ability to resist stressful conditions has lead to their expansion and proliferation.
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