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Qiao JW, Wu BJ, Wang WQ, Yuan CX, Su S, Zhang ZF, Fan YL, Liu TX. The ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 4 mediates cuticular hydrocarbon transport to regulate drought tolerance in Acyrthosiphon pisum. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134605. [PMID: 39127281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
ABC transporters are a highly conserved membrane protein class that promote the transport of substances across membranes. Under drought conditions, insects primarily regulate the content of cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) to retain water and prevent evaporative loss. Involvement of ABC transporter protein G (ABCG) subfamily genes in insect CHC transport has been relatively understudied. In this study, we demonstrated that ABCG4 gene in Acyrthosiphon pisum (ApABCG4) is involved in CHC transport and affects drought tolerance by regulating CHC accumulation. ApABCG4 is strongly expressed in the abdominal cuticle and embryonic stages of A. pisum. Effective silencing of ApABCG4 was achieved using RNAi, and the silencing duration was analyzed. ApABCG4 silencing resulted in a significant decrease in the total and component contents of the CHC and cuticular waxy coatings of A. pisum. Nevertheless, the internal hydrocarbon content remained unchanged. The lack of cuticular hydrocarbons significantly reduced the drought tolerance of A. pisum, shortening its survival time under drought stress. Drought stress caused significant upregulation of ApABCG4. Molecular docking showed that ApABCG4 has a high binding affinity for nine n-alkanes of CHC through electrostatic interactions. These results indicate that ApABCG4 is a novel RNAi target with key applications in aphid biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Ecology of Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China.
| | - Bing-Jin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Ecology of Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China.
| | - Wen-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Ecology of Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China.
| | - Cai-Xia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Ecology of Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China.
| | - Sha Su
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China; College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China; College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Institute of Entomology and Institute of Plant Health and Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
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2
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Wang YC, Chang YW, Xie HF, Gong WR, Wu CD, Du YZ. The cytochrome P450 gene CYP4g1 driven by high temperature confers abamectin tolerance on Liriomyza trifolii through promoting cuticular hydrocarbons biosynthesis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:106012. [PMID: 39084804 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Liriomyza trifolii, an invasive pest, poses a substantial threat to horticultural and vegetable plants. It spreads rapidly, especially in hot weather, leading to large-scale outbreaks with strong thermotolerance and insecticide resistance. In this study, mortality and LtCYP4g1 expression in L. trifolii were evaluated after thermal and insecticides exposure. Furthermore, functional verification of LtCYP4g1 was conducted through RNA interference and bacterial survival assays in Escherichia coli containing recombinant LtCYP4g1 protein. Results indicated that a short time exposure to high temperature incresed insecticide tolerance of L. trifolii, attributed to decreased mortality and induced LtCYP4g1 expression; LtCYP4g1 was involved in stimulating synthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) and elevating epicuticle lipid content and thickness, and E. coli cells overexpressing LtCYP4g1 exhibited significant tolerance to thermal and insecticide stress. In general, P450-mediated tolerance of L. trifolii was enhanced by high temperature, with LtCYP4g1 playing a role in promoting biosynthesis of CHCs for thickening epidermal lipid barrier and reducing cuticular penetration. This study provides a framework for delving into the function of CYP450s in insecticide detoxification and illustrates the role of global warming in driving the evolution of L. trifolii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Wang
- College of Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Ya-Wen Chang
- College of Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Hong-Fang Xie
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Nanjing City, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Rong Gong
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Cheng-Dong Wu
- Pukou Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Nanjing City, Pukou 211800, China
| | - Yu-Zhou Du
- College of Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China.
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3
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Xiao H, Ma C, Peng R, Xie M. Insights into the role of non-coding RNAs in the development of insecticide resistance in insects. Front Genet 2024; 15:1429411. [PMID: 39036703 PMCID: PMC11257933 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1429411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pest control heavily relies on chemical pesticides has been going on for decades. However, the indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides often results in the development of resistance in pests. Almost all pests have developed some degree of resistance to pesticides. Research showed that the mechanisms of insecticide resistance in insects encompass metabolic resistance, behavioral resistance, penetration resistance and target-site resistance. Research on the these mechanisms has been mainly focused on the cis-regulatory or trans-regulatory for the insecticide resistance-related genes, with less attention paid to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA). There has been increased studies focus on understanding how these ncRNAs are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of insecticide resistance-related genes. Besides, the formatted endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks (lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA) has been identified as a key player in governing insect resistance formation. This review delves into the functions and underlying mechanisms of miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA in regulating insect resistance. ncRNAs orchestrate insect resistance by modulating the expression of detoxification enzyme genes, insecticide target genes, as well as receptor genes, effectively regulating both target-site, metabolic and penetration resistance in insects. It also explores the regulatory mechanisms of ceRNA networks in the development of resistance. By enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms of ncRNAs in insecticide resistance, it will not only provide valuable insights into the new mechanisms of insecticide resistance but also help to enrich new directions in ncRNAs gene regulation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth and Development Regulation of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, China
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4
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Pu J, Chung H. New and emerging mechanisms of insecticide resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 63:101184. [PMID: 38458436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The continuous use of insecticides over the last eight decades has led to the development of resistance to these insecticides. Research in the last few decades showed that the mechanisms underlying resistance are diverse but can generally be classified under several modes of resistance such as target-site resistance, metabolic resistance, and penetration resistance. In this review, we highlight new discoveries in insecticide resistance research made over the past few years, including an emerging new mode of resistance, sequestration resistance, where the overexpression of olfactory proteins binds and sequesters insecticides in resistant strains, as well as recent research on how posttranscriptional regulation can impact resistance. Future research will determine the generality of these emerging mechanisms across insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pu
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Entomology, and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Pei X, Bai T, Luo Y, Zhang Z, Li S, Fan Y, Liu TX. Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase modulates lipogenesis and sugar homeostasis in Blattella germanica. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:387-404. [PMID: 37486126 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Lipid and sugar homeostasis is critical for insect development and survival. In this study, we characterized an acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase gene in Blattella germanica (BgACC) that is involved in both lipogenesis and sugar homeostasis. We found that BgACC was dominantly expressed in the fat body and integument, and was significantly upregulated after molting. Knockdown of BgACC in 5th-instar nymphs did not affect their normal molting to the next nymphal stage, but it caused a lethal phenotype during adult emergence. BgACC-RNA interference (RNAi) significantly downregulated total free fatty acid (FFA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) levels, and also caused a significant decrease of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). Repression of BgACC in adult females affected the development of oocytes and resulted in sterile females, but BgACC-RNAi did not affect the reproductive ability of males. Interestingly, knockdown of BgACC also changed the expression of insulin-like peptide genes (BgILPs), which mimicked a physiological state of high sugar uptake. In addition, BgACC was upregulated when B. germanica were fed on a high sucrose diet, and repression of BgACC upregulated the expression of the glycogen synthase gene (BgGlyS). Moreover, BgACC-RNAi increased the circulating sugar levels and glycogen storage, and a longevity assay suggested that BgACC was important for the survival of B. germanica under conditions of high sucrose uptake. Our results confirm that BgACC is involved in multiple lipid biogenesis and sugar homeostasis processes, which further modulates insect reproduction and sugar tolerance. This study benefits our understanding of the crosstalk between lipid and sugar metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology and Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tiantian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology and Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology and Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongliang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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6
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Scharf ME, Lee CY. Insecticide resistance in social insects: assumptions, realities, and possibilities. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 62:101161. [PMID: 38237732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is an evolved ability to survive insecticide exposure. Compared with nonsocial insects, eusocial insects have lower numbers of documented cases of resistance. Eusocial insects include beneficial and pest species that can be incidentally or purposely targeted with insecticides. The central goal of this review is to explore factors that either limit resistance or the ability to detect it in eusocial insects. We surveyed the literature and found that resistance has been documented in bees, but in other pest groups such as ants and termites, the evidence is more sparse. We suggest the path forward for better understanding eusocial resistance should include more tractable experimental models, comprehensive geographic sampling, and targeted testing of the impacts of social, symbiont, genetic, and ecological factors.
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Wang H, Xia B, Wang H, Wan B, Zhong L, Xin T. Fatty Acid Elongase Gene PcELO7 is Essential for Lipid Accumulation and Fecundity of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2100-2108. [PMID: 38240608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has been proposed as a promising strategy for sustainable and ecofriendly pest control. The insect cuticle lipids were deposited on the body surface and functioned as a defense against chemical xenobiotics. They consisted of aliphatic compounds, including free fatty acids (FFAs). However, elongase of very long chain fatty acids (ELOs) is essential for FFA biosynthesis; the function of ELO is still unknown in many arthropods, including Panonychus citri (P. citri). In this study, three ELOs were cloned. Developmental-specific mRNA expression results revealed that three PcELOs were highly expressed in egg and adult females. Whereas PcELO7 was dominantly expressed in adult females. Under spirobudiclofen stress, ELOs mRNA expression had different changes, and PcELO7 was down-regulated. The silencing of PcELO7 resulted in a dramatic reduction of oviposition and hatchability. Significant reduction of FFA contents was also examined within PcELO7-repressed P. citri. In addition, we found that PcELO7 mRNA levels were related to fecundity and could affect triacylglycerol (TG) contents. The findings demonstrated that the introduction of dsPcELO7 via oral feeding induced the RNA interference-mediated silencing of a special target gene and could result in mortality and reproduction. In conclusion, PcELO7 is a special RNAi target for P. citri control, and its lethal mechanism might be disturbing lipids biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhong
- Development & Service Center for Agriculture and Rural Industry of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330096, P. R. China
| | - Tianrong Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
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Cai T, Wang X, Liu B, Zhao H, Liu C, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Gao H, Schal C, Zhang F. A cuticular protein, BgCPLCP1, contributes to insecticide resistance by thickening the cockroach endocuticle. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127642. [PMID: 37898258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Overuse of insecticides has led to severe environmental problems. Insect cuticle, which consists mainly of chitin, proteins and a thin outer lipid layer, serves multiple functions. Its prominent role is as a physical barrier that impedes the penetration of xenobiotics, including insecticides. Blattella germanica (L.) is a major worldwide indoor pest that causes allergic disease and asthma. Extensive use of pyrethroid insecticides, including β-cypermethrin, has selected for the rapid and independent evolution of resistance in cockroach populations on a global scale. We demonstrated that BgCPLCP1, the first CPLCP (cuticular proteins of low complexity with a highly repetitive proline-rich region) family cuticular protein in order Blattodea, contributes to insecticide penetration resistance. Silencing BgCPLCP1 resulted in 85.0 %-85.7 % and 81.0 %-82.0 % thinner cuticle (and especially thinner endocuticle) in the insecticide-susceptible (S) and β-cypermethrin-resistant (R) strains, respectively. The thinner and more permeable cuticles resulted in 14.4 % and 20.0 % lower survival of β-cypermethrin-treated S- and R-strain cockroaches, respectively. This study advances our understanding of cuticular penetration resistance in insects and opens opportunities for the development of new efficiently and environmentally friendly insecticides targeting the CPLCP family of cuticular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cai
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Haizheng Zhao
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiancui Zhang
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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Gao H, Zang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Ma W, Chen X, Wang J, Zhao D, Wang X, Huang Y, Zhang F. Transcriptome analysis revealed that short-term stress in Blattella germanica to β-cypermethrin can reshape the phenotype of resistance adaptation. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105703. [PMID: 38072557 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on insect resistance have primarily focused on resistance monitoring and the molecular mechanisms involved, while overlooking the process of phenotype formation induced by insecticide stress. In this study, we compared the expression profiles of a beta-cypermethrin (β-CYP) resistant strain (R) and a susceptible strain (S) of Blattella germanica after β-CYP induction using transcriptome sequencing. In the short-term stress experiment, we identified a total of 792 and 622 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the S and R strains. Additionally, 893 DEGs were identified in the long-term adaptation experiment. To validate the RNA-Seq data, we performed qRT-PCR on eleven selected DEGs, and the results were consistent with the transcriptome sequencing data. These DEGs exhibited down-regulation in the short-term stress group and up-regulation in the long-term adaptation group. Among the validated DEGs, CUO8 and Cyp4g19 were identified and subjected to knockdown using RNA interference. Subsequent insecticide bioassays revealed that the mortality rate of cockroaches treated with β-CYP increased by 69.3% and 66.7% after silencing the CUO8 and Cyp4g19 genes (P<0.05). Furthermore, the silencing of CUO8 resulted in a significant thinning of the cuticle by 59.3% and 53.4% (P<0.05), as observed through transmission electron microscopy and eosin staining, in the S and R strains, respectively. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the phenotypic plasticity in response to short-term stress can reshape the adaptive mechanisms of genetic variation during prolonged exposure to insecticides. And the identified resistance-related genes, CUO8 and Cyp4g19, could serve as potential targets for controlling these pest populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Yanan Zang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Haizheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Wenxiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Dongqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Yanhong Huang
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China.
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Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Detoxification Mechanism of Chilo suppressalis in Response to the Novel Pesticide Cyproflanilide. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065461. [PMID: 36982533 PMCID: PMC10049496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chilo suppressalis is one of the most damaging rice pests in China’s rice-growing regions. Chemical pesticides are the primary method for pest control; the excessive use of insecticides has resulted in pesticide resistance. C. suppressalis is highly susceptible to cyproflanilide, a novel pesticide with high efficacy. However, the acute toxicity and detoxification mechanisms remain unclear. We carried out a bioassay experiment with C. suppressalis larvae and found that the LD10, LD30 and LD50 of cyproflanilide for 3rd instar larvae was 1.7 ng/per larvae, 6.62 ng/per larvae and 16.92 ng/per larvae, respectively. Moreover, our field trial results showed that cyproflanilide had a 91.24% control efficiency against C. suppressalis. We investigated the effect of cyproflanilide (LD30) treatment on the transcriptome profiles of C. suppressalis larvae and found that 483 genes were up-regulated and 305 genes were down-regulated in response to cyproflanilide exposure, with significantly higher CYP4G90 and CYP4AU10 expression in the treatment group. The RNA interference knockdown of CYP4G90 and CYP4AU10 increased mortality by 20% and 18%, respectively, compared to the control. Our results indicate that cyproflanilide has effective insecticidal toxicological activity, and that the CYP4G90 and CYP4AU10 genes are involved in detoxification metabolism. These findings provide an insight into the toxicological basis of cyproflanilide and the means to develop efficient resistance management tools for C. suppressalis.
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Wang Z, Receveur JP, Pu J, Cong H, Richards C, Liang M, Chung H. Desiccation resistance differences in Drosophila species can be largely explained by variations in cuticular hydrocarbons. eLife 2022; 11:e80859. [PMID: 36473178 PMCID: PMC9757832 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining water balance is a universal challenge for organisms living in terrestrial environments, especially for insects, which have essential roles in our ecosystem. Although the high surface area to volume ratio in insects makes them vulnerable to water loss, insects have evolved different levels of desiccation resistance to adapt to diverse environments. To withstand desiccation, insects use a lipid layer called cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) to reduce water evaporation from the body surface. It has long been hypothesized that the water-proofing capability of this CHC layer, which can confer different levels of desiccation resistance, depends on its chemical composition. However, it is unknown which CHC components are important contributors to desiccation resistance and how these components can determine differences in desiccation resistance. In this study, we used machine-learning algorithms, correlation analyses, and synthetic CHCs to investigate how different CHC components affect desiccation resistance in 50 Drosophila and related species. We showed that desiccation resistance differences across these species can be largely explained by variation in CHC composition. In particular, length variation in a subset of CHCs, the methyl-branched CHCs (mbCHCs), is a key determinant of desiccation resistance. There is also a significant correlation between the evolution of longer mbCHCs and higher desiccation resistance in these species. Given that CHCs are almost ubiquitous in insects, we suggest that evolutionary changes in insect CHC components can be a general mechanism for the evolution of desiccation resistance and adaptation to diverse and changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Wang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Joseph P Receveur
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of MarylandBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jian Pu
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural UniversitySichuanChina
| | - Haosu Cong
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Cole Richards
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Muxuan Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
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12
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Bai TT, Pei XJ, Liu TX, Fan YL, Zhang SZ. Melanin synthesis genes BgTH and BgDdc affect body color and cuticle permeability in Blattella germanica. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1552-1568. [PMID: 35191584 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is involved in cuticle pigmentation and sclerotization of insects, which is critical for maintaining structural integrity and functional completeness of insect cuticle. The 2 key enzymes of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopa decarboxylase (DDC) predicted in melanin biosynthesis are usually conserved in insects. However, it is unclear whether their function is related to epidermal permeability. In this study, we identified and cloned the gene sequences of BgTH and BgDdc from Blattella germanica, and revealed that they both showed a high expression at the molting, and BgTH was abundant in the head and integument while BgDdc was expressed highest in the fat body. Using RNA interference (RNAi), we found that knockdown of BgTH caused molting obstacles in some cockroaches, with the survivors showing pale color and softer integuments, while knockdown of BgDdc was viable and generated an abnormal light brown body color. Desiccation assay showed that the dsBgTH-injected adults died earlier than control groups under a dry atmosphere, but dsBgDdc-injected cockroaches did not. In contrast, when dsRNA-treated cockroaches were reared under a high humidity condition, almost no cockroaches died in all treatments. Furthermore, with eosin Y staining assay, we found that BgTH-RNAi resulted in a higher cuticular permeability, and BgDdc-RNAi also caused slight dye penetration. These results demonstrate that BgTH and BgDdc function in body pigmentation and affect the waterproofing ability of the cuticle, and the reduction of cuticular permeability may be achieved through cuticle melanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Present address: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology and Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shi-Ze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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13
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Jing TX, Yuan CY, Meng LW, Hou QL, Liu XQ, Dou W, Yuan GR, Wang JJ. CYP4G100 contributes to desiccation resistance by mediating cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis in Bactrocera dorsalis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:772-781. [PMID: 35860987 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is expanding its distribution to higher latitudes. Our goal in this study was to understand how B. dorsalis adapts to higher latitude environments that are more arid than tropical regions. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) on the surface of the epicuticle in insects act as a hydrophobic barrier against water loss. The essential decarbonylation reaction in CHC synthesis is catalysed by CYP4G, a cytochrome P450 subfamily protein. Hence, in B. dorsalis it is necessary to clarify the function of the CYP4G gene and its role in desiccation resistance. CYP4G100 was identified in the B. dorsalis genome. The complete open reading frame (ORF) encodes a CYP4 family protein (552 amino acid residues) that has the CYP4G-specific insertion. This CYP4G gene was highly expressed in adults, especially in the oenocyte-rich peripheral fat body. The gene can be induced by desiccation treatment, suggesting its role in CHC synthesis and waterproofing. Silencing of CYP4G100 resulted in a decrease of CHC levels and the accumulation of triglycerides. It also increased water loss and resulted in higher desiccation susceptibility. CYP4G100 is involved in hydrocarbon synthesis and contributes to cuticle waterproofing to help B. dorsalis resist desiccation in arid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Yang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Wei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Li Hou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Qiao JW, Fan YL, Wu BJ, Bai TT, Wang YH, Zhang ZF, Wang D, Liu TX. Downregulation of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase via RNA interference increases the susceptibility of Acyrthosiphon pisum to desiccation and insecticides. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1105-1119. [PMID: 34723412 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances, and detoxification of insecticides. RNA interference (RNAi) of CPR in certain insects causes developmental defects and enhanced susceptibility to insecticides. However, the CPR of Acyrthosiphon pisum has not been characterized, and its function is still not understood. In this study, we investigated the biochemical functions of A. pisum CPR (ApCPR). ApCPR was found to be transcribed in all developmental stages and was abundant in the embryo stage, and in the gut, head, and abdominal cuticle. After optimizing the dose and silencing duration of RNAi for downregulating ApCPR, we found that ApCPR suppression resulted in a significant decrease in the production of cuticular and internal hydrocarbon contents, and of cuticular waxy coatings. Deficiency in cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) decreased the survival rate of A. pisum under desiccation stress and increased its susceptibility to contact insecticides. Moreover, desiccation stress induced a significant increase in ApCPR mRNA levels. We further confirmed that ApCPR participates in CHC production. These results indicate that ApCPR modulates CHC production, desiccation tolerance, and insecticide susceptibility in A. pisum, and presents a novel target for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing-Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tian-Tian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying-Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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15
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Chen N, Liu YJ, Fan YL, Pei XJ, Yang Y, Liao MT, Zhong J, Li N, Liu TX, Wang G, Pan Y, Schal C, Li S. A single gene integrates sex and hormone regulators into sexual attractiveness. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1180-1190. [PMID: 35788705 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01808-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sex differentiation and hormones are essential for the development of sexual signals in animals, and the regulation of sexual signals involves complex gene networks. However, it is unknown whether a core gene is able to connect the upstream regulators for controlling sexual signal outputs and behavioural consequences. Here, we identify a single gene that integrates both sex differentiation and hormone signalling with sexual attractiveness in an insect model. CYP4PC1 in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, controls the rate-limiting step in producing female-specific contact sex pheromone (CSP) that stimulates male courtship. As revealed by behavioural, biochemical, molecular, genetic and bioinformatic approaches, in sexually mature females, CYP4PC1 expression and CSP production are coordinately induced by sex differentiation genes and juvenile hormone (JH) signalling. In adult males, direct inhibition of CYP4PC1 expression by doublesexM binding in gene promoter and lack of the gonadotropic hormone JH prevent CSP production, thus avoiding male-male attraction. By manipulating the upstream regulators, we show that wild-type males prefer to court cockroaches with higher CYP4PC1 expression and CSP production in a dose-dependent manner, regardless of their sex. These findings shed light on how sex-specific and high sexual attractiveness is conferred in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Xiao-Jin Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Tao Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiru Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yufeng Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China.
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16
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The Insecticidal Efficacy and Physiological Action Mechanism of a Novel Agent GC16 against Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050433. [PMID: 35621769 PMCID: PMC9146473 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Spider mite is major pest in agriculture and have developed resistance to commonly used pesticides. Therefore, it is urgent to discover new pesticides to control the pest. In order to provide alternatives for its management, we evaluated the effectiveness of a new agent GC16 against the spider mite Tetranychus pueraricola. Then, we preliminarily revealed the its acaricidal mechanism of action based on the damage of cuticle and organelles of mites. We confirmed that GC16 has a good controlling effect on T. pueraricola and it is not harmful to Picromerus lewisi and Harmonia axyridis. Our research provides not only an alternative pesticide for the management of spider mites, but also guidance for the application of GC16 in sustainable agriculture. Abstract Chemical control plays a crucial role in pest management but has to face challenges due to insect resistance. It is important to discover alternatives to traditional pesticides. The spider mite Tetranychus pueraricola (Ehara & Gotoh) (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major agricultural pest that causes severe damage to many crops. GC16 is a new agent that consists of a mixture of Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and lecithin. To explore the acaricidal effects and mode of action of GC16 against T. pueraricola, bioassays, cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed. GC16 had lethal effects on the eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults of T. pueraricola, caused the mites to dehydrate and inactivate, and inhibited the development of eggs. GC16 displayed contact toxicity rather than stomach toxicity through the synergistic effects of CaCl2 with lecithin. Cryo-SEM analysis revealed that GC16 damaged T. pueraricola by disordering the array of the cuticle layer crest. Mitochondrial abnormalities were detected by TEM in mites treated by GC16. Overall, GC16 had the controlling efficacy on T. pueraricola by cuticle penetration and mitochondria dysfunction and had no effects on Picromerus lewisi and Harmonia axyridis, indicating that GC16 is likely a new eco-friendly acaricide.
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17
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Zhang XC, Jiang M, Zang YN, Zhao HZ, Liu CX, Liu BR, Xue H, Schal C, Lu XM, Zhao DQ, Zhang XX, Zhang F. Metarhizium anisopliae is a valuable grist for biocontrol in beta-cypermethrin-resistant Blattella germanica (L.). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1508-1518. [PMID: 34962342 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread use of chemical insecticides has resulted in the development of resistance in German cockroaches worldwide, and biopesticides based on entomopathogenic fungi as active ingredients have become a promising alternative strategy. Resistance can change many of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of insect pests, such as cuticle thickness, detoxification enzyme activity, and even intestinal flora composition. Thus, potential interactions between pathogenic fungi and insecticide resistance may lead to unpredictable changes in pest susceptibility to fungi. RESULTS Beta-cypermethrin-resistant German cockroaches were more susceptible to infection with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae regardless of age and sex. Histopathological results showed that the infection of resistant strains (R) by M. anisopliae was visibly faster than that of susceptible strains (S). The gut microbiota of the S strain indicated a stronger ability to inhibit fungi in vitro. The abundance of Parabacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, and Tyzzerella_3 decreased significantly in the R strain, and most demonstrated the ability to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, and antifungal infections. The expression levels of Akirin, BgTPS, and BgPo genes in the R strain were significantly lower than those in the S strain, while BgChi and CYP4G19 gene expression were significantly higher. The mortality of cockroaches infected with M. anisopliae decreased to varying degrees after RNA interference, reflecting the role of these genes in antifungal infection. CONCLUSIONS Results confirmed that insecticide resistance may enhance cockroach susceptibility to fungi by altering intestinal flora and gene expression. Fungal biopesticides have high utilization value in pest control and insecticide resistance management strategies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Cui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Ya Nan Zang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai Zheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Cai Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Bao Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hua Xue
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Xing Meng Lu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Qin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Xia Zhang
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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18
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Wang ZC, Peng LY, Cheng X, Yang RR, Li DT, Zhang CX, Bao YY. A CYP380C10 gene is required for waterproofing and water retention in the insect integument. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 138:104380. [PMID: 35304132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are important components in the integument of insects and are required for development and survival. Insect-specific CYP4G subfamily, of the P450 enzymes, catalyze the oxidative decarbonylation step in the biosynthesis of CHCs. Here, we characterized CYP380C10 gene function in a Hemiptera rice pest, Nilaparvata lugens. We used RNA interference-mediated expression silencing to reveal that NlCYP380C10 played a key role in waterproofing and water-retention in the integument of N. lugens. Knockdown of NlCYP380C10 significantly reduced body weight and caused mortality. Scanning electron microscopy showed the loss of the lipid layer on the surface of the abdominal cuticle of the dsNlCYP380C10-injected adults. Furthermore, CHC profile analysis revealed that NlCYP380C10 knockdown significantly decreased the amounts of CHCs in adult females. This suggested that NlCYP380C10 was involved in CHC biosynthesis. Reduction of CHC content caused the loss of the intact lipid layer of the cuticle, which resulted in loss of the waterproofing and water-retention functions. This led to failure of molting and eclosion. Our findings expanded the knowledge of CHC biosynthesis in the insect integument and led to a better understanding of the functional roles of CYP450 genes involved in waterproofing and water-retention in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Chao Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Yao Peng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Rui Yang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Ting Li
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan-Yuan Bao
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
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19
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Du E, Wang S, Luan YX, Zhou C, Li Z, Li N, Zhou S, Zhang T, Ma W, Cui Y, Yuan D, Ren C, Zhang J, Roth S, Li S. Convergent adaptation of ootheca formation as a reproductive strategy in Polyneoptera. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6531981. [PMID: 35192709 PMCID: PMC8892946 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects have evolved numerous adaptations and colonized diverse terrestrial environments. Several polyneopterans, including dictyopterans (cockroaches and mantids) and locusts, have developed oothecae, but little is known about the molecular mechanism, physiological function, and evolutionary significance of ootheca formation. Here, we demonstrate that the cockroach asymmetric colleterial glands produce vitellogenins, proline-rich protein, and glycine-rich protein as major ootheca structural proteins (OSPs) that undergo sclerotization and melanization for ootheca formation through the cooperative protocatechuic acid pathway and dopachrome and dopaminechrome subpathway. Functionally, OSP sclerotization and melanization prevent eggs from losing water at warm and dry conditions, and thus effectively maintain embryo viability. Dictyopterans and locusts convergently evolved vitellogenins, apolipoprotein D, and laminins as OSPs, whereas within Dictyoptera, cockroaches and mantids independently developed glycine-rich protein and fibroins as OSPs. Highlighting the ecological-evolutionary importance, convergent ootheca formation represents a successful reproductive strategy in Polyneoptera that promoted the radiation and establishment of cockroaches, mantids, and locusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erxia Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Xia Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caisheng Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China
| | - Shutang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50674, Germany
| | - Wentao Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongwei Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chonghua Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Siegfried Roth
- Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50674, Germany
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China
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20
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Dulbecco AB, Calderón-Fernández GM, Pedrini N. Cytochrome P450 Genes of the CYP4 Clan and Pyrethroid Resistance in Chagas Disease Vectors. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.823093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatomine insects are vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Although residual pyrethroid spraying has been a successful vector control strategy for many years, a growing number of pyrethroid-resistance foci is being documented, mainly in Triatoma infestans, that led to failures in vector elimination. Insecticide resistance is a multifactorial phenomenon that often implies a combination of three different mechanisms: increased insecticide detoxification, reduced affinity of the site of action, and reduced insecticide penetration through the cuticle. All three mechanisms were reported in pyrethroid-resistant T. infestans. Cytochrome P450s are enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals. They are encoded by CYP genes and classified into different families and clans. In triatomines, the CYP4 clan is divided in two families, CYP3093 and CYP4, and both exhibit genome-wide, triatomine-specific gene expansions. Some members from each family have been reported to be involved in two of the mechanisms mentioned above, i.e., they participate in insecticide detoxification in different organs and tissues, and in the synthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons, which ultimately can contribute to a reduced insecticide penetration. The aim of this manuscript is to review the current state of knowledge of P450 genes belonging to the CYP4 clan in triatomines and to highlight their potential role in insecticide resistance.
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21
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Liu J, Xu Y, Li C, Tan A, Zeng J, Liu P, Yu X, Wang M, Wang R, Luo W, Qiu X. First Report of the L993S Mutation in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel in Field Populations of the German Cockroach Blattella germanica. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:297-304. [PMID: 34940859 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The long-term and frequent use of pyrethroid insecticides has led to the development of pyrethroid resistance in many insect populations around the world. Specific mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) have been well documented to be responsible for knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroids and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in a variety of arthropods. However, reports regarding naturally occurring kdr mutation in field populations of the German cockroach Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) in China have remained scarce. In this study, a survey was conducted to detect the presence and frequency of kdr mutations in field populations of B. germanica across Neijiang, Sichuan province of China. In addition to the previously reported L993F mutation, a new amino acid substitution L993S was discovered for the first time. Overall, the classical 993F was the dominant allele with frequencies ranging from 61.8 to 89.6%, while the frequencies of the novel L993S mutation were in the range between 2.5 and 15.0%. Notably, high frequencies (50.0-79.2%) of resistant homozygotes were detected in our samples, indicating high levels of pyrethroid resistance in these B. germanica populations. The results suggest that alternative insecticides with a mode of action different from pyrethroids should be considered in the control of German cockroaches in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Neijiang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dongxing District, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Neijiang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dongxing District, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ai Tan
- Neijiang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dongxing District, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jiarui Zeng
- Neijiang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dongxing District, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Neijiang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dongxing District, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xuelan Yu
- Neijiang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dongxing District, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mingqiang Wang
- Neijiang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dongxing District, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rongzhuo Wang
- Neijiang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dongxing District, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenbin Luo
- Neijiang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dongxing District, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xinghui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Scharf ME, Wolfe ZM, Raje KR, Fardisi M, Thimmapuram J, Bhide K, Gondhalekar AD. Transcriptome Responses to Defined Insecticide Selection Pressures in the German Cockroach (Blattella germanica L.). Front Physiol 2022; 12:816675. [PMID: 35185605 PMCID: PMC8856671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.816675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockroaches are important global urban pests from aesthetic and health perspectives. Insecticides represent the most cost-effective way to control cockroaches and limit their impacts on human health. However, cockroaches readily develop insecticide resistance, which can quickly limit efficacy of even the newest and most effective insecticide products. The goal of this research was to understand whole-body physiological responses in German cockroaches, at the metatranscriptome level, to defined insecticide selection pressures. We used the insecticide indoxacarb as the selecting insecticide, which is an important bait active ingredient for cockroach control. Six generations of selection with indoxacarb bait produced a strain with substantial (>20×) resistance relative to inbred control lines originating from the same parental stock. Metatranscriptome sequencing revealed 1,123 significantly differentially expressed (DE) genes in ≥two of three statistical models (81 upregulated and 1,042 downregulated; FDR P < 0.001; log2FC of ±1). Upregulated DE genes represented many detoxification enzyme families including cytochrome-P450 oxidative enzymes, hydrolases and glutathione-S-transferases. Interestingly, the majority of downregulated DE genes were from microbial and viral origins, indicating that selection for resistance is also associated with elimination of commensal, pathogenic and/or parasitic microbes. These microbial impacts could result from: (i) direct effects of indoxacarb, (ii) indirect effects of antimicrobial preservatives included in the selecting bait matrix, or (iii) selection for general stress response mechanisms that confer both xenobiotic resistance and immunity. These results provide novel physiological insights into insecticide resistance evolution and mechanisms, as well as novel insights into parallel fitness benefits associated with selection for insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael E. Scharf,
| | - Zachery M. Wolfe
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kapil R. Raje
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Mahsa Fardisi
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jyothi Thimmapuram
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ketaki Bhide
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Pei XJ, Bai TT, Zhang ZF, Chen N, Li S, Fan YL, Liu TX. Two putative fatty acid synthetic genes of BgFas3 and BgElo1 are responsible for respiratory waterproofing in Blattella germanica. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:33-50. [PMID: 33543834 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Water retention is critical for physiological homeostasis and survival in terrestrial insects. While deposition of hydrocarbons on insect cuticles as a key measure for water conservation has been extensively investigated, we know little about other mechanisms for preventing water loss in insects. Here, we report two fatty acid synthetic genes that are independent of hydrocarbon production but crucial for water retention in the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.). First, an integument enriched fatty acid elongase gene (BgElo1) was identified as a critical gene for desiccation resistance in B. germanica; however, knockdown of BgElo1 surprisingly failed to cause a decline in cuticular lipids. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi)-knockdown of an upstream fatty acid synthase gene (BgFas3) showed a similar phenotype, and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that BgFas3- or BgElo1-RNAi did not affect cuticle architecture. Bodyweight loss test showed that repression of BgFas3 and BgElo1 significantly increased the weight loss rate, but the difference disappeared when the respiration was closed by freeze killing the cockroaches. A water immersion test was performed, and we found that BgFas3- and BgElo1-RNAi made it difficult for cockroaches to recover from drowning, which was supported by the upregulation of hypoxia-related genes after a 10-h recovery from drowning. Moreover, a dyeing assay with water-soluble Eosin Y showed that this was caused by the entry of water into the respiratory system. Our research suggests that BgFas3 and BgElo1 are required for both inward and outward waterproofing of the respiratory system. This study benefits the understanding of water retention mechanisms in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tian-Tian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology and Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology and Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Boné E, Roca Acevedo G, Sterkel M, Ons S, González-Audino P, Sfara V. Characterization of the pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in a Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) strain from Buenos Aires (Argentina). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:21-28. [PMID: 34229770 DOI: 10.1017/s000748532100050x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical insecticides is the main control method for Blattella germanica worldwide. The prolonged and frequent use of insecticides produced the selection of insecticide-resistant individuals. The German cockroach is one of the most widespread urban pests in Argentina. In the last decades, resistance monitoring studies in this country demonstrated that there is a high prevalence of pyrethroid-resistant populations of B. germanica in the field. In this work, we studied the resistance mechanisms of a field-collected strain of B. germanica at toxicological, enzymatic, and molecular levels. A resistance ratio of 100 was obtained for the resistant strain when it was exposed to β-cypermethrin. The pretreatment with specific synergists (piperonyl butoxide and triphenyl phosphate) led to a significant increase in the toxicity of the pyrethroid, suggesting an involvement of oxidases and esterases in the detoxification of this insecticide. Moreover, esterase and oxidase activities in the resistant strain were 1.5-fold and 2-fold higher respectively, compared to the susceptible individuals. On the other hand, the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of the resistant cockroaches did not show nucleotidic substitutions in the domain II which are associated to knockdown resistance in this species. These results suggest that the main mechanism of resistance of the studied cockroaches' strain is metabolic, mainly due to an increase in the activity of oxidase and esterase enzymes. The results of this work in addition to other reports found in literature show that the extended use of a single active principle for cockroach control promotes the development of resistance leading to control failure in the field. In contrast, integrated pest management strategies include the use of different control tools in addition to chemical insecticides, which delay the appearance of resistance increasing the efficacy of pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Boné
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (IIIA), CONICET-UNSAM, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Roca Acevedo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF-CITEDEF-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Sterkel
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de Insectos, Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sheila Ons
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de Insectos, Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola González-Audino
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF-CITEDEF-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Sfara
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (IIIA), CONICET-UNSAM, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Xin Y, Chen N, Wang Y, Ni R, Zhao H, Yang P, Li M, Qiu X. CYP4G8 is responsible for the synthesis of methyl-branched hydrocarbons in the polyphagous caterpillar of Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 140:103701. [PMID: 34890799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) have dual functions as physical barrier and chemical signals. The last step of CHC biosynthesis is known to be catalyzed by cytochrome P450 CYP4G in a number of insects. Until recently, studies on CYP4Gs in the context of functional evolution are rare. In this study, we analyzed sequence similarity and temporal-spatial expression patterns of the five CYP4G genes in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, an important agricultural pest and also typical representative of lepidopteran insects. Moreover, the CRISPR/Cas9-induced knockout was used to clarify the roles of the five CYP4Gs in CHC biosynthesis. Temporal-spatial expression patterns revealed that CYP4G8 was highly expressed at all developmental stages and in most tissues examined. Larvae with CYP4G8 knocked out could not produce methyl-branched CHCs and failed to pupate, while larvae with the other four CYP4G genes knocked out (4G1-type-KO) showed no significant changes in their CHC profiles, weight gain and survival. Comparative transcriptomics revealed that knocking out CYP4G8 affected the global gene expression in larvae, especially down-regulated the expression of genes in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, while no significant change in 4G1-type-KO transcriptome was observed. These findings indicate that the five members of the CYP4G subfamily have undergone functional divergence: CYP4G8 maintains the essential function in CHC biosynthesis, while the function of the other four CYP4G genes remains unclear. Intriguingly, CYP4G8 has evolved to be a P450 enzyme responsible for the synthesis of larval methyl-branched hydrocarbons. The observation that CYP4G8 knockout is lethal strongly suggest that CYP4G8 may serve as a candidate target for the development of insecticidal agents for the control of cotton bollworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruoyao Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongrui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinghui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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26
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Yu JJ, Bong LJ, Panthawong A, Chareonviriyaphap T, Liu WT, Neoh KB. Effects of piperonyl butoxide synergism and cuticular thickening on the contact irritancy response of field Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to deltamethrin. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5557-5565. [PMID: 34390293 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploiting indoor-resting mosquitoes' innate behavioral responses to commonly used insecticide is crucial in vector control programs. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) treated with pyrethroids have become widely used for controlling dengue fever vectors. The present study tested the effects of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergism and cuticular thickening on the contact irritancy response of field A. aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to deltamethrin in Taiwan and Thailand. RESULTS The escape response of field mosquitoes treated with PBO was significantly elicited, with an escape percentage increase between 2- and 10-fold. In addition, the escape time was significantly lower in PBO-pretreated mosquitoes compared with field mosquitoes treated with deltamethrin alone. PBO-pretreated mosquitoes from seven out of 11 field strains exhibited a knockdown percentage of 11.23-54.91%, significantly higher than that of mosquitoes in corresponding strains treated with deltamethrin only. The Annan, Zhongxi, Sanmin, and North strains exhibited weak knockdown responses (≤3.75%). The mortality of PBO-pretreated field mosquitoes increased 2- to 75-fold compared with those treated with deltamethrin alone (mortality: 0-6.70%). Furthermore, the effect of cuticular thickness on the escape response of field mosquitoes was significant, that is, the escape response marginally increased inversely to cuticular thickness. By contrast, cuticular thickness was not significantly associated with knockdown or mortality percentage. CONCLUSION Irritant behavior in mosquitoes was significantly elicited by PBO synergism. PBO incorporating deltamethrin IRS or LLINs may be effective for controlling dengue fever vectors. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jia Yu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Jin Bong
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Amonrat Panthawong
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Wei-Ting Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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27
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Zhu S, Liu Y, Liao M, Yang Y, Bai Y, Li N, Li S, Luan Y, Chen N. Evaluation of Reference Genes for Transcriptional Profiling in Two Cockroach Models. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121880. [PMID: 34946836 PMCID: PMC8701133 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, and the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana are the most common and synanthropic household pests of interest to public health. While they have increasingly served as model systems in hemimetabolous insects for studying many biological issues, there is still a lack of stable reference gene evaluation for reliable quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) outputs and functional genomics. Here, we evaluated the expression variation of common insect reference genes, including the historically used actin, across various tissues and developmental stages, and also under experimental treatment conditions in these two species by using three individual algorithms (geNorm, BestKeeper, and NormFinder) and a comprehensive program (RefFinder). RPL32 in B. germanica and EF1α in P. americana showed the overall lowest variation among all examined samples. Based on the stability rankings by RefFinder, the optimal but varied reference genes under specific conditions were selected for qPCR normalization. In addition, the combination of RPL32 and EF1α was recommended for all the tested tissues and stages in B. germanica, whereas the combination of multiple reference genes was unfavorable in P. americana. This study provides a condition-specific resource of reference gene selection for accurate gene expression profiling and facilitating functional genomics in these two important cockroaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.B.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514000, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.B.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Mingtao Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.B.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.B.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.B.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Na Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.B.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514000, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.B.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514000, China
| | - Yunxia Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.B.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514000, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.B.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514000, China
- Correspondence:
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Sessa L, Calderón-Fernández GM, Abreo E, Altier N, Mijailovsky SJ, Girotti JR, Pedrini N. Epicuticular hydrocarbons of the redbanded stink bug Piezodorus guildinii (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): sexual dimorphism and alterations in insects collected in insecticide-treated soybean crops. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4892-4902. [PMID: 34164908 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The redbanded stink bug Piezodorus guildinii (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the most important species affecting soybean crops in southern South America. Capillary gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to characterize the epicuticular hydrocarbon profiles of field-collected insects, and to identify differences in their composition between fifth-instar nymphs and adults, males and females, and between bugs collected in insecticide-treated and insecticide-free soybean crops. RESULTS Straight chain saturated n-C27 and n-C29, and monomethyl and dimethyl chains of C31 and C33 were the most abundant compounds. A group of volatile hydrocarbons with n-C13 and n-C15 as the predominant compounds were also detected. The hydrocarbon pattern was different between nymphs and adults, either males or females. Heneicosene was almost exclusively detected in adult males and was the most important component to differentiate between both sexes, followed by tricosadiene. The total hydrocarbon amount was significantly higher in nymphs, males and females collected in insecticide-treated fields compared with insects obtained from untreated fields. CONCLUSION Differences were found in the epicuticular hydrocarbon pattern among nymphs and adults, as well as sexual dimorphism in adult stink bugs. Interestingly, an alteration was also found in the hydrocarbon profile of insects collected in insecticide-treated soybean crops and its relevance is discussed within a pest management context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Sessa
- Laboratorio de Bioproducción, Plataforma de Bioinsumos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Las Brujas, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo M Calderón-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Abreo
- Laboratorio de Bioproducción, Plataforma de Bioinsumos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Las Brujas, Uruguay
| | - Nora Altier
- Laboratorio de Bioproducción, Plataforma de Bioinsumos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Las Brujas, Uruguay
| | - Sergio J Mijailovsky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan R Girotti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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Koloski CW, Cassone BJ. Transcriptional profiling of Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) provides insights into the role of the Haller's organ in spatial DEET recognition. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 13:101827. [PMID: 34610525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DEET is the most common active ingredient in commercial repellents, providing effective protection against blood-sucking insects and ticks. However, its mode of action is not fully understood, with several theories put forward to explain its repellency effect. Unique to ticks, the Haller's organ recognizes a variety of external stimuli through non-contact mechanisms, yet the extent to which the organ plays a role in tick chemoreception is not fully known. We previously found that DEET inhibited the expression/activity of cytochrome P450s and cholinesterases in Dermacentor variabilis, however, our experimental design could not distinguish between sexes (males/females), method of exposure (volatile/tactile) or the roles of chemosensory tissues (Haller's organ). In this study, we used RNA sequencing to assess changes in transcript expression induced by volatile DEET in D. variabilis males/females with/without intact Haller's organs. Male ticks showed much greater transcriptional responses to DEET than females, which may be at least partially attributed to the sexual dimorphism of the Haller's organ. Female transcript expression profiles were most influenced by condition (i.e., intact/excised Haller's organs) with minimal changes due to repellent exposure. On the other hand, removal of the Haller's organs caused DEET treated male ticks to exhibit similar expression profiles as control (ethanol) ticks with intact Haller's organs. Consequently, the transcript-level responses to spatial DEET exposure appears largely based on males possessing their Haller's organs. The molecular signature of this response included the suppression of a large number of transcripts involved in detoxification, lipid metabolism and immunity. Taken collectively, this study furthers our understanding of the Haller's organ role in volatile DEET recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody W Koloski
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R78 6A9, Canada
| | - Bryan J Cassone
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R78 6A9, Canada.
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Qasim M, Xiao H, He K, Omar MAA, Hussain D, Noman A, Rizwan M, Khan KA, Al-Zoubi OM, Alharbi SA, Wang L, Li F. Host-pathogen interaction between Asian citrus psyllid and entomopathogenic fungus (Cordyceps fumosorosea) is regulated by modulations in gene expression, enzymatic activity and HLB-bacterial population of the host. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109112. [PMID: 34153507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The host-pathogen interaction has been explored by several investigations, but the impact of fungal pathogens against insect resistance is still ambiguous. Therefore, we assessed the enzymatic activity and defense-related gene expression of Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) nymphal and adult populations on Huanglongbing-diseased citrus plants under the attack of Cordyceps fumosorosea. Overall, five enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE), and four genes, namely SOD, 16S, CYP4C68, CYP4BD1, were selected for respective observations from ACP populations. Enzymatic activity of four enzymes (SOD, POD, GST, CarE) was significantly decreased after 5-days post-treatment (dpt) and 3-dpt fungal exposure in fungal treated ACP adult and nymphal populations, respectively, whereas the activity of CAT was boosted substantially post-treatment time schedule. Besides, we recorded drastic fluctuations in the expression of CYP4 genes among fungal treated ACP populations. After 24 hours post-treatment (hpt), expression of both CYP4 genes was boosted in fungal treated populations than controlled populations (adult and nymph). After 3-dpt, however, the expression of CYP4 genes was declined in the given populations. Likewise, fungal attack deteriorated the resistance of adult and nymphal of ACP population, as SOD expression was down-regulated in fungal-treated adult and nymphs after 5-dpt and 3-dpt exposure, respectively. Moreover, bacterial expression via the 16S gene was significantly increased in fungal-treated adult and nymphal ACP populations with increasing post-treatment time. Overall, our data illustrate that the fungal application disrupted the insect defense system. The expression of these genes and enzymes suppress the immune function of adult and nymphal ACP populations. As it is reported first time that the applications of C. fumosorosea against ACP reduce insect resistance by interfering with the CYP4 and SOD system. Therefore, we propose new strategies to discover the role of certain toxic compounds from fungus, which can reduce insect resistance, focusing on resistance-related genes and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Huamei Xiao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth and Development Regulation of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Kang He
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Mohamed A A Omar
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Dilbar Hussain
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad 38850, Pakistan
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Liande Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Fei Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Hu IH, Tzeng HY, Chen ME, Lee CY, Neoh KB. Association of CYP4G19 Expression With Gel Bait Performance in Pyrethroid-Resistant German Cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) From Taiwan. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1764-1770. [PMID: 34104957 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of a cytochrome P450 gene, CYP4G19, is known to associate with pyrethroid resistance in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae). In this study, we investigated the CYP4G19 expression level in 20 field-collected strains of B. germanica in Taiwan. We also examined the level of adult male susceptibility to imidacloprid, fipronil, indoxacarb, and hydramethylnon using single-diagnostic dose bioassays and their susceptibility to corresponding gel baits to determine how the CYP4G19 expression level influences the cockroach gel bait performance. Results showed that the CYP4G19 gene expression level among the field-collected German cockroach was 1.8- to 9.7-fold higher than that of the susceptible strain. It was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the % mortality after treatments with imidacloprid and fipronil diagnostic doses. However, no correlation was found between CYP4G19 gene expression with the % mortality after treatment with indoxacarb and hydramethylnon diagnostic doses. Indoxacarb and hydramethylnon baits showed high efficacy against the field strains with a mean mortality of 97.58 ± 1.35% and 90.95 ±1.65%, respectively. This study provided the first evidence of cross-resistance to imidacloprid and fipronil in pyrethroid-resistant German cockroaches due to overexpression of CYP4G19.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsuan Hu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Road, South District, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hau-You Tzeng
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Road, South District, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Er Chen
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Road, South District, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Road, South District, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Qiao JW, Fan YL, Bai TT, Wu BJ, Pei XJ, Wang D, Liu TX. Lipophorin receptor regulates the cuticular hydrocarbon accumulation and adult fecundity of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1018-1032. [PMID: 32558147 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons form a barrier that protects terrestrial insects from water loss via the epicuticle. Lipophorin loads and transports lipids, including hydrocarbons, from one tissue to another. In some insects, the lipophorin receptor (LpR), which binds to lipophorin and accepts its lipid cargo, is essential for female fecundity because it mediates the incorporation of lipophorin by developing oocytes. However, it is unclear whether LpR is involved in the accumulation of cuticular hydrocarbons and its precise role in aphid reproduction remains unknown. We herein present the results of our molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and functional annotation of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) LpR gene (ApLpR). This gene was transcribed throughout the A. pisum life cycle, but especially during the embryonic stage and in the abdominal cuticle. Furthermore, we optimized the RHA interference (RNAi) parameters by determining the ideal dose and duration for gene silencing in the pea aphid. We observed that the RNAi-based ApLpR suppression significantly decreased the internal and cuticular hydrocarbon contents as well as adult fecundity. Additionally, a deficiency in cuticular hydrocarbons increased the susceptibility of aphids to desiccation stress, with decreased survival rates under simulated drought conditions. Moreover, ApLpR expression levels significantly increased in response to the desiccation treatment. These results confirm that ApLpR is involved in transporting hydrocarbons and protecting aphids from desiccation stress. Furthermore, this gene is vital for aphid reproduction. Therefore, the ApLpR gene of A. pisum may be a novel RNAi target relevant for insect pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian-Tian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing-Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Modulation of fatty acid elongation in cockroaches sustains sexually dimorphic hydrocarbons and female attractiveness. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001330. [PMID: 34314414 PMCID: PMC8315507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) serve as important intersexual signaling chemicals and generally show variation between the sexes, but little is known about the generation of sexually dimorphic hydrocarbons (SDHCs) in insects. In this study, we report the molecular mechanism and biological significance that underlie the generation of SDHC in the German cockroach Blattella germanica. Sexually mature females possess more C29 CHCs, especially the contact sex pheromone precursor 3,11-DimeC29. RNA interference (RNAi) screen against the fatty acid elongase family members combined with heterologous expression of the genes in yeast revealed that both BgElo12 and BgElo24 were involved in hydrocarbon (HC) production, but BgElo24 is of wide catalytic activities and is able to provide substrates for BgElo12, and only the female-enriched BgElo12 is responsible for sustaining female-specific HC profile. Repressing BgElo12 masculinized the female CHC profile, decreased contact sex pheromone level, and consequently reduced the sexual attractiveness of female cockroaches. Moreover, the asymmetric expression of BgElo12 between the sexes is modulated by sex differentiation cascade. Specifically, male-specific BgDsx represses the transcription of BgElo12 in males, while BgTra is able to remove this effect in females. Our study reveals a novel molecular mechanism responsible for the formation of SDHCs and also provide evidences on shaping of the SDHCs by sexual selection, as females use them to generate high levels of contact sex pheromone. Sexual dimorphism of body waxes is prevalent in insects; this study reveals that the sex-differentiation pathway regulates fatty acid elongation, ensuring production of the sexually dimorphic cuticular hydrocarbons needed for high levels of sex pheromone and sexual attractiveness in female cockroaches.
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Li DT, Pei XJ, Ye YX, Wang XQ, Wang ZC, Chen N, Liu TX, Fan YL, Zhang CX. Cuticular Hydrocarbon Plasticity in Three Rice Planthopper Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147733. [PMID: 34299353 PMCID: PMC8304831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are organic compounds of the surface lipid layer, which function as a barrier against water loss and xenobiotic penetration, while also serving as chemical signals. Plasticity of CHC profiles can vary depending upon numerous biological and environmental factors. Here, we investigated potential sources of variation in CHC profiles of Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus and Sogatella furcifera, which are considered to be the most important rice pests in Asia. CHC profiles were quantified by GC/MS, and factors associated with variations were explored by conducting principal component analysis (PCA). Transcriptomes were further compared under different environmental conditions. The results demonstrated that CHC profiles differ among three species and change with different developmental stages, sexes, temperature, humidity and host plants. Genes involved in cuticular lipid biosynthesis pathways are modulated, which might explain why CHC profiles vary among species under different environments. Our study illustrates some biological and ecological variations in modifying CHC profiles, and the underlying molecular regulation mechanisms of the planthoppers in coping with changes of environmental conditions, which is of great importance for identifying potential vulnerabilities relating to pest ecology and developing novel pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ting Li
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest AandF University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Ye
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Qiu Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhe-Chao Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest AandF University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest AandF University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Demkovich MR, Calla B, Ngumbi E, Higbee BS, Siegel JP, Berenbaum MR. Differential regulation of cytochrome P450 genes associated with biosynthesis and detoxification in bifenthrin-resistant populations of navel orangewom (Amyelois transitella). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245803. [PMID: 33481873 PMCID: PMC7822513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid resistance was first reported in 2013 for the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella, but the genetic underpinnings of pyrethroid resistance are unknown. We investigated the role of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) belonging to the CYP3 and CYP4 clans using colonies derived from individuals collected in 2016 from almond orchards in two counties. One colony (ALM) originated from an almond orchard in Madera County with no reported pyrethroid resistance and the second colony (R347) originated from the same Kern County orchard where pyrethroid resistance was first reported. We used high-throughput quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses of 65 P450s in the CYP3 and CYP4 clans of A. transitella to identify P450s induced by bifenthrin and associated with pyrethroid resistance. Nine P450s were constitutively overexpressed in R347 compared to ALM, including CYP6AE54 (11.7-fold), belonging to a subfamily associated with metabolic pesticide detoxification in Lepidoptera and CYP4G89 (33-fold) belonging to a subfamily associated with cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) synthesis and resistance via reduced pesticide penetrance. Cuticular hydrocarbons analysis revealed that R347 produced twice as many total CHCs in the egg and adult stages as ALM. Topical toxicity bioassays for R347 determined that egg mortality was reduced at low bifenthrin concentrations and larval mortality was reduced at high concentrations of bifenthrin compared to ALM. Our discovery of both changes in metabolism and production of CHCs for R347 have implications for the possible decreased efficacy of other classes of insecticide used to control this insect. The threat of widespread pyrethroid resistance combined with the potential for cross-resistance to develop through the mechanism of reduced penetrance warrants developing management strategies that facilitate insecticide passage across the cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Demkovich
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bernarda Calla
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Esther Ngumbi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Joel P. Siegel
- USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, California, United States of America
| | - May R. Berenbaum
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Yang YX, Lin RH, Li Z, Wang AY, Xue C, Duan AL, Zhao M, Zhang JH. Function Analysis of P450 and GST Genes to Imidacloprid in Aphis craccivora (Koch). Front Physiol 2021; 11:624287. [PMID: 33551847 PMCID: PMC7854575 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.624287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphis craccivora (Koch) is an economically important pest that affects legumes in worldwide. Chemical control is still the primary efficient method for A. craccivora management. However, the mechanism underlying insecticide resistance in A. craccivora has not been elucidated. A previous study observed that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) significantly synergized imidacloprid in A. craccivora field populations, indicating that cytochrome P450 (P450) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes may play pivotal roles in imidacloprid resistance. In this study, 38 P450 genes and 10 GST genes were identified in A. craccivora through transcriptomic analysis. The expression levels of these P450 and GST genes were measured in susceptible (SUS) strains of A. craccivora under imidacloprid treatment with LC15, LC50, and LC85 doses. The expression levels of CYP18A1, CYP6CY21, CYP6DA1, CYP6DA2, CYP4CJ1, CYP4CJ2, and CYP380C6 were up-regulated in the three treatments. Most of these genes belong to CYP3 and CYP4 Clans. In addition, the expression levels of all P450 and GST genes in A. craccivora were also measured in the Juye (JY) and Linqing (LQ) field populations. The expression levels of CYP6DA2, CYP4CJ1, and CYP380C6 were up-regulated in the SUS strain after imidacloprid treatment at three doses, and these genes were overexpressed in the JY population. Furthermore, the sensitivity of A. craccivora to imidacloprid was significantly increased after knockdown of CYP380C6 and CYP6DA2 through RNA interference. These results may help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying of imidacloprid resistance in A. craccivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Xue Yang
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Rong-Hua Lin
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ai-Yu Wang
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Xue
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ai-Ling Duan
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Yu JJ, Bong LJ, Panthawong A, Chareonviriyaphap T, Neoh KB. Repellency and Contact Irritancy Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Against Deltamethrin and Permethrin: A Cross-Regional Comparison. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:379-389. [PMID: 32876326 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Control strategies exploiting the innate response of mosquitoes to chemicals are urgently required to complement existing traditional approaches. We therefore examined the behavioral responses of 16 field strains of Aedes aegypti (L.) from two countries, to deltamethrin and permethrin by using an excito-repellency (ER) test system. The result demonstrated that the escape percentage of Ae. aegypti exposed to pyrethroids did not vary significantly between the two countries in both contact and noncontact treatment despite the differing epidemiological patterns. Deltamethrin (contact: 3.57 ± 2.06% to 31.20 ± 10.71%; noncontact: 1.67 ± 1.67% to 17.31 ± 14.85%) elicited relatively lower responses to field mosquitoes when compared with permethrin (contact: 16.15 ± 4.07% to 74.19 ± 4.69%; noncontact: 3.45 ± 2.00% to 41.59 ± 6.98%) in contact and noncontact treatments. Compared with field strains, the mean percentage of escaping laboratory susceptible strain individuals were significantly high after treatments (deltamethrin contact: 72.26 ± 6.95%, noncontact: 61.10 ± 12.31%; permethrin contact: 78.67 ± 9.67%, noncontact: 67.07 ± 7.02%) and the escaped individuals spent significantly shorter time escaping from the contact and noncontact chamber. The results indicated a significant effect of resistance ratio on mean escape percentage, but some strains varied idiosyncratically compared to the increase in insecticide resistance. The results also illustrated that the resistance ratio had a significant effect on the mortality in treatments. However, the mortality in field mosquitoes that prematurely escaped from the treated contact chamber or in mosquitoes that stayed up to the 30-min experimental period showed no significant difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jia Yu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Jin Bong
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Amonrat Panthawong
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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38
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Blomquist GJ, Ginzel MD. Chemical Ecology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Insect Hydrocarbons. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 66:45-60. [PMID: 33417824 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-031620-071754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) consist of complex mixtures of straight-chain alkanes and alkenes, and methyl-branched hydrocarbons. In addition to restricting water loss through the cuticle and preventing desiccation, they have secondarily evolved to serve a variety of functions in chemical communication and play critical roles as signals mediating the life histories of insects. In this review, we describe the physical properties of CHCs that allow for both waterproofing and signaling functions, summarize their roles as inter- and intraspecific chemical signals, and discuss the influences of diet and environment on CHC profiles. We also present advances in our understanding of hydrocarbon biosynthesis. Hydrocarbons are biosynthesized in oenocytes and transported to the cuticle by lipophorin proteins. Recent work on the synthesis of fatty acids and their ultimate reductive decarbonylation to hydrocarbons has taken advantage of powerful new tools of molecular biology, including genomics and RNA interference knockdown of specific genes, to provide new insights into the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Blomquist
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Matthew D Ginzel
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Qiao JW, Fan YL, Wu BJ, Wang D, Liu TX. Involvement of apolipoprotein D in desiccation tolerance and adult fecundity of Acyrthosiphon pisum. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 127:104160. [PMID: 33137328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a lipocalin superfamily member that plays important roles in the transport of small hydrophobic molecules, lipid metabolism, and stress resistance. Cuticular hydrocarbons are the principal components of the epicuticular lipid layer and play a critical role in water retention against environmental desiccation stress; however, the mechanism underlying the role of ApoD in insect desiccation tolerance has not yet been elucidated. Here, we report the molecular constitution, functional analysis, and phylogenetic relationship of the ApoD gene in Acyrthosiphon pisum (ApApoD). We found that ApApoD was transcribed throughout the life cycle of A. pisum, but was prominently expressed in the embryonic period and abdominal cuticle. In addition, we optimized the dose and silencing duration of RNAi, observing that RNAi against ApApoD significantly reduced the levels of both internal and cuticular hydrocarbons and adult fecundity. Moreover, cuticular hydrocarbon deficiency increased the sensitivity of aphids to desiccation stress and reduced their survival time, while desiccation stress significantly increased ApApoD expression. Together, it is confirmed that ApApoD participates in regulating cuticular hydrocarbon content of aphids under desiccation stress and is crucial for aphid reproduction. Therefore, the ApApoD gene of A. pisum may be a potential target for RNAi-based insect pest control due to its involvement in cuticular hydrocarbon accumulation and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Bing-Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Dun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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40
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Wu L, Zhang ZF, Yu Z, Yu R, Ma E, Fan YL, Liu TX, Feyereisen R, Zhu KY, Zhang J. Both LmCYP4G genes function in decreasing cuticular penetration of insecticides in Locusta migratoria. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3541-3550. [PMID: 32419293 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) have a critical role in preventing desiccation and penetration of xenobiotics in insects. Previous studies have shown that cytochrome P450 subfamily 4G (CYP4G) enzymes are oxidative decarbonylases, essential for CHC biosynthesis. However, it is unclear whether there are functional differences between the two CYP4G genes in most insects. In Locusta migratoria, we identified two CYP4G genes (LmCYP4G62 and LmCYP4G102). LmCYP4G102 plays a critical role in the synthesis of CHCs, but the function of LmCYP4G62 is unknown. RESULTS We identified, characterized, and compared two LmCYP4G genes, based on L. migratoria transcriptomic and genomic databases. RT-qPCR showed that both were highly expressed in tissues with which oenocytes are associated, the integument and fat body. Immunostaining indicated that LmCYP4G62 and LmCYP4G102 were highly abundant in oenocytes in these tissues. However, the two enzymes had a different subcellular distribution, with LmCYP4G62 localized on the plasma membrane and LmCYP4G102 dispersed throughout the oenocyte cytoplasm, presumably on the endoplasmic reticulum. RNA interference-mediated gene silencing against each of the two genes resulted in reduced CHC contents, in all classes for LmCYP4G102, but mostly shorter chain CHCs for LmCYP4G62. Silencing of both genes resulted in increased insecticide penetration through the cuticle, and increased locust susceptibility to desiccation and insecticides. CONCLUSION Our studies suggest that both LmCYP4G62 and LmCYP4G102 contribute to hydrocarbon biosynthesis and play key roles in protecting locusts from water loss and insecticide penetration, but they are not fully redundant. Further, the two LmCYP4G genes might be used as new targets for insect pest management. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Wu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhitao Yu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rongrong Yu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen1017, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Dulbecco AB, Moriconi DE, Lynn S, McCarthy A, Juárez MP, Girotti JR, Calderón-Fernández GM. Deciphering the role of Rhodnius prolixus CYP4G genes in straight and methyl-branched hydrocarbon formation and in desiccation tolerance. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:431-443. [PMID: 32484986 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect cuticle hydrocarbons are involved primarily in waterproofing the cuticle, but also participate in chemical communication and regulate the penetration of insecticides and microorganisms. The last step in insect hydrocarbon biosynthesis is carried out by an insect-specific cytochrome P450 of the 4G subfamily (CYP4G). Two genes (CYP4G106 and CYP4G107) have been reported in the triatomines Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans. In this work, their molecular and functional characterization is carried out in R. prolixus, and their relevance to insect survival is assessed. Both genes are expressed almost exclusively in the integument and have an expression pattern dependent on the developmental stage and feeding status. CYP4G106 silencing diminished significantly the straight-chain hydrocarbon production while a significant reduction - mostly of methyl-branched chain hydrocarbons - was observed after CYP4G107 silencing. Molecular docking analyses using different aldehydes as hydrocarbon precursors predicted a better fit of straight-chain aldehydes with CYP4G106 and methyl-branched aldehydes with CYP4G107. Survival bioassays exposing the silenced insects to desiccation stress showed that CYP4G107 is determinant for the waterproofing properties of the R. prolixus cuticle. This is the first report on the in vivo specificity of two CYP4Gs to make mostly straight or methyl-branched hydrocarbons, and also on their differential contribution to insect desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Dulbecco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - D E Moriconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - S Lynn
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A McCarthy
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M P Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J R Girotti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - G M Calderón-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
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42
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Hu IH, Chen SM, Lee CY, Neoh KB. Insecticide Resistance, and Its Effects on Bait Performance in Field-Collected German Cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) From Taiwan. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1389-1398. [PMID: 32221516 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), is a significant challenge to the pest management professionals worldwide. We collected 24 field populations of B. germanica from different localities in Taiwan island, reared them for one to two generations, and evaluated them for their resistance to deltamethrin, propoxur, and fipronil using the surface-contact method. Results showed that deltamethrin resistance ratio ranged from 1.5 to 817.5×. Among the strains, TC Supermarket, TC Sanshang Logistics, TC THSR, and TC 1Taichungsteak strains showed very high resistance to deltamethrin, which mortality ranged between 0 and 33% at 7-d post-treatment. On the other hand, resistance to propoxur and fipronil RR were 0.70-7.13× and 1.67-3.72×, respectively. Synergism studies using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) suggested the major involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and minor involvement of esterases. However, deltamethrin resistance in two strains (i.e., TC Supermarket and TC THSR) was not affected by both PBO and DEF, indicating that other mechanisms are involved in the resistance, including kdr resistance. Evaluation of the field strains using commercial gel baits containing fipronil, imidacloprid, hydramethylnon, and indoxacarb for up to 7 d resulted in 24.4-100%, 11.3-78.5%, 15.8-75.5%, and 63.3-100% mortality, respectively. We found that high deltamethrin resistance in some strains could affect the performance of fipronil, imidacloprid, and indoxacarb baits, indicating the potential involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in reducing the effectiveness of the bait toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsuan Hu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, South District, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Min Chen
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, South District, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, South District, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zhao X, Yang Y, Niu N, Zhao Y, Liu W, Ma E, Moussian B, Zhang J. The fatty acid elongase gene LmELO7 is required for hydrocarbon biosynthesis and cuticle permeability in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 123:104052. [PMID: 32259526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect cuticular lipids are a complex cocktail of highly diverse cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), which form a hydrophobic surface coat to maintain water balance and to prevent desiccation and penetration of exogenous substances. Fatty acid elongases (ELOs) are key enzymes that participate in a common CHC synthesis pathway in insects. However, the importance of ELOs for CHC synthesis and function remains understudied. Using transcriptomic data, we have identified seven ELO genes (LmELO1-7) in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. We determined their tissue-specific and temporal expression profiles in fifth instar nymphs. As we are interested in cuticle barrier formation, we performed RNA interference against LmELO7, which is mainly expressed in the integument. Suppression of LmELO7 significantly decreased its expression and caused lethality during or shortly after molting. CHC quantification by GC-MS analysis indicated that suppression of LmELO7 resulted in a decrease in total CHC amounts. By consequence, CHC deficiency reduced desiccation resistance and enhanced cuticle permeability in LmELO7-suppressed L. migratoria. Interestingly, LmELO7 expression is induced at low air humidity. Our results indicate that LmELO7 plays a vital role in the production of CHCs and, hence, cuticle permeability. Induction of LmELO7 expression in drought conditions suggests a key role of this gene in regulating desiccation resistance. This work is expected to help developing new strategies for insect pest management based on CHC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhao
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Niu Niu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yiyan Zhao
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice CEDEX 2, France
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
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Ngumbi EN, Hanks LM, Suarez AV, Millar JG, Berenbaum MR. Factors Associated with Variation in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profiles in the Navel Orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J Chem Ecol 2019; 46:40-47. [PMID: 31808076 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are the main components of the epicuticular wax layer that in many insects functions as a barrier against desiccation. CHCs also play many other roles, including serving as sex pheromones, kairomones, primer pheromones, and colony-, caste-, species- and sex-recognition signals. In insects, CHC profiles can vary depending upon age, species, sex, and strain. Understanding factors associated with variation in hydrocarbon profiles is important for identifying potential vulnerabilities relating to pest ecology and life histories and for developing tools for pest monitoring and management strategies. In this study, we assessed potential sources of variation in CHC profiles in the navel orangeworm Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), an economically important pest of nut crops in California. Using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we characterized and compared CHC profiles between adults of pyrethroid-resistant (R347) and susceptible (ALMOND) strains. We further compared CHC profiles from adults differing in age (1, 3, 5, and 7 d post-eclosion) and sex. Hydrocarbon profiles comprised 47 different CHCs in detectable quantities that ranged from C17 to C43 in chain length and included straight-chain alkanes and a variety of mono-, di-, and tri-methylalkanes. Adults from resistant populations had greater quantities of CHCs in total than those from susceptible strains, but relative quantities of individual components were similar. The six most abundant compounds were n-pentacosane, n-heptacosane, n-nonacosane, n-hentriacontane, 11,25 + 13,23 + 15,21-dimethylpentatriacontane, and 13,23 + 11,25 + 9,17-dimethylheptatriacontane. Post-eclosion, total CHCs increased with adult age, with males producing greater quantities than females at all ages. Our results show that CHC profiles vary depending on age, sex, and strain and suggest that CHC profiles may be useful as biomarkers to differentiate between insecticide- resistant and susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther N Ngumbi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Andrew V Suarez
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - May R Berenbaum
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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