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Zhang L, Huang Y, Duan X, Si H, Luo H, Chen S, Liu L, He H, Wang Z, Liao S. Antifungal Activity and Mechanism of Camphor Derivatives against Rhizoctonia solani: A Promising Alternative Antifungal Agent for Rice Sheath Blight. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11415-11428. [PMID: 38727515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, poses a significant threat to rice cultivation globally. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of action of camphor derivatives against R. solani. Compound 4o exhibited superior fungicidal activities in vitro (EC50 = 6.16 mg/L), and in vivo curative effects (77.5%) at 500 mg/L were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the positive control validamycin·bacillus (66.1%). Additionally, compound 4o exhibited low cytotoxicity and acute oral toxicity for adult worker honeybees of Apis mellifera L. Mechanistically, compound 4o disrupted mycelial morphology and microstructure, increased cell membrane permeability, and inhibited both PDH and SDH enzyme activities. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics analyses indicated a tight interaction of compound 4o with PDH and SDH active sites. In summary, compound 4o exhibited substantial antifungal efficacy against R. solani, serving as a promising lead compound for further optimization of antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Forestry, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Super Rice Engineering Technology Research Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yizhong Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang 330032, China
| | | | - Hongyan Si
- College of Forestry, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hai Luo
- College of Forestry, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shangxing Chen
- College of Forestry, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | | | - Haohua He
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Super Rice Engineering Technology Research Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zongde Wang
- College of Forestry, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shengliang Liao
- College of Forestry, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Zhao Y, Wang X, Han X, Ren A, Huang X, Fang S, Chen H, Zhang L. Inhibitory Activity Against Rhizoctonia Solani and Chemical Composition of Extract from Moutan Cortex. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400337. [PMID: 38470409 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight (RSB), caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a significant disease of rice. The negative effects of chemical fungicides have created an urgent need for low-toxicity botanical fungicides. Our previous research revealed that the ethanol crude extract of Moutan Cortex (MC) exhibited superior antifungal activity against R. solani at 1000 μg/mL, resulting in a 100 % inhibition rate. The antifungal properties were mainly found in the petroleum ether extract. However, the active ingredients of the extract are still unclear. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilised for the analysis of its chemical components. The mycelium growth rate method was utilized to detect the antifungal activity. The findings indicated that paeonol constituted the primary active component, with a content of more than 96 %. Meanwhile, paeonol was the most significant antifungal active ingredient, the antifungal activity of paeonol (EC50=44.83 μg/mL) was much higher than that of β-sitosterol and ethyl propionate against R. solani. Observation under an optical microscope revealed that paeonol resulted in abnormal mycelial morphology. This study provided theoretical support for identifying monomer antifungal compounds and developing biological fungicides for R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtian Zhao
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Xinge Wang
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Xin Han
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Aixia Ren
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Xiaona Huang
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Shuangyan Fang
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Hongting Chen
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
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Luo B, Wu Y, Ren X, Li H, Li X, Wang G, Wang M, Dong L, Liu M, Zhou W, Qu L. Novel Pyrazole-4-Carboxamide Derivatives Containing Oxime Ether Group as Potential SDHIs to Control Rhizoctonia solani. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9599-9610. [PMID: 38646697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
In the search for novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides to control Rhizoctonia solani, thirty-five novel pyrazole-4-carboxamides bearing either an oxime ether or an oxime ester group were designed and prepared based on the strategy of molecular hybridization, and their antifungal activities against five plant pathogenic fungi were also investigated. The results indicated that the majority of the compounds containing oxime ether demonstrated outstanding in vitro antifungal activity against R. solani, and some compounds also displayed pronounced antifungal activities against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. Particularly, compound 5e exhibited the most promising antifungal activity against R. solani with an EC50 value of 0.039 μg/mL, which was about 20-fold better than that of boscalid (EC50 = 0.799 μg/mL) and 4-fold more potent than fluxapyroxad (EC50 = 0.131 μg/mL). Moreover, the results of the detached leaf assay showed that compound 5e could suppress the growth of R. solani in rice leaves with significant protective efficacies (86.8%) at 100 μg/mL, superior to boscalid (68.1%) and fluxapyroxad (80.6%), indicating promising application prospects. In addition, the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzymatic inhibition assay revealed that compound 5e generated remarkable SDH inhibition (IC50 = 2.04 μM), which was obviously more potent than those of boscalid (IC50 = 7.92 μM) and fluxapyroxad (IC50 = 6.15 μM). Furthermore, SEM analysis showed that compound 5e caused a remarkable disruption to the characteristic structure and morphology of R. solani hyphae, resulting in significant damage. The molecular docking analysis demonstrated that compound 5e could fit into the identical binding pocket of SDH through hydrogen bond interactions as well as fluxapyroxad, indicating that they had a similar antifungal mechanism. The density functional theory and electrostatic potential calculations provided useful information regarding electron distribution and electron transfer, which contributed to understanding the structural features and antifungal mechanism of the lead compound. These findings suggested that compound 5e could be a promising candidate for SDHI fungicides to control R. solani, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yuerui Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Xinran Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Huimin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Xuanru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Gege Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Mengjia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Luqi Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Mengxing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Lailiang Qu
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
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Peeples ES, Mirnics K, Korade Z. Chemical Inhibition of Sterol Biosynthesis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:410. [PMID: 38672427 PMCID: PMC11048061 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule of life, and its synthesis can be inhibited by both genetic and nongenetic mechanisms. Hundreds of chemicals that we are exposed to in our daily lives can alter sterol biosynthesis. These also encompass various classes of FDA-approved medications, including (but not limited to) commonly used antipsychotic, antidepressant, antifungal, and cardiovascular medications. These medications can interfere with various enzymes of the post-lanosterol biosynthetic pathway, giving rise to complex biochemical changes throughout the body. The consequences of these short- and long-term homeostatic disruptions are mostly unknown. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and built a catalogue of chemical agents capable of inhibiting post-lanosterol biosynthesis. This process identified significant gaps in existing knowledge, which fall into two main areas: mechanisms by which sterol biosynthesis is altered and consequences that arise from the inhibitions of the different steps in the sterol biosynthesis pathway. The outcome of our review also reinforced that sterol inhibition is an often-overlooked mechanism that can result in adverse consequences and that there is a need to develop new safety guidelines for the use of (novel and already approved) medications with sterol biosynthesis inhibiting side effects, especially during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68114, USA
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Zhu X, Zhang S, Yu Y, Li S, Yang C, Chang Y. Inhibitory Effect of L-Methionine on Alternaria alternata Based on Metabolomics Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:151. [PMID: 38392823 PMCID: PMC10890048 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is the main pathogenic fungus of postharvest black spots in fruits and vegetables. This study aimed to explore the antifungal activity of methionine on A. alternata in vitro and to reveal related antifungal mechanisms through a metabolomics analysis. The results showed that the inhibitory effects of L-methionine (Met) treatment on mycelium growth, spore germination, and the germ tube elongation of A. alternata were enhanced with an increase in the Met concentration, but the inhibitory effects decreased when the Met concentration was higher than 50 mmolL-1. The results of propidium iodide staining and scanning electron microscopy showed that the Met treatment damaged the plasma membrane integrity of the A. alternata spores and caused an irreversible deformation of mycelium. In addition, after the Met treatment, the leakage of electrolytes, nucleic acid, and proteins in the A. alternata cells was significantly higher than that in the control group, indicating that the Met treatment increased the permeability of the cell membranes. Eighty-one different metabolites, divided into seven categories, were identified through the metabolomics analysis, including forty-three downregulated metabolites and thirty-eight upregulated metabolites. Among them, these differential metabolites were mainly involved in amino acid synthesis and metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA cycle. Therefore, the antifungal effect of the Met treatment on A. alternata was mainly to damage the integrity of the cell membranes, make nucleic acid and protein contents leak, and affect the TCA cycle, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid synthesis metabolism, and the metabolic pathways associated with cell membrane biosynthesis. Thus, the growth and development of A. alternata were inhibited. The research enriched the investigation of the effect of the antifungal mechanism of Met treatment on A. alternata and provided a theoretical basis for the application of Met to prevent and treat postharvest black spots in fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianran Zhu
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Shaoying Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Youwei Yu
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Shengwang Li
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
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Daroodi Z, Taheri P, Tarighi S, Iranshahi M, Akaberi M. Efficacy of ergosterol peroxide obtained from the endophytic fungus Acrophialophora jodhpurensis against Rhizoctonia solani. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae031. [PMID: 38346851 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
AIM To investigate antifungal activity of the extract and major metabolite of the endophytic fungus Acrophialophora jodhpurensis (belonging to Chaetomiaceae) against crown and root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani (teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris), as an important pathogen of tomato. METHODS AND RESULTS The endophytic fungus A. jodhpurensis, has high inhibitory effect against R. solani AG4-HG II in vitro and in vivo. The media conditions were optimized for production of the endophyte's metabolites. The highest amounts of secondary metabolites were produced at pH 7, 30°C temperature, and in the presence of 0.5% glucose, 0.033% sodium nitrate, and 1 gl-1 asparagine as the best carbon, nitrogen, and amino acid sources, respectively. The mycelia were extracted by methanol and the obtained extract was submitted to various chromatography techniques. Phytochemical analysis via thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that ergosterol peroxide was the major component in the extract of this endophyte. Antifungal activities of the methanolic extract and ergosterol peroxide in the culture media were studied against R. solani. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extract and ergosterol peroxide against the pathogen were 600 and 150 µg ml-1, respectively. Ergosterol peroxide revealed destructive effects on the pathogen structures in microscopic analyses and induced sclerotia production. Histochemical analyses revealed that it induced apoptosis in the mycelia of R. solani via superoxide production and cell death. Application of ergosterol peroxide in the leaf disc assay reduced the disease severity in tomato leaves. CONCLUSIONS Antifungal metabolites produced by A. jodhpurensis, such as ergosterol peroxide, are capable of controlling destructive Rhizoctonia diseases on tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoha Daroodi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948944, Iran
| | - Parissa Taheri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948944, Iran
| | - Saeed Tarighi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948944, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948944, Iran
| | - Maryam Akaberi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948944, Iran
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Gao Q, Qi J, Tan Y, Ju J. Antifungal mechanism of Angelica sinensis essential oil against Penicillium roqueforti and its application in extending the shelf life of bread. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 408:110427. [PMID: 37827052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
There are a variety of reports on the application of Angelica sinensis essential oil (ASEO) in the biomedical field. However, the antifungal mechanism of ASEO has not been reported. In this study, the antifungal mechanism of ASEO against Penicillium roqueforti was investigated by proteomics and genomics. ASEO can increase the permeability of P. roqueforti cell membrane and decrease the content of lipid and trehalose. With the increase of glycerol content, the HOG signaling pathway can be upregulated. Consistent with the above phenotypic changes, proteomics confirmed that ASEO treatment inhibited the steroid synthesis pathway of P. roqueforti. The significant down-regulation of ERG4, ERG6, ERG25, SMT1, and FDFT1 gene expression confirmed this conclusion. Cluster+activates the MAPK and UPP signaling pathways and ultimately leads to cell apoptosis. The bread shelf life experiment showed that ASEO could extend the shelf life of bread up to day 7. This study provides new evidence for the antifungal activity of ASEO against P. roqueforti and will promote the use of ASEO in the preservation of food and agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Gao
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, People's Republic of China; Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, People's Republic of China; Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Tan
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, People's Republic of China; Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ju
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, People's Republic of China; Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.
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Lai D, Wang D, Shao X, Qin J, Zhuang Q, Xu H, Xiao W. Comparative physiological and transcriptome analysis provide insights into the inhibitory effect of osthole on Penicillium choerospondiatis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105749. [PMID: 38225092 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Blue mold induced by Penicillium choerospondiatis is a primary cause of growth and postharvest losses in the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica. There is an urgent need to explore novel and safe fungicides to control this disease. Here, we demonstrated osthole, a natural coumarin compound isolated from Cnidium monnieri, exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on mycelia growth, conidial germination rate and germ tube length of P. choerospondiatis, and effectively suppressed the blue mold development in postharvest fruit of P. emblica. The median effective concentration of osthole was 9.86 mg/L. Osthole treatment resulted in cellular structural disruption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and induced autophagic vacuoles containing cytoplasmic components in fungal cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that osthole treatment led to the differentially expressed genes mainly enriched in the cell wall synthesis, TCA cycle, glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, osthole treatment led to increase genes expression involved in peroxisome, autophagy and endocytosis. Particularly, the autophagy pathway related genes (PcATG1, PcATG3, PcATG15, PcATG27, PcYPT7 and PcSEC18) were prominently up-regulated by osthole. Summarily, these results revealed the potential antifungal mechanism of osthole against P. choerospondiatis. Osthole has potentials to develop as a natural antifungal agent for controlling blue mold disease in postharvest fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Lai
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Delin Wang
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Shao
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Qin
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingli Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
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Hu CC, Wu CY, Yang MY, Huang JZ, Wu CW, Hong CY. Catalase associated with antagonistic changes of abscisic acid and gibberellin response, biosynthesis and catabolism is involved in eugenol-inhibited seed germination in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 43:10. [PMID: 38135798 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The inhibitory effect of eugenol on rice germination is mediated by a two-step modulatory process: Eugenol first regulates the antagonism of GA and ABA, followed by activation of catalase activity. The natural monoterpene eugenol has been reported to inhibit preharvest sprouting in rice. However, the inhibitory mechanism remains obscure. In this study, simultaneous monitoring of GA and ABA responses by the in vivo GA and ABA-responsive dual-luciferase reporter system showed that eugenol strongly inhibited the GA response after 6 h of imbibition, whereas eugenol significantly enhanced the ABA response after 12 h of imbibition. Gene expression analysis revealed that eugenol significantly induced the ABA biosynthetic genes OsNCED2, OsNCED3, and OsNCED5, but notably suppressed the ABA catabolic genes OsABA8ox1 and OsABA8ox2. Conversely, eugenol inhibited the GA biosynthetic genes OsGA3ox2 and OsGA20ox4 but significantly induced the GA catabolic genes OsGA2ox1 and OsGA2ox3 during imbibition. OsABI4, the key signaling regulator of ABA and GA antagonism, was notably induced before 12 h and suppressed after 24 h by eugenol. Moreover, eugenol markedly reduced the accumulation of H2O2 in seeds after 36 h of imbibition. Further analysis showed that eugenol strongly induced catalase activity, protein accumulation, and the expression of three catalase genes. Most importantly, mitigation of eugenol-inhibited seed germination was found in the catc mutant. These findings indicate that catalase associated with antagonistic changes of ABA and GA is involved in the sequential regulation of eugenol-inhibited seed germination in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chieh Hu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Changzhi Township, Pingtung County, 908126, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Wu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Yang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Zhi Huang
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu Township, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Wu
- Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Changzhi Township, Pingtung County, 908126, Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Yang Hong
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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He HW, Xu D, Wu KH, Lu ZY, Liu X, Xu G. Discovery of novel salicylaldehyde derivatives incorporating an α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone moiety as fungicidal agents. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:5015-5028. [PMID: 37544900 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes pose a serious threat to ensuring crop yield and quality. Finding novel fungicidal candidates based on natural products is one of the critical methods for developing effective and environmentally friendly pesticides. In this study, a series of salicylaldehyde derivatives containing an α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone moiety were designed, synthesized, and their fungicidal activities were evaluated. RESULTS The bioassay studies indicated that compound C3 displayed an excellent in vitro activity against Rhizoctonia solani with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) value of 0.65 μg/mL, higher than that of pyraclostrobin (EC50 = 1.44 μg/mL) and comparable to that of carbendazim (EC50 = 0.33 μg/mL). For Valsa mali and Phytophthora capsici, compound C3 also showed good fungicidal activities with EC50 values of 0.91 and 1.33 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, compound C3 exhibited promising protective in vivo activity against R. solani (84.1%) at 100 μg/mL, which was better than that of pyraclostrobin (78.4%). The pot experiment displayed that compound C3 had 74.8% protective efficacy against R. solani at 200 μg/mL, which was comparable to that of validamycin (78.2%). The antifungal mode of action research indicated that compound C3 could change the mycelial morphology and ultrastructure, increase cell membrane permeability, affect respiratory metabolism by binding to complex III, and inhibit the germination and formation of sclerotia, thereby effectively controlling the disease. CONCLUSION The present study provides support for the application of these salicylaldehyde derivatives as promising potential pesticides with remarkable and broad-spectrum fungicidal activities against phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes in crop protection. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Ke-Huan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Gong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
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11
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Zamli KM, Hashim F, Razali SA, Yusoff HM, Mohamad H, Abdullah F, Asari A. Synthesis, anti-amoebic activity and molecular docking simulation of eugenol derivatives against Acanthamoeba sp. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101703. [PMID: 37546528 PMCID: PMC10400915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba can cause diseases such as amoebic keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Until now, treatment options for these diseases have not been fully effective and have several drawbacks. Therefore, research into new drugs is needed for more effective treatment of Acanthamoeba infections. Eugenol, a phenolic aromatic compound mainly derived from cloves, has a variety of pharmaceutical properties. In this study, nine eugenol derivatives (K1-K9), consisting of five new and four known compounds, were synthesized and screened for their antiamoebic properties against Acanthamoeba sp. The structure of these compounds was characterized spectroscopically by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometer (MS). The derived molecules were screened for antiamoebic activity by determining IC50 values based on 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and observation of amoeba morphological changes by light and fluorescence microscopy. Most of the tested compounds possessed strong to moderate cytotoxic effects against trophozoite cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.61 to 24.83 μg/mL. Observation of amoebae morphology by light microscopy showed that the compounds caused the transformed cells to be roundish and reduced in size. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy observation using acridine orange (AO) and propidium iodide (PI) (AO/PI) staining showed that the cells have damaged membranes by displaying a green cytoplasm with orange-stained lysosomes. Acidification of the lysosomal structure indicated disruption of the internal structure of Acanthamoeba cells when treated with eugenol derivatives. The observed biological results were also confirmed by interaction simulations based on molecular docking between eugenol derivatives and Acanthamoeba profilin. These interactions could affect the actin-binding ability of the protein, disrupting the shape and mobility of Acanthamoeba. The overall results of this study demonstrate that eugenol derivatives can be considered as potential drugs against infections caused by Acanthamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairunisa Mohd Zamli
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Hashim
- Biological Security and Sustainability Research Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aisyah Razali
- Biological Security and Sustainability Research Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Hanis Mohd Yusoff
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Advanced Nano Materials (ANoMa) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Habsah Mohamad
- Institute of Biotechnology Marine, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Fauziah Abdullah
- Phytochemistry Programme, Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Asnuzilawati Asari
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Advanced Nano Materials (ANoMa) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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12
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Qin YL, Zhang SB, Ding WZ, Lv YY, Zhai HC, Wei S, Ma PA, Hu YS. The effect of volatile compounds of Syzygium aromaticum flower buds against Aspergillus flavus growth on wheat grain at postharvest stage. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Zhao Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Wang K, Wu Y, Yao J, Cui B, Chen Z. Anti-Fungal Activity of Moutan cortex Extracts against Rice Sheath Blight ( Rhizoctonia solani) and Its Action on the Pathogen's Cell Membrane. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47048-47055. [PMID: 36570206 PMCID: PMC9773796 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight (RSB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most destructive diseases of rice (Oryza sativa). Although chemical fungicides are the most important control methods, their long-term unreasonable application has brought about problems such as environmental pollution, food risks, and non-target poisoning. Therefore, considering the extraction of fungistatic substances from plants may be an alternative in the future. In this study, we found that the Moutan cortex ethanol extract has excellent antifungal activity against R. solani, with a 100% inhibition rate at 1000 μg/mL, which aroused our great exploration interest. In-depth exploration found that the antifungal active ingredients of M. cortex were mainly concentrated in the petroleum ether extract of the M. cortex ethanol extract, which still maintained a 100% inhibition rate with 250 μg/mL, and its effective medium concentration (EC50) was 145.33 μg/mL against R. solani. Through the measurement of extracellular relative conductivity and OD260, the petroleum ether extract induced leakage of intracellular electrolytes and nucleic acids, indicating that the cell membrane was ruined. Therefore, we preliminarily determined that the cell membrane may be the target of the petroleum ether extract. Moreover, we found that petroleum ether extract reduced the content of ergosterol, a component of the cell membrane, which may be one of the reasons for the cell membrane destruction. Furthermore, the increase of MDA content would lead to membrane lipid peroxidation, further aggravating membrane damage, resulting in increased membrane permeability. Also, the destruction of the cell membrane was observed by the phenomenon of the mycelium being transparent and broken. In conclusion, this is the first report of the M. cortex petroleum ether extract exhibiting excellent antifungal activity against R. solani. The effect of the M. cortex petroleum ether extract on R. solani may be on the cell membrane, inducing the disorder of intracellular substances and metabolism, which may be one of the antifungal mechanisms against R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtian Zhao
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Xinge Wang
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Keying Wang
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Yanchun Wu
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Jia Yao
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Baolu Cui
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry
of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, China
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14
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Zhou AA, Li RY, Mo FX, Ding Y, Li RT, Guo X, Hu K, Li M. Natural Product Citronellal can Significantly Disturb Chitin Synthesis and Cell Wall Integrity in Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121310. [PMID: 36547643 PMCID: PMC9784034 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products are often favored in the study of crop pests and diseases. Previous studies have shown that citronellal has a strong inhibition effect on Magnaporthe oryzae. The objective of this study was to clarify its mechanism of action against M. oryzae. RESULTS Firstly, the biological activity of citronellal against M. oryzae was determined by direct and indirect methods, and the results show that citronellal had a strong inhibition effect on M. oryzae with EC50 values of 134.00 mg/L and 70.48 μL/L air, respectively. Additionally, a preliminary study on its mechanism of action was studied. After citronellal treatment, electron microscopy revealed that the mycelium became thin and broken; scanning electron microscopy revealed that the mycelium was wrinkled and distorted; and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the mycelium cell wall was invaginated, the mass wall of mycelium was separated, and the organelles were blurred. The mycelium was further stained with CFW, and the nodes were blurred, while the mycelium was almost non-fluorescent after PI staining, and there was no significant difference in the relative conductivity of mycelium. In addition, chitinase was significantly enhanced, and the expression of chitin synthesis-related genes was 17.47-fold upregulated. Finally, we found that the efficacy of citronellal against the rice blast was as high as 82.14% according to indoor efficacy tests. CONCLUSION These results indicate that citronellal can affect the synthesis of chitin in M. oryzae and damage its cell wall, thereby inhibiting the growth of mycelium and effectively protecting rice from rice blasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ai Zhou
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rong-Yu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-151-8514-8063
| | - Fei-Xu Mo
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ruo-Tong Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xue Guo
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
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15
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γ-Cyclodextrin-Encapsulated Cinnamaldehyde for Citrus Preservation and Its Potential Mechanisms against Penicillium digitatum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111199. [DOI: 10.3390/jof8111199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a γ-cyclodextrin-cinnamaldehyde inclusion compound (γ-CDCL) was prepared to control green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum (P. digitatum) in citrus. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of γ-CDCL against the mycelial growth of P. digitatum were 2.0 g L−1 and 4.0 g L−1, respectively. Simultaneously, eight × MFC γ-CDCL could effectively reduce the incidence of green mold in citrus fruit without impairment of the fruit qualities, meanwhile, eight × MFC γ-CDCL was comparable to Prochloraz in controlling fruit under natural storage conditions. The structure of γ-CDCL was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. Results showed that the successful preparation of γ-CDCL was due to the spatial interaction between H-4,8 of cinnamaldehyde and H-5′ of γ-cyclodextrin. Meanwhile, the cell membrane permeability of P. digitatum was impaired by γ-CDCL through massive accumulation of reactive oxygen species, whereas the cell wall integrity was barely affected. These results indicated that γ-CDCL might inhibit the growth of P. digitatum through a membrane damage mechanism and it is a promising alternative to chemical fungicides in controlling the post-harvest citrus decay.
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16
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Zhao Y, Zhang A, Wang X, Tao K, Jin H, Hou T. Novel Pyrazole Carboxamide Containing a Diarylamine Scaffold Potentially Targeting Fungal Succinate Dehydrogenase: Antifungal Activity and Mechanism of Action. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13464-13472. [PMID: 36250688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is known as an ideal target for the development of novel fungicides. Over the years, a series of novel pyrazole carboxamides containing a diarylamine scaffold have been reported as potent SDH inhibitors (SDHIs) in our laboratory. Among them, compound SCU3038 (EC50 = 0.016 mg/L) against in vitro Rhizoctonia solani was better than fluxapyroxad (EC50 = 0.033 mg/L). However, its mechanism of action is still unclear. In this paper, in pot tests, bioactivity evaluation indicated that in vivo antifungal activity of compound SCU3038 (EC50 = 0.95 mg/L) against R. solani was better than that of fluxapyroxad (EC50 = 2.29 mg/L) and thifluzamide (EC50 = 1.88 mg/L). In field trials, control efficacy of compound SCU3038 (74.10%) at 200 g ai/ha against rice sheath blight was better than that of thifluzamide (71.40%). Furthermore, target evaluation showed that compound SCU3038 could inhibit the fungal SDH from R. solani and fix in the binding site of SDH by molecular docking, thereby it could dissolve and reduce mitochondria of R. solani as observed by electron microscopy. In addition, transcriptome results showed that compound SCU3038 affected the TCA cycle pathway in mitochondria, and this was manifested in the downregulation of eight genes and upregulation of one gene. The most important phenomenon was the repressed expression of SDH2 confirmed by qRT-PCR. It was observed that compound SCU3038 was a potent SDHI, and these results afforded further research on pyrazole carboxamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- College of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou 558000, China
| | - Aigui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xinge Wang
- College of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou 558000, China
| | - Ke Tao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Taiping Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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Senapati M, Tiwari A, Sharma N, Chandra P, Bashyal BM, Ellur RK, Bhowmick PK, Bollinedi H, Vinod KK, Singh AK, Krishnan SG. Rhizoctonia solani Kühn Pathophysiology: Status and Prospects of Sheath Blight Disease Management in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:881116. [PMID: 35592572 PMCID: PMC9111526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.881116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sheath blight caused by necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is one of the most serious diseases of rice. Use of high yielding semi dwarf cultivars with dense planting and high dose of nitrogenous fertilizers accentuates the incidence of sheath blight in rice. Its diverse host range and ability to remain dormant under unfavorable conditions make the pathogen more difficult to manage. As there are no sources of complete resistance, management through chemical control has been the most adopted method for sheath blight management. In this review, we provide an up-to-date comprehensive description of host-pathogen interactions, various control measures such as cultural, chemical, and biological as well as utilizing host plant resistance. The section on utilizing host plant resistance includes identification of resistant sources, mapping QTLs and their validation, identification of candidate gene(s) and their introgression through marker-assisted selection. Advances and prospects of sheath blight management through biotechnological approaches such as overexpression of genes and gene silencing for transgenic development against R. solani are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Senapati
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Priya Chandra
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bishnu Maya Bashyal
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjith Kumar Ellur
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Haritha Bollinedi
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - K. K. Vinod
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - S. Gopala Krishnan
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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18
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Wang C, Jia C, Zhang M, Yang S, Qin J, Yang Y. A Lesion Microenvironment-Responsive Fungicide Nanoplatform for Crop Disease Prevention and Control. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102617. [PMID: 34964308 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Controlled fungicide delivery in response to the specific microenvironment produced by fungal pathogens is an advisable strategy to improve the efficacy of fungicides. Herein, the authors construct a smart fungicide nanoplatform, using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as nanocarriers loaded with eugenol (EU) and Ag+ coordinated polydopamine (Ag+ -PDA) as a coating to form Ag+ -PDA@MSNs-EU NPs for Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) control. As a botanical fungicide, EU offers an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides and can upregulate several defense-related genes in the tomato plant. The Ag+ -PDA coating can lock the EU inside the nanocarriers and respond to the oxalic acid produced by B. cinerea to corelease the loaded EU and Ag+ . The results demonstrate that Ag+ -PDA@MSNs-EU NPs can effectively inhibit the mycelial growth of B. cinerea on detached and potted tomato leaves. The construction of such a smart fungicide nanoplatform provides new guidance to design controlled fungicides release systems, which can respond to the microenvironment associated with plant pathogen to realize fungus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao‐Yi Wang
- College of Plant Science Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Chengguo Jia
- College of Plant Science Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Ming‐Zhe Zhang
- College of Plant Science Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Plant Science Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Chun Qin
- College of Plant Science Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Ying‐Wei Yang
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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19
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Dantas DDM, Silva ADA, Pereira-de-Morais L, Bastos CMDS, Calixto GL, Kerntopf MR, Menezes IRAD, Weinreich D, Barbosa R. Characterization of the vasodilator effect of eugenol in isolated human umbilical cord arteries. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 359:109890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Plant-Derived Protectants in Combating Soil-Borne Fungal Infections in Tomato and Chilli. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020213. [PMID: 35205967 PMCID: PMC8878687 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections transmitted through the soil continue to pose a threat to a variety of horticultural and agricultural products, including tomato and chilli. The indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides has resulted in a slew of unintended consequences for the surrounding ecosystem. To achieve sustainable productivity, experts have turned their attention to natural alternatives. Due to their biodegradability, varied mode of action, and minimal toxicity to non-target organisms, plant-derived protectants (PDPs) are being hailed as a superior replacement for plant pesticides. This review outlines PDPs’ critical functions (including formulations) in regulating soil-borne fungal diseases, keeping tomato and chilli pathogens in the spotlight. An in-depth examination of the impact of PDPs on pathogen activity will be a priority. Additionally, this review emphasises the advantages of the in silico approach over conventional approaches for screening plants’ secondary metabolites with target-specific fungicidal activity. Despite the recent advances in our understanding of the fungicidal capabilities of various PDPs, it is taking much longer for that information to be applied to commercially available pesticides. The restrictions to solving this issue can be lifted by breakthroughs in formulation technology, governmental support, and a willingness to pursue green alternatives among farmers and industries.
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21
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Chen G, Zhu L, He J, Zhang S, Li Y, Guo X, Sun D, Tian Y, Liu S, Huang X, Che Z. Combinatorial Synthesis of Novel 1-Sulfonyloxy/acyloxyeugenol Derivatives as Fungicidal Agents. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 25:1545-1551. [PMID: 34391376 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210813114829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing the high-efficiency and low-risk small-molecule green-fungicide is the key to effective control of the plant pathogenic oomycetes. Essential oils play a very important role in novel fungicide discovery for their unique sources and potential target sites. Eugenol, a kind of plant essential oil, was mainly isolated from the unopened and dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum of the Myrtaceae family. Due to its unique structural skeleton, eugenol and its derivatives have exhibited a wide range of biological activities. However, study on the synthesis of novel 1-sulfonyloxy/acyloxyeugenol derivatives as fungicidal agents against Phytophthora capsici has not yet been reported. METHODS Twenty-six novel 1-sulfonyloxy/acyloxyeugenol derivatives (3a-p and 5a-j) were prepared and their structures were well characterized by 1H NMR, HRMS, and m.p.. Their fungicidal activity was evaluated against P. capsici by using the mycelial growth rate method. RESULTS To find novel natural-product-based fungicidal agents to control the plant pathogenic oomycetes, we herein designed and synthesized two series of novel 1-sulfonyloxy/acyloxyeugenol derivatives (3a-p and 5a-j) as fungicidal agents against P. capsici Leonian, in vitro. Results of fungicidal activity revealed that, among all compounds, especially compounds 3a, 3f, and 3n displayed the most potent anti-oomycete activity against P. capsici with EC50 values of 79.05, 75.05, and 70.80, respectively. CONCLUSION The results revealed that the anti-oomycete activity of eugenol with the sulfonyloxy group was higher than that with the acyloxy group. It is suggested that the fungicidal activity of eugenol can be improved by introducing the sulfonyloxy group. This will pave the way for further design, structural modification, and to develop eugenol derivatives as fungicidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Lina Zhu
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jiaxuan He
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yuanhao Li
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xiaolong Guo
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Di Sun
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yuee Tian
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Shengming Liu
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Zhiping Che
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
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Chen G, Zhu L, He J, Zhang S, Li Y, Guo X, Sun D, Tian Y, Liu S, Huang X, Che Z. Synthesis and Anti-Oomycete Activity of 1-Sulfonyloxy/Acyloxydihydroeugenol Derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100329. [PMID: 34346150 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endeavor to discover biorational natural products-based fungicides, two series (26) of novel 1-sulfonyloxy/acyloxydihydroeugenol derivatives (3a-p and 5a-j) were prepared and assessed for their fungicidal activity against P. capsici Leonian, in vitro. Results of fungicidal activity revealed that, among all compounds, especially compounds 3a, 5c, and 5e displayed the most potent anti-oomycete activity against P. capsici with EC50 values of 69.33, 68.81, and 67.77 mg/L, respectively. Overall, the anti-oomycete activities of 1-acyloxydihydroeugenol derivatives (5a-j) were higher than that of 1-sulfonyloxydihydroeugenol derivatives (3a-p). It is proved that the introduction of the acyl group at hydroxy position of dihydroeugenol is more beneficial to improve its anti-oomycete activity than that of the sulfonyl group. These preliminary results will pave the way for further modification of dihydroeugenol in the development of potential new fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Lina Zhu
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxuan He
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Song Zhang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhao Li
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Guo
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Di Sun
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Yuee Tian
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Shengming Liu
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Che
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
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Bernardos A, Božik M, Montero A, Pérez-Esteve É, García-Casado E, Lhotka M, Fraňková A, Marcos MD, Barat JM, Martínez-Máñez R, Klouček P. Secreted Enzyme-Responsive System for Controlled Antifungal Agent Release. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051280. [PMID: 34068155 PMCID: PMC8153022 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Essential oil components (EOCs) such as eugenol play a significant role in plant antimicrobial defense. Due to the volatility and general reactivity of these molecules, plants have evolved smart systems for their storage and release, which are key prerequisites for their efficient use. In this study, biomimetic systems for the controlled release of eugenol, inspired by natural plant defense mechanisms, were prepared and their antifungal activity is described. Delivery and antifungal studies of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) loaded with eugenol and capped with different saccharide gates—starch, maltodextrin, maltose and glucose—against fungus Aspergillus niger—were performed. The maltodextrin- and maltose-capped systems show very low eugenol release in the absence of the fungus Aspergillus niger but high cargo delivery in its presence. The anchored saccharides are degraded by exogenous enzymes, resulting in eugenol release and efficient inhibition of fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bernardos
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (A.M.); (A.F.)
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (M.D.M.); (R.M.-M.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3–5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Matěj Božik
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (A.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Ana Montero
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (A.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Édgar Pérez-Esteve
- Department of Food Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (É.P.-E.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Esther García-Casado
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.G.-C.); (M.L.)
| | - Miloslav Lhotka
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.G.-C.); (M.L.)
| | - Adéla Fraňková
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (A.M.); (A.F.)
| | - María Dolores Marcos
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (M.D.M.); (R.M.-M.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3–5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Barat
- Department of Food Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (É.P.-E.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (M.D.M.); (R.M.-M.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3–5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pavel Klouček
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (A.M.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (P.K.)
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