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Scinto SL, Bilodeau DA, Hincapie R, Lee W, Nguyen SS, Xu M, am Ende CW, Finn MG, Lang K, Lin Q, Pezacki JP, Prescher JA, Robillard MS, Fox JM. Bioorthogonal chemistry. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:30. [PMID: 34585143 PMCID: PMC8469592 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry represents a class of high-yielding chemical reactions that proceed rapidly and selectively in biological environments without side reactions towards endogenous functional groups. Rooted in the principles of physical organic chemistry, bioorthogonal reactions are intrinsically selective transformations not commonly found in biology. Key reactions include native chemical ligation and the Staudinger ligation, copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, strain-promoted [3 + 2] reactions, tetrazine ligation, metal-catalysed coupling reactions, oxime and hydrazone ligations as well as photoinducible bioorthogonal reactions. Bioorthogonal chemistry has significant overlap with the broader field of 'click chemistry' - high-yielding reactions that are wide in scope and simple to perform, as recently exemplified by sulfuryl fluoride exchange chemistry. The underlying mechanisms of these transformations and their optimal conditions are described in this Primer, followed by discussion of how bioorthogonal chemistry has become essential to the fields of biomedical imaging, medicinal chemistry, protein synthesis, polymer science, materials science and surface science. The applications of bioorthogonal chemistry are diverse and include genetic code expansion and metabolic engineering, drug target identification, antibody-drug conjugation and drug delivery. This Primer describes standards for reproducibility and data deposition, outlines how current limitations are driving new research directions and discusses new opportunities for applying bioorthogonal chemistry to emerging problems in biology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Scinto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Didier A. Bilodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Robert Hincapie
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Wankyu Lee
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Sean S. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Minghao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | | | - M. G. Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathrin Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph M. Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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2
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Coste G, Negrell C, Caillol S. From gas release to foam synthesis, the second breath of blowing agents. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pigga JE, Fox JM. Flow Photochemical Syntheses of trans-Cyclooctenes and trans-Cycloheptenes Driven by Metal Complexation. Isr J Chem 2020; 60:207-218. [PMID: 34108738 PMCID: PMC8186252 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
trans-Cyclooctenes and trans-cycloheptenes have long been the subject of physical organic study, but the broader application had been limited by synthetic accessibility. This account describes the development of a general, flow photochemical method for the preparative synthesis of trans-cycloalkene derivatives. Here, photoisom erization takes place in a closed-loop flow reactor where the reaction mixture is continuously cycled through Ag(I) on silica gel. Selective complexation of the trans-isomer by Ag(I) during flow drives an otherwise unfavorable isomeric ratio toward the trans-isomer. Analogous photoreactions under batch-conditions are low yielding, and flow chemistry is necessary in order to obtain trans-cycloalkenes in preparatively useful yields. The applications of the method to bioorthogonal chemistry and stereospecific transannulation chemistry are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Pigga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Joseph M Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
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Wu ZC, Boger DL. Synthesis, Characterization, and Cycloaddition Reactivity of a Monocyclic Aromatic 1,2,3,5-Tetrazine. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16388-16397. [PMID: 31524389 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein we disclose the synthesis and full characterization of the first monocyclic aromatic 1,2,3,5-tetrazine, 4,6-diphenyl-1,2,3,5-tetrazine. Initial studies of its cycloaddition reactivity, mode, regioselectivity, and scope illustrate that it participates as the 4π-component of well-behaved inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions where it preferentially reacts with electron-rich or strained dienophiles. It was found to exhibit an intrinsic reactivity comparable to that of the isomeric 3,6-diphenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, display a single mode of cycloaddition with reaction only across C4/N1 (no N2/N5 cycloaddition observed), proceed with a predictable regioselectivity (dienophile most electron-rich atom attaches to C4), and manifest additional reactivity complementary to the isomeric 1,2,4,5-tetrazines. It not only exhibits a remarkable cycloaddition reactivity, surprisingly good stability (e.g., stable to chromatography, long-term storage, presence of H2O even as reaction co-solvent), and broad cycloaddition scope, but it also displays powerful orthogonal reactivity with the 1,2,4,5-tetrazines. Whereas the latter reacts at extraordinary cycloaddition rates with strained dienophiles (tetrazine ligation), the new and isomeric 1,2,3,5-tetrazine displays similarly remarkable cycloaddition rates and efficiencies with amidines (1,2,3,5-tetrazine/amidine ligation). The crossover reactivities (1,2,4,5-tetrazines with amidines and 1,2,3,5-tetrazines with strained dienophiles) are sufficiently low to indicate they may be capable of use concurrently without competitive reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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Clauder F, Czerniak AS, Friebe S, Mayr SG, Scheinert D, Beck-Sickinger AG. Endothelialization of Titanium Surfaces by Bioinspired Cell Adhesion Peptide Coatings. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2664-2674. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Clauder
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Sophie Czerniak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabrina Friebe
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan G. Mayr
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dierk Scheinert
- Department of Angiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Möhler JS, Werther P, Wombacher R. Proximity-Induced Bioorthogonal Chemistry Using Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reaction. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2008:147-163. [PMID: 31124095 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9537-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry techniques enable the selective and targeted manipulation of living systems. In order to yield universally applicable techniques, it is of great importance for bioorthogonal reactions to take place rapidly, selectively, and with the formation of only benign side products. One of the reactions that match these criteria well is the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction (DAinv) between tetrazines and strained dienophiles. However, even this prime technique comes with the disadvantage of its reactants having limited stability under physiological conditions. In our protocol, an unreactive and therefore stable DAinv diene/dienophile pair reacts rapidly using DNA hybridization as secondary rate-accelerating process. Due to the fluorogenicity of the presented tetrazine rhodamine conjugate, this method enables the selective screening and evaluation of reactant pairs for proximity-mediated bioorthogonal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper S Möhler
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Werther
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Wombacher
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Click chemistry in sphingolipid research. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 215:71-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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8
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Wu Y, Hu J, Sun C, Cao Y, Li Y, Xie F, Zeng T, Zhou B, Du J, Tang Y. Nature-Inspired Bioorthogonal Reaction: Development of β-Caryophyllene as a Chemical Reporter in Tetrazine Ligation. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2287-2295. [PMID: 29851464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A nature-inspired bioorthogonal reaction has been developed, hinging on an inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction of tetrazine with β-caryophyllene. Readily accessible from the cheap starting material through a scalable synthesis, the newly developed β-caryophyllene chemical reporter displays appealing reaction kinetics and excellent biocompatibility, which renders it applicable to both in vitro protein labeling and live cell imaging. Moreover, it can be used orthogonally to the strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition for dual protein labeling. This work not only provides an alternative to the existing bioorthogonal reaction toolbox, but also opens a new avenue to utilize naturally occurring scaffolds as bioorthogonal chemical reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Medical School , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Jiulong Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yuanhe Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Fayang Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Tianyin Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Juanjuan Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yefeng Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Medical School , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , China
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Madl CM, Heilshorn SC. Bioorthogonal Strategies for Engineering Extracellular Matrices. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:1706046. [PMID: 31558890 PMCID: PMC6761700 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201706046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are commonly used as engineered extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics in applications ranging from tissue engineering to in vitro disease models. Ideal mechanisms used to crosslink ECM-mimicking hydrogels do not interfere with the biology of the system. However, most common hydrogel crosslinking chemistries exhibit some form of cross-reactivity. The field of bio-orthogonal chemistry has arisen to address the need for highly specific and robust reactions in biological contexts. Accordingly, bio-orthogonal crosslinking strategies have been incorporated into hydrogel design, allowing for gentle and efficient encapsulation of cells in various hydrogel materials. Furthermore, the selective nature of bio-orthogonal chemistries can permit dynamic modification of hydrogel materials in the presence of live cells and other biomolecules to alter matrix mechanical properties and biochemistry on demand. In this review, we provide an overview of bio-orthogonal strategies used to prepare cell-encapsulating hydrogels and highlight the potential applications of bio-orthogonal chemistries in the design of dynamic engineered ECMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Madl
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,
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Shi X, Gao K, Huang H, Gao R. Pretargeted Immuno-PET Based on Bioorthogonal Chemistry for Imaging EGFR Positive Colorectal Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:250-254. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Shi
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Kai Gao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Hao Huang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Ran Gao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
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11
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Werther P, Möhler JS, Wombacher R. A Bifunctional Fluorogenic Rhodamine Probe for Proximity-Induced Bioorthogonal Chemistry. Chemistry 2017; 23:18216-18224. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Werther
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jasper S. Möhler
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Richard Wombacher
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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12
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Meghani NM, Amin HH, Lee BJ. Mechanistic applications of click chemistry for pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1604-1619. [PMID: 28754291 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The concept of click chemistry (CC), first introduced by K.B. Sharpless, has been widely adopted for use in drug discovery, novel drug delivery systems (DDS), polymer chemistry, and material sciences. In this review, we outline novel aspects of CC related to drug discovery and drug delivery, with a brief overview of molecular mechanisms underlying each click reaction commonly used by researchers, and the main patents that paved the way for further diverse medicinal applications. We also describe recent progress in drug discovery and polymeric and carbon material-based drug delivery for potential pharmaceutical applications and advancements based on the CC approach, and discuss some intrinsic limitations of this popular conjugation reaction. The use of CC is likely to significantly advance drug discovery and bioconjugation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh M Meghani
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hardik H Amin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Wieczorek A, Werther P, Euchner J, Wombacher R. Green- to far-red-emitting fluorogenic tetrazine probes - synthetic access and no-wash protein imaging inside living cells. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1506-1510. [PMID: 28572909 PMCID: PMC5452268 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03879d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorogenic probes for bioorthogonal labeling chemistry are highly beneficial to reduce background signal in fluorescence microscopy imaging. 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines are known substrates for the bioorthogonal inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction (DAinv) and tetrazine substituted fluorophores can exhibit fluorogenic properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of a palette of novel fluorogenic tetrazine dyes derived from widely-used fluorophores that cover the entire emission range from green to far-red. We demonstrate the power of the new fluorogenic probes in fixed and live cell labeling experiments and present the first example of intracellular live cell protein imaging using tetrazine-based probes under no-wash conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Wieczorek
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Philipp Werther
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Jonas Euchner
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Richard Wombacher
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
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15
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Wieczorek A, Buckup T, Wombacher R. Rigid tetrazine fluorophore conjugates with fluorogenic properties in the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 12:4177-85. [PMID: 24826902 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,2,4,5-Tetrazine fluorophore derivatives with structurally rigid molecular designs were synthesized using Sonogashira and Stille cross-coupling as well as copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The synthesized bichromophoric systems exhibit low fluorescence quantum yields due to quenching by the tetrazine. The extent of fluorescence quenching observed for those systems was shown to depend on the distance between the fluorophore and the tetrazine. The decreased fluorescence is "turned on" by conversion of the tetrazine in the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Time resolved spectroscopy indicated resonance energy transfer between BODIPY and the tetrazine as the underlying quenching mechanism. The synthesized conjugates were successfully applied in protein labeling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Wieczorek
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Park M, Song C, Yoon H, Choi KH. Double Blockade of Glioma Cell Proliferation and Migration by Temozolomide Conjugated with NPPB, a Chloride Channel Blocker. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:275-85. [PMID: 26711895 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor. Temozolomide (TMZ), a chemotherapeutic agent combined with radiation therapy, is used as a standard treatment. The infiltrative nature of glioblastoma, however, interrupts effective treatment with TMZ and increases the tendency to relapse. Voltage-gated chloride channels have been identified as crucial regulators of glioma cell migration and invasion by mediating cell shape and volume change. Accordingly, chloride current inhibition by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate (NPPB), a chloride channel blocker, suppresses cell movement by diminishing the osmotic cell volume regulation. In this study, we developed a novel compound, TMZ conjugated with NPPB (TMZ-NPPB), as a potential anticancer drug. TMZ-NPPB blocked chloride currents in U373MG, a severely invasive human glioma cell line, and suppressed migration and invasion of U373MG cells. Moreover, TMZ-NPPB exhibited DNA modification activity similar to that of TMZ, and surprisingly showed remarkably enhanced cytotoxicity relative to TMZ by inducing apoptotic cell death via DNA damage. These findings indicate that TMZ-NPPB has a dual function in blocking both proliferation and migration of human glioma cells, thereby suggesting its potential to overcome challenges in current glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Park
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiman Song
- Materials
and Life Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojong Yoon
- Materials
and Life Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Hyun Choi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Materials
and Life Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Pagel M, Meier R, Braun K, Wiessler M, Beck-Sickinger AG. On-resin Diels–Alder reaction with inverse electron demand: an efficient ligation method for complex peptides with a varying spacer to optimize cell adhesion. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4809-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00314a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The DARinvon resin is a new orthogonal reaction in peptide synthesis and the benefits for cell adhesion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareen Pagel
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biosciences
- Pharmacy and Psychology
- Leipzig
- Germany
| | - René Meier
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biosciences
- Pharmacy and Psychology
- Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Klaus Braun
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
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18
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Lai S, Mao W, Song H, Xia L, Xie H. A biocompatible inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction of aldehyde and tetrazine promoted by proline. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01567k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A biocompatible inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction of aldehyde and tetrazine mediated by l-proline is disclosed, with apparent k2 up to 13.8 M−1 s−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Wuyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Heng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Lingying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Hexin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
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Komljenovic D, Wiessler M, Waldeck W, Ehemann V, Pipkorn R, Schrenk HH, Debus J, Braun K. NIR-Cyanine Dye Linker: a Promising Candidate for Isochronic Fluorescence Imaging in Molecular Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy Monitoring. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:131-41. [PMID: 26722379 PMCID: PMC4679360 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized anti-cancer medicine is boosted by the recent development of molecular diagnostics and molecularly targeted drugs requiring rapid and efficient ligation routes. Here, we present a novel approach to synthetize a conjugate able to act simultaneously as an imaging and as a chemotherapeutic agent by coupling functional peptides employing solid phase peptide synthesis technologies. Development and the first synthesis of a fluorescent dye with similarity in the polymethine part of the Cy7 molecule whose indolenine-N residues were substituted with a propylene linker are described. Methylating agent temozolomide is functionalized with a tetrazine as a diene component whereas Cy7-cell penetrating peptide conjugate acts as a dienophilic reaction partner for the inverse Diels-Alder click chemistry-mediated ligation route yielding a theranostic conjugate, 3-mercapto-propionic-cyclohexenyl-Cy7-bis-temozolomide-bromide-cell penetrating peptide. Synthesis route described here may facilitate targeted delivery of the therapeutic compound to achieve sufficient local concentrations at the target site or tissue. Its versatility allows a choice of adequate imaging tags applicable in e.g. PET, SPECT, CT, near-infrared imaging, and therapeutic substances including cytotoxic agents. Imaging tags and therapeutics may be simultaneously bound to the conjugate applying click chemistry. Theranostic compound presented here offers a solid basis for a further improvement of cancer management in a precise, patient-specific manner.
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20
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Ni Z, Zhou L, Li X, Zhang J, Dong S. Tetrazine-Containing Amino Acid for Peptide Modification and Live Cell Labeling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141918. [PMID: 26536589 PMCID: PMC4633098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel amino acid derivative 3-(4-(1, 2, 4, 5-tetrazine-3-yl) phenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid was synthesized in this study. The compound possessed better water-solubility and was synthesized more easily compared with the well-known and commercially available 3-(p-benzylamino)-1, 2, 4, 5-tetrazine. Tetrazine-containing amino acid showed excellent stability in biological media and might be used for cancer cell labeling. Moreover, the compound remained relatively stable in 50% TFA/DCM with little decomposition after prolonged exposure at room temperature. The compound could be utilized as phenylalanine or tyrosine analogue in peptide modification, and the tetrazine-containing peptide demonstrated more significant biological activity than that of the parent peptide. The combination of tetrazine group and amino acid offered broad development prospects of the bioorthogonal labeling and peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiu Ni
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lanxia Zhou
- The Core Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shouliang Dong
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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The Diels–Alder reaction: A powerful tool for the design of drug delivery systems and biomaterials. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:438-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Selvaraj R, Giglio B, Liu S, Wang H, Wang M, Yuan H, Chintala SR, Yap LP, Conti PS, Fox JM, Li Z. Improved metabolic stability for 18F PET probes rapidly constructed via tetrazine trans-cyclooctene ligation. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:435-42. [PMID: 25679331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The fast kinetics and bioorthogonal nature of the tetrazine trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation makes it a unique tool for PET probe construction. In this study, we report the development of an (18)F-labeling system based on a CF3-substituted diphenyl-s-tetrazine derivative with the aim of maintaining high reactivity while increasing in vivo stability. c(RGDyK) was tagged by a CF3-substituted diphenyl-s-tetrazine derivative via EDC-mediated coupling. The resulting tetrazine-RGD conjugate was combined with a (19)F-labeled TCO derivative to give HPLC standards. The analogous (18)F-labeled TCO derivative was combined with the diphenyl-s-tetrazine-RGD at μM concentration. The resulting tracer was subjected to in vivo metabolic stability assessment, and microPET studies in murine U87MG xenograft models. The diphenyl-s-tetrazine-RGD combines with an (18)F-labeled TCO in high yields (>97% decay-corrected on the basis of TCO) using only 4 equiv of tetrazine-RGD relative to the (18)F-labeled TCO (concentration calculated based on product's specific activity). The radiochemical purity of the (18)F-RGD peptides was >95% and the specific activity was 111 GBq/μmol. Noninvasive microPET experiments demonstrated that (18)F-RGD had integrin-specific tumor uptake in subcutaneous U87MG glioma. In vivo metabolic stability of (18)F-RGD in blood, urine, and major organs showed two major peaks: one corresponded to the Diels-Alder conjugate and the other was identified as the aromatized analog. A CF3-substituted diphenyl-s-tetrazine displays excellent speed and efficiency in (18)F-PET probe construction, providing nearly quantitative (18)F labeling within minutes at low micromolar concentrations. The resulting conjugates display improved in vivo metabolic stability relative to our previously described system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramajeyam Selvaraj
- †Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Benjamin Giglio
- ‡Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Shuanglong Liu
- §Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- ‡Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mengzhe Wang
- ‡Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hong Yuan
- ‡Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Srinivasa R Chintala
- †Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Li-Peng Yap
- §Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Peter S Conti
- §Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Joseph M Fox
- †Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- ‡Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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23
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Hörner S, Uth C, Avrutina O, Frauendorf H, Wiessler M, Kolmar H. Combination of inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction with highly efficient oxime ligation expands the toolbox of site-selective peptide conjugations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11130-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03434e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A modular bioconjugation strategy based on stepwise oxime ligation and inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hörner
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - C. Uth
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - O. Avrutina
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - H. Frauendorf
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie
- Zentrale Analytik/Massenspektrometrie
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - M. Wiessler
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
- Medizinische Physik in der Radiologie
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - H. Kolmar
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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24
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Li C, Ge H, Yin B, She M, Liu P, Li X, Li J. Novel 3,6-unsymmetrically disubstituted-1,2,4,5-tetrazines: S-induced one-pot synthesis, properties and theoretical study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10808f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
18 unprecedented 3,6-unsymmetrically disubstituted-1,2,4,5-tetrazines were synthesized, and their spectral and electrochemical properties are studied. A systematic theoretical investigation based on DFT calculations was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ge
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Yin
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Mengyao She
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Jianli Li
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
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25
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Talbot A, Devarajan D, Gustafson SJ, Fernández I, Bickelhaupt FM, Ess DH. Activation-Strain Analysis Reveals Unexpected Origin of Fast Reactivity in Heteroaromatic Azadiene Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels–Alder Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2014; 80:548-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5025514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Talbot
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Deepa Devarajan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Samantha J. Gustafson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling
(ACMM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules
and Materials (IMM), Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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26
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Späte AK, Schart VF, Schöllkopf S, Niederwieser A, Wittmann V. Terminal Alkenes as Versatile Chemical Reporter Groups for Metabolic Oligosaccharide Engineering. Chemistry 2014; 20:16502-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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McKay CS, Finn MG. Click chemistry in complex mixtures: bioorthogonal bioconjugation. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014; 21:1075-101. [PMID: 25237856 PMCID: PMC4331201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The selective chemical modification of biological molecules drives a good portion of modern drug development and fundamental biological research. While a few early examples of reactions that engage amine and thiol groups on proteins helped establish the value of such processes, the development of reactions that avoid most biological molecules so as to achieve selectivity in desired bond-forming events has revolutionized the field. We provide an update on recent developments in bioorthogonal chemistry that highlights key advances in reaction rates, biocompatibility, and applications. While not exhaustive, we hope this summary allows the reader to appreciate the rich continuing development of good chemistry that operates in the biological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S McKay
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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28
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Agopcan Cinar S, Ercan S, Erol Gunal S, Dogan I, Aviyente V. The origin of exo-stereoselectivity of norbornene in hetero Diels–Alder reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8079-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01217h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Liu F, Liang Y, Houk KN. Theoretical elucidation of the origins of substituent and strain effects on the rates of Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11483-93. [PMID: 25041719 DOI: 10.1021/ja505569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reactions of seven 1,2,4,5-tetrazines with unstrained and strained alkenes and alkynes were studied with quantum mechanical calculations (M06-2X density functional theory) and analyzed with the distortion/interaction model. The higher reactivities of alkenes compared to alkynes in the Diels-Alder reactions with tetrazines arise from the differences in both interaction and distortion energies. Alkenes have HOMO energies higher than those of alkynes and therefore stronger interaction energies in inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions with tetrazines. We have also found that the energies to distort alkenes into the Diels-Alder transition-state geometries are smaller than for alkynes in these reactions. The strained dienophiles, trans-cyclooctene and cyclooctyne, are much more reactive than unstrained trans-2-butene and 2-butyne, because they are predistorted toward the Diels-Alder transition structures. The reactivities of substituted tetrazines correlate with the electron-withdrawing abilities of the substituents. Electron-withdrawing groups lower the LUMO+1 of tetrazines, resulting in stronger interactions with the HOMO of dienophiles. Moreover, electron-withdrawing substituents destabilize the tetrazines, and this leads to smaller distortion energies in the Diels-Alder transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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30
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King M, Wagner A. Developments in the Field of Bioorthogonal Bond Forming Reactions—Past and Present Trends. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:825-39. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500028d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias King
- Laboratory of Functional
Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg - CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Laboratory of Functional
Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg - CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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31
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Darko A, Wallace S, Dmitrenko O, Machovina MM, Mehl RA, Chin JW, Fox JM. Conformationally Strained trans-Cyclooctene with Improved Stability and Excellent Reactivity in Tetrazine Ligation. Chem Sci 2014; 5:3770-3776. [PMID: 26113970 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01348d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Computation has guided the design of conformationally-strained dioxolane-fused trans-cyclooctene (d-TCO) derivatives that display excellent reactivity in the tetrazine ligation. A water soluble derivative of 3,6-dipyridyl-s-tetrazine reacts with d-TCO with a second order rate k2 366,000 (+/- 15,000) M-1s-1 at 25 °C in pure water. Furthermore, d-TCO derivatives can be prepared easily, are accessed through diastereoselective synthesis, and are typically crystalline bench-stable solids that are stable in aqueous solution, blood serum, or in the presence of thiols in buffered solution. GFP with a genetically encoded tetrazine-containing amino acid was site-specifically labelled in vivo by a d-TCO derivative. The fastest bioorthogonal reaction reported to date [k2 3,300,000 (+/- 40,000) M-1s-1 in H2O at 25 °C] is described herein with a cyclopropane-fused trans-cyclooctene. d-TCO derivatives display rates within an order of magnitude of these fastest trans-cyclooctene reagents, and also display enhanced stability and aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ampofo Darko
- Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Stephen Wallace
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Dmitrenko
- Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Melodie M Machovina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Ryan A Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jason W Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Fox
- Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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32
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Pipkorn R, Braun K, Wiessler M, Waldeck W, Schrenk HH, Koch M, Semmler W, Komljenovic D. A peptide & peptide nucleic acid synthesis technology for transporter molecules and theranostics--the SPPS. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:697-706. [PMID: 24843319 PMCID: PMC4025169 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in imaging diagnostics using magnetic resonance tomography (MRT), positron emission tomography (PET) and fluorescence imaging including near infrared (NIR) imaging methods are facilitated by constant improvement of the concepts of peptide synthesis. Feasible patient-specific theranostic platforms in the personalized medicine are particularly dependent on efficient and clinically applicable peptide constructs. The role of peptides in the interrelations between the structure and function of proteins is widely investigated, especially by using computer-assisted methods. Nowadays the solid phase synthesis (SPPS) chemistry emerges as a key technology and is considered as a promising methodology to design peptides for the investigation of molecular pharmacological processes at the transcriptional level. SPPS syntheses could be carried out in core facilities producing peptides for large-scale scientific implementations as presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruediger Pipkorn
- 1. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Translational Immunology, INF 410, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Braun
- 2. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Medical Physics in Radiology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Wiessler
- 2. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Medical Physics in Radiology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Waldeck
- 3. German Cancer Research Center, Division of Biophysics of Macromolecules, INF 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Schrenk
- 2. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Medical Physics in Radiology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Koch
- 1. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Translational Immunology, INF 410, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfhard Semmler
- 2. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Medical Physics in Radiology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorde Komljenovic
- 2. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Medical Physics in Radiology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Tang W, Becker ML. “Click” reactions: a versatile toolbox for the synthesis of peptide-conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:7013-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00139g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptides that comprise the functional subunits of proteins have been conjugated to versatile materials (biomolecules, polymers, surfaces and nanoparticles) in an effort to modulate cell responses, specific binding affinity and/or self-assembly behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tang
- Department of Polymer Science
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Polymer Science
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- The University of Akron
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34
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Selvaraj R, Fox JM. trans-Cyclooctene--a stable, voracious dienophile for bioorthogonal labeling. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:753-60. [PMID: 23978373 PMCID: PMC3925366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Discussed herein is the development and advancement of trans-cyclooctene as a tool for facilitating bioorthogonal labeling through reactions with s-tetrazines. While a number of strained alkenes have been shown to combine with tetrazines for applications in bioorthogonal labeling, trans-cyclooctene enables fastest reactivity at low concentration with rate constants in excess of k2=10(6) M(-1) s(-1). In the present article, we describe advances in computation and synthesis that have enabled applications in chemical biology and nuclear medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramajeyam Selvaraj
- Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
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35
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Kharkar PM, Kiick KL, Kloxin AM. Designing degradable hydrogels for orthogonal control of cell microenvironments. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7335-72. [PMID: 23609001 PMCID: PMC3762890 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Degradable and cell-compatible hydrogels can be designed to mimic the physical and biochemical characteristics of native extracellular matrices and provide tunability of degradation rates and related properties under physiological conditions. Hence, such hydrogels are finding widespread application in many bioengineering fields, including controlled bioactive molecule delivery, cell encapsulation for controlled three-dimensional culture, and tissue engineering. Cellular processes, such as adhesion, proliferation, spreading, migration, and differentiation, can be controlled within degradable, cell-compatible hydrogels with temporal tuning of biochemical or biophysical cues, such as growth factor presentation or hydrogel stiffness. However, thoughtful selection of hydrogel base materials, formation chemistries, and degradable moieties is necessary to achieve the appropriate level of property control and desired cellular response. In this review, hydrogel design considerations and materials for hydrogel preparation, ranging from natural polymers to synthetic polymers, are overviewed. Recent advances in chemical and physical methods to crosslink hydrogels are highlighted, as well as recent developments in controlling hydrogel degradation rates and modes of degradation. Special attention is given to spatial or temporal presentation of various biochemical and biophysical cues to modulate cell response in static (i.e., non-degradable) or dynamic (i.e., degradable) microenvironments. This review provides insight into the design of new cell-compatible, degradable hydrogels to understand and modulate cellular processes for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathamesh M. Kharkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA . ;
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA . ;
- Biomedical Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA . ;
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA
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36
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Wang D, Chen W, Zheng Y, Dai C, Wang L, Wang B. A general and efficient entry to asymmetric tetrazines for click chemistry applications. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2013-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Thomas JD, Cui H, North PJ, Hofer T, Rader C, Burke TR. Application of strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition and tetrazine ligation to targeted Fc-drug conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2007-13. [PMID: 22988967 PMCID: PMC3474869 DOI: 10.1021/bc300052u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described an approach whereby antibody Fc fragments harboring a single C-terminal selenocysteine residue (Fc-Sec) are directed against a variety of targets by changing the peptide or small molecule to which they are conjugated. In the present work, we describe methodology for improving the efficacy of these Fc-Sec conjugates by incorporating cytotoxic drugs. The Fc-Sec protein is first programmed to target specific tumor cell types by attachment of a bifunctional linker that contains a "clickable" handle (e.g., cyclobutane or cyclooctyne) in addition to a tumor cell-binding peptide or small molecule. Following Fc-Sec conjugation, a cytotoxic warhead is then attached by cycloaddition reactions of tetrazine or azide-containing linker. To validate this approach, we used a model system in which folic acid (FA) is the targeting moiety and a disulfide-linked biotin moiety serves as a cytotoxic drug surrogate. We demonstrated successful targeting of Fc-Sec proteins to folate-receptor expressing tumor cells. Tetrazine ligation was found to be an efficient method for biotin "arming" of the folate-targeted Fc-Sec proteins. We also report novel bioconjugation methodologies that use [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between tetrazines and cyclooctynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Thomas
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, U.S.A
| | - Huiting Cui
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Patrick J North
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Hofer
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Christoph Rader
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, U.S.A
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38
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Svitova A, Braun K, Popov AA, Dunsch L. A platform for specific delivery of lanthanide-scandium mixed-metal cluster fullerenes into target cells. ChemistryOpen 2012; 1:207-10. [PMID: 24551509 PMCID: PMC3922590 DOI: 10.1002/open.201200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Svitova
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Klaus Braun
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Lothar Dunsch
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden (Germany) E-mail:
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39
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Hassert R, Pagel M, Ming Z, Häupl T, Abel B, Braun K, Wiessler M, Beck-Sickinger AG. Biocompatible silicon surfaces through orthogonal click chemistries and a high affinity silicon oxide binding peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2129-37. [PMID: 22989005 DOI: 10.1021/bc3003875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctionality is gaining more and more importance in the field of improved biomaterials. Especially peptides feature a broad chemical variability and are versatile mediators between inorganic surfaces and living cells. Here, we synthesized a unique peptide that binds to SiO(2) with nM affinity. We equipped the peptide with the bioactive integrin binding c[RGDfK]-ligand and a fluorescent probe by stepwise Diels-Alder reaction with inverse electron demand and copper(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. For the first time, we report the generation of a multifunctional peptide by combining these innovative coupling reactions. The resulting peptide displayed an outstanding binding to silicon oxide and induced a significant increase in cell spreading and cell viability of osteoblasts on the oxidized silicon surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayk Hassert
- Institut für Biochemie, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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40
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Schmidt MJ, Summerer D. A Need for Speed: Genetic Encoding of Rapid Cycloaddition Chemistries for Protein Labelling in Living Cells. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1553-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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41
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Beckmann HSG, Niederwieser A, Wiessler M, Wittmann V. Preparation of Carbohydrate Arrays by Using Diels-Alder Reactions with Inverse Electron Demand. Chemistry 2012; 18:6548-54. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Massi A, Nanni D. Thiol-yne coupling: revisiting old concepts as a breakthrough for up-to-date applications. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3791-807. [PMID: 22491759 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Radical thiol-yne coupling (TYC) has emerged as one of the most appealing click chemistry procedures, appearing as a sound candidate for replacing/complementing other popular click reactions such as the thiol-ene coupling (TEC) and the Cu-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Radical TYC is indeed a metal-free reaction suitable for biomedical applications, and its mechanistic features often make it more efficient than its TEC sister reaction and more suitable for multifaceted derivatisations in the materials chemistry and bioconjugation realms. This article reviews the fascinating results obtained in those fields in very recent years.
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43
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Wiessler M, Hennrich U, Pipkorn R, Waldeck W, Cao L, Peter J, Ehemann V, Semmler W, Lammers T, Braun K. Theranostic cRGD-BioShuttle Constructs Containing Temozolomide- and Cy7 For NIR-Imaging and Therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 1:381-94. [PMID: 22211144 PMCID: PMC3248642 DOI: 10.7150/thno/v01p0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative and personalized therapeutic approaches result from the identification and control of individual aberrantly expressed genes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Therefore, it is of high interest to establish diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic strategies at these levels. In the present study, we used the Diels-Alder Reaction with inverse electron demand (DARinv) click chemistry to prepare a series of cyclic RGD-BioShuttle constructs. These constructs carry the near-infrared (NIR) imaging agent Cy7 and the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ). We evaluated their uptake by and their efficacy against integrin αvβ3-expressing MCF7 human breast carcinoma cells. In addition, using a mouse phantom, we analyzed the suitability of this targeted theranostic agent for NIR optical imaging. We observed that the cyclic RGD-based carriers containing TMZ and/or Cy7 were effectively taken up by αvβ3-expressing cells, that they were more effective than free TMZ in inducing cell death, and that they could be quantitatively visualized using NIR fluorescence imaging. Therefore, these targeted theranostic agents are considered to be highly suitable systems for improving disease diagnosis and therapy.
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44
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Karver MR, Weissleder R, Hilderbrand SA. Synthesis and evaluation of a series of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines for bioorthogonal conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2263-70. [PMID: 21950520 DOI: 10.1021/bc200295y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1,2,4,5-Tetrazines have been established as effective dienes for inverse electron demand [4 + 2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions with strained alkenes for over 50 years. Recently, this reaction pair combination has been applied to bioorthogonal labeling and cell detection applications; however, to date, there has been no detailed examination and optimization of tetrazines for use in biological experiments. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of 12 conjugatable tetrazines. The tetrazines were all synthesized in a similar fashion and were screened in parallel to identify candidates most ideally suited for biological studies. In depth follow-up studies revealed compounds with varying degrees of stability and reactivity that could each be useful in different bioorthogonal applications. One promising, highly stable, and water-soluble derivative was used in pretargeted cancer cell labeling studies, confirming its utility as a bioorthogonal moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Karver
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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45
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Abstract
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New additions to the bioorthogonal chemistry compendium can advance biological research by enabling multiplexed analysis of biomolecules in complex systems. Here we introduce the quadricyclane ligation, a new bioorthogonal reaction between the highly strained hydrocarbon quadricyclane and Ni bis(dithiolene) reagents. This reaction has a second-order rate constant of 0.25 M–1 s–1, on par with fast bioorthogonal reactions of azides, and proceeds readily in aqueous environments. Ni bis(dithiolene) probes selectively labeled quadricyclane-modified bovine serum albumin, even in the presence of cell lysate. We have demonstrated that the quadricyclane ligation is compatible with, and orthogonal to, strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition and oxime ligation chemistries by performing all three reactions in one pot on differentially functionalized protein substrates. The quadricyclane ligation joins a small but growing list of tools for the selective covalent modification of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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46
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Debets MF, van Berkel SS, Dommerholt J, Dirks A(TJ, Rutjes FPJT, van Delft FL. Bioconjugation with strained alkenes and alkynes. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:805-15. [PMID: 21766804 DOI: 10.1021/ar200059z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The structural complexity of molecules isolated from biological sources has always served as an inspiration for organic chemists. Since the first synthesis of a natural product, urea, chemists have been challenged to prepare exact copies of natural structures in the laboratory. As a result, a broad repertoire of synthetic transformations has been developed over the years. It is now feasible to synthesize organic molecules of enormous complexity, and also molecules with less structural complexity but prodigious societal impact, such as nylon, TNT, polystyrene, statins, estradiol, XTC, and many more. Unfortunately, only a few chemical transformations are so mild and precise that they can be used to selectively modify biochemical structures, such as proteins or nucleic acids; these are the so-called bioconjugation strategies. Even more challenging is to apply a chemical reaction on or in living cells or whole organisms; these are the so-called bioorthogonal reactions. These fields of research are of particular importance because they not only pose a worthy challenge for chemists but also offer unprecedented possibilities for studying biological systems, especially in areas in which traditional biochemistry and molecular biology tools fall short. Recent years have seen tremendous growth in the chemical biology toolbox. In particular, a rapidly increasing number of bioorthogonal reactions has been developed based on chemistry involving strained alkenes or strained alkynes. Such strained unsaturated systems have the unique ability to undergo (3 + 2) and (4 + 2) cycloadditions with a diverse set of complementary reaction partners. Accordingly, chemistry centered around strain-promoted cycloadditions has been exploited to precisely modify biopolymers, ranging from nucleic acids to proteins to glycans. In this Account, we describe progress in bioconjugation centered around cycloadditions of these strained unsaturated systems. Being among the first to recognize the utility of strain-promoted cycloadditions between alkenes and dipoles, we highlight our report in 2007 of the reaction of oxanobornadienes with azides, which occurs through a sequential cycloaddition and retro Diels-Alder reaction. We further consider the subsequent refinement of this reaction as a valuable tool in chemical biology. We also examine the development of the reaction of cyclooctyne, the smallest isolable cyclic alkyne, with a range of substrates. Owing to severe deformation of the triple bond from ideal linear geometry, the cyclooctynes show high reactivity toward dienes, 1,3-dipoles, and other molecular systems. In the search for bioorthogonal reactions, cycloadditions of cyclic alkenes and alkynes have now established themselves as powerful tools in reagent-free bioconjugations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjoke F. Debets
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S. van Berkel
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dommerholt
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - A. (Ton) J. Dirks
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Floris L. van Delft
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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47
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Vugts DJ, Vervoort A, Stigter-van Walsum M, Visser GWM, Robillard MS, Versteegen RM, Vulders RCM, Herscheid JKDM, van Dongen GAMS. Synthesis of phosphine and antibody-azide probes for in vivo Staudinger ligation in a pretargeted imaging and therapy approach. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2072-81. [PMID: 21854058 DOI: 10.1021/bc200298v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The application of intact monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as targeting agents in nuclear imaging and radioimmunotherapy is hampered by the slow pharmacokinetics of these molecules. Pretargeting with mAbs could be beneficial to reduce the radiation burden to the patient, while using the excellent targeting capacity of the mAbs. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of the Staudinger ligation as pretargeting strategy using an antibody-azide conjugate as tumor-targeting molecule in combination with a small phosphine-containing imaging/therapeutic probe. Up to 8 triazide molecules were attached to the antibody without seriously affecting its immunoreactivity, pharmacokinetics, and tumor uptake in tumor bearing nude mice. In addition, two (89)Zr- and (67/68)Ga-labeled desferrioxamine (DFO)-phosphines, a (177)Lu-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-phosphine and a (123)I-cubyl phosphine probe were synthesized and characterized for their pharmacokinetic behavior in nude mice. With respect to the phosphine probes, blood levels at 30 min after injection were <5% injected dose per gram tissue, indicating rapid blood clearance. In vitro Staudinger ligation of 3.33 μM antibody-azide conjugate with 1 equiv of radiolabeled phosphine, relative to the azide, in aqueous solution resulted in 20-25% efficiency after 2 h. The presence of 37% human serum resulted in a reduced ligation efficiency (reduction max. 30% at 2 h), while the phosphines were still >80% intact. No in vivo Staudinger ligation was observed in a mouse model after injection of 500 μg antibody-azide, followed by 68 μg DFO-phosphine at t = 2 h, and evaluation in blood at t = 7 h. To explain negative results in mice, Staudinger ligation was performed in vitro in mouse serum. Under these conditions, a side product with the phosphine was formed and ligation efficiency was severely reduced. It is concluded that in vivo application of the Staudinger ligation in a pretargeting approach in mice is not feasible, since this ligation reaction is not bioorthogonal and efficient enough. Slow reaction kinetics will also severely restrict the applicability of Staudinger ligation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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48
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Thomas JD, Burke TR. Application of a water-soluble pyridyl disulfide amine linker for use in Cu-free click bioconjugation. Tetrahedron Lett 2011; 52:4316-4319. [PMID: 21826118 PMCID: PMC3150709 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Described herein is the design and synthesis of a discrete heterobifunctional PEG-based pyridyl disulfide/amine-containing linker that can be used in the Cu-free click preparation of bioconjugates. The title PEG-based pyridyl disulfide amine linker is a potentially useful reagent for preparing water-soluble disulfide-linked cargos. It may be particularly valuable in expanding the field of Cu-free click-based bioconjugations to include reductively labile antibody, polymer, or nanoparticle-based drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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49
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Anderson ED, Boger DL. Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,3-triazines: pronounced substituent effects on reactivity and cycloaddition scope. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12285-92. [PMID: 21736324 DOI: 10.1021/ja204856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,3-triazines is disclosed, including an examination of the impact of a C5 substituent. Such substituents were found to exhibit a remarkable impact on the cycloaddition reactivity of the 1,2,3-triazine without altering, and perhaps even enhancing, the intrinsic cycloaddition regioselectivity. The study revealed not only that the reactivity may be predictably modulated by a C5 substituent (R = CO(2)Me > Ph > H) but also that the impact is of a magnitude to convert 1,2,3-triazine (1) and its modest cycloaddition scope into a heterocyclic azadiene system with a reaction scope that portends extensive synthetic utility, expanding the range of participating dienophiles. Significantly, the studies define a now powerful additional heterocyclic azadiene, complementary to the isomeric 1,2,4-triazines and 1,3,5-triazines, capable of dependable participation in inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions, extending the number of complementary heterocyclic ring systems accessible with implementation of the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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50
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Taylor MT, Blackman ML, Dmitrenko O, Fox JM. Design and synthesis of highly reactive dienophiles for the tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene ligation. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9646-9. [PMID: 21599005 DOI: 10.1021/ja201844c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Computation was used to design a trans-cyclooctene derivative that displays enhanced reactivity in the tetrazine-trans-cycloctene ligation. The optimized derivative is an (E)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-ene with a cis-ring fusion, in which the eight-membered ring is forced to adopt a highly strained 'half-chair' conformation. Toward 3,6-dipyridyl-s-tetrazine in MeOH at 25 °C, the strained derivative is 19 and 27 times more reactive than the parent trans-cyclooctene and 4E-cyclooct-4-enol, respectively. Toward 3,6-diphenyl-s-tetrazine in MeOH at 25 °C, the strained derivative is 160 times more reactive than the parent trans-cyclooctene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Taylor
- Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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