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Hu Z, Wang X, Zhang S, Zong W. Research on the discrepant inhibition mechanism of microcystin-LR disinfectant by-products target to protein phosphatase 1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:45586-45595. [PMID: 33871773 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The secondary contamination for microcystin disinfection by-products (MC-DBPs) is of concern due to the residual toxic structure similar to their original toxins. To evaluate the toxicity of MC-DBPs, the discrepant inhibition mechanisms target to protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) were evaluated. Five typical MCLR-DBPs related to the oxidation of Adda5 were identified as C49H75N10O13Cl (+1Cl1OH, P1/P2), C34H54N10O12 (+2OH, P3/P4), and C49H76N10O14 (P5). Toxicity inhibition experiment on PP1 showed that the toxicity was in the sequence of MCLR > P3 > P1 > P4 > P2 > P5. Base on MOE molecular simulation, the discrepant inhibition mechanisms for MCLR and MCLR-DBPs target to PP1 were further clarified. The combination of MCLR/MCLR-DBPs to PP1 was mainly restrained by residues Adda5 and Arg4. Above key sites promoted the binding of MCLR/MCLR-DBPs to PP1 through the hydrogen bonds (H2O ← Adda5, Tyr134 → Adda5, H2O ← Arg4, Tyr134 → Arg4, Glu275 ← Arg4), ionic bonds (Asp197-Adda5, Glu275-Arg4, Asp220 → Arg4), and H-pi bonds (Trp206 ↔ Adda5, Ser129 ↔ Adda5). The oxidation of Adda5 also affected Mdha7 participated ionic bond Glu275-Mdha7 and Glu6 participated hydrogen bond H2O → Glu6. Besides, the "integral hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds" between toxin and PP1 also had important effects on the toxin toxicity. In this way, the inhibition of "Adda5 destroyed" MC-DBPs target to PP1 was regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Hu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 1# Daxue Road, Jinan, 250358, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 1# Daxue Road, Jinan, 250358, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhan Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 1# Daxue Road, Jinan, 250358, Shandong, China
| | - Wansong Zong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 1# Daxue Road, Jinan, 250358, Shandong, China.
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2
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Wu Z, Kim GJ, Park SY, Shon JC, Liu KH, Choi H. In Vitro Metabolism Study of Seongsanamide A in Human Liver Microsomes Using Non-Targeted Metabolomics and Feature-Based Molecular Networking. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071031. [PMID: 34371722 PMCID: PMC8309059 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seongsanamide A is a bicyclic peptide with an isodityrosine residue discovered in Bacillus safensis KCTC 12796BP which exhibits anti-allergic activity in vitro and in vivo without significant cytotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the in vitro metabolic pathway and potential for drug interactions of seongsanamide A in human liver microsomes using non-targeted metabolomics and feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) techniques. We identified four metabolites, and their structures were elucidated by interpretation of high-resolution tandem mass spectra. The primary metabolic pathway associated with seongsanamide A metabolism was hydroxylation and oxidative hydrolysis. A reaction phenotyping study was also performed using recombinant cytochrome P450 isoforms. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were identified as the major metabolic enzymes responsible for metabolite formation. Seongsanamide A did not inhibit the cytochrome P450 isoforms commonly involved in drug metabolism (IC50 > 10 µM). These results will contribute to further understanding the metabolism and drug interaction potential of various bicyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexue Wu
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Geum Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - So-Young Park
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Jong Cheol Shon
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (J.C.S.)
- Correspondence: (K.-H.L.); (H.C.); Tel.: +82-53-950-8567 (K.-H.L.); +82-53-810-2824 (H.C.); FAX: +82- 53-950-8557 (K.-H.L.); +82-53-810-2036 (H.C.)
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.-H.L.); (H.C.); Tel.: +82-53-950-8567 (K.-H.L.); +82-53-810-2824 (H.C.); FAX: +82- 53-950-8557 (K.-H.L.); +82-53-810-2036 (H.C.)
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3
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Olson NE, Cooke ME, Shi JH, Birbeck JA, Westrick JA, Ault AP. Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in Aerosol Generated from Inland Lake Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4769-4780. [PMID: 32186187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by cyanobacteria in freshwater environments produce toxins (e.g., microcystin) that are harmful to human and animal health. HAB frequency and intensity are increasing with greater nutrient runoff and a warming climate. Lake spray aerosol (LSA) released from freshwater lakes has been identified on lakeshores and after transport inland, including from lakes with HABs, but little is known about the potential for HAB toxins to be incorporated into LSA. In this study, freshwater samples were collected from two lakes in Michigan: Mona Lake during a severe HAB with microcystin concentrations (>200 μg/L) well above the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended "do not drink" level (1.6 μg/L) and Muskegon Lake without a HAB (<1 μg/L microcystin). Microcystin toxins were identified in freshwater, as well as aerosol particles generated in the laboratory from Mona Lake water by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at atmospheric concentrations up to 50 ± 20 ng/m3. Enrichment of hydrophobic microcystin congeners (e.g., microcystin-LR) was observed in aerosol particles relative to bulk freshwater, while enrichment of hydrophilic microcystin (e.g., microcystin-RR) was lower. As HABs increase in a warming climate, understanding and quantifying the emissions of toxins into the atmosphere is crucial for evaluating the health consequences of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Madeline E Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jia H Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Johnna A Birbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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4
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Filatova D, Núñez O, Farré M. Ultra-Trace Analysis of Cyanotoxins by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040247. [PMID: 32290413 PMCID: PMC7232229 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of episodes of harmful algal blooms of cyanobacterial origin is a risk to ecosystems and human health. The main human hazard may arise from drinking water supply and recreational water use. For this reason, efficient multiclass analytical methods are needed to assess the level of cyanotoxins in water reservoirs and tackle these problems. This work describes the development of a fast, sensitive, and robust analytical method for multiclass cyanotoxins determination based on dual solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure using a polymeric cartridge, Oasis HLB (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA), and a graphitized non-porous carbon cartridge, SupelcleanTM ENVI-CarbTM (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (SPE-UHPLC-HRMS). This method enabled the analysis of cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a, nodularin, and seven microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LA, MC-LY, MC-LW, MC-LF). The method limits of detection (MLOD) of the validated approach were between 4 and 150 pg/L. The analytical method was applied to assess the presence of the selected toxins in 21 samples collected in three natural water reservoirs in the Ter River in Catalonia (NE of Spain) used to produce drinking water for Barcelona city (Spain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Filatova
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Serra Húnter Professor, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Birbeck JA, Westrick JA, O'Neill GM, Spies B, Szlag DC. Comparative Analysis of Microcystin Prevalence in Michigan Lakes by Online Concentration LC/MS/MS and ELISA. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E13. [PMID: 30609666 PMCID: PMC6356304 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast and reliable workflows are needed to quantitate microcystins (MCs), a ubiquitous class of hepatotoxic cyanotoxins, so that the impact of human and environmental exposure is assessed quickly and minimized. Our goal was to develop a high-throughput online concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) workflow to quantitate the 12 commercially available MCs and nodularin in surface and drinking waters. The method run time was 8.5 min with detection limits in the low ng/L range and minimum reporting levels between 5 and 10 ng/L. This workflow was benchmarked by determining the prevalence of MCs and comparing the Adda-ELISA quantitation to our new workflow from 122 samples representing 31 waterbodies throughout Michigan. The frequency of MC occurrence was MC-LA > LR > RR > D-Asp³-LR > YR > HilR > WR > D-Asp³-RR > HtyR > LY = LW = LF, while MC-RR had the highest concentrations. MCs were detected in 33 samples and 13 of these samples had more than 20% of their total MC concentration from MCs not present in US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Method 544. Furthermore, seasonal deviations between the LC/MS/MS and Adda-ELISA data suggest Adda-ELISA cross-reacts with MC degradation products. This workflow provides less than 24-h turnaround for quantification and also identified key differences between LC/MS/MS and ELISA quantitation that should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnna A Birbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Grace M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Brian Spies
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - David C Szlag
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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6
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Stewart AK, Strangman WK, Percy A, Wright JLC. The biosynthesis of 15N-labeled microcystins and the comparative MS/MS fragmentation of natural abundance and their 15N-labeled congeners using LC-MS/MS. Toxicon 2018; 144:91-102. [PMID: 29427567 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The global need for accurate and sensitive quantitation of microcystins (MCs) persists as incidents of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms continue to rise and recent research reveals an underestimation of the human health implications of these toxins. An optimal approach for their accurate quantitation relies on the availability of stable isotope-labeled MC standards for use in stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) strategies involving liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Due to the dearth of isotopically labeled MCs, ten different 15N-enriched MCs were biosynthesized from producing cultures and fully characterized. This involved the comparative MS/MS fragmentation of natural abundance or unlabeled metabolites with their 15N-labeled congeners for improved confidence in product ion annotation. These results revealed a series of incorrect annotations described previously in the literature. In this manuscript, the biosynthesis of labeled microcystin is detailed, and their complete analytical characterization for prospective use in targeted SIDA applications, such as routine water testing is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Stewart
- MARBIONC, UNC- Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Wendy K Strangman
- MARBIONC, UNC- Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Andrew Percy
- Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Department of Applications Development, 3 Highwood Drive, Tewksburg, MA 01876, USA
| | - Jeffrey L C Wright
- MARBIONC, UNC- Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA; UNC-Wilmington, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
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7
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Yan Y, Dai R, Liu Y, Gao J, Wu X. Comparative effects of inorganic and organic nitrogen on the growth and microcystin production of Microcystis aeruginosa. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:763-72. [PMID: 25726035 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen causes the frequent occurrence of harmful algal blooms and possible microcystin production. The effects of ammonia and alanine (Ala) on the growth and microcystin production of Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated using an isotope tracer ((15)N). The results indicated that Ala was directly used by M. aeruginosa and contributed to biomass formation amounting to 2.1 × 10(7) cells mL(-1) on day 48, compared with only 6.2 × 10(6) cells mL(-1) from ammonia alone. Microcystin-LR production with Ala was less than that of ammonia, which peaked at 50.2 fg cell(-1) on day 6. Liquid chromatographic analysis with tandem mass spectrometry of (15)N-microcystin-LR suggested that (15)N from ammonia was probably synthesized into the arginine residue. By contrast, (15)N from Ala was assimilated into the Ala, leucine, the iso-linked (2R,3S)-3-methylaspartic acid, arginine, and certain unusual C20 amino acid residues. The results represent the forward steps in the determination of the nitrogen forms that fuel toxin production and blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- YangWei Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China,
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8
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9
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Qi Y, Bortoli S, Volmer DA. Detailed study of cyanobacterial microcystins using high performance tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1253-1262. [PMID: 24781456 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) are a large group of toxic cyclic peptides, produced by cyanobacteria in eutrophic water systems. Identification of MC variants mostly relies on liquid chromatography (LC) combined with collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrometry. Deviations from the essential amino acid complement are a common feature of these natural products, which makes the CID analysis more difficult and not always successful. Here, both CID and electron capture dissociation (ECD) were applied in combination with ultra-high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to study a cyanobacteria strain isolated from the Salto Grande Reservoir in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, without prior LC separation. CID was shown to be an effective dissociation technique for quickly identifying the MC variants, even those that have previously been difficult to characterize by CID. Moreover, ECD provided even more detailed and complementary information, which enabled us to precisely locate metal binding sites of MCs for the first time. This additional information will be important for environmental chemists to study MC accumulation and production in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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10
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Bortoli S, Volmer DA. Account: characterization and identification of microcystins by mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2014; 20:1-19. [PMID: 24881451 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this brief overview, the authors describe mass spectral techniques for the detection and identification of microcystin toxins. Microcystins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria. Determination of these toxic compounds and discovery of new variants is very important as they pose a great danger to the human food chain. Cyanobacterial blooms frequently occur in many areas worldwide and have the potential to contaminate the water via cyanotoxin release, especially microcystins. Among the various analytical techniques used for analysis, mass spectrometry has become the most important method as it allows simultaneous quantification and structural characterization of multiple microcystin variants. This brief overview article focuses on mass spectrometry techniques for identification of microcystins, including ionization methods, mass spectral fragmentation routes, profiling techniques, tandem and high-resolution mass spectrometry as well as typing of cyanobacterial strains.
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11
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Zong W, Sun F, Sun X. Oxidation by-products formation of microcystin-LR exposed to UV/H2O2: toward the generative mechanism and biological toxicity. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3211-3219. [PMID: 23562502 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microcystins (MCs) in water sources is of concern due to their direct threats to human health and potential to form oxidation by-products (OBPs) in finished water. To control the environmental risk of MCs related OBPs, we evaluated their generative mechanisms and biological toxicity by mass spectrometry technology and molecular toxicity experiment. Exposed to UV/H2O2, model toxin microcystin-LR (MCLR) in clean water was quickly transformed but successively generated seven types of MCLR-OBPs with the chemical formulas of C49H74N10O13, C49H76N10O14, C49H78N10O16, C49H76N10O15, C37H58N10O12, C33H54N10O12, and C34H54N10O12. Probable isomers for each MCLR-OBP type were then separated and identified, indicating the aromatic ring and conjugated diene in Adda and the CC bond in Mdha were the major target sites of oxidation. Though subsequent toxicology data showed the toxicity of MCLR-OBPs on protein phosphatases 1 and 2A decreased with the extending of treatment by and large, they still possessed considerable biological toxicity (especially for product d). Influenced by MCLR-OBP distribution, concentration and residual toxicity, the secondary pollution of MCLR-OBPs in drinking water also deserved further attention even though MCLR was totally destroyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansong Zong
- College of Population, Resources and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China.
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12
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Smith RW, Toutoungi DE, Reynolds JC, Bristow AWT, Ray A, Sage A, Wilson ID, Weston DJ, Boyle B, Creaser CS. Enhanced performance in the determination of ibuprofen 1-β-O-acyl glucuronide in urine by combining high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry with liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1278:76-81. [PMID: 23336944 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of a chip-based high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) separation in the ultra (high)-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) determination of the (R/S) ibuprofen 1-β-O-acyl glucuronide metabolite in urine is reported. UHPLC-FAIMS-HRMS reduced matrix chemical noise, improved the limit of quantitation approximately two-fold and increased the linear dynamic range compared to the determination of the metabolite without FAIMS separation. A quantitative evaluation of the prototype UHPLC-FAIMS-HRMS system showed better reproducibility for the drug metabolite (%RSD 2.7%) at biologically relevant concentrations in urine. In-source collision induced dissociation of the FAIMS-selected deprotonated metabolite was used to fragment the ion prior to mass analysis, enhancing selectivity by removing co-eluting species and aiding the qualitative identification of the metabolite by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio of the fragment ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Smith
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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Niedermeyer THJ, Strohalm M. mMass as a software tool for the annotation of cyclic peptide tandem mass spectra. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44913. [PMID: 23028676 PMCID: PMC3441486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural or synthetic cyclic peptides often possess pronounced bioactivity. Their mass spectrometric characterization is difficult due to the predominant occurrence of non-proteinogenic monomers and the complex fragmentation patterns observed. Even though several software tools for cyclic peptide tandem mass spectra annotation have been published, these tools are still unable to annotate a majority of the signals observed in experimentally obtained mass spectra. They are thus not suitable for extensive mass spectrometric characterization of these compounds. This lack of advanced and user-friendly software tools has motivated us to extend the fragmentation module of a freely available open-source software, mMass (http://www.mmass.org), to allow for cyclic peptide tandem mass spectra annotation and interpretation. The resulting software has been tested on several cyanobacterial and other naturally occurring peptides. It has been found to be superior to other currently available tools concerning both usability and annotation extensiveness. Thus it is highly useful for accelerating the structure confirmation and elucidation of cyclic as well as linear peptides and depsipeptides.
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14
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Perron MC, Qiu B, Boucher N, Bellemare F, Juneau P. Use of chlorophyll a fluorescence to detect the effect of microcystins on photosynthesis and photosystem II energy fluxes of green algae. Toxicon 2012; 59:567-77. [PMID: 22234271 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of cyanobacteria bloom occurs widely in lakes, reservoirs, ponds and slow flowing rivers. Those blooms can have important repercussions, at once on recreational and commercial activities but also on the health of animals and human beings. Indeed, many species are known to produce toxins which are released in water mainly at cellular death. The cyanotoxin most frequently encountered is the microcystin (MC), a hepatotoxin which counts more than 70 variants. The use of fast tests for the detection of this toxin is thus a necessity for the protection of the ecosystems and the human health. A promising method for their detection is a bioassay based on the chlorophyll a fluorescence of algae. Many studies have shown that algae are sensible to diverse pollutants, but were almost never used for cyanotoxins. Therefore, our goals were to evaluate the effect of microcystin on the fluorescence of different species of algae and how it can affect the flow of energy through photosystem II. To reach these objectives, we exposed four green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus CPCC5, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC125, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata CPCC37 and Chlorella vulgaris CPCC111) to microcystin standards (variants MC-LF, LR, RR, YR) and to microcystin extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa (CPCC299), which is known to produce mainly MC-LR. Chlorophyll a fluorescence was measured by PEA (Plant Efficiency Analyzer) and LuminoTox. The results of our experiment showed that microcystins affect the photosynthetic efficiency and the flow of energy through photosystem II from 0.01 μg/mL, within only 15 min. From exposure to standard of microcystin, we showed that MC-LF was the most potent variant, followed by MC-YR, LR and RR. Moreover, green algae used in this study demonstrated different sensitivity to MCs, S. obliquus being the more sensitive. We finally demonstrated that LuminoTox was more sensitive to MCs than parameters measured with PEA, although the latter brings indication on the mode of action of MCs at the photosynthetic apparatus level. This is the first report showing a photosynthetic response within 15 min of exposure. Our results suggest that bioassay based on chlorophyll fluorescence can be used as a rapid and sensitive tool to detect microcystin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Perron
- Department of Biological Sciences-TOXEN, Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
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Dörr FA, Oliveira-Silva D, Lopes NP, Iglesias J, Volmer DA, Pinto E. Dissociation of deprotonated microcystin variants by collision-induced dissociation following electrospray ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1981-1992. [PMID: 21698681 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) are a family of hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by a number of different cyanobacterial species. Considering the recent advances in the characterization of deprotonated peptides by mass spectrometry, the fragmentation behavior of four structurally related microcystin compounds was investigated using collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments on an orbitrap mass spectrometer. It is demonstrated in this study that significant structural information can be obtained from the CID spectra of deprotonated microcystins. A predominant ring-opening reaction at the isoMeAsp residue, as well as two major complementary fragmentation pathways, was observed, reducing the complexity of the product ion spectra in comparison with spectra observed from protonated species. This proposed fragmentation behavior was applied to characterize [Leu(1)]MC-LR from a cyanobacterial cell extract. In conclusion, CID spectra of microcystins in the negative ion mode provide rich structurally informative mass spectra which greatly enhance confidence in structural assignments, in particular when combined with complementary positive ion CID spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Augusto Dörr
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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16
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Wang C, Lü Y, Xu R, Chen Y, Yin K, Teng E. [Determination of five microcystins in water using liquid chromatography-diode array detection/ion trap mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2011; 29:212-6. [PMID: 21657049 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2011.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the determination of five microcystins (MCs) in water was established using liquid chromatography (LC)-diode array detection (DAD)/ion trap mass spectrometry (IT MS). The five MCs in water were enriched and purified by solid phase extraction, and determined by LC-DAD/IT MS. DAD was used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis, and IT MS was used for qualitative analysis only. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of 5 MCs in water were 0.1 microg/L. The average recoveries of the three spiked levels (0.2, 0.8 and 5 microg/L) were 52.2% - 115.2% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.2% - 10.0%. This method uses UV absorption spectrum and MS spectrum in the qualitative and quantitative analysis, and can be applied in the determination of various MCs in both surface water and drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China.
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17
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Zong W, Liu R, Sun F, Zhang P, Xu Q. Influence of charge distribution on the discrepant MS/MS fragmentation of the native and oxidized FMRF: evidence for the mobile proton model. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:687-92. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Zhao L, Almaraz RT, Xiang F, Hedrick JL, Franz AH. Gas-phase scrambling of disulfide bonds during matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1603-1616. [PMID: 19535267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for photo-induced radical disulfide bond scrambling in the gas phase during matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is described. The phenomenon was observed during the analysis of tryptic peptides from insulin and was confirmed in the determination of disulfide bonds in the rhamnose-binding lectin SEL24K from the Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. A possible mechanism for this surprising scrambling is proposed. Despite this finding, the disulfide bond pattern in SEL24K was assigned unambiguously by a multi-enzyme digestion strategy in combination with MALDI mass spectrometry. The pattern was found to be symmetrical in the tandem repeat sequence of SEL24K. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of disulfide bond scrambling in the gas phase during MALDI-MS analysis. This observation has important ramifications for unambiguous assignment of disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, USA
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19
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Xia YQ, Jemal M. High-Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Determining the Location of In-Source Collision-Induced Dissociation in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7839-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9012336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qing Xia
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Mohammed Jemal
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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20
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Meisen I, Distler U, Müthing J, Berkenkamp S, Dreisewerd K, Mathys W, Karch H, Mormann M. Direct Coupling of High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography with UV Spectroscopy and IR-MALDI Orthogonal TOF MS for the Analysis of Cyanobacterial Toxins. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3858-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900217q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Meisen
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Berkenkamp
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Werner Mathys
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Mormann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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21
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Schmidtkunz C, Bernd Stich H, Welsch T. Improving the Selectivity and Confidence in the HPLC Analysis of Microcystins in Lake Sediments. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902767999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmidtkunz
- a Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry , Ulm University , Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans Bernd Stich
- b Institute for Lake Research–State Institute for Environment, Measurement and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg , Langenargen, Germany
| | - Thomas Welsch
- a Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry , Ulm University , Ulm, Germany
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22
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Nedvěd J, Sulc M, Jegorov A, Giannakopulos A, Havlicek V. Application of Fungal Cyclic Peptides and Metabolites. Clin Proteomics 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527622153.ch27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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23
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Krabbe JG, de Boer AR, van der Zwan G, Lingeman H, Niessen WMA, Irth H. Metal-complex formation in continuous-flow ligand-exchange reactors studied by electrospray mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:707-13. [PMID: 17240160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to investigate complex formation of different metal complexes in a continuous-flow ligand-exchange reactor. A computer program was developed based on normal equilibrium calculations to predict the formation of various metal-ligand complexes. Corresponding to these calculations, infusion electrospray mass spectrometric experiments were performed to investigate the actual complex formation in solution. The data clearly show good correlation between the theoretically calculated formation of metal-ligand complexes and the experimental mass spectrometric data. Moreover, the approach demonstrates that the influence of the pH can be investigated using a similar approach. Indirectly, these infusion experiments provide information on relative binding constants of different ligands towards a metal-ion. To demonstrate this, a continuous-flow ligand-exchange detection system with mass spectrometric detection was developed. Injection of ligands, with different affinity for the metal-ion, into the reactor shows good correlation between binding constants and the response in the ligand-exchange detection system. Additional information on the introduced ligand, and the complexes formed after introduction of the ligand, can be obtained from interpretation of the mass spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Krabbe
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Mayumi T, Kato H, Imanishi S, Kawasaki Y, Hasegawa M, Harada KI. Structural Characterization of Microcystins by LC/MS/MS under Ion Trap Conditions. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2006; 59:710-9. [PMID: 17256470 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2006.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
LC/MS/MS under ion trap conditions was used to analyze microcystins produced by cyanobacteria. Tandem mass spectrometry using MS2 was quite effective since ions arising from cleavage at a peptide bond provide useful sequence information. The fragmentation was confirmed by a shifting technique using structurally-related microcystins and the resulting fragmentation pattern was different from those determined by triple stage MS/MS and four sector MS/MS. Analysis of a mixture of microcystins in a bloom sample was successfully performed and two new microcystins were identified by LC/MS/MS under ion trap conditions. Thus, LC/MS/MS under ion trap conditions is effective for the structural characterization of microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Mayumi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Science & Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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25
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Ramos AA, Yang H, Rosen LE, Yao X. Tandem Parallel Fragmentation of Peptides for Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:6391-7. [PMID: 16970313 DOI: 10.1021/ac060672t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parallel fragmentations of peptides in the source region and in the collision cell of tandem mass spectrometers are sequentially combined to develop parallel collision-induced-dissociation mass spectrometry (p2CID MS). Compared to MS/MS spectra, the p2CID mass spectra show increased signal intensities (2-400-fold) and number of sequence ions. This improvement is attributed to the fact that p2CID MS virtually samples all the ions generated by electrospray ionization, including intact and fragment ions of different charge states from a peptide. We implement the method using a quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer. The instrument is operated in TOF-MS mode that allows the ions from source region broadband-passing the first mass analyzer to enter the collision cell. Cone voltage and collision energy are investigated to optimize the outcome of the two parallel CID processes. In the in-source parallel CID, elevated cone voltage produces singly charged intact peptide ions and large fragment ions, as well as decreases the charge-state distribution of peptide ions mainly to double and single charges. The in-collision-cell parallel CID is optimized to dissociate the ions from the source region to produce small and medium fragment ions. The method of p2CID MS is especially useful for sequencing of large peptides with labile amide bonds and peptides with C-terminal arginine. It has unique potential for de novo sequencing of peptides and proteome analysis, especially for affinity-enriched subproteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis A Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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26
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dos Anjos FM, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC, Zajac MP, Hiller S, Christian B, Erler K, Luckas B, Pinto E. Detection of harmful cyanobacteria and their toxins by both PCR amplification and LC-MS during a bloom event. Toxicon 2006; 48:239-45. [PMID: 16879849 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We briefly report here the occurrence of toxic blooms in the eutrophic reservoir Billings, São Paulo city, Brazil. Water samples were collected in May 2004, during a cyanobacterial bloom. The presence of toxic species was confirmed by using PCR amplifications of a fragment region of genes encoding microcystin synthetase-mcyB. The determination of toxins was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). LC-MS analyses of the toxins from the bloom revealed variants of microcystins (MC), such as MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR. HPLC-FLD was used to determine the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NEO), gonyautoxins 2 (GTX2) and 3 (GTX3). GTX2, GTX3 and NEO were detected for the first time in a natural sample from Billings reservoir. These results are a contribution to the knowledge of the biogeography of toxic cyanobacteria and their toxins, specifically in São Paulo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabyana Maria dos Anjos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, CEP 05508-900, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Jegorov A, Hajduch M, Sulc M, Havlicek V. Nonribosomal cyclic peptides: specific markers of fungal infections. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:563-76. [PMID: 16770826 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Some cyclic peptides and depsipeptides are synthesized in microorganisms by large multienzymes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases. The structures of peptide products originating in this way are complex and diverse and are microorganism-specific. This work proposes the use of fungal cyclic peptides and depsipeptides as extremely specific markers of fungal infections. Since a reliable molecular tool for diagnosing fungal infections at an early stage is still missing, we present mass spectrometry as a new, modern, broadband (with respect to fungal strain) and specific tool for clinical mycologists. More than 40 different fungal species can be rapidly characterized according to specific families of cyclic peptides, and in some cases, a particular fungal strain can be identified on the basis of its cyclopeptide profile. This paper is also aimed at initiating discussion on the biological role of these secondary metabolites, especially of those synthesized by medically important strains. Proven cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive activities of some cyclic peptides indicate that these molecules may contribute to the synergistic array of fungal virulence factors and support microbial invasion during fungal infection. In addition to an overview on recent mass spectrometric protocols for cyclic peptide sequencing, the structures of new peptides from Paecilomyces and Pseudallescheria are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Jegorov
- IVAX Pharmaceuticals, Branisovska 31, CZ-370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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28
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Frias HV, Mendes MA, Cardozo KHM, Carvalho VM, Tomazela D, Colepicolo P, Pinto E. Use of electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for identification of microcystins during a cyanobacterial bloom event. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:741-6. [PMID: 16631112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drastic environmental conditions such as elevated temperature, abrupt pH variation, low turbulence, and high nutrient inputs can enhance the development of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in lakes and reservoirs. This study describes the occurrence of four microcystin variants (MC) in a bloom in the eutrophic reservoir Billings, in São Paulo City. The bloom sample was collected in October 2003, and Microcystis were the main genus found. The MC were separated and purified by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Their structures were elucidated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and four MC variants were determined: MC-RR, MC-LR, MC-YR, and MC-hRhR. MC-hRhR is described for the first time as a new variant of MC with two homoarginines at positions 2 and 4 in its structure. ESI-MS/MS analysis thus provides a powerful and convenient tool for the determination of variants of MC. These results represent an important contribution to the knowledge of the biochemistry of toxic cyanobacteria and their toxins, specifically in São Paulo State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Vieira Frias
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, CEP 05508-900, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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29
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:1110-21. [PMID: 16106339 DOI: 10.1002/jms.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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