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Cox HD, Knussmann GN, Moore C, Eichner D. Detection of insulin analogues and large peptides > 2 kDa in urine. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1264-1272. [PMID: 35261185 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin analogues and large bioactive peptides may be used by athletes to enhance performance and are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In addition to insulin analogues, the large peptides include a structurally diverse set of peptides including analogues of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and mechano-growth factor (MGF). Detection of this class of peptides is difficult due to their absorptive losses and presence at very low concentrations in urine. In this report, a high throughput method is described that allows sensitive detection of 4 classes of large peptides in one assay. Sample extraction is performed by ultrafiltration to concentrate the urine followed by solid phase extraction in a 96-well micro-elution plate. Peptides in the urine samples are detected on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to standard flow liquid chromatography. The method was validated and evaluated for limit of detection, limit of identification, specificity, precision, carry-over, recovery, matrix interference, and post-extraction stability. The limit of detection for insulin analogues is between 5 - 25 pg/ml and between 5 - 50 pg/ml for the other peptide classes. Specificity was good with no detection of interfering peaks in blank urine samples. Carry-over from a high concentration sample was not observed and the post-extraction stability was between 77 - 107%. The method was able to detect insulin analogues in three diabetic urine samples. Increased screening for this class of peptides will improve detection and deterrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly D Cox
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South, Jordan, UT
| | | | - Chad Moore
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South, Jordan, UT
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South, Jordan, UT
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2
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Janvier S, De Spiegeleer B, Vanhee C, Deconinck E. Falsification of biotechnology drugs: current dangers and/or future disasters? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:175-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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3
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Are injectable illegal polypeptide drugs safe? Case report demonstrating the presence of haemolyticBacillus cereusin 2 illegal peptide drugs. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:791-795. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Temerdashev AZ, Azaryan AA, Labutin AV, Dikunets MA, Zvereva IO, Podol’skii II, Berodze GT, Balabaev IA. Application of chromatography–mass spectrometry methods to the control of sport nutrition and medicines marketed via internet. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817110090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Janvier S, De Sutter E, Wynendaele E, De Spiegeleer B, Vanhee C, Deconinck E. Analysis of illegal peptide drugs via HILIC-DAD-MS. Talanta 2017; 174:562-571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cox HD, Miller GD, Eichner D. Detection and in vitro
metabolism of the confiscated peptides BPC 157 and MGF R23H. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1490-1498. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly D. Cox
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; 560 Arapeen Dr., Suite 150A Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Geoff D. Miller
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; 560 Arapeen Dr., Suite 150A Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; 560 Arapeen Dr., Suite 150A Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
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In Vitro Metabolic Studies of REV-ERB Agonists SR9009 and SR9011. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101676. [PMID: 27706103 PMCID: PMC5085709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SR9009 and SR9011 are attractive as performance-enhancing substances due to their REV-ERB agonist effects and thus circadian rhythm modulation activity. Although no pharmaceutical preparations are available yet, illicit use of SR9009 and SR9011 for doping purposes can be anticipated, especially since SR9009 is marketed in illicit products. Therefore, the aim was to identify potential diagnostic metabolites via in vitro metabolic studies to ensure effective (doping) control. The presence of SR9009 could be demonstrated in a black market product purchased over the Internet. Via human liver microsomal metabolic assays, eight metabolites were detected for SR9009 and fourteen metabolites for SR9011 by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS). Structure elucidation was performed for all metabolites by LC–HRMS product ion scans in both positive and negative ionization mode. Retrospective data analysis was applied to 1511 doping control samples previously analyzed by a full-scan LC–HRMS screening method to verify the presence of SR9009, SR9011 and their metabolites. So far, the presence of neither the parent compound nor the metabolites could be detected in routine urine samples. However, to further discourage use of these potentially harmful compounds, incorporation of SR9009 and SR9011 into screening methods is highly recommended.
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Vanhee C, Janvier S, Moens G, Goscinny S, Courselle P, Deconinck E. Identification of epidermal growth factor (EGF), in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation suspected to contain insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:831-837. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Vanhee
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Steven Janvier
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Goedele Moens
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Patricia Courselle
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Eric Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
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Geldof L, Pozo OJ, Lootens L, Morthier W, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. In vitro metabolism study of a black market product containing SARM LGD-4033. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:168-178. [PMID: 26767942 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic agents are often used by athletes to enhance their performance. However, use of steroids leads to considerable side effects. Non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a novel class of substances that have not been approved so far but seem to have a more favourable anabolic/androgenic ratio than steroids and produce fewer side effects. Therefore the use of SARMs has been prohibited since 2008 by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Several of these SARMs have been detected on the black market. Metabolism studies are essential to identify the best urinary markers to ensure effective control of emerging substances by doping control laboratories. As black market products often contain non-pharmaceutical-grade substances, alternatives for human excretion studies are needed to elucidate the metabolism. A black market product labelled to contain the SARM LGD-4033 was purchased over the Internet. Purity verification of the black market product led to the detection of LGD-4033, without other contaminants. Human liver microsomes and S9 liver fractions were used to perform phase I and phase II (glucuronidation) metabolism studies. The samples of the in vitro metabolism studies were analyzed by gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-MS(/MS)), liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-(HR)MS/MS). LC-HRMS product ion scans allowed to identify typical fragment ions for the parent compound and to further determine metabolite structures. In total five metabolites were detected, all modified in the pyrrolidine ring of LGD-4033. The metabolic modifications ranged from hydroxylation combined with keto-formation (M1) or cleavage of the pyrrolidine ring (M2), hydroxylation and methylation (M3/M4) and dihydroxylation (M5). The parent compound and M2 were also detected as glucuronide-conjugates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Geldof
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- IMIM - Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Bioanalysis Research Group, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leen Lootens
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Wouter Morthier
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
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van den Broek I, Blokland M, Nessen MA, Sterk S. Current trends in mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins: Application to veterinary and sports-doping control. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:571-594. [PMID: 24375671 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Detection of misuse of peptides and proteins as growth promoters is a major issue for sport and food regulatory agencies. The limitations of current analytical detection strategies for this class of compounds, in combination with their efficacy in growth-promoting effects, make peptide and protein drugs highly susceptible to abuse by either athletes or farmers who seek for products to illicitly enhance muscle growth. Mass spectrometry (MS) for qualitative analysis of peptides and proteins is well-established, particularly due to tremendous efforts in the proteomics community. Similarly, due to advancements in targeted proteomic strategies and the rapid growth of protein-based biopharmaceuticals, MS for quantitative analysis of peptides and proteins is becoming more widely accepted. These continuous advances in MS instrumentation and MS-based methodologies offer enormous opportunities for detection and confirmation of peptides and proteins. Therefore, MS seems to be the method of choice to improve the qualitative and quantitative analysis of peptide and proteins with growth-promoting properties. This review aims to address the opportunities of MS for peptide and protein analysis in veterinary control and sports-doping control with a particular focus on detection of illicit growth promotion. An overview of potential peptide and protein targets, including their amino acid sequence characteristics and current MS-based detection strategies is, therefore, provided. Furthermore, improvements of current and new detection strategies with state-of-the-art MS instrumentation are discussed for qualitative and quantitative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene van den Broek
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Blokland
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel A Nessen
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Sterk
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Analysis of illegal peptide biopharmaceuticals frequently encountered by controlling agencies. Talanta 2015; 142:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Generation and evaluation of antibodies against human MGF E-peptide by reverse phase protein microarray and reverse competitive ELISA. Bioanalysis 2014; 5:2269-75. [PMID: 24053242 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2005, as one of prohibited substances on the Prohibited List of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the occurence of mechano growth factor (MGF) abuse in sport has likely increased. However, there is still no WADA-validated and -approved method for its detection. RESULTS Four polyclonal antibodies (Ab-K01, Ab-B01, Ab-B02 and Ab-K02) against MGF C-terminal peptides were generated, purified and evaluated by western blot, ELISA and reverse-phase protein microarray, respectively. It was found that all the antibodies could identify their corresponding antigen in mouse serum by reverse-phase protein microarray, in particular, Ab-K01 showed the highest affinity among them and might be a potential tool for the detection of antibody affinity. Furthermore, Ab-B01 and Ab-K01 were successfully used for the determination of MGF-40 by reverse competitive ELISA. CONCLUSION The quantitative measurement of MGF-40 has laid the foundation for doping detection of MGF and further biological research on MGF.
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Mass spectrometric characterization of a biotechnologically produced full-length mechano growth factor (MGF) relevant for doping controls. Growth Horm IGF Res 2014; 24:276-280. [PMID: 25466910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since Goldspink and colleagues identified the expression of the mRNA of an insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) isoform in response to mechanical stress in 1996, substantial research into the so-called mechano growth factor and its modus operandi followed until today. Promising preclinical results were obtained by using the synthetic, 24-amino acid residues spanning peptide translated from the exons 4-6 of IGF-1Ec (which was later referred to as the mechano growth factor (MGF) peptide), particularly with regard to increased muscle myoblast proliferation. Consequently, the MGF peptide represented a promising drug candidate for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders; however, its misuse potential in sport was also identified shortly thereafter, and the substance (or class of substances) has been considered prohibited according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) since 2005. While various MGF peptide versions have been known to sports drug testing authorities, the occurrence of a 'full-length MGF' as offered via illicit channels to athletes or athletes' managers was reported in 2014, arguably being undetectable in doping controls. METHODS An aliquot of the product was obtained and the content characterized by state-of-the-art analytical approaches including gel electrophoretic and mass spectrometric (top-down and bottom-up) sequencing approaches. Upon full characterization, its implementation into modified routine doping controls using ultrafiltration, immunoaffinity-based isolation, and nanoliquid chromatography-high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry was established. RESULTS A protein with a monoisotopic molecular mass of 12264.9 Da and a sequence closely related to IGF-1Ec (lacking the signal- and propeptide moiety) was identified. The C-terminus was found to be modified by the elimination of the terminal lysine and a R109H substitution. With the knowledge of the compound's composition, existing doping control assays targeting peptide hormones such as IGF-1 and related substances were assessed as to their capability to detect the full-length MGF. The analyte was detectable at concentrations of 0.25 ng/mL using adapted routine test methods employing immunoaffinity purification followed by nanoscale liquid chromatography-high resolution/high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS A potentially performance enhancing 'full-length' MGF derivative was identified and successfully implemented into sports drug testing protocols. Future tests are indicated probing for optimized/dedicated detection methods and assessment of efficacy and elimination kinetics of the substance.
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:66-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W. Detecting peptidic drugs, drug candidates and analogs in sports doping: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:663-73. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.965159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Esposito S, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Identification of the growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue [Pro1, Val14]-hGHRH with an incomplete C-term amidation in a confiscated product. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1155-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Esposito
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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Kimergård A, McVeigh J, Knutsson S, Breindahl T, Stensballe A. Online marketing of synthetic peptide hormones: poor manufacturing, user safety, and challenges to public health. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:396-8. [PMID: 24639203 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kimergård
- Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
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Cox HD, Eichner D. Detection of human insulin-like growth factor-1 in deer antler velvet supplements. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:2170-2178. [PMID: 23996390 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Reported incidents of the use of nutritional supplements containing deer antler velvet by athletes has increased significantly in recent years. The supplements have been reported to contain insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which is a banned substance included on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list. The presence of deer and human IGF-1 was tested in six commercially available supplements. METHODS IGF-1 was extracted from the six deer antler velvet supplements using chloroform and acetonitrile precipitation methods. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) methods were developed to measure intact IGF-1 protein and IGF-1 trypsin peptides using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Five deer-specific and five human-specific multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions for intact IGF-1were measured as well as six deer-specific and seven human-specific MRM transitions for an IGF-1 trypsin peptide. RESULTS The peak area from each MRM transition was used to calculate the product ion ratios relative to the most abundant transition. Product ion ratios measured in the supplements were matched to ratios measured in purified protein standards. A match to human IGF-1 was identified for all the MRM transitions measured in four of the supplements tested. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a pharmaceutical protein, human IGF-1, was confirmed in four commercially available products sold as all natural, nutritional supplements. These methods can be used to screen additional products to further prevent the illegal sale of adulterated supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly D Cox
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14; 00380; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
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Zabłocka B, Goldspink PH, Goldspink G, Górecki DC. Mechano-Growth Factor: an important cog or a loose screw in the repair machinery? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:131. [PMID: 23125840 PMCID: PMC3485521 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zabłocka
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PASWarsaw, Poland
| | - Paul H. Goldspink
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of WisconsinWI, USA
| | - Geoffrey Goldspink
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Surgery and Interventional Medicine, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Dariusz C. Górecki
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouth, UK
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Esposito S, Deventer K, Goeman J, Van der Eycken J, Van Eenoo P. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:733-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Esposito
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30; B-9052; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30; B-9052; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
| | - Jan Goeman
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis; Department of Organic Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 (S4); B-9000; Ghent; Belgium
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis; Department of Organic Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 (S4); B-9000; Ghent; Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30; B-9052; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
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