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Grant RP. Design and utility of open-access liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in quantitative clinical toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mika A, Stepnowski P. Current methods of the analysis of immunosuppressive agents in clinical materials: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:207-31. [PMID: 26874932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
More than 100000 solid organ transplantations are performed every year worldwide. Calcineurin (cyclosporine A, tacrolimus), serine/threonine kinase (sirolimus, everolimus) and inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor (mycophenolate mofetil), are the most common drugs used as immunosuppressive agents after solid organ transplantation. Immunosuppressive therapy, although necessary after transplantation, is associated with many adverse consequences, including the formation of secondary metabolites of drugs and the induction of their side effects. Calcineurin inhibitors are associated with nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity; moreover, they increase the risk of many diseases after transplantation. The review presents a study of the movement of drugs in the body, including the processes of absorption, distribution, localisation in tissues, biotransformation and excretion, and also their accompanying side effects. Therefore, there is a necessity to monitor immunosuppressants, especially because these drugs are characterised by narrow therapeutic ranges. Their incorrect concentrations in a patient's blood could result in transplant rejection or in the accumulation of toxic effects. Immunosuppressive pharmaceuticals are macrolide lactones, peptides, and high molecular weight molecules that can be metabolised to several metabolites. Therefore the two main analytical methods used for their determination are high performance liquid chromatography with various detection methods and immunoassay methods. Despite the rapid development of new analytical methods of analysing immunosuppressive agents, the application of the latest generation of detectors and increasing sensitivity of such methods, there is still a great demand for the development of highly selective, sensitive, specific, rapid and relatively simple methods of immunosuppressive drugs analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mika
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Multicenter Evaluation of the Thermo Scientific Prelude for Measurement of Immunosuppressant Drugs Using Sample Preparation Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2015; 37:161-71. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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SAKAMAKI H, UCHIDA T, LIM LW, TAKEUCHI T. Evaluation of Column Carryover of Phosphorylated Peptides and Fumonisins by Duplicated Solvent Gradient Method in Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:91-7. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi SAKAMAKI
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute
| | | | - Lee Wah LIM
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
| | - Toyohide TAKEUCHI
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
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Mechtler TP, Metz TF, Müller H, Ostermann K, Ratschmann R, De Jesus VR, Shushan B, Di Bussolo JM, Herman JL, Herkner KR, Kasper DC. Short-incubation mass spectrometry assay for lysosomal storage disorders in newborn and high-risk population screening. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 908:9-17. [PMID: 23122395 PMCID: PMC4539023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The interest in early detection strategies for lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) in newborns and high-risk population has increased in the last years due to the availability of novel treatment strategies coupled with the development of diagnostic techniques. We report the development of a short-incubation mass spectrometry-based protocol that allows the detection of Gaucher, Niemann-Pick A/B, Pompe, Fabry and mucopolysaccharidosis type I disease within 4h including sample preparation from dried blood spots. Optimized sample handling without the need of time-consuming offline preparations, such as liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction, allows the simultaneous quantification of five lysosomal enzyme activities using a cassette of substrates and deuterated internal standards. Applying incubation times of 3h revealed in intra-day CV% values ranging from 4% to 11% for all five enzyme activities, respectively. In a first clinical evaluation, we tested 825 unaffected newborns and 16 patients with LSDs using a multiplexed, turbulent flow chromatography-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer assay. All affected patients were identified accurately and could be differentiated from non-affected newborns. In comparison to previously published two-day assays, which included an overnight incubation, this protocol enabled the detection of lysosomal enzyme activities from sample to first result within half a day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Mechtler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Core Unit of Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas F. Metz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Core Unit of Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Müller
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Core Unit of Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Ostermann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Core Unit of Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Ratschmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor R. De Jesus
- Newborn Screening and Molecular Biology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Bori Shushan
- Clinical Mass Spec Consultants, 164 Glen Road, Toronto, ON, M4W 2W6, Canada
| | | | - Joseph L. Herman
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 101 Constitution Boulevard, Franklin, MA 02038, USA
| | - Kurt R. Herkner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Core Unit of Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David C. Kasper
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Core Unit of Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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López-Serna R, Petrović M, Barceló D. Direct analysis of pharmaceuticals, their metabolites and transformation products in environmental waters using on-line TurboFlow™ chromatography–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:115-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Couchman L. Turbulent flow chromatography in bioanalysis: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:892-905. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Couchman
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill; London; SE5 9RS
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Thibeault D, Caron N, Djiana R, Kremer R, Blank D. Development and optimization of simplified LC–MS/MS quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D using protein precipitation combined with on-line solid phase extraction (SPE). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 883-884:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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van den Ouweland JMW, Kema IP. The role of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 883-884:18-32. [PMID: 22197607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is increasingly used as a routine methodology in clinical laboratories for the analysis of low molecular weight molecules. The high specificity in combination with high sensitivity and multi-analyte potential makes it an attractive complementary method to traditional methodology used for routine applications. Its strength and weaknesses in this context will be discussed and examples of successful clinical applications will be given. For LC-MS/MS to truly fulfil its promise in clinical diagnosis, the prerequisite steps being sample pre-treatment, chromatographic separation and detection by selected reaction monitoring must become more integrated as they are in conventional clinical analysers. The availability of ready-to-use reagents kits, eliminating efforts needed for method development and extensive validation, are likely to contribute to a wider acceptance of LC-MS/MS in clinical laboratories. Growing applicability of LC-MS/MS in the clinical laboratory field is expected from quantitative protein analysis.
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Metz TF, Mechtler TP, Orsini JJ, Martin M, Shushan B, Herman JL, Ratschmann R, Item CB, Streubel B, Herkner KR, Kasper DC. Simplified newborn screening protocol for lysosomal storage disorders. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1286-94. [PMID: 21771947 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.164640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in lysosomal storage disorders, a collection of more than 40 inherited metabolic disorders, has increased because of new therapy options such as enzyme replacement, stem cell transplantation, and substrate reduction therapy. We developed a high-throughput protocol that simplifies analytical challenges such as complex sample preparation and potential interference from excess residual substrate associated with previously reported assays. METHODS After overnight incubation (16-20 h) of dried blood spots with a cassette of substrates and deuterated internal standards, we used a TLX-2 system to quantify 6 lysosomal enzyme activities for Fabry, Gaucher, Niemann-Pick A/B, Pompe, Krabbe, and mucopolysaccharidosis I disease. This multiplexed, multidimensional ultra-HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry assay included Cyclone P Turbo Flow and Hypersil Gold C8 columns. The method did not require offline sample preparation such as liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction, or hazardous reagents such as ethyl acetate. RESULTS Obviating the offline sample preparation steps led to substantial savings in analytical time (approximately 70%) and reagent costs (approximately 50%). In a pilot study, lysosomal enzyme activities of 8586 newborns were measured, including 51 positive controls, and the results demonstrated 100% diagnostic sensitivity and high specificity. The results for Krabbe disease were validated with parallel measurements by the New York State Screening Laboratory. CONCLUSIONS Turboflow online sample cleanup and the use of an additional analytical column enabled the implementation of lysosomal storage disorder testing in a nationwide screening program while keeping the total analysis time to <2 min per sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Metz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Turbulent flow chromatography (TFC) as an analytical technique was introduced in the mid-1990s for online sample processing in bioanalysis. Turbulent flow columns are packed with large particles permitting the use of high mobile phase linear velocities. Solute molecules travel in a uniform concentrated band in which large matrix biomolecules are effectively separated from lower molecular weight analytes by differential mass transfer effects. In addition, the use of various bonded stationary phases enhances selectivity in TFC separations. Originally, the turbulent flow column was used for both online sample processing and the analytical separation. This mode of operation has largely been replaced with a dual column arrangement, in which sample processing is done online with the turbulent flow column and a second analytical column is employed for separation. Within the pharmaceutical industry, certain laboratories now use TFC routinely for bioanalytical support of in vivo drug discovery pharmacokinetic studies. Validated TFC methods are also used to support GLP-compliant preclinical toxicokinetic studies and clinical trials. TFC has been shown to simplify bioanalytical sample preparation and reduce sample processing costs when compared with offline techniques such as SPE. TFC may be combined with multiplexing up to four HPLC systems to a single mass spectrometer to increase analytical throughput.
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Kushnir MM, Rockwood AL, Roberts WL, Yue B, Bergquist J, Meikle AW. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of steroids in clinical laboratories. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Watson JM, Shrewsberry AB, Taghechian S, Goodman M, Pattaras JG, Ritenour CWM, Ogan K. Serum testosterone may be associated with calcium oxalate urolithogenesis. J Endourol 2010; 24:1183-7. [PMID: 20590469 DOI: 10.1089/end.2010.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of urolithiasis is twofold to threefold higher in men than in women. Several animal studies have suggested an association between testosterone levels and the formation of kidney stones. Specifically, castration has been shown to decrease stone formation in rat models. The association between testosterone and stone formation in humans, however, has not been well investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Early morning total and free testosterone levels were recorded for 55 male patients. Participants completed a demographics questionnaire, and clinical records of enrolled subjects were reviewed. When available, stone composition was determined in the stone formers. Mann-Whitney tests and logistic regression models were used to examine the data. RESULTS Of the 55 patients, 25 had no history of urolithiasis and 30 had a history of urolithiasis. Although the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant, the stone formers compared with stone-free controls tended to be older (median age 48.4 vs 36.5 years, P = 0.072) and have higher serum levels of testosterone (median serum concentration 384 vs 346 ng/dL, P = 0.112). In the multivariate analyses, after adjusting for age and body mass index, the testosterone-related odds ratio was 1.004 with a corresponding P value 0.051. CONCLUSIONS Male stone formers were found to have higher serum total testosterone levels compared with a similar cohort without stones. This result is consistent with several animal models that have demonstrated that testosterone is a risk factor for stone formation. Our findings warrant confirmation in a larger, prospective study. There are potential therapeutic implications if testosterone is found to be a risk factor in urolithogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Watson
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Shushan B. A review of clinical diagnostic applications of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:930-944. [PMID: 20949635 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technology is emerging as a complementary method to traditional methodology used for clinical applications. Enhanced specificity and high-throughput capabilities are providing significant benefits to clinical diagnostic laboratories conducting routine analyses. This technology is expected to expand rapidly as scientists focus on more complicated challenges that can be solved efficiently by adding LC/MS/MS to their arsenal of techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bori Shushan
- Clinical Mass Spec Consultants, Toronto, ON, Canada, M4W 2W6.
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Medvedovici A, Albu F, David V. HANDLING DRAWBACKS OF MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETECTION COUPLED TO LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN BIOANALYSIS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.484375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Medvedovici
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Florin Albu
- b Bioanalytical Laboratory , S.C. LaborMed Pharma S.A. , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Victor David
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
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Kasper DC, Herman J, De Jesus VR, Mechtler TP, Metz TF, Shushan B. The application of multiplexed, multi-dimensional ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to the high-throughput screening of lysosomal storage disorders in newborn dried bloodspots. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:986-994. [PMID: 20209662 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lysozomal storage disorders are just beginning to be routinely screened using enzyme activity assays involving dried blood spots and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This paper discusses some of the analytical challenges associated with published assays including complex sample preparation and potential interference from excess residual substrate. Solutions to these challenges are presented in the form of on-line two-dimensional chromatography to eliminate off-line liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE), the use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) to separate excess substrate from all other analytes and multiplexed sample introduction for higher throughput required of a population screening assay. High sensitivity, specificity and throughput were demonstrated using this novel method.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Kasper
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
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LIU P, ZHOU J, AN J, LI P. Application of turbulent flow chromatography in the analysis of biological samples. Se Pu 2010; 28:168-74. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Results from ecological, case-control and cohort studies have shown that vitamin D reduces the risk of bone fracture, falls, autoimmune diseases, type 2 diabetes, CVD and cancer. However, there is still epidemic vitamin D insufficiency especially among individuals living at high latitudes or with dark skin. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) are considered the best biomarker of vitamin D nutritional status. Appropriate sunshine exposure or oral supplementation is necessary to maintain sufficient vitamin D status, which is generally accepted as serum 25(OH)D>75 nmol/l. Immunoassays, especially RIA, have been primarily used to measure serum 25(OH)D while liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) is considered the 'gold standard'. There is significant disparity among the immunoassays, and all immunoassays have considerable bias compared with LC-MS methods. Because of the variations among the results from these different assays, it is necessary that assay-specific reference ranges be established or standardisation of the assays take place. The present review focuses on ecological, case-control, and cohort studies that investigated the role of vitamin D in health and disease. In addition, analytical techniques used in laboratory evaluation of vitamin D nutritional status are also critically reviewed. The majority of the literature included in the present review is selected from that searchable in PubMed up to the end of September 2008.
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Verdirame M, Veneziano M, Alfieri A, Di Marco A, Monteagudo E, Bonelli F. Turbulent Flow Chromatography TFC-tandem mass spectrometry supporting in vitro/vivo studies of NCEs in high throughput fashion. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:834-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shou WZ, Zhang J. Recent development in high-throughput bioanalytical support forin vitroADMET profiling. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:321-36. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250903547829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wang S, Miller A. A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of whole blood sirolimus using turbulent flow technology for online extraction. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 46:1631-4. [PMID: 18842108 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sirolimus is an immunosuppressant used in solid organ transplantation. Due to variable individual pharmacokinetics and narrow therapeutic ranges, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is critical to the success of post-transplantation patient care. We developed a rapid method quantifying whole blood sirolimus using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with an automated online extraction technology. METHODS Whole blood (100 microL) was mixed with a precipitation solution containing internal standard (32-desmethoxyrapamycin) and centrifuged at 15,634 x g for 10 min. The supernatant (50 microL) was injected onto a turbulent flow preparatory column and then a C18 analytical column. The mass spectrometer was set for positive electrospray to monitor the ammonium adducts. RESULTS Analytical time was 4 min/injection. Inter- and intra-assay variation coefficients across three concentration levels ranged from 2.3% to 7.4%. The method was linear from 1.0 to 100.0 ng/mL with an accuracy of 93.3%-100.0%. No carryover was detected from samples at 313.6 ng/mL. There was no obvious ion suppression from patient samples or interference from other commonly used immunosuppressants. Good correlation with an in-house commercial LC-MS was observed. CONCLUSIONS The LC-MS/MS method coupled with turbulent flow technology is rapid and efficient in TDM of whole blood sirolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihe Wang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Bunch DR, Miller AY, Wang S. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D2/D3 using a turbulent flow online extraction technology. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:1565-72. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ma J, Shi J, Le H, Cho R, Huang JCJ, Miao S, Wong BK. A fully automated plasma protein precipitation sample preparation method for LC–MS/MS bioanalysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 862:219-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ackermann BL, Berna MJ, Eckstein JA, Ott LW, Chaudhary AK. Current applications of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical discovery after a decade of innovation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:357-396. [PMID: 20636083 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Current drug discovery involves a highly iterative process pertaining to three core disciplines: biology, chemistry, and drug disposition. For most pharmaceutical companies the path to a drug candidate comprises similar stages: target identification, biological screening, lead generation, lead optimization, and candidate selection. Over the past decade, the overall efficiency of drug discovery has been greatly improved by a single instrumental technique, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Transformed by the commercial introduction of the atmospheric pressure ionization interface in the mid-1990s, LC/MS has expanded into almost every area of drug discovery. In many cases, drug discovery workflow has been changed owing to vastly improved efficiency. This review examines recent trends for these three core disciplines and presents seminal examples where LC/MS has altered the current approach to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L Ackermann
- Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA.
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Palandra J, Weller D, Hudson G, Li J, Osgood S, Hudson E, Zhong M, Buchholz L, Cohen LH. Flexible Automated Approach for Quantitative Liquid Handling of Complex Biological Samples. Anal Chem 2007; 79:8010-5. [PMID: 17892272 DOI: 10.1021/ac070618s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated protein precipitation technique for biological sample preparation has been developed for the quantitation of drugs in various biological matrixes. All liquid handling during sample preparation was automated using a Hamilton MicroLab Star Robotic workstation, which included the preparation of standards and controls from a Watson laboratory information management system generated work list, shaking of 96-well plates, and vacuum application. Processing time is less than 30 s per sample or approximately 45 min per 96-well plate, which is then immediately ready for injection onto an LC-MS/MS system. An overview of the process workflow is discussed, including the software development. Validation data are also provided, including specific liquid class data as well as comparative data of automated vs manual preparation using both quality controls and actual sample data. The efficiencies gained from this automated approach are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Palandra
- Bioanalytical Research, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Turnpenny P, Fraier D, Chassaing C, Duckworth J. Development of a μ-turbulent flow chromatography focus mode method for drug quantitation in discovery bioanalysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 856:131-40. [PMID: 17574938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An online turbulent flow chromatography method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (TFC-MS/MS) has been developed within our bioanalytical group, suited to the analysis of mid to late stage discovery compounds. A dual column configuration utilising isocratic focusing of the analyte upon the analytical column maintained an excellent peak shape for a large proportion of compounds encountered and enabled consistent quantitation to sub-nanogram concentrations (<15 pg on column). Furthermore, the low sample injection volume coupled with rapid column washing using basic and acidic mobile phases, has proved advantageous in removing sample carryover and also the overall exposure to biological material; favourable for good system robustness. All the data discussed were generated with a method cycle time of 5 min providing accurate quantitation (acceptance criteria based upon FDA method validation guidelines) with multiple analytes and biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Turnpenny
- Discovery Bioanalytical Group, IPC 654, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK.
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27
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Smalley J, Marino AM, Xin B, Olah T, Balimane PV. Development of a quantitative LC–MS/MS analytical method coupled with turbulent flow chromatography for digoxin for the in vitro P-gp inhibition assay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 854:260-7. [PMID: 17524973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Caco-2 cells, the human colon carcinoma cells, are typically used for screening compounds for their permeability characteristics and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) interaction potential during discovery and development. The P-gp inhibition of test compounds is assessed by performing bi-directional permeability studies with digoxin, a well established P-gp substrate probe. Studies performed with digoxin alone as well as digoxin in presence of test compounds as putative inhibitors constitute the P-gp inhibition assay used to assess the potential liability of discovery compounds. Radiolabeled (3)H-digoxin is commonly used in such studies followed by liquid scintillation counting. This manuscript describes the development of a sensitive, accurate, and reproducible LC-MS/MS method for analysis of digoxin and its internal standard digitoxin using an on-line extraction turbulent flow chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometric detection that is amendable to high throughput with use of 96-well plates. The standard curve for digoxin was linear between 10 nM and 5000 nM with regression coefficient (R(2)) of 0.99. The applicability and reliability of the analysis method was evaluated by successful demonstration of efflux ratio (permeability B to A over permeability A to B) greater than 10 for digoxin in Caco-2 cells. Additional evaluations were performed on 13 marketed compounds by conducting inhibition studies in Caco-2 cells using classical P-gp inhibitors (ketoconazole, cyclosporin, verapamil, quinidine, saquinavir etc.) and comparing the results to historical data with (3)H-digoxin studies. Similarly, P-gp inhibition studies with LC-MS/MS analytical method for digoxin were also performed for 21 additional test compounds classified as negative, moderate, and potent P-gp inhibitors spanning multiple chemo types and results compared with the historical P-gp inhibition data from the (3)H-digoxin studies. A very good correlation coefficient (R(2)) of 0.89 between the results from the two analytical methods affords an attractive LC-MS/MS analytical option for labs that need to conduct the P-gp inhibition assay without using radiolabeled compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Smalley
- Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, NJ 08543-5400, USA
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Mullett WM. Determination of drugs in biological fluids by direct injection of samples for liquid-chromatographic analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:263-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Gao L, Cheng X, Zhang J, Burns DJ. A generic fast solid-phase extraction high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for high-throughput drug discovery. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3497-3504. [PMID: 17922486 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) is increasingly perceived to be an essential tool in drug discovery at many key steps, like drug screening, lead identification, ADME profiling, and drug metabolism and pharmacology studies. High-throughput screenings in the early phase for metabolic stability, protein binding, permeability (ADME) and bioavailability are widely used to weed out compounds that do not exhibit the necessary characteristics. For such high-throughput LC/MS studies, a generic LC/MS method that can be used for a variety of compounds is desired. In this study, we used a small set of compounds with a wide range of properties to guide method development, and achieved a sample throughput of 1.7 min/sample. Here, we present a generic fast method that achieves good peak separation and peak shape on conventional HPLC systems using a column-switching mechanism for on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE)-HPLC/MS analysis. The method has a linear response range from 1 to 500 nM for the tested compounds. When a larger set of 658 randomly picked small molecules were analyzed using this method, 612 were observed with good signal intensity and HPLC peak shapes. This generic fast SPE-LC/MS method has been used to screen more than 1.5 million compounds repetitively against over 200 protein targets for hit confirmation and semi-quantitation of binding constants from biological assays. Over 7000 different compounds for a variety of protein-binding assays have been studied using this method for quantitative analysis as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gao
- Department of Biological Screening, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA.
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30
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Hlushkou D, Tallarek U. Transition from creeping via viscous-inertial to turbulent flow in fixed beds. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1126:70-85. [PMID: 16806240 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review is concerned with the analysis of flow regimes in porous media, in particular, in fixed beds of spherical particles used as reactors in engineering applications, or as separation units in liquid chromatography. A transition from creeping via viscous-inertial to turbulent flow is discussed based on macro-scale transport behaviour with respect to the pressure drop-flow rate dependence, in particular, the deviation from Darcy's law, as well as direct microscopic data which reflect concomitant changes in the pore-level hydrodynamics. In contrast to the flow behaviour in straight pipes, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in fixed particulate beds is not sharp, but proceeds gradually through a viscous-inertial flow regime. The onset of this steady, nonlinear regime and increasing role of inertial forces is macroscopically manifested in the failure of Darcy's law to describe flow through fixed beds at higher Reynolds numbers. While the physical reasons for this failure still are not completely understood, it is not caused by turbulence which occurs at Reynolds numbers about two orders of magnitude above those for which a deviation from Darcy's law is observed. Microscopic analysis shows that this steady, nonlinear flow regime is characterized by the development of an inertial core in the pore-level profile, i.e., at increasing Reynolds number velocity profiles in individual pores become flatter towards the center of the pores, while the velocity gradient increases close to the solid-liquid interface. Further, regions with local backflow and stationary eddies are demonstrated for the laminar flow regime in fixed beds. The onset of local fluctuations (end of laminar regime) is observed at superficial Reynolds numbers on the order of 100. Complementary analysis of hydrodynamic dispersion suggests that this unsteady flow accelerates lateral equilibration between different velocities in fixed beds which, in turn, reduces spreading in the longitudial (macroscopic flow) direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzmitry Hlushkou
- Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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31
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Smalley J, Kadiyala P, Xin B, Balimane P, Olah T. Development of an on-line extraction turbulent flow chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for cassette analysis of Caco-2 cell based bi-directional assay samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 830:270-7. [PMID: 16307910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Caco-2 cells are frequently used for screening compounds for their permeability characteristics and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) interaction potential. Bi-directional permeability studies performed on Caco-2 cells followed by analysis by HPLC-UV or LC-MS method constitutes the "method of choice" for the functional assessment of efflux characteristics of a test compound. A high throughput LC-MS/MS method has been developed using on-line extraction turbulent flow chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometric detection to analyze multiple compounds present in Hanks balanced salt solution in a single analytical run. All standard curves (P-gp substrates: quinidine, etoposide, rhodamine 123, dexamethasone, and verapamil and non-substrates: metoprolol, sulfasalazine, propranolol, nadolol, and furosemide) were prepared in a cassette mode (ten-in-one) while Caco-2 cell incubations were performed both in discreet mode and in cassette mode. The standard curve range for most compounds was 10-2500 nM with regression coefficients (R(2)) greater than 0.99 for all compounds. The applicability and reliability of the analysis method was evaluated by successful demonstration of efflux ratio greater than 1 for the P-gp substrates studied in the Caco-2 cell model. The use of cassette mode analysis through selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry presents an attractive option to increase the throughput, sensitivity, selectivity, and efficiency of the model over discreet mode UV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Smalley
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA.
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32
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Vintiloiu A, Mullett WM, Papp R, Lubda D, Kwong E. Combining restricted access material (RAM) and turbulent flow for the rapid on-line extraction of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib in plasma samples. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1082:150-7. [PMID: 16035356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Restricted access material (RAM) has been used in the packing of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) column for on-line extractions under turbulent flow conditions. The bio-compatible RAM material works by the principle of size exclusion in addition to conventional reversed-phase chromatography, thereby allowing the extraction and preconcentration of small analyte molecules from biological samples such as plasma. Using small column dimensions (0.76 mm x 50 mm) and a consequently high linear velocity, turbulent flow was achieved during online sample extractions. The improved mass-transfer rate characteristic of turbulent flow allows fast sample cleanup without decreased extraction efficiency. The novel use of the RAM column, connected upstream to a C18 monolithic column, allowed the direct injection, extraction, separation, and MS/MS detection of plasma samples spiked with rofecoxib in a span of 5 min. Calibration curves obtained using this RAM turbulent flow coupled column method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99) and reproducibility (%RSD < or = 7%). The lower limit of quantitation of rofecoxib in plasma samples was found to be 40 ng/ml. The extraction method showed good recovery of rofecoxib from a plasma matrix with minimal signal loss and robustness after more than 200 plasma injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Vintiloiu
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans-Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
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33
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Alnouti Y, Srinivasan K, Waddell D, Bi H, Kavetskaia O, Gusev AI. Development and application of a new on-line SPE system combined with LC–MS/MS detection for high throughput direct analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in plasma. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1080:99-106. [PMID: 16008047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A technique using a fully automated on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) system (Symbiosis, Spark Holland) combined with liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has been investigated for fast bioanalytical method development, method validation and sample analysis using both conventional C18 and monolithic columns. Online SPE LC-MS/MS methods were developed in the automated mode for the quantification of model compounds (propranolol and diclofenac) directly in rat plasma. Accuracy and precision using online SPE LC-MS/MS with conventional C18 and monolithic columns were in the range of 88-111% and 0.5-14%, respectively. Total analysis cycle time of 4 min per sample was demonstrated using the C18 column. Monolithic column allowed for 2 min total cycle time without compromising the quality and validation criteria of the method. Direct plasma sample injection without on-line SPE resulted in poor accuracy and precision in the range of 41-108% and 3-81%. Furthermore, the increase in back pressure resulted in column damage after the injection of only 60 samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazen Alnouti
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point RD MS 4022, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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34
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Chassaing C, Stafford H, Luckwell J, Wright A, Edgington A. A Parallel Micro Turbulent Flow Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Analysis of a Pharmaceutical Compound in Plasma. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Taylor PJ. Matrix effects: the Achilles heel of quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:328-34. [PMID: 15766734 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 904] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography coupled by an electrospray ion source to a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) is the current analytical method of choice for quantitation of analytes in biological matrices. With HPLC-ESI-MS/MS having the characteristics of high selectivity, sensitivity, and throughput, this technology is being increasingly used in the clinical laboratory. An important issue to be addressed in method development, validation, and routine use of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS is matrix effects. Matrix effects are the alteration of ionization efficiency by the presence of coeluting substances. These effects are unseen in the chromatogram but have deleterious impact on methods accuracy and sensitivity. The two common ways to assess matrix effects are either by the postextraction addition method or the postcolumn infusion method. To remove or minimize matrix effects, modification to the sample extraction methodology and improved chromatographic separation must be performed. These two parameters are linked together and form the basis of developing a successful and robust quantitative HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. Due to the heterogenous nature of the population being studied, the variability of a method must be assessed in samples taken from a variety of subjects. In this paper, the major aspects of matrix effects are discussed with an approach to address matrix effects during method validation proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Taylor
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Australian Bioanalytical Services Pty Ltd, , 3rd Floor-R wing, Building One, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
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36
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Herman JL. The use of turbulent flow chromatography and the isocratic focusing effect to achieve on-line cleanup and concentration of neat biological samples for low-level metabolite analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:696-700. [PMID: 15700230 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of turbulent flow chromatography in conjunction with column switching isocratic focusing was used to perform on-line sample cleanup and concentration of neat rat plasma for the identification of low-level metabolites. The concentration was achieved by focusing multiple injections, which were cleaned by a turbulent flow column, onto an analytical column prior to elution into the mass spectrometer. In addition, the first application of turbulent flow chromatography for on-line sample cleanup of neat bile samples is reported. The on-line cleanup and concentration method extracts and concentrates a sample 20-fold in 1 h, and is completely automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Herman
- Cephalon, Inc., West Chester, PA 19380-4245, USA.
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37
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Deng Y, Zhang H, Wu JT, Olah TV. Tandem mass spectrometry with online high-flow reversed-phase extraction and normal-phase chromatography on silica columns with aqueous-organic mobile phase for quantitation of polar compounds in biological fluids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2929-34. [PMID: 16175657 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, high-flow online reversed-phase extraction was coupled with normal phase on silica columns with aqueous-organic mobile phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to quantify drug candidates in biological fluids. The orthogonal separation effect obtained from this configuration considerably reduced matrix effects and increased sensitivity for highly polar compounds as detected by selected reaction monitoring. This approach also significantly improved the robustness and limit of detection of the assays. An evaluation of this system was performed using a mixture of albuterol and bamethan in rat plasma. Assay validation demonstrated acceptable accuracy (< 8% difference) and precision (< 6% CV) for these model compounds. The system has been used for the quantitation of polar ionic compounds in biological fluids in support of drug discovery programs. This assay was used to analyze samples for a BMS proprietary compound (A) in a rat pharmacokinetic study and is shown as an example to demonstrate the precision, accuracy, and sufficient sensitivity of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Deng
- PCO, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 85430, USA.
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38
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Ceglarek U, Lembcke J, Fiedler GM, Werner M, Witzigmann H, Hauss JP, Thiery J. Rapid simultaneous quantification of immunosuppressants in transplant patients by turbulent flow chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 346:181-90. [PMID: 15256319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressant therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is an important requirement in the management of post-transplant patients. Our aim was to develop and evaluate a robust high-throughput method using turbulent flow chromatography (TFC) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous quantification of cyclosporin A (CsA), tacrolimus (FK 506) and sirolimus. METHODS A total of 1483 EDTA-blood pre-dosage samples from 147 kidney, 67 liver, 15 kidney/pancreas, and 48 bone marrow recipients were collected. After hemolysis and protein precipitation of 50 microl blood, fast and efficient on-line matrix elimination was achieved using turbulent flow chromatography. Tandem mass spectrometric detection and quantification was performed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). RESULTS The total analysis time of the column switching method was 3 min. The method was linear from 4.5 to 1500 ng/ml for cyclosporin A, from 0.2 to 100 ng/ml for tacrolimus, and from 0.4 to 100 ng/ml for sirolimus. The accuracy was >95%. Within and between-run assay variation coefficients ranged from 2.4% to 9.3%. Excellent correlation with other standard methods (immunoassay, HPLC) was observed. CONCLUSIONS The presented turbulent flow chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric platform offers a very fast, simple and economical method with an excellent validation profile and is well suited for daily pre- and post-dosage immunosuppressant monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Ceglarek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 27 D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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39
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Berna MJ, Ackermann BL, Murphy AT. High-throughput chromatographic approaches to liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric bioanalysis to support drug discovery and development. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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Souverain S, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Restricted access materials and large particle supports for on-line sample preparation: an attractive approach for biological fluids analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 801:141-56. [PMID: 14751782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An analytical process generally involves four main steps: (1) sample preparation; (2) analytical separation; (3) detection; and (4) data handling. In the bioanalytical field, sample preparation is often considered as the time-limiting step. Indeed, the extraction techniques commonly used for biological matrices such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are achieved in the off-line mode. In order to perform a high throughput analysis, efforts have been engaged in developing a faster sample purification process. Among different strategies, the introduction of special extraction sorbents, such as the restricted access media (RAM) and large particle supports (LPS), allowing the direct and repetitive injection of complex biological matrices, represents a very attractive approach. Integrated in a liquid chromatography (LC) system, these extraction supports lead to the automation, simplification and speeding up of the sample preparation process. In this paper, RAM and LPS are reviewed and particular attention is given to commercially available supports. Applications of these extraction supports, are presented in single column and column-switching configurations, for the direct analysis of compounds in various biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Souverain
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, 20 Bd. d'Yvoy, 12114 Geneva, Switzerland
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41
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Hopfgartner G, Bourgogne E. Quantitative high-throughput analysis of drugs in biological matrices by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2003; 22:195-214. [PMID: 12838545 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To support pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism studies, LC-MS/MS plays more and more an essential role for the quantitation of drugs and their metabolites in biological matrices. With the new challenges encountered in drug discovery and drug development, new strategies are put in place to achieve high-throughput analysis, using serial and parallel approaches. To speed-up method development and validation, generic approaches with the direct injection of biological fluids is highly desirable. Column-switching, using various packing materials for the extraction columns, is widely applied. Improvement of mass spectrometers performance, and in particular triple quadrupoles, also strongly influences sample preparation strategies, which remain a key element in the bioanalytical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Hopfgartner
- University of Geneva, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, 20 Bd d'Yvoy, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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42
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Turbulent flow chromatography in bioanalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(03)80005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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43
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Mallet CR, Lu Z, Fisk R, Mazzeo JR, Neue UD. Performance of an ultra-low elution-volume 96-well plate: drug discovery and development applications. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:163-170. [PMID: 12512096 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, sample preparation has been considered to be the major cause of bottlenecks during high-throughput analysis. With the assistance of robotic liquid handlers and the 96-well plate format, more samples can be prepared for subsequent liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. Protein precipitation is still widely used despite potential loss of sensitivity or variable results due to ion suppression. The use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) clearly gives superior results but may not be as cost effective as protein precipitation due to the labor and material costs associated with the process. Here, a novel 96-well SPE plate is described that was designed to minimize the elution volume required for quantitative elution of analytes. The plate is packed with 2 mg of a high-capacity SPE sorbent that allows loading of up to 750 microL of plasma, while the novel design permits elution with as little as 25 microL. Therefore, the plate offers up to a 15-fold increase in sample concentration. The evaporation and reconstitution step that is typically required in SPE is avoided due to the concentrating ability of the plate. Examples of applications in drug discovery/development are shown and results are compared to protein precipitation. Excellent sensitivity and linearity are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude R Mallet
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple St., Milford, MA 01757-3696, USA.
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44
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Schuhmacher J, Zimmer D, Tesche F, Pickard V. Matrix effects during analysis of plasma samples by electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry: practical approaches to their elimination. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:1950-1957. [PMID: 12913858 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Some cases of occurrence of matrix effects (mostly ion suppression) in protein-precipitated plasma samples, and their influence on the validity of plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters, are discussed. The comparison of matrix effects using either electrospray (TurboIonspray, TISP) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) indicated that APCI is less prone to matrix effects. Nevertheless, TISP is usually the first choice of ionization technique since unknown thermally labile metabolites might be present in the plasma samples causing erroneous results. A high impact of ion suppression on the plasma concentrations after intravenous (i.v.) administration was found, depending on the drug formulation (vehicle). Since ion suppression caused significantly lower plasma concentrations (by a factor of up to 5.5) after i.v. dosing, the area under the curve (AUC) was underestimated and the plasma clearance was consequently erroneously high, with an impact on drug candidate selection. By simple stepwise dilution (e.g. 10-fold and 50-fold) of the supernatant of protein-precipitated plasma samples, including all calibration and quality control samples, the matrix effects were recognized and eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schuhmacher
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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45
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:1298-1307. [PMID: 12489092 DOI: 10.1002/jms.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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