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Wang Z, He Y, Huang Y, Zhai W, Tao C, Chu Y, Pang Z, Zhu H, Zhao P, Jia H. African swine fever virus MGF360-4L protein attenuates type I interferon response by suppressing the phosphorylation of IRF3. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382675. [PMID: 39346919 PMCID: PMC11427277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and lethal disease of swine caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), and the mortality rate caused by virulent stains can approach 100%. Many ASFV viral proteins suppress the interferon production to evade the host's innate immune responses. However, whether ASFV MGF360-4L could inhibit type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathway and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Our study, indicated that ASFV MGF360-4L could negatively regulates the cGAS-STING mediated IFN-I signaling pathway. Overexpressing ASFV MGF360-4L could inhibit the cGAS/STING signaling pathway by inhibiting the interferon-β promoter activity, which was induced by cGAS/STING, TBK1, and IRF3-5D, and further reduced the transcriptional levels of ISG15, ISG54, ISG56, STAT1, STAT2, and TYK2. Confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation revealed that MGF360-4L co-localized and interacted with IRF3, and WB revealed that ASFV MGF360-4L suppressed the phosphorylation of IRF3. 4L-F2 (75-162 aa) and 4L-F3 (146-387 aa) were the crucial immunosuppressive domains and sites. Altogether, our study reveals ASFV MGF360-4L inhibited cGAS-STING mediated IFN-I signaling pathways, which provides insights into an evasion strategy of ASFV involving in host's innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuheng He
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhu Zhai
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhao Tao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongbao Pang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Chen Q, Li L, Liu L, Liu Z, Guo S, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. African Swine Fever Virus pF778R Attenuates Type I Interferon Response by Impeding STAT1 Nuclear Translocation. Virus Res 2023; 335:199190. [PMID: 37536381 PMCID: PMC10424126 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an extensive and intricate double-stranded DNA virus with approximately 100% lethality in domestic swine. There is no effective vaccine to combat this virus, and this has led to substantial economic losses in the swine industry. ASFV encodes various proteins that impede interferon-based immune defenses in the host by employing diverse mechanisms. However, the roles of most of these proteins remain unknown. Therefore, understanding the immune evasion mechanisms employed by ASFV may facilitate the development of effective measures against the virus. In this study, we discovered a negative regulation of the type I interferon (IFN) response by the ASFV ribonuclease reductase large subunit pF778R. This novel type Ⅰ IFN response antagonist significantly inhibits IFN-α-induced interferon-stimulated response element promoter activation, precludes the upregulation of various interferon-stimulated genes, and prevents STAT1 nuclear translocation. Mechanistically, pF778R did not affect the protein levels of crucial molecules in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway or engage in direct interactions. However, pF778R expression impedes type I IFN responses mediated by the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Further investigations revealed that pF778R did not interfere with STAT1 phosphorylation or dimerization, but it inhibited IFN signaling by weakening the nuclear accumulation of activated STAT1. The critical role of the ASFV protein pF778R in evading IFN-I-mediated innate immunity highlights a unique mode of ASFV evasion and provides insights into the pathogenic mechanism of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixinjie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhankui Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shibang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China; International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China; International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China; International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Xie L, Lu A, Wang X, Cheng B, Zhu X, Hu H. Herpes simplex virus type 2 encephalitis in a child with chronic progressive white matter lesions: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32289. [PMID: 36550828 PMCID: PMC9771169 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE This case is a rare manifestation of central nervous system infection of Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2. Due to few studies in China, it provides a pathological basis for further diagnosis and treatment of HSV-2. PATIENT CONCERNS We describe a patient with HSV-2 virus infection who was diagnosed with HSV-2 encephalitis in a Chinese patient. DIAGNOSIS Based on brain biopsy and pathological findings, the patient was diagnosed with HSV-2 encephalitis. INTERVENTIONS Hormone and antiviral therapy were given. OUTCOME The patient eventually died. LESSONS The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the disease is very difficult. Its differential diagnosis include cerebrovascular disease, bacteria or fungi and other viral infection of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Aijun Lu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | | | - Bihong Cheng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xuemin Zhu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Huaiqiang Hu
- The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
- * Correspondence: Hu, Huaiqiang, The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China (e-mail: )
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4
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Soltani Khaboushan A, Pahlevan-Fallahy MT, Shobeiri P, Teixeira AL, Rezaei N. Cytokines and chemokines profile in encephalitis patients: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273920. [PMID: 36048783 PMCID: PMC9436077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encephalitis is caused by autoimmune or infectious agents marked by brain inflammation. Investigations have reported altered concentrations of the cytokines in encephalitis. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between encephalitis and alterations of cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. METHODS We found possibly suitable studies by searching PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, systematically from inception to August 2021. 23 articles were included in the meta-analysis. To investigate sources of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted. The protocol of the study has been registered in PROSPERO with a registration ID of CRD42021289298. RESULTS A total of 23 met our eligibility criteria to be included in the meta-analysis. A total of 12 cytokines were included in the meta-analysis of CSF concentration. Moreover, 5 cytokines were also included in the serum/plasma concentration meta-analysis. According to the analyses, patients with encephalitis had higher CSF amounts of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, CXCL10, and TNF-α than healthy controls. The alteration in the concentration of IL-2, IL-4, IL-17, CCL2, CXCL9, CXCL13, and IFN-γ was not significant. In addition, the serum/plasma levels of the TNF-α were increased in encephalitis patients, but serum/plasma concentration of the IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, and CXCL13 remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides evidence for higher CSF concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, CXCL10, and TNF-α in encephalitis patients compared to controls. The diagnostic and prognostic value of these cytokines and chemokines should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Soltani Khaboushan
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taha Pahlevan-Fallahy
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Shobeiri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Non–Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antônio L. Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Patrycy M, Chodkowski M, Krzyzowska M. Role of Microglia in Herpesvirus-Related Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070809. [PMID: 35890053 PMCID: PMC9324537 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is defined as an inflammatory state within the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia conprise the resident tissue macrophages of the neuronal tissue. Upon viral infection of the CNS, microglia become activated and start to produce inflammatory mediators important for clearance of the virus, but an excessive neuroinflammation can harm nearby neuronal cells. Herpesviruses express several molecular mechanisms, which can modulate apoptosis of infected neurons, astrocytes and microglia but also divert immune response initiated by the infected cells. In this review we also describe the link between virus-related neuroinflammation, and development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Initial TK-deficient HSV-1 infection in the lip alters contralateral lip challenge immune dynamics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8489. [PMID: 35590057 PMCID: PMC9119387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary infection with herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) occurring around the mouth and nose switches rapidly to lifelong latent infection in sensitive trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons. Sporadic reactivation of these latent reservoirs later in life is the cause of acute infections of the corneal epithelium, which can cause potentially blinding herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). There is no effective vaccine to protect against HSK, and antiviral drugs provide only partial protection against recurrences. We previously engendered an acute disease-free, non-reactivating latent state in mice when challenged with virulent HSV-1 in orofacial mucosa, by priming with non-neurovirulent HSV-1 (TKdel) before the challenge. Herein, we define the local immune infiltration and inflammatory chemokine production changes after virulent HSV-1 challenge, which were elicited by TKdel prime. Heightened immunosurveillance before virulent challenge, and early enhanced lymphocyte-enriched infiltration of the challenged lip were induced, which corresponded to attenuation of inflammation in the TG and enhanced viral control. Furthermore, classical latent-phase T cell persistence around latent HSV-1 reservoirs were severely reduced. These findings identify the immune processes that are likely to be responsible for establishing non-reactivating latent HSV-1 reservoirs. Stopping reactivation is essential for development of efficient vaccine strategies against HSV-1.
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Uyar O, Dominguez JM, Bordeleau M, Lapeyre L, Ibáñez FG, Vallières L, Tremblay ME, Corbeil J, Boivin G. Single-cell transcriptomics of the ventral posterolateral nucleus-enriched thalamic regions from HSV-1-infected mice reveal a novel microglia/microglia-like transcriptional response. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:81. [PMID: 35387656 PMCID: PMC8985399 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia participate in the immune response upon central nervous system (CNS) infections. However, the role of these cells during herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) has not been fully characterized. We sought to identify different microglia/microglia-like cells and describe the potential mechanisms and signaling pathways involved during HSE. Methods The transcriptional response of CD11b+ immune cells, including microglia/microglia-like cells, was investigated using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on cells isolated from the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL)-enriched thalamic regions of C57BL/6 N mice intranasally infected with herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) (6 × 105 PFUs/20 µl). We further performed scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis in VPL regions on day 6 post-infection (p.i.) to provide insight into microglial functions. Results We describe a novel microglia-like transcriptional response associated with a rare cell population (7% of all analyzed cells), named “in transition” microglia/microglia-like cells in HSE. This new microglia-like transcriptional signature, found in the highly infected thalamic regions, was enriched in specific genes (Retnlg, Cxcr2, Il1f9) usually associated with neutrophils. Pathway analysis of this cell-type transcriptome showed increased NLRP3-inflammasome-mediated interleukin IL-1β production, promoting a pro-inflammatory response. These cells' increased expression of viral transcripts suggests that the distinct “in transition” transcriptome corresponds to the intrinsic antiviral immune signaling of HSV-1-infected microglia/microglia-like cells in the thalamus. In accordance with this phenotype, we observed several TMEM119+/IBA-I+ microglia/microglia-like cells immunostained for HSV-1 in highly infected regions. Conclusions A new microglia/microglia-like state may potentially shed light on how microglia could react to HSV-1 infection. Our observations suggest that infected microglia/microglia-like cells contribute to an exacerbated CNS inflammation. Further characterization of this transitory state of the microglia/microglia-like cell transcriptome may allow the development of novel immunomodulatory approaches to improve HSE outcomes by regulating the microglial immune response. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02437-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olus Uyar
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center and Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Juan Manuel Dominguez
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine and Big Data Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Maude Bordeleau
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Neurosciences Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Lina Lapeyre
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center and Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Neurosciences Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Luc Vallières
- Neurosciences Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Neurosciences Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jacques Corbeil
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine and Big Data Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center and Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Wu H, Wang R, Li Y, Sun X, Li J, Bi X. Cerebrovascular Complications After Adult-Onset Varicella-Zoster Virus Encephalitis in the Central Nervous System: A Literature Review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:449-462. [PMID: 35250269 PMCID: PMC8890429 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s343846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular complications after adult-onset varicella-zoster virus (VZV) encephalitis have been increasingly recognized. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and neuroimaging findings, treatment and outcome of these patients. METHODS Literature review from January 2000 to December 2019. We searched for studies published in PubMed, Embase and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database. Clinical symptoms, neuroimaging findings, treatment and outcome were evaluated. RESULTS We analyzed 31 articles with a total of adult-onset 34 cases, including 25 cases of ischemic stroke, 6 of intracerebral hemorrhage and 3 with venous sinus thrombosis. Ischemic stroke was the major complication after VZV encephalitis accounting of 73.35%. There were more males than females in ischemia or venous sinus thrombosis groups. The middle-aged was prone to cerebral infarction, the elderly was for cerebral hemorrhage, and the young was for venous sinus thrombosis. Cognitive impairment was the most common symptom either in the ischemic group or hemorrhagic group. The lesions of VZV-associated cerebral infarction or hemorrhage were multifocal and mostly involved in the parietal lobe, followed by frontal or temporal lobes. Venous sinus thrombosis was common in the transverse sinus. Multiple stenosis of the anterior and posterior circulation vessels was found. A 60.87% of the patients with antiviral treatment in the ischemic group had favorable prognosis. All patients with anticoagulant therapy in venous sinus thrombosis group improved well; however, 60% of the patients with intracerebral hemorrhage had a poor prognosis or died. CONCLUSION Ischemic stroke was the majority of cerebrovascular complications after VZV encephalitis, which mainly occurred in middle-aged men. The lesions of VZV-associated cerebral infarction or hemorrhage were multifocal and did not accord with the characteristics of cerebrovascular diseases induced by atherosclerosis. The patients with venous sinus thrombosis had a relatively good prognosis. When the patient represents with some neurological symptoms about one month after VZV encephalitis, and multiple lesions probably induced by vasculitis are showed in neuroimaging, cerebrovascular complications related to VZV infection should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangfei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoru Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Bi
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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9
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Feige L, Zaeck LM, Sehl-Ewert J, Finke S, Bourhy H. Innate Immune Signaling and Role of Glial Cells in Herpes Simplex Virus- and Rabies Virus-Induced Encephalitis. Viruses 2021; 13:2364. [PMID: 34960633 PMCID: PMC8708193 DOI: 10.3390/v13122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a double-edged sword in the context of viral infections. On the one hand, the infectious route for viral pathogens is restricted via neuroprotective barriers; on the other hand, viruses benefit from the immunologically quiescent neural environment after CNS entry. Both the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the rabies virus (RABV) bypass the neuroprotective blood-brain barrier (BBB) and successfully enter the CNS parenchyma via nerve endings. Despite the differences in the molecular nature of both viruses, each virus uses retrograde transport along peripheral nerves to reach the human CNS. Once inside the CNS parenchyma, HSV infection results in severe acute inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhaging, while RABV preserves the intact neuronal network by inhibiting apoptosis and limiting inflammation. During RABV neuroinvasion, surveilling glial cells fail to generate a sufficient type I interferon (IFN) response, enabling RABV to replicate undetected, ultimately leading to its fatal outcome. To date, we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation or suppression of the host inflammatory responses of surveilling glial cells, which present important pathways shaping viral pathogenesis and clinical outcome in viral encephalitis. Here, we compare the innate immune responses of glial cells in RABV- and HSV-infected CNS, highlighting different viral strategies of neuroprotection or Neuroinflamm. in the context of viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Feige
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
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10
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Krzyzowska M, Kowalczyk A, Skulska K, Thörn K, Eriksson K. Fas/FasL Contributes to HSV-1 Brain Infection and Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714821. [PMID: 34526992 PMCID: PMC8437342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fas/FasL pathway plays a key role in immune homeostasis and immune surveillance. In the central nervous system (CNS) Fas/FasL is involved in axonal outgrowth and adult neurogenesis. However, little is known about the role of the Fas/FasL pathway in herpes encephalitis. In this study, we used a neuropathogenic clinical strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to explore infection-induced inflammation and immune responses in the mouse brain and the role of Fas/FasL in antiviral CNS immunity. HSV-1 CNS infection induced the infiltration of Fas- FasL-bearing monocytes and T cells in the brain and also to an up-regulation of Fas and FasL expression on resident astrocytes and microglia within infected sites. Upon infection, Fas- and FasL-deficient mice (lpr and gld) were partially protected from encephalitis with a decreased morbidity and mortality compared to WT mice. Fas/FasL deficiency promoted cell-mediated immunity within the CNS. Fas receptor stimulation abrogated HSV-1 induced activation and inflammatory reactions in microglia from WT mice, while lack of Fas or FasL led to a more pronounced activation of monocytes and microglia and also to an enhanced differentiation of these cells into a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. Furthermore, the specific immune system was more efficient in Fas- and FasL-deficient mice with significantly higher numbers of infiltrating HSV-1-specific cytotoxic T cells in the brain. Our data indicate that the Fas/FasL pathway leads to excessive neuroinflammation during HSV-1 infection, which is associated with a diminished anti-viral response and an excessive neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Krzyzowska
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Virology and Cell Biology, Łukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Nanobiology and Biomaterials, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kowalczyk
- Department of Virology and Cell Biology, Łukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skulska
- Department of Virology and Cell Biology, Łukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Thörn
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Huang Y, Li X, Pan C, Cheng W, Wang X, Yang Z, Zheng L. The intervention mechanism of emodin on TLR3 pathway in the process of central nervous system injury caused by herpes virus infection. Neurol Res 2020; 43:307-313. [PMID: 33274693 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1853989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose: To investigate the effect of Emodin on the inflammatory response of brain tissue and the expression of the TLR3 pathway in mice with herpes virus encephalitis.Method: Twenty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the NS group, HSV-1 group, HSV-1 + Emodin group and HSV-1 + ACV group. The histopathological features and the effect of TLR3 expression were observed by staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) respectively. The gene expression of TLR3, trif, TRADD, TRAF6, traf3, p38, Nemo and IRF3 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The protein production of TLR3 and its downstream molecules was detected by Western blot. The expression of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-β in the brain tissues was detected by ELISA.Result: Compared to the HSV-1 group, the pathological changes (inflammatory cell infiltration, necrotic temporal lobe and massive hemorrhage) were not as obvious as those in the HSV-1+emodin and HSV-1+ACV groups. The TLR3 staining increased significantly in the HSV-1 groups and decreased in the HSV-1 + emodin group. Compared with the NS group, the mRNA expression of TLR3, TRIF, TRADD, TRAF6, traf3, p38, NEMO and IRF3 decreased by 20%-60% in the HSV-1 + emodin group and 30% in the HSV-1 + ACV group, respectively. The expression of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-β decreased by 30%-50% in the HSV-1 + emodin group and showed no significant change in the HSV-1 + ACV group, respectively.Conclusion: Emodin could inhibit the inflammatory response in the brain of mice with herpes virus encephalitis. The inhibition of TLR3 expression may play an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Huang
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlian Pan
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xijia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lifang Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Yantian Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Westman G, Aurelius E, Ahlm C, Blennow K, Eriksson K, Lind L, Schliamser S, Sund F, Zetterberg H, Studahl M. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of brain injury, inflammation and synaptic autoimmunity predict long-term neurocognitive outcome in herpes simplex encephalitis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:1131-1136. [PMID: 32979577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate the correlation between biomarkers of brain injury and long-term neurocognitive outcome, and the interplay with intrathecal inflammation and neuronal autoimmunity, in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). METHODS A total of 53 adult/adolescent HSE patients were included from a prospective cohort in a randomized placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect of a 3-month follow-up treatment with valaciclovir. Study subjects underwent repeated serum/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling and brain magnetic resonance imaging in the first 3 months along with cognitive assessment using the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS) at 24 months. CSF samples were analysed for biomarkers of brain injury, inflammation and synaptic autoimmunity. The predefined primary analysis was the correlation between peak CSF neurofilament protein (NFL), a biomarker of neuronal damage, and MDRS at 24 months. RESULTS Impaired cognitive performance significantly correlated with NFL levels (rho = -0.36, p = 0.020). Development of IgG anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NDMAR) antibodies was associated with a broad and prolonged proinflammatory CSF response. In a linear regression model, lower MDRS at 24 months was associated with previous development of IgG anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) (beta = -0.6249, p = 0.024) and age (z-score beta = -0.2784, p = 0.024), but not CSF NFL, which however significantly correlated with subsequent NMDAR autoimmunization (p = 0.006). DISCUSSION Our findings show that NFL levels are predictive of long-term neurocognitive outcome in HSE, and suggest a causative chain of events where brain tissue damage increases the risk of NMDAR autoimmunisation and subsequent prolongation of CSF inflammation. The data provides guidance for a future intervention study of immunosuppressive therapy administered in the recovery phase of HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Westman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Elisabeth Aurelius
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liza Lind
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Silvia Schliamser
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Sund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Studahl
- Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Michael BD, Bricio-Moreno L, Sorensen EW, Miyabe Y, Lian J, Solomon T, Kurt-Jones EA, Luster AD. Astrocyte- and Neuron-Derived CXCL1 Drives Neutrophil Transmigration and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Viral Encephalitis. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108150. [PMID: 32937134 PMCID: PMC7548103 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 encephalitis has significant morbidity partly because of an over-exuberant immune response characterized by leukocyte infiltration into the brain and increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Determining the role of specific leukocyte subsets and the factors that mediate their recruitment into the brain is critical to developing targeted immune therapies. In a murine model, we find that the chemokines CXCL1 and CCL2 are induced in the brain following HSV-1 infection. Ccr2 (CCL2 receptor)-deficient mice have reduced monocyte recruitment, uncontrolled viral replication, and increased morbidity. Contrastingly, Cxcr2 (CXCL1 receptor)-deficient mice exhibit markedly reduced neutrophil recruitment, BBB permeability, and morbidity, without influencing viral load. CXCL1 is produced by astrocytes in response to HSV-1 and by astrocytes and neurons in response to IL-1α, and it is the critical ligand required for neutrophil transendothelial migration, which correlates with BBB breakdown. Thus, the CXCL1-CXCR2 axis represents an attractive therapeutic target to limit neutrophil-mediated morbidity in HSV-1 encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict D Michael
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Neurology, Liverpool L9 7LJ, UK
| | - Laura Bricio-Moreno
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Sorensen
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yoshishige Miyabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Jeffrey Lian
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tom Solomon
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Neurology, Liverpool L9 7LJ, UK
| | - Evelyn A Kurt-Jones
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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14
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Federico S, Pozzetti L, Papa A, Carullo G, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G, Relitti N. Modulation of the Innate Immune Response by Targeting Toll-like Receptors: A Perspective on Their Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13466-13513. [PMID: 32845153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and they are involved in the regulation of innate immune system. These transmembrane receptors, localized at the cellular or endosomal membrane, trigger inflammatory processes through either myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) signaling pathways. In the last decades, extensive research has been performed on TLR modulators and their therapeutic implication under several pathological conditions, spanning from infections to cancer, from metabolic disorders to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases. This Perspective will highlight the recent discoveries in this field, emphasizing the role of TLRs in different diseases and the therapeutic effect of their natural and synthetic modulators, and it will discuss insights for the future exploitation of TLR modulators in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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15
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Naidu SK, Nabi R, Cheemarla NR, Stanfield BA, Rider PJ, Jambunathan N, Chouljenko VN, Carter R, Del Piero F, Langohr I, Kousoulas KG. Intramuscular vaccination of mice with the human herpes simplex virus type-1(HSV-1) VC2 vaccine, but not its parental strain HSV-1(F) confers full protection against lethal ocular HSV-1 (McKrae) pathogenesis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228252. [PMID: 32027675 PMCID: PMC7004361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) can cause severe ocular infection and blindness. We have previously shown that the HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain is protective in mice and guinea pigs against genital herpes infection following vaginal challenge with HSV-1 or HSV-2. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of VC2 intramuscular vaccination in mice against herpetic keratitis following ocular challenge with lethal human clinical strain HSV-1(McKrae). VC2 vaccination in mice produced superior protection and morbidity control in comparison to its parental strain HSV-1(F). Specifically, after HSV-1(McKrae) ocular challenge, all VC2 vaccinated- mice survived, while 30% of the HSV-1(F)- vaccinated and 100% of the mock-vaccinated mice died post challenge. VC2-vaccinated mice did not exhibit any symptoms of ocular infection and completely recovered from initial conjunctivitis. In contrast, HSV-1(F)-vaccinated mice developed time-dependent progressive keratitis characterized by corneal opacification, while mock-vaccinated animals exhibited more severe stromal keratitis characterized by immune cell infiltration and neovascularization in corneal stroma with corneal opacification. Cornea in VC2-immunized mice exhibited significantly increased infiltration of CD3+ T lymphocytes and decreased infiltration of Iba1+ macrophages in comparison to mock- or HSV-1(F)-vaccinated groups. VC2 immunization produced higher virus neutralization titers than HSV-1(F) post challenge. Furthermore, VC-vaccination significantly increased the CD4 T central memory (TCM) subsets and CD8 T effector memory (TEM) subsets in the draining lymph nodes following ocular HSV-1 (McKrae) challenge, then mock- or HSV-1(F)-vaccination. These results indicate that VC2 vaccination produces a protective immune response at the site of challenge to protect against HSV-1-induced ocular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan K. Naidu
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nagarjuna R. Cheemarla
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brent A. Stanfield
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Rider
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nithya Jambunathan
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Vladimir N. Chouljenko
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Renee Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ingeborg Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Konstantin G. Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Bibert S, Piret J, Quinodoz M, Collinet E, Zoete V, Michielin O, Menasria R, Meylan P, Bihl T, Erard V, Fellmann F, Rivolta C, Boivin G, Bochud PY. Herpes simplex encephalitis in adult patients with MASP-2 deficiency. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008168. [PMID: 31869396 PMCID: PMC6944389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here two cases of Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) in adult patients with very rare, previously uncharacterized, non synonymous heterozygous G634R and R203W substitution in mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (MASP2), a gene encoding a key protease of the lectin pathway of the complement system. None of the 2 patients had variants in genes involved in the TLR3-interferon signaling pathway. Both MASP2 variants induced functional defects in vitro, including a reduced (R203W) or abolished (G634R) protein secretion, a lost capability to cleave MASP-2 precursor into its active form (G634R) and an in vivo reduced antiviral activity (G634R). In a murine model of HSE, animals deficient in mannose binding lectins (MBL, the main pattern recognition molecule associated with MASP-2) had a decreased survival rate and an increased brain burden of HSV-1 compared to WT C57BL/6J mice. Altogether, these data suggest that MASP-2 deficiency can increase susceptibility to adult HSE. Human herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1) infects a large number of individuals during their life, with manifestations usually limited to mild and self-limiting inflammation of the oral mucosa (cold sore). However, HSV-1 can cause a very severe disease of the brain called Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in 1 out of 250’000–500’000 individuals per year. The reasons why HSV-1 can cause such a devastating disease in a very limited number of individuals are unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that susceptibility to HSE in children can results from genetic variations in the immune system, in particular in a viral detection pathway called the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)–interferon (IFN) axis. Fewer data are available to explain HSE in adult patients. Here, we describe two adult patients with HSE who carry mutations in a gene called mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (MASP2), which is part of an immune pathway different from the TLR3-IFN axis, called the lectin pathway of the complement system. We demonstrate that MASP2 mutations induce functional defects in immune defense against HSV-1 that prevent viral replication. Mice deficient in the lectin pathway have higher mortality compared to wild-type mice after HSV-1 infection. Altogether, our study suggests that susceptibility to HSE in adults relies of immune deficiencies that are different from those causing HSE in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bibert
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Piret
- Research center in Infectious Diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec city, Canada
| | - Mathieu Quinodoz
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Emilie Collinet
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Génopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Génopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rafik Menasria
- Research center in Infectious Diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec city, Canada
| | - Pascal Meylan
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Titus Bihl
- Canton Hospital of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Fellmann
- Department of Genetics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research center in Infectious Diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec city, Canada
| | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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17
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Mrad L, Moustakas A, Fuino R, Waheed W. Severe presentation of antibody-negative, postinfectious steroid-responsive encephalitis and atonic bladder after herpes simplex encephalitis. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/7/e230005. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-230005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 75-year-old woman presented with new onset of confusion, intense episodic dizziness and formed visual hallucinations. Herpes simplex encephalitis and non-convulsive temporal lobe seizures were confirmed with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and electroencephalography testing. In addition, her hospital course was complicated by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and atonic bladder contributing to an episode of urinary tract infection. After completing 3 weeks of acyclovir treatment, the patient became obtunded with right arm choreiform movements and persistent inflammatory CSF findings not attributable to persistent herpes simplex virus infection or other confounding factors. The patient responded to steroid treatment. Repeated autoimmune and paraneoplastic evaluations were negative. Both clinical (cognitive testing and atonic bladder) and CSF inflammatory finding improved in the follow-up period.
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18
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Li LJ, Zhang SJ, Liu P, Wang YQ, Chen ZL, Wang YJ, Zhou JB, Guo YJ, Zhao L. Corilagin Interferes With Toll-Like Receptor 3-Mediated Immune Response in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:83. [PMID: 31080403 PMCID: PMC6497770 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is the most common infectious disease of the central nervous system worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of HSE is not clear. Research has shown that the immune response mediated by the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling pathway is essential to protect the central nervous system against herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. However, an excessive immune response may cause tissue damage accompanied by pathological changes. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism via which corilagin controls HSE through the TLR3 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Cells and mice were pre-treated with polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] or HSV type 1, and then treated with corilagin. After treatment, the mRNA and protein levels of TLR3, TLR-like receptor-associated interferon factor (TRIF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein (TRADD), TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 3 and 6, nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO), P38, and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) were decreased. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α, and type 1 interferon-β were also decreased. When TLR3 expression was silenced or increased, corilagin still inhibited the expression of TLR3 and its downstream mediators. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical examinations of mouse brain tissues revealed that corilagin lessened the degree of brain inflammation. Altogether, these results suggest that corilagin may regulate the immune response in HSE and relieve inflammatory injury by interfering with the TLR3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Jun Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shao-Jun Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - You-Qin Wang
- Renmin Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, The Postgraduate Training Center of Jinzhou Medical University, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Jie Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Bin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University and Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-Oncology, Jining, China
| | - Yuan-Jin Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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The recruitment of peripheral blood leukocytes to the brain is delayed in susceptible BALB/c compared to resistant C57BL/6 mice during herpes simplex virus encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:372-383. [PMID: 30758810 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral immune response induced by herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis (HSE) was evaluated in susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice. BALB/c and C57BL/6 (named C57BL/6-high) mice were respectively infected intranasally with 1 × 103 and 5 × 105 plaque-forming units (PFUs) of HSV-1. C57BL/6 mice (named C57BL/6-low) infected with a low inoculum (1 × 103 PFUs) of HSV-1 were tested in parallel. Mice were monitored for weight loss, sickness signs, and survival for 21 days. The viral load, infectious titers, cytokine/chemokine levels, and peripheral leukocyte infiltration were determined in brain homogenates on days 0 (non-infected), 4, 6, and 8 post-infection (p.i.) by qPCR, plaque assay, ELISA/Luminex™, and flow cytometry, respectively. Our results showed that the mortality of BALB/c mice (67%) was higher compared to those of C57BL/6-low (0%; P ≤ 0.01) and C57BL/6-high (20%; P ≤ 0.05) animals. This higher mortality was associated with increased infectious titers and cytokine/chemokine levels in the brains of BALB/c compared to C57BL/6 mice. Recruitment of inflammatory monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer, and natural killer T cells to the brain was higher in C57BL/6-high compared to BALB/c animals on day 4 p.i. Infiltration of inflammatory monocytes and T cells in the brain of BALB/c mice was seen on day 6 p.i. Our data suggest that a rapid, sustained, and coordinated recruitment of peripheral leukocytes to the brain of C57BL/6-high mice results in an effective control of viral replication and inflammation whereas the delayed infiltration of immune cells in the brain of BALB/c mice was associated with an exacerbated inflammatory response during HSE.
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Hauer L, Pikija S, Schulte EC, Sztriha LK, Nardone R, Sellner J. Cerebrovascular manifestations of herpes simplex virus infection of the central nervous system: a systematic review. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:19. [PMID: 30696448 PMCID: PMC6352343 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke are increasingly recognized complications of central nervous system (CNS) infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV). AIM OF THE STUDY To analyze clinical, imaging, and laboratory findings and outcomes of cerebrovascular manifestations of HSV infection. METHODS Systematic literature review from January 2000 to July 2018. RESULTS We identified 38 patients (median age 45 years, range 1-73) comprising 27 cases of intracerebral hemorrhage, 10 of ischemic stroke, and 1 with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Intracerebral hemorrhage was predominantly (89%) a complication of HSV encephalitis located in the temporal lobe. Hematoma was present on the first brain imaging in 32%, and hematoma evacuation was performed in 30% of these cases. Infarction was frequently multifocal, and at times preceded by hemorrhage (20%). Both a stroke-like presentation and presence of HSV encephalitis in a typical location were rare (25% and 10%, respectively). There was evidence of cerebral vasculitis in 63%, which was exclusively located in large-sized vessels. Overall mortality was 21% for hemorrhage and 0% for infarction. HSV-1 was a major cause of hemorrhagic complications, whereas HSV-2 was the most prevalent agent in the ischemic manifestations. CONCLUSION We found a distinct pathogenesis, cause, and outcome for HSV-related cerebral hemorrhage and infarction. Vessel disruption within a temporal lobe lesion caused by HSV-1 is the presumed mechanism for hemorrhage, which may potentially have a fatal outcome. Brain ischemia is mostly related to multifocal cerebral large vessel vasculitis associated with HSV-2, where the outcome is more favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Hauer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Slaven Pikija
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva C. Schulte
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur Institute, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Laszlo K. Sztriha
- Department of Neurology, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Division of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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The STING agonist 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) stimulates an antiviral state and protects mice against herpes simplex virus-induced neurological disease. Virology 2019; 529:23-28. [PMID: 30648635 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)- 1 is the most common cause of sporadic viral encephalitis and accounts for 5-10% of cases worldwide. A key factor in host control of viral infection is the initiation of the interferon (IFN) response, mediated in part by the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. In these studies, we examined the ability of 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a STING agonist, to protect against HSV-1 infection. DMXAA reduced viral replication through increased production of type I IFN in vitro. Furthermore, administration of DMXAA to HSV-1 infected mice resulted in a reduction of viral burden in the peripheral and central nervous systems. This reduced viral burden also correlated with increased survival of DMXAA-treated infected mice. These results therefore demonstrate the potential of STING agonists for immunotherapy against HSV-1.
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Canivet C, Rhéaume C, Lebel M, Piret J, Gosselin J, Boivin G. Both IRF3 and especially IRF7 play a key role to orchestrate an effective cerebral inflammatory response in a mouse model of herpes simplex virus encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:761-768. [PMID: 30094631 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The impact of a deficiency in interferon regulatory factor (IRF)3 and IRF7 was evaluated in an herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) model. Compared to wild type (WT), the mortality rates of infected IRF3-/- and IRF7-/- mice were higher and associated with increased brain viral titers. At a critical time post-infection, IRF7-/- mice exhibited a deficit in IFN-β production. At a later time point, levels of type I IFNs and cytokines were increased in brains of both deficient mice compared to WT. Our results suggest that IRF3, and especially IRF7, are important for an effective control of inflammatory responses during HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Canivet
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the CHU of Quebec and Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the CHU of Quebec and Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Manon Lebel
- Laboratory of Innate Immunology of the CHU of Quebec and Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Piret
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the CHU of Quebec and Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean Gosselin
- Laboratory of Innate Immunology of the CHU of Quebec and Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the CHU of Quebec and Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Jabłońska A, Studzińska M, Suski P, Kalinka J, Paradowska E. Enhanced expression of IFI16 and RIG-I in human third-trimester placentas following HSV-1 infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 193:255-263. [PMID: 29688572 PMCID: PMC6046492 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response in the placenta depends on the ability of maternal immune cells and fetal trophoblast cells to detect and eliminate invading pathogens through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). In the present study, we analysed the transcripts and protein expression of interferon (IFN)-inducible protein (IFI)16, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), RIG-I-like receptor (RIG-I) and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 in third-trimester human placentas and investigated cytokine profiles generated during herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Decidual and chorionic villous biopsies (38-42 weeks of gestation) were obtained from healthy women immediately after a caesarean section. The expression of the DDX58 (RIG-I), IFIH1 (MDA5), IFI16 and TLR3 transcripts was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Extracellular cytokine and PRRs levels were then quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). All examined PRRs genes, including DDX58, IFIH1, IFI16 and TLR3, were expressed constitutively at the mRNA and protein levels in the placental biopsies. The concentration of the IFI16 protein was increased in HSV-1-infected decidual and chorionic villous explants compared to those of mock-infected tissues (P = 0·029). Higher protein expression levels of RIG-I in both the maternal and fetal parts of the placenta were found (P = 0·009 and P = 0·004, respectively). In addition, increased production of IFN-β by HSV-1-infected tissues was noticed (P = 0·004 for decidua, P = 0·032 for chorionic villi). No significant differences in the IFN-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels were found. These results showed that HSV-1 infection can enhance the expression of IFI16 and RIG-I proteins in the human term placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Jabłońska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological ChemistryInstitute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - M. Studzińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological ChemistryInstitute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - P. Suski
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological ChemistryInstitute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - J. Kalinka
- Department of Perinatology, First Chair of Gynecology and ObstetricsMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - E. Paradowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological ChemistryInstitute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences
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Innate Immune Mechanisms and Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Disease. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018; 223:49-75. [PMID: 28528439 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune responses play a major role in the control of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, and a multiplicity of mechanisms have emerged as a result of human evolution to sense and respond to HSV infections. HSV in turn has evolved a number of ways to evade immune detection and to blunt human innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize the major host innate immune mechanisms and the HSV evasion mechanisms that have evolved. We further discuss how disease can result if this equilibrium between virus and host response is disrupted.
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Neurological Disorders Associated with Human Alphaherpesviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:85-102. [PMID: 29896664 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is the most common cause of sporadic fatal encephalitis worldwide, and central nervous system (CNS) involvement is observed in approximately one-third of neonatal HSV infections . In recent years, single-gene inborn errors of innate immunity have been shown to be associated with susceptibility to HSV encephalitis . Temporal lobe abnormalities revealed by magnetic resonance imaging-the most sensitive imaging method for HSV encephalitis-are considered strong evidence for the disease. Detection of HSV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of HSV encephalitis and neonatal meningoencephalitis. Intravenous acyclovir for 14-21 days is the standard treatment in HSV encephalitis. Neurological outcomes in neonates are improved by intravenous high-dose acyclovir for 21 days followed by oral acyclovir suppressive therapy for 6 months. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes a wide range of CNS manifestations. VZV encephalitis typically occurs after primary infection, and reactivation of VZV may cause encephalitis. On the other hand, VZV infection of cerebral arteries produces vasculopathy, which can manifest as ischemic stroke. Vasculopathy can occur after primary infection or reactivation of VZV. PCR detection of VZV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid can be used for the diagnosis of encephalitis or vasculopathy. Although there are no controlled treatment trials to assess VZV treatments of encephalitis or vasculopathy, intravenous acyclovir is a common treatment.
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Ai J, Xie Z, Liu G, Chen Z, Yang Y, Li Y, Chen J, Zheng G, Shen K. Etiology and prognosis of acute viral encephalitis and meningitis in Chinese children: a multicentre prospective study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:494. [PMID: 28705180 PMCID: PMC5513334 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, there were few studies about the pathogens of acute viral encephalitis and meningitis in children in recent years. The aims of this study were to characterize the etiology and prognosis of acute viral encephalitis and meningitis in Chinese children. METHODS This was a multicentre prospective study. Two hundred and sixty one viral encephalitis patients and 285 viral meningitis patients were enrolled. The mean age of viral encephalitis and meningitis were 5.88 ± 3.60 years and 6.39 ± 3.57 years, respectively. Real-time reverse transcription PCR and multiplex PCR were used to detect human enteroviruses and herpes viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with encephalitis or meningitis. The enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detecting IgM antibody against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in CSF and against mumps virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), dengue virus and rubella virus in acute serum. The clinical and outcome data were collected during patients' hospitalization. RESULTS The etiology of viral encephalitis was confirmed in 52.5% patients. The primary pathogen was human enteroviruses (27.7%) in viral encephalitis. The incidence of sequelae and the fatality rate of viral encephalitis with confirmed etiology were 7.5% and 0.8%, respectively. The etiology of viral meningitis was identified in 42.8% cases. The leading pathogen was also human enteroviruses (37.7%) in viral meningitis. The prognosis of viral meningitis was favorable with only 0.7% patients had neurological sequelae. CONCLUSIONS Human enteroviruses were the leading cause both in acute viral encephalitis and viral meningitis in children. The incidence of sequelae and fatality rate of viral encephalitis with confirmed etiology were 7.5% and 0.8%, respectively. The prognosis of viral meningitis was favorable compared to viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Ai
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Virology Laboratory, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Virology Laboratory, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Virology Laboratory, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zongbo Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong province, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Yang
- The First Hospital of Yulin, Shanxi province, Yulin, China
| | - Yuning Li
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Jiangsu province, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo Zheng
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Jiangsu province, Nanjing, China
| | - Kunling Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Respiratory Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
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27
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Shives KD, Tyler KL, Beckham JD. Molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation and injury during acute viral encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 308:102-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to provide an update on current thinking regarding herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), emphasizing new information about pathogenesis, diagnosis, and immune responses. Specific questions to be addressed are the following: (1) Is there a genetic predisposition to HSE? (2) What clinical approaches have the greatest impact on improving the long-term outcomes in patients with HSE? And (3) are there immune-mediated mechanisms that may account for relapsing HSE? RECENT FINDINGS Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR 3) plays an important role in innate immune responses, including generation of interferons. Multiple single-gene errors in TLR 3 interferon pathways have recently been described in children that result in increased susceptibility to HSE. Conversely, studies in both animal models and humans indicate that both cytolytic viral replication and immune-mediated responses (including cytotoxic T lymphocytes and immune mechanisms mediated by TLR 2) contribute to the pathology of HSV, suggesting possible new therapeutic approaches. In terms of treatment, data clearly indicate that a longer duration between onset of symptoms and initiation of effective antiviral therapy correlates directly with less favorable clinical outcome. Recurrent or relapsing HSE may occasionally occur, but recent observations indicate that many instances of "relapsing HSE", especially in children, are more often anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis triggered by the antecedent HSV infection. Innate immune responses are critical for defense against HSV; genetic defects in this system may predispose patients to HSE. During acute HSE, exuberant immune responses may contribute to the CNS pathology, suggesting that selective immunosuppressive therapy, coupled with potent antiviral drugs, may eventually play a role in the therapeutic management of HSV. While overall clinical outcomes of HSE remain suboptimal, the initiation of high-dose acyclovir therapy as early as possible in the course of the illness provides the best chance for a patient to survive with minimal neurologic damage. Distinguishing relapsing HSE from autoimmune anti-NMDAR antibody encephalitis is critically important because therapeutic approaches will be very different.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Gnann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Avenue, MSC 752, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Richard J Whitley
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 303 CHB, 1600 7th Ave. S, Birmingham, AL, 35233-1711, USA
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Menasria R, Canivet C, Piret J, Gosselin J, Boivin G. Both Cerebral and Hematopoietic Deficiencies in CCR2 Result in Uncontrolled Herpes Simplex Virus Infection of the Central Nervous System in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168034. [PMID: 27930721 PMCID: PMC5145225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR2 is a chemokine receptor expressed on the surface of blood leukocytes, particularly «Ly6Chi» inflammatory monocytes and microglia. Signaling through this receptor is thought to influence the immune activity of microglia as well as monocytes egress from the bone marrow (BM) and their trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS) in several neurological diseases. During experimental herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE), CCR2 deficiency has been reported to exacerbate the outcome of the disease. However, the precise contribution of CCR2 expressed in cells of the CNS or peripheral monocytes in the protection against HSE remains unclear. To dissect the differential role of CCR2 during HSE, chimeric mice with receptor deficiency in the brain or blood cells were generated by transplanting wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 or CCR2-/- BM-derived cells in CCR2-/- (WT→CCR2-/-) and WT (CCR2-/-→WT) mice, respectively. Our results indicate that following intranasal infection with 1.2x106 plaque forming units of HSV-1, CCR2 deficiency in hematopoietic cells and, to a lesser extent, in CNS exacerbates the outcome of HSE. Mortality rates of CCR2-/- (71.4%) and CCR2-/-→WT (57.1%) mice were significantly higher than that of WT (15.3%; P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively) but the difference did not reach statistical significance for WT→CCR2-/- animals (42.8%; P = 0.16). Both peripheral and CNS deficiencies in CCR2 resulted in increased infectious viral titers and wider dissemination of HSV antigens in the brain as well as an overproduction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5. Furthermore, CCR2 deficiency in the hematopoietic system altered monocytes egress from the BM and their recruitment to the CNS, which may contribute to the failure in HSV-1 containment. Collectively, these data suggest that CCR2 expressed on cells of CNS and especially on peripheral monocytes is important for the control of HSV-1 replication and inflammatory environment during experimental HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Menasria
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU of Quebec Research Center, Department of microbiology-immunology and infectious diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Coraline Canivet
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU of Quebec Research Center, Department of microbiology-immunology and infectious diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Piret
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU of Quebec Research Center, Department of microbiology-immunology and infectious diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Gosselin
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU of Quebec Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU of Quebec Research Center, Department of microbiology-immunology and infectious diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Cardoso TC, Ferreira HL, Okamura LH, Giroto TP, Oliveira BRSM, Fabri CUF, Gameiro R, Flores EF. Cellular response markers and cytokine gene expression in the central nervous system of cattle naturally infected with bovine herpesvirus 5. Vet J 2016; 218:71-77. [PMID: 27938713 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports an investigation on the phenotype of inflammatory and immune cells, cytokine and viral gene expression in the brains of cattle naturally infected with bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV5). Brain sections of 38 affected animals were analysed for the nature and extent of perivascular cuffs in the Virchow-Robin space and parenchyma. Histopathological changes were severe in the olfactory bulbs (Obs), hippocampus, piriform, frontal, temporal and parietal cortices/lobes and were characterized by inflammatory infiltrates in Virchow-Robin spaces. The histopathological changes correlated positively with the distribution of BHV5 antigens (r = 0.947; P < 0.005). Cells of CD3+ phenotype were predominant in areas with severe perivascular cuffs. Viral antigens and genomic viral DNA were detected in the Obs and piriform lobe, simultaneously (r = 0.987; P < 0.005). Similarly, pro-inflammatory cytokine genes INFG, IL2, TNF and LTBR were expressed in the same brain areas (P < 0.005). These results provide important information on the inflammatory and immunological events accompanying BHV5 neurological infections. Our findings provide the first evidence for increased immune activation followed by inflammatory cytokine expression, positively correlated with viral replication in the cranial areas of the brain. Taken together, these results suggest that the host immune response and inflammation play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acute encephalitis by BHV5 in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Cardoso
- Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Univ - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16050-680, Brazil.
| | - H L Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, FZEA-USP-University of Sao Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil
| | - L H Okamura
- Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Univ - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16050-680, Brazil
| | - T P Giroto
- Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Univ - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16050-680, Brazil
| | - B R S M Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Univ - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16050-680, Brazil
| | - C U F Fabri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Univ - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16050-680, Brazil
| | - R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Univ - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16050-680, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Virology Section, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97115-900, Brazil
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Rezeng C, Yuan D, Long J, Suonan D, Yang F, Li W, Tong L, Jiumei P. Alantolactone exhibited anti-herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) action in vitro. Biosci Trends 2016; 9:420-2. [PMID: 26781801 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2015.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the inhibitory action of alantolactone, a gradient of traditional Chinese medicine Inulae Radix (Tu-Mu-Xiang), on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). African green monkey kidney cells (Vero cells) were infected with HSV-1 and the protective effects of alantolactone on Vero cells were examined. At concentrations of 10(-6), 10(-7), and 10(-8) g/mL, alantolactone did not have a marked harmful effect on the viability of Vero cells according to an MTT assay. Based on the cytopathic effect (CPE) and MTT assays, alantolactone at these concentrations exhibited antiviral action and protected cells from being damaged by HSV-1. Results indicated that alantolactone had potent anti-HSV-1 action and provided evidence for use of Inulae Radix in the treatment of HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caidan Rezeng
- Traditional Chinese and Tibetan Medicine of Medical College, Qinghai University
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Neuroinvasion and Inflammation in Viral Central Nervous System Infections. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8562805. [PMID: 27313404 PMCID: PMC4897715 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8562805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses can cause devastating central nervous system (CNS) infections, especially in young children and the elderly. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) have been described as relevant sites of entry for specific viruses as well as for leukocytes, which are recruited during the proinflammatory response in the course of CNS infection. In this review, we illustrate examples of established brain barrier models, in which the specific reaction patterns of different viral families can be analyzed. Furthermore, we highlight the pathogen specific array of cytokines and chemokines involved in immunological responses in viral CNS infections. We discuss in detail the link between specific cytokines and chemokines and leukocyte migration profiles. The thorough understanding of the complex and interrelated inflammatory mechanisms as well as identifying universal mediators promoting CNS inflammation is essential for the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Infiltration Pattern of Blood Monocytes into the Central Nervous System during Experimental Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145773. [PMID: 26700486 PMCID: PMC4689369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics and distribution of infiltrating blood monocytes into the central nervous system and their involvement in the cerebral immune response together with resident macrophages, namely microglia, were evaluated in experimental herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE). To distinguish microglia from blood monocyte-derived macrophages, chimeras were generated by conditioning C57BL/6 recipient mice with chemotherapy regimen followed by transplantation of bone morrow-derived cells that expressed the green fluorescent protein. Mice were infected intranasally with a sub-lethal dose of HSV-1 (1.2x106 plaque forming units). Brains were harvested prior to and on days 4, 6, 8 and 10 post-infection for flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry analysis. The amounts of neutrophils (P<0.05) and «Ly6Chi» inflammatory monocytes (P<0.001) significantly increased in the CNS compared to non-infected controls on day 6 post-infection, which corresponded to more severe clinical signs of HSE. Levels decreased on day 8 for both leukocytes subpopulations (P<0.05 for inflammatory monocytes compared to non-infected controls) to reach baseline levels on day 10 following infection. The percentage of «Ly6Clow» patrolling monocytes significantly increased (P<0.01) at a later time point (day 8), which correlated with the resolution phase of HSE. Histological analysis demonstrated that blood leukocytes colonized mostly the olfactory bulb and the brainstem, which corresponded to regions where HSV-1 particles were detected. Furthermore, infiltrating cells from the monocytic lineage could differentiate into activated local tissue macrophages that express the microglia marker, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1. The lack of albumin detection in the brain parenchyma of infected mice showed that the infiltration of blood leukocytes was not necessarily related to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier but could be the result of a functional recruitment. Thus, our findings suggest that blood monocyte-derived macrophages infiltrate the central nervous system and may contribute, with resident microglia, to the innate immune response seen during experimental HSE.
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