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Hu WH, Cai HL, Yan HC, Wang H, Sun HM, Wei YY, Hao YT. Protective effectiveness of previous infection against subsequent SARS-Cov-2 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1353415. [PMID: 38966699 PMCID: PMC11222391 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1353415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The protective effectiveness provided by naturally acquired immunity against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection remain controversial. Objective To systematically evaluate the protective effect of natural immunity against subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection with different variants. Methods We searched for related studies published in seven databases before March 5, 2023. Eligible studies included in the analysis reported the risk of subsequent infection for groups with or without a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary outcome was the overall pooled incidence rate ratio (IRR) of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection/infection between the two groups. We also focused on the protective effectiveness of natural immunity against reinfection/infection with different SARS-CoV-2 variants. We used a random-effects model to pool the data, and obtained the bias-adjusted results using the trim-and-fill method. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding included studies one by one to evaluate the stability of the results. Results We identified 40 eligible articles including more than 20 million individuals without the history of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The bias-adjusted efficacy of naturally acquired antibodies against reinfection was estimated at 65% (pooled IRR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.26-0.47), with higher efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 cases (pooled IRR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.08-0.26) than asymptomatic infection (pooled IRR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.29-0.54). Meta-regression revealed that SARS-CoV-2 variant was a statistically significant effect modifier, which explaining 46.40% of the variation in IRRs. For different SARS-CoV-2 variant, the pooled IRRs for the Alpha (pooled IRR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.06-0.19), Delta (pooled IRR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.15-0.24) and Omicron (pooled IRR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.42-0.87) variant were higher and higher. In other subgroup analyses, the pooled IRRs of SARS-CoV-2 infection were statistically various in different countries, publication year and the inclusion end time of population, with a significant difference (p = 0.02, p < 0.010 and p < 0.010), respectively. The risk of subsequent infection in the seropositive population appeared to increase slowly over time. Despite the heterogeneity in included studies, sensitivity analyses showed stable results. Conclusion Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection provides protection against pre-omicron reinfection, but less against omicron. Ongoing viral mutation requires attention and prevention strategies, such as vaccine catch-up, in conjunction with multiple factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Le Cai
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Chang Yan
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Min Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Yue Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Tao Hao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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2
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Singh AK, Panigrahi MK, Pradhan SK, Pal D, Subba SH, Patro BK, Behera BK, Mishra B, Behera B, Mohapatra PR, Bhuniya S, Bal SK, Sarkar S, Pillai JSK, Mohanty S, Gitanjali B. Clinico-Epidemiological Characteristics of Healthcare Workers with SARS-CoV-2 Infection during the First and Second Waves in a Teaching Hospital from Eastern India: A Comparative Analysis. Hosp Top 2024; 102:84-95. [PMID: 35852422 DOI: 10.1080/00185868.2022.2096523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this retrospective observational study, we have performed a comparative analysis of the demographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the HCWs affected with SARS-CoV-2 infection during first two waves in India. The overall prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs was found to be 15.24% (14.20-16.33) and 23.38% (22.14-25.65) during first and second waves respectively. The second wave showed an adjusted odds ratio of 0.04(0.02-0.07) and 2.09(1.49-2.93) for hospitalization and being symptomatic, respectively. We detected significantly higher level of C-reactive protein (CRP) among admitted HCWs during the second wave (5.10 -14.60 mg/dl) as compared to the first wave (2.00 - 2.80 mg/dl). Our study found the relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among HCWs during the second wave to be 0.68 [0.57-0.82, p < 0.001)]. Although, the prevalence of SARS CoV-2 infection and risk of being symptomatic was higher during second wave, the risk of hospitalization was less when compared with the first wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar Singh
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Panigrahi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine & Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Somen Kumar Pradhan
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Debkumar Pal
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sonu H Subba
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Binod Kumar Patro
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Binod Kumar Behera
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Baijayantimala Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bijayini Behera
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Prasanta Raghab Mohapatra
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine & Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sourin Bhuniya
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine & Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shakti Kumar Bal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine & Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Saurav Sarkar
- Department of Ear Nose Throat, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jawahar S K Pillai
- Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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3
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de Anda-Jáuregui G, Gómez-Romero L, Cañas S, Campos-Romero A, Alcántar-Fernández J, Cedro-Tanda A. COVID-19 reinfections in Mexico City: implications for public health. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1321283. [PMID: 38419814 PMCID: PMC10899476 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1321283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Since its appearance, COVID-19 has immensely impacted our society. Public health measures, from the initial lockdowns to vaccination campaigns, have mitigated the crisis. However, SARS-CoV-2's persistence and evolving variants continue to pose global threats, increasing the risk of reinfections. Despite vaccination progress, understanding reinfections remains crucial for informed public health responses. Methods We collected available data on clinical and genomic information for SARS-CoV-2 samples from patients treated in Mexico City from 2020 epidemiological week 10 to 2023 epidemiological week 06 encompassing the whole public health emergency's period. To identify clinical data we utilized the SISVER (Respiratory Disease Epidemiological Surveillance System) database for SARS-CoV-2 patients who received medical attention in Mexico City. For genomic surveillance we analyzed genomic data previously uploaded to GISAID generated by Mexican institutions. We used these data sources to generate descriptors of case number, hospitalization, death and reinfection rates, and viral variant prevalence throughout the pandemic period. Findings The fraction of reinfected individuals in the COVID-19 infected population steadily increased as the pandemic progressed in Mexico City. Most reinfections occurred during the fifth wave (40%). This wave was characterized by the coexistence of multiple variants exceeding 80% prevalence; whereas all other waves showed a unique characteristic dominant variant (prevalence >95%). Shifts in symptom patient care type and severity were observed, 2.53% transitioned from hospitalized to ambulatory care type during reinfection and 0.597% showed the opposite behavior; also 7.23% showed a reduction in severity of symptoms and 6.05% displayed an increase in severity. Unvaccinated individuals accounted for the highest percentage of reinfections (41.6%), followed by vaccinated individuals (31.9%). Most reinfections occurred after the fourth wave, dominated by the Omicron variant; and after the vaccination campaign was already underway. Interpretation Our analysis suggests reduced infection severity in reinfections, evident through shifts in symptom severity and care patterns. Unvaccinated individuals accounted for most reinfections. While our study centers on Mexico City, its findings may hold implications for broader regions, contributing insights into reinfection dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo de Anda-Jáuregui
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
- Investigadoras e Investigadoras por México, Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Gómez-Romero
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sofía Cañas
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | | | - Alberto Cedro-Tanda
- Núcleo B de Innovación en Medicina de Precisión, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Wei J, Stoesser N, Matthews PC, Khera T, Gethings O, Diamond I, Studley R, Taylor N, Peto TEA, Walker AS, Pouwels KB, Eyre DW. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection during multiple Omicron variant waves in the UK general population. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1008. [PMID: 38307854 PMCID: PMC10837445 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 reinfections increased substantially after Omicron variants emerged. Large-scale community-based comparisons across multiple Omicron waves of reinfection characteristics, risk factors, and protection afforded by previous infection and vaccination, are limited. Here we studied ~45,000 reinfections from the UK's national COVID-19 Infection Survey and quantified the risk of reinfection in multiple waves, including those driven by BA.1, BA.2, BA.4/5, and BQ.1/CH.1.1/XBB.1.5 variants. Reinfections were associated with lower viral load and lower percentages of self-reporting symptoms compared with first infections. Across multiple Omicron waves, estimated protection against reinfection was significantly higher in those previously infected with more recent than earlier variants, even at the same time from previous infection. Estimated protection against Omicron reinfections decreased over time from the most recent infection if this was the previous or penultimate variant (generally within the preceding year). Those 14-180 days after receiving their most recent vaccination had a lower risk of reinfection than those >180 days from their most recent vaccination. Reinfection risk was independently higher in those aged 30-45 years, and with either low or high viral load in their most recent previous infection. Overall, the risk of Omicron reinfection is high, but with lower severity than first infections; both viral evolution and waning immunity are independently associated with reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Nicole Stoesser
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
- Division of infection and immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim E A Peto
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, UCL, London, UK
| | - Koen B Pouwels
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David W Eyre
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Singh G, Warang P, García-Bernalt Diego J, Chang L, Bykov Y, Singh S, Pache L, Cuadrado-Castano S, Webb B, Garcia-Sastre A, Schotsaert M. Host immune responses associated with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection result in protection or pathology during reinfection depending on mouse genetic background. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3637405. [PMID: 38077015 PMCID: PMC10705603 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3637405/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Rapid emergence of antigenic distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants implies a greater risk of reinfection as viruses can escape neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination or previous viral exposure. Disease severity during COVID-19 depends on many variables such as age-related comorbidities, host immune status and genetic variation. The host immune response during infection with SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to disease severity, which can range from asymptomatic to severe with fatal outcome. Furthermore, the extent of host immune response activation may rely on underlying genetic predisposition for disease or protection. To address these questions, we performed immune profiling studies in mice with different genetic backgrounds - transgenic K18-hACE2 and wild-type 129S1 mice - subjected to reinfection with the severe disease-causing SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant, 30 days after experimental milder BA.1 infection. BA.1 preinfection conferred protection against B.1.351-induced morbidity in K18-hACE2 mice but aggravated disease in 129S1 mice. We found that he cytokine/chemokine profile in B.1.351 re-infected 129S1mice is similar to that during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and is characterized by a much higher level of IL-10, IL-1β, IL-18 and IFN-γ, whereas in B.1.351 re-infected K18-hACE2 mice, the cytokine profile echoes the signature of naïve mice undergoing viral infection for the first time. Interestingly, the enhanced pathology observed in 129S1 mice upon reinfection cannot be attributed to a less efficient induction of adaptive immune responses to the initial BA.1 infection, as both K18-hACE2 and 129S1 mice exhibited similar B and T cell responses at 30 DPI against BA.1, with similar anti-BA.1 or B.1.351 spike-specific ELISA binding titers, levels of germinal center B-cells, and SARS-CoV-2-Spike specific tissue-resident T-cells. Long-term effects of BA.1 infection are associated with differential transcriptional changes in bronchoalveolar lavage-derived CD11c + immune cells from K18-hACE2 and 129S1, with K18-hACE2 CD11c + cells showing a strong antiviral defense gene expression profile whereas 129S1 CD11c + cells showed a more pro-inflammatory response. In conclusion, initial infection with BA.1 induces cross-reactive adaptive immune responses in both K18-hACE2 and 129S1 mice, however the different disease outcome of reinfection seems to be driven by differential responses of CD11c + cells in the alveolar space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarabjot Singh
- RT-PCR COVID-19 Laboratory, Civil Hospital, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Lars Pache
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | | | - Brett Webb
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming
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6
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Marongiu L, Burkard M, Helling T, Biendl M, Venturelli S. Modulation of the replication of positive-sense RNA viruses by the natural plant metabolite xanthohumol and its derivatives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37942943 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2275169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of identifying new potent antiviral agents. Nutrients as well as plant-derived substances are promising candidates because they are usually well tolerated by the human body and readily available in nature, and consequently mostly cheap to produce. A variety of antiviral effects have recently been described for the hop chalcone xanthohumol (XN), and to a lesser extent for its derivatives, making these hop compounds particularly attractive for further investigation. Noteworthy, mounting evidence indicated that XN can suppress a wide range of viruses belonging to several virus families, all of which share a common reproductive cycle. As a result, the purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent research on the antiviral properties of XN and its derivatives, with a particular emphasis on the positive-sense RNA viruses human hepatitis C virus (HCV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marongiu
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- HoLMiR-Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Burkard
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Helling
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Biendl
- HHV Hallertauer Hopfenveredelungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Mainburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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7
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Zhou Y, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Lin DJ, Lu C, Wang Y, Le S, Li R, Yan J. A Mechanical Assay for the Quantification of Anti-RBD IgG Levels in Finger-Prick Whole Blood. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2986-2995. [PMID: 37582229 PMCID: PMC10464602 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
A large portion of the global population has been vaccinated with various vaccines or infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The resulting IgG antibodies that target the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 play a vital role in reducing infection rates and severe disease outcomes. Different immune histories result in the production of anti-RBD IgG antibodies with different binding affinities to RBDs of different variants, and the levels of these antibodies decrease over time. Therefore, it is important to have a low-cost, rapid method for quantifying the levels of anti-RBD IgG in decentralized testing for large populations. In this study, we describe a 30 min assay that allows for the quantification of anti-RBD IgG levels in a single drop of finger-prick whole blood. This assay uses force-dependent dissociation of nonspecifically absorbed RBD-coated superparamagnetic microbeads to determine the density of specifically linked microbeads to a protein A-coated transparent surface through anti-RBD IgGs, which can be measured using a simple light microscope and a low-magnification lens. The titer of serially diluted anti-RBD IgGs can be determined without any additional sample processing steps. The limit of detection for this assay is 0.7 ± 0.1 ng/mL referenced to the CR3022 anti-RBD IgG. The limits of the technology and its potential to be further developed to meet the need for point-of-care monitoring of immune protection status are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Mechanobiology
Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Department
of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
- Centre
for Bioimaging Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117557, Singapore
| | - Yanqige Jiang
- Mechanobiology
Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | | | - Chen Lu
- Department
of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department
of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Shimin Le
- Department
of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Mechanobiology
Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Jie Yan
- Mechanobiology
Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- Department
of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
- Centre
for Bioimaging Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117557, Singapore
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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8
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Franco-Luiz APM, Fernandes NMGS, Silva TBDS, Bernardes WPDOS, Westin MR, Santos TG, Fernandes GDR, Simões TC, Silva EFE, Gava SG, Alves BM, de Carvalho Melo M, da Silva-Pereira RA, Alves PA, Fonseca CT. Longitudinal study of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 of health professionals in Brazil: the impact of booster dose and reinfection on antibody dynamics. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1220600. [PMID: 37520570 PMCID: PMC10376701 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1220600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has had a major impact on health systems. Vaccines have been shown to be effective in improving the clinical outcome of COVID-19, but they are not able to fully prevent infection and reinfection, especially that caused by new variants. Methods Here, we tracked for 450 days the humoral immune response and reinfection in 52 healthcare workers from Brazil. Infection and reinfection were confirmed by RT-qPCR, while IgM and IgG antibody levels were monitored by rapid test. Results Of the 52 participants, 19 (36%) got reinfected during the follow-up period, all presenting mild symptoms. For all participants, IgM levels dropped sharply, with over 47% of them becoming seronegative by the 60th day. For IgG, 90% of the participants became seropositive within the first 30 days of follow-up. IgG antibodies also dropped after this period reaching the lowest level on day 270 (68.5 ± 72.3, p<0.0001). Booster dose and reinfection increased the levels of both antibodies, with the interaction between them resulting in an increase in IgG levels of 130.3 arbitrary units. Conclusions Overall, our data indicate that acquired humoral immunity declines over time and suggests that IgM and IgG antibody levels are not associated with the prevention of reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Moreira Franco-Luiz
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nubia Monteiro Gonçalves Soares Fernandes
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thais Bárbara de Souza Silva
- Grupo de Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus Rodrigues Westin
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thais Garcia Santos
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel da Rocha Fernandes
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Taynãna César Simões
- Núcleo de Estudos em Saúde Pública e Envelhecimento, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Fernandes E. Silva
- Serviço de capacitação em métodos quantitativos -SAMeQ, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandra Grossi Gava
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Breno Magalhães Alves
- Centro de Vigilância em Saúde e Segurança do Paciente, Hospital Metropolitano Doutor Célio de Castro, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Carvalho Melo
- Serviço Especializado em Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho, Hospital Metropolitano Doutor Célio de Castro, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosiane A. da Silva-Pereira
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Alves
- Grupo de Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cristina Toscano Fonseca
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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9
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Chen Z, Wu C, Yuan Y, Xie Z, Li T, Huang H, Li S, Deng J, Lin H, Shi Z, Li C, Hao Y, Tang Y, You Y, Al-Hartomy OA, Wageh S, Al-Sehemi AG, Lu R, Zhang L, Lin X, He Y, Zhao G, Li D, Zhang H. CRISPR-Cas13a-powered electrochemical biosensor for the detection of the L452R mutation in clinical samples of SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:141. [PMID: 37120637 PMCID: PMC10148006 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, a highly contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has deprived numerous lives worldwide, called COVID-19. Up to date, omicron is the latest variant of concern, and BA.5 is replacing the BA.2 variant to become the main subtype rampaging worldwide. These subtypes harbor an L452R mutation, which increases their transmissibility among vaccinated people. Current methods for identifying SARS-CoV-2 variants are mainly based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by gene sequencing, making time-consuming processes and expensive instrumentation indispensable. In this study, we developed a rapid and ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor to achieve the goals of high sensitivity, the ability of distinguishing the variants, and the direct detection of RNAs from viruses simultaneously. We used electrodes made of MXene-AuNP (gold nanoparticle) composites for improved sensitivity and the CRISPR/Cas13a system for high specificity in detecting the single-base L452R mutation in RNAs and clinical samples. Our biosensor will be an excellent supplement to the RT-qPCR method enabling the early diagnosis and quick distinguishment of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 and BA.2 variants and more potential variants that might arise in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, 511518, People's Republic of China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D, Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenshuo Wu
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D, Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Yuan
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D, Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjian Xie
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518038, P. R. China
| | - Tianzhong Li
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D, Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Huang
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, 511518, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671000, P. R. China
| | - Jiefeng Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671000, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Lin
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhe Shi
- School of Physics & New Energy, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaozhou Li
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D, Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yabin Hao
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D, Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Tang
- Shenzhen Metasensing Tech Limited Company, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehua You
- Department of Stomatology, Longhua People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518109, People's Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Omar A Al-Hartomy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Swelm Wageh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruitao Lu
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen, 518110, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Lab of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuechun Lin
- Laboratory of All-Solid-State Light Sources, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yaqing He
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Guojun Zhao
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, 511518, People's Republic of China.
| | - Defa Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Han Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D, Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Stein C, Nassereldine H, Sorensen RJD, Amlag JO, Bisignano C, Byrne S, Castro E, Coberly K, Collins JK, Dalos J, Daoud F, Deen A, Gakidou E, Giles JR, Hulland EN, Huntley BM, Kinzel KE, Lozano R, Mokdad AH, Pham T, Pigott DM, Reiner Jr. RC, Vos T, Hay SI, Murray CJL, Lim SS. Past SARS-CoV-2 infection protection against re-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2023; 401:833-842. [PMID: 36930674 PMCID: PMC9998097 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the level and characteristics of protection from past SARS-CoV-2 infection against subsequent re-infection, symptomatic COVID-19 disease, and severe disease is essential for predicting future potential disease burden, for designing policies that restrict travel or access to venues where there is a high risk of transmission, and for informing choices about when to receive vaccine doses. We aimed to systematically synthesise studies to estimate protection from past infection by variant, and where data allow, by time since infection. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we identified, reviewed, and extracted from the scientific literature retrospective and prospective cohort studies and test-negative case-control studies published from inception up to Sept 31, 2022, that estimated the reduction in risk of COVID-19 among individuals with a past SARS-CoV-2 infection in comparison to those without a previous infection. We meta-analysed the effectiveness of past infection by outcome (infection, symptomatic disease, and severe disease), variant, and time since infection. We ran a Bayesian meta-regression to estimate the pooled estimates of protection. Risk-of-bias assessment was evaluated using the National Institutes of Health quality-assessment tools. The systematic review was PRISMA compliant and was registered with PROSPERO (number CRD42022303850). FINDINGS We identified a total of 65 studies from 19 different countries. Our meta-analyses showed that protection from past infection and any symptomatic disease was high for ancestral, alpha, beta, and delta variants, but was substantially lower for the omicron BA.1 variant. Pooled effectiveness against re-infection by the omicron BA.1 variant was 45·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 17·3-76·1) and 44·0% (26·5-65·0) against omicron BA.1 symptomatic disease. Mean pooled effectiveness was greater than 78% against severe disease (hospitalisation and death) for all variants, including omicron BA.1. Protection from re-infection from ancestral, alpha, and delta variants declined over time but remained at 78·6% (49·8-93·6) at 40 weeks. Protection against re-infection by the omicron BA.1 variant declined more rapidly and was estimated at 36·1% (24·4-51·3) at 40 weeks. On the other hand, protection against severe disease remained high for all variants, with 90·2% (69·7-97·5) for ancestral, alpha, and delta variants, and 88·9% (84·7-90·9) for omicron BA.1 at 40 weeks. INTERPRETATION Protection from past infection against re-infection from pre-omicron variants was very high and remained high even after 40 weeks. Protection was substantially lower for the omicron BA.1 variant and declined more rapidly over time than protection against previous variants. Protection from severe disease was high for all variants. The immunity conferred by past infection should be weighed alongside protection from vaccination when assessing future disease burden from COVID-19, providing guidance on when individuals should be vaccinated, and designing policies that mandate vaccination for workers or restrict access, on the basis of immune status, to settings where the risk of transmission is high, such as travel and high-occupancy indoor settings. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, J Stanton, T Gillespie, and J and E Nordstrom.
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11
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Impact of BNT162b2 Booster Dose on SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Trimeric Spike Antibody Dynamics in a Large Cohort of Italian Health Care Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020463. [PMID: 36851340 PMCID: PMC9959637 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate studies on the dynamics of Pfizer-Biontech BNT162b2-induced antibodies are crucial to better tailor booster dose administration depending on age, comorbidities, and previous natural infection with SARS-CoV-2. To date, little is known about the durability and kinetics of antibody titers months after receiving a booster dose. In this work, we studied the dynamic of anti-Trimeric Spike (anti-TrimericS) IgG titer in the healthcare worker population of a large academic hospital in Northern Italy, in those who had received two vaccine doses plus a booster dose. Blood samples were collected on the day of dose 1, dose 2, then 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after dose 2, the day of the administration of the booster dose, then 1 month and 3 months after the booster dose. The vaccination immunogenicity was evaluated by dosing anti-TrimericS IgG titer, which was further studied in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection status, age, and sex. Our results suggest that after the booster dose, the anti-TrimericS IgG production was higher in the subjects that were infected only after the completion of the vaccination cycle, compared to those that were infected both before and after the vaccination campaign. Moreover, the booster dose administration exerts a leveling effect, mitigating the differences in the immunogenicity dependent on sex and age.
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12
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Aslam J, Khan FS, Talha Haris M, Hewadmal H, Khalid M, Alshahrani MY, Aslam QUA, Aneela I, Zafar U. Prior immunization status of COVID-19 patients and disease severity: A multicenter retrospective cohort study assessing the different types of immunity. Vaccine 2023; 41:598-605. [PMID: 36517324 PMCID: PMC9731929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javaria Aslam
- Department of Medicine, Qauid e Azam Medical College Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan,Department of Medicine, Sir, Sadiq Abbasi Hospital Bahwalpur, 63100, Pakistan,Corresponding author at: Department of Medicine, Qauid e Azam Medical College Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Shahzad Khan
- Department of Medicine, Sir, Sadiq Abbasi Hospital Bahwalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | | | - Hewad Hewadmal
- Department of Cardiology, Sheikh Zayed Medical College, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Khalid
- Internal Medicine Unit, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam, Eastern Province 32210, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y. Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 61413, Abha 9088, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qurrat-ul-ain Aslam
- Department of Medicine, Sir, Sadiq Abbasi Hospital Bahwalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Irrum Aneela
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Astley Ainslie Hospital, Edinburg, Scotland EH92HL, UK
| | - Urooj Zafar
- Department of Psychiatry Sheikh Zayed Medical College, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
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13
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Varela APM, Sant’Anna FH, dos Santos AV, Prichula J, Comerlato J, dos Santos GT, Wendland E. Genomic evidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection cases in southern Brazil. Arch Virol 2023; 168:19. [PMID: 36593369 PMCID: PMC9807423 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cases of reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported worldwide. We investigated reinfection cases in a set of more than 30,000 samples, and the SARS-CoV-2 genomes from selected samples from four patients with at least two positive diagnoses with an interval ≥ 45 days between tests were sequenced and analyzed. Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis confirmed three reinfection cases and suggested that the fourth one was caused by a virus of the same lineage. Viral sequencing is crucial for understanding the natural course of reinfections and for planning public health strategies for management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janira Prichula
- Department of Microbiology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - Eliana Wendland
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, PROADI-SUS, Porto Alegre, Brazil ,Department of Community Health, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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14
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Ethnic homophily affects vaccine prioritization strategies. J Theor Biol 2022; 555:111295. [PMID: 36208667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
People are more likely to interact with other people of their ethnicity-a phenomenon known as ethnic homophily. In the United States, people of color are known to hold proportionately more high-contact jobs and are thus more at risk of virus infection. At the same time, these ethnic groups are on average younger than the rest of the population. This gives rise to interesting disease dynamics and non-trivial trade-offs that should be taken into consideration when developing prioritization strategies for future mass vaccine roll-outs. Here, we study the spread of COVID-19 through the US population, stratified by age, ethnicity, and occupation, using a detailed, previously-developed compartmental disease model. Based on historic data from the US mass COVID-19 vaccine roll-out that began in December 2020, we show, (i) how ethnic homophily affects the choice of optimal vaccine allocation strategy, (ii) that, notwithstanding potential ethical concerns, differentiating by ethnicity in these strategies can improve outcomes (e.g., fewer deaths), and (iii) that the most likely social context in the United States is very different from the standard assumptions made by models which do not account for ethnicity and this difference affects which allocation strategy is optimal. This manuscript was submitted as part of a theme issue on "Modelling COVID-19 and Preparedness for Future Pandemics".
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15
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Chen Q, Zhu K, Liu X, Zhuang C, Huang X, Huang Y, Yao X, Quan J, Lin H, Huang S, Su Y, Wu T, Zhang J, Xia N. The Protection of Naturally Acquired Antibodies Against Subsequent SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:793-803. [PMID: 35195494 PMCID: PMC8920404 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2046446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The specific antibodies induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection may provide protection against a subsequent infection. However, the efficacy and duration of protection provided by naturally acquired immunity against subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection remain controversial. We systematically searched for the literature describing COVID-19 reinfection published before 07 February 2022. The outcomes were the pooled incidence rate ratio (IRR) for estimating the risk of subsequent infection. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Statistical analyses were conducted using the R programming language 4.0.2. We identified 19 eligible studies including more than 3.5 million individuals without the history of COVID-19 vaccination. The efficacy of naturally acquired antibodies against reinfection was estimated at 84% (pooled IRR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.14-0.18), with higher efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 cases (pooled IRR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.07-0.12) than asymptomatic infection (pooled IRR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.14-0.54). In the subgroup analyses, the pooled IRRs of COVID-19 infection in health care workers (HCWs) and the general population were 0.22 (95% CI = 0.16-0.31) and 0.14 (95% CI = 0.12-0.17), respectively, with a significant difference (P = 0.02), and those in older (over 60 years) and younger (under 60 years) populations were 0.26 (95% CI = 0.15–0.48) and 0.16 (95% CI = 0.14-0.19), respectively. The risk of subsequent infection in the seropositive population appeared to increase slowly over time. In conclusion, naturally acquired antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can significantly reduce the risk of subsequent infection, with a protection efficacy of 84%. Registration number: CRD42021286222
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingcheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoujie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.,The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
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16
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Trivedi VS, Magnusen AF, Rani R, Marsili L, Slavotinek AM, Prows DR, Hopkin RJ, McKay MA, Pandey MK. Targeting the Complement-Sphingolipid System in COVID-19 and Gaucher Diseases: Evidence for a New Treatment Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214340. [PMID: 36430817 PMCID: PMC9695449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced disease (COVID-19) and Gaucher disease (GD) exhibit upregulation of complement 5a (C5a) and its C5aR1 receptor, and excess synthesis of glycosphingolipids that lead to increased infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in massive generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. This C5a-C5aR1-glycosphingolipid pathway- induced pro-inflammatory environment causes the tissue damage in COVID-19 and GD. Strikingly, pharmaceutically targeting the C5a-C5aR1 axis or the glycosphingolipid synthesis pathway led to a reduction in glycosphingolipid synthesis and innate and adaptive immune inflammation, and protection from the tissue destruction in both COVID-19 and GD. These results reveal a common involvement of the complement and glycosphingolipid systems driving immune inflammation and tissue damage in COVID-19 and GD, respectively. It is therefore expected that combined targeting of the complement and sphingolipid pathways could ameliorate the tissue destruction, organ failure, and death in patients at high-risk of developing severe cases of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyoma Snehal Trivedi
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Albert Frank Magnusen
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Reena Rani
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Luca Marsili
- Department of Neurology, James J. and Joan A. Gardner Center for Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, 3113 Bellevue Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Anne Michele Slavotinek
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Daniel Ray Prows
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Robert James Hopkin
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Mary Ashley McKay
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence:
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17
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Al Bastaki NA, Sheek-Hussein M, Shukla A, Al-Bluwi N, Saddik B. An Evaluation of Non-Communicable Diseases and Risk Factors Associated with COVID-19 Disease Severity in Dubai, United Arab Emirates: An Observational Retrospective Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14381. [PMID: 36361255 PMCID: PMC9659060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and their correlation with COVID-19 disease severity among patients infected in Dubai. Clinical and demographic data were extracted from hospital records of 34,687 COVID-19 patients who visited or were admitted into Dubai hospitals between 28 January 2020 and 30 September 2020. Prevalence of co-morbidities in COVID-19 patients were assessed. The main risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity were also identified using three regression models. All co-morbidities were significantly associated with COVID-19 severity in the bivariate analysis (p-value ≤ 0.05) except for vitamin-D deficiency and chronic lower respiratory diseases. Patients with ischemic heart diseases (AOR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.37, 3.15), pulmonary and other heart diseases (AOR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.36, 3.32) and chronic kidney diseases (AOR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.01, 3.25) had higher odds of severe COVID-19 symptoms. Suffering from multiple co-morbidities increased the odds of developing severe COVID-19 symptoms substantially in comparison to having only one co-morbidity i.e., (AOR: 1.52; 95% CI 1.76-2.60) to (AOR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.37, 3.97). Identifying these risk factors could assist in the early recognition of high-risk populations and ensure the most appropriate preventive measures and required medical management during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamud Sheek-Hussein
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ankita Shukla
- Sharjah Institute for Medical and Health Sciences Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Najlaa Al-Bluwi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical and Health Sciences Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basema Saddik
- Sharjah Institute for Medical and Health Sciences Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Family and Community Medicine and Behavioural Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
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18
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Kombe Kombe AJ, Biteghe FAN, Ndoutoume ZN, Jin T. CD8 + T-cell immune escape by SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Front Immunol 2022; 13:962079. [PMID: 36389664 PMCID: PMC9647062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.962079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the efficacy of antiviral drug repositioning, convalescent plasma (CP), and the currently available vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still challenging because of the ongoing emergence of certain new SARS-CoV-2 strains known as variants of concern (VOCs). Mutations occurring within the viral genome, characterized by these new emerging VOCs, confer on them the ability to efficiently resist and escape natural and vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses. Consequently, these VOCs have enhanced infectivity, increasing their stable spread in a given population with an important fatality rate. While the humoral immune escape process is well documented, the evasion mechanisms of VOCs from cellular immunity are not well elaborated. In this review, we discussed how SARS-CoV-2 VOCs adapt inside host cells and escape anti-COVID-19 cellular immunity, focusing on the effect of specific SARS-CoV-2 mutations in hampering the activation of CD8+ T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | | | - Zélia Nelly Ndoutoume
- The Second Clinical School, Medical Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Chinese Academic of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Chinese Academic of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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Diani S, Leonardi E, Cavezzi A, Ferrari S, Iacono O, Limoli A, Bouslenko Z, Natalini D, Conti S, Mantovani M, Tramonte S, Donzelli A, Serravalle E. SARS-CoV-2-The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6272. [PMID: 36362500 PMCID: PMC9655392 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 may be useful to reduce the mortality/morbidity of this disease, but still a lot of controversy exists. AIMS This narrative review analyzes the literature regarding these two immunitary processes and more specifically: (a) the duration of natural immunity; (b) cellular immunity; (c) cross-reactivity; (d) the duration of post-vaccination immune protection; (e) the probability of reinfection and its clinical manifestations in the recovered patients; (f) the comparisons between vaccinated and unvaccinated as to the possible reinfections; (g) the role of hybrid immunity; (h) the effectiveness of natural and vaccine-induced immunity against Omicron variant; (i) the comparative incidence of adverse effects after vaccination in recovered individuals vs. COVID-19-naïve subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS through multiple search engines we investigated COVID-19 literature related to the aims of the review, published since April 2020 through July 2022, including also the previous articles pertinent to the investigated topics. RESULTS nearly 900 studies were collected, and 246 pertinent articles were included. It was highlighted that the vast majority of the individuals after suffering from COVID-19 develop a natural immunity both of cell-mediated and humoral type, which is effective over time and provides protection against both reinfection and serious illness. Vaccine-induced immunity was shown to decay faster than natural immunity. In general, the severity of the symptoms of reinfection is significantly lower than in the primary infection, with a lower degree of hospitalizations (0.06%) and an extremely low mortality. CONCLUSIONS this extensive narrative review regarding a vast number of articles highlighted the valuable protection induced by the natural immunity after COVID-19, which seems comparable or superior to the one induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Consequently, vaccination of the unvaccinated COVID-19-recovered subjects may not be indicated. Further research is needed in order to: (a) measure the durability of immunity over time; (b) evaluate both the impacts of Omicron BA.5 on vaccinated and healed subjects and the role of hybrid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Diani
- School of Musictherapy, Université Européenne Jean Monnet, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Oriana Iacono
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Mirandola Hospital, 41037 Mirandola, Italy
| | - Alice Limoli
- ARPAV (Regional Agency for the Environment Protection), 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Zoe Bouslenko
- Cardiology Department, Valdese Hospital, 10100 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Silvano Tramonte
- Environment and Health Commission, National Bioarchitecture Institute, 20121 Milano, Italy
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20
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Suljič A, Sočan M, Mrzel M, Lunar MM, Korva M, Štorman A, Prosenc K, Janežič S, Žohar-Čretnik T, Zupanič T, Poljak M, Avšič-Županc T. Milder outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 genetically confirmed reinfections compared to primary infections with the delta variant: A retrospective case-control study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:962653. [PMID: 36275814 PMCID: PMC9582599 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.962653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 infection does not confer long immunity. However, studies suggest that prior infection is associated with lower risk of reinfection and milder outcomes of recurrent infections. The aims of this retrospective observational case-control study were to describe the clinical and molecular characteristics of genetically confirmed Delta reinfection cases and to assess the potential protective role of preceding infection on the severity of reinfection. Methods We used next generation sequencing (NGS) to explore if cases with two positive real time RT-PCR tests > 90 days apart were infected with a different SARS-CoV-2 variant. Cases with confirmed reinfection between August 1st and October 31st, 2021 (the Delta wave) in Slovenia were matched 1:4 by age, sex and timeframe (week of positive test) with individuals with primary infection. Sociodemographic and epidemiologic data, vaccination status, and data on hospitalization and outcome of infection were retrieved from several centralized and standardized national databases. Additional epidemiologic surveys were performed on a limited number of cases and controls. Results We identified 628 cases of genetically confirmed reinfection during the study period and matched them with 2,512 control subjects with Delta primary infection. Primary infections in individuals with reinfection were mainly caused by B.1.258.17 (51.1%), followed by B.1.1.7 (15.1%) and reinfection was detected on average 271 days after primary infection (range 101–477 days). Our results show a substantially lower probability of hospitalization in cases with reinfection compared with controls (OR: 0.21, p = 0.017), but no significant difference was observed in intensive care unit admission and deaths. We observed a significantly lower proportion of vaccinated individuals among cases compared to controls (4.5% vs. 28.2%), suggesting that hybrid immunity leads to lower probability of reinfection. Detailed analysis of the temporal distribution of variants, responsible for reinfections, showed no significant differences in reinfection potential. Conclusion Reinfection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant resulted in fewer hospitalizations compared to the primary Delta infection, suggesting that primary infection may, to some extent, produce at least short lasting protective immunity. This study provides additional insight into the reinfection dynamics that may allow appropriate public health measures to be taken in subsequent waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Suljič
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Sočan
- National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia,*Correspondence: Maja Sočan,
| | - Maja Mrzel
- National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja M. Lunar
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miša Korva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Štorman
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment, and Food, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Prosenc
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment, and Food, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sandra Janežič
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment, and Food, Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | - Tina Zupanič
- National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mario Poljak
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Poniedziałek B, Hallmann E, Sikora D, Szymański K, Kondratiuk K, Żurawski J, Rzymski P, Brydak L. Relationship between Humoral Response in COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1621. [PMID: 36298486 PMCID: PMC9610939 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that vaccination against seasonal influenza can improve innate immune responses to COVID-19 and decrease disease severity. However, less is known about whether it could also impact the humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. The present study aimed to compare the SARS-CoV-2 specific humoral responses (IgG antibodies against nucleocapsid; anti-N, receptor binding domain; anti-RBD, subunit S2; anti-S2, and envelope protein; anti-E) between non-hospitalized, COVID-19 unvaccinated, and mild COVID-19 convalescent patients who were and were not vaccinated against influenza during the 2019/2020 epidemic season (n = 489 and n = 292, respectively). The influenza-vaccinated group had significantly higher frequency and titers of anti-N antibodies (75 vs. 66%; mean 559 vs. 520 U/mL) and anti-RBD antibodies (85 vs. 76%; mean 580 vs. 540 U/mL). The prevalence and concentrations of anti-S2 and anti-E antibodies did not differ between groups (40-43%; mean 370-375 U/mL and 1.4-1.7%; mean 261-294 U/mL) and were significantly lower compared to those of anti-RBD and anti-N. In both groups, age, comorbidities, and gender did not affect the prevalence and concentrations of studied antibodies. The results indicate that influenza vaccination can improve serum antibody levels produced in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewelina Hallmann
- Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center at the National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute in Warsaw, Chocimska St. 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Sikora
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry St. 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Karol Szymański
- Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center at the National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute in Warsaw, Chocimska St. 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kondratiuk
- Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center at the National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute in Warsaw, Chocimska St. 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Żurawski
- Department of Immunobiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lidia Brydak
- Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center at the National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute in Warsaw, Chocimska St. 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Dowran R, Damavandi AR, Azad TM. Reinfection and reactivation of SARS-CoV-2. Future Virol 2022. [PMID: 36176508 PMCID: PMC9514089 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As the cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection escalates, the essence of in-depth knowledge around acquired immunity and emergence of reinfection and reactivation have to be captured. While being a rare phenomenon, reinfection occurs as the result of diminishing protection conferred by antibodies, especially IgG. Reactivation is more concerned with the role of various elements including shedding lingering viral RNA for a prolonged time and incomplete resolution of infection along with the insight of dormant viral exosomes’ role. The concept of testing positive after two consecutive negative results requires proper discrimination of reinfection from reactivation. In this review, we summarized the current evidence for possible mechanisms leading to viral reactivation or test re-positivity. We also pointed out risk factors associated with both reinfection and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Dowran
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Scientific Association of Virology, Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirmasoud Rayati Damavandi
- Student Scientific Association of Virology, Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Risk and severity of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections during 2020–2022 in Vojvodina, Serbia: A population-level observational study. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2022; 20:100453. [PMID: 35791336 PMCID: PMC9246704 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data on the rate and severity of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in real-world settings are scarce and the effects of vaccine boosters on reinfection risk are unknown. Methods In a population-level observational study, registered SARS-CoV-2 laboratory-confirmed Vojvodina residents, between March 6, 2020 and October 31, 2021, were followed for reinfection ≥90 days after primary infection. Data were censored at the end of follow-up (January 31, 2022) or death. The reinfection risk was visualized with Kaplan-Meier plots. To examine the protective effect of vaccination, the subset of individuals with primary infection in 2020 (March 6–December 31) were matched (1:2) with controls without reinfection. Findings Until January 31, 2022, 13,792 reinfections were recorded among 251,104 COVID-19 primary infections (5.49%). Most reinfections (86.77%, 11,967/13,792) were recorded in January 2022. Reinfections were mostly mild (99.17%, 13,678/13,792). Hospitalizations were uncommon [1.08% (149/13,792) vs. 3.66% (505/13,792) in primary infection] and COVID-19 deaths were very rare (20/13,792, case fatality rate 0.15%). The overall incidence rate of reinfections was 5.99 (95% CI 5.89–6.09) per 1000 person-months. The reinfection risk was estimated as 0.76% at six months, 1.36% at nine months, 4.96% at 12 months, 16.68% at 15 months, and 18.86% at 18 months. Unvaccinated (OR=1.23; 95%CI=1.14–1.33), incompletely (OR=1.33; 95%CI=1.08–1.64) or completely vaccinated (OR=1.50; 95%CI=1.37–1.63), were modestly more likely to be reinfected compared with recipients of a third (booster) vaccine dose. Interpretation SARS-CoV-2 reinfections were uncommon until the end of 2021 but became common with the advent of Omicron. Very few reinfections were severe. Boosters may modestly reduce reinfection risk. Funding No specific funding was obtained for this study.
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24
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Zavaglio F, Cassaniti I, Sammartino JC, Tonello S, Sainaghi PP, Novelli V, Meloni F, Lilleri D, Baldanti F. mRNA BNT162b Vaccine Elicited Higher Antibody and CD4 + T-Cell Responses than Patients with Mild COVID-19. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061250. [PMID: 35744768 PMCID: PMC9228401 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the development and persistence of antibody and T-cell responses elicited by the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analysed 37 post-COVID-19 patients (15 with pneumonia and 22 with mild symptoms) and 20 vaccinated subjects. Anti-Spike IgG and neutralising antibodies were higher in vaccinated subjects and in patients with pneumonia than in patients with mild COVID-19, and persisted at higher levels in patients with pneumonia while declining in vaccinated subjects. However, the booster dose restored the initial antibody levels. The proliferative CD4+ T-cell response was similar in vaccinated subjects and patients with pneumonia, but was lower in mild COVID-19 patients and persisted in both vaccinated subjects and post-COVID patients. Instead, the proliferative CD8+ T-cell response was lower in vaccinated subjects than in patients with pneumonia, decreased six months after vaccination, and was not restored after the booster dose. The cytokine profile was mainly TH1 in both vaccinated subjects and post-COVID-19 patients. The mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine elicited higher levels of antibody and CD4+ T-cell responses than those observed in mild COVID-19 patients. While the antibody response declined after six months and required a booster dose to be restored at the initial levels, the proliferative CD4+ T-cell response persisted over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zavaglio
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.Z.); (I.C.); (J.C.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.Z.); (I.C.); (J.C.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Josè Camilla Sammartino
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.Z.); (I.C.); (J.C.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Stelvio Tonello
- Immunoreumatology Laboratory, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.T.); (P.P.S.)
- Internal Medicine Laboratory, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Immunoreumatology Laboratory, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.T.); (P.P.S.)
- Internal Medicine Laboratory, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Immunorheumatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, “Maggiore della Carità” Univerisity Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Viola Novelli
- Medical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Federica Meloni
- Research Laboratory of Lung Diseases, Section of Cell Biology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.Z.); (I.C.); (J.C.S.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-501501
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.Z.); (I.C.); (J.C.S.); (F.B.)
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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25
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Shafqat A, Arabi TZ, Sabbah BN, Abdulkader HS, Shafqat S, Razak A, Kashir J, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Understanding COVID-19 Vaccines Today: Are T-cells Key Players? Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060904. [PMID: 35746512 PMCID: PMC9227180 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has heavily mutated since the beginning of the coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this regard, the so-called variants of concern (VOCs) feature mutations that confer increased transmissibility and evasion of antibody responses. The VOCs have caused significant spikes in COVID-19 cases, raising significant concerns about whether COVID-19 vaccines will protect against current and future variants. In this context, whereas the protection COVID-19 vaccines offer against the acquisition of infection appears compromised, the protection against severe COVID-19 is maintained. From an immunologic standpoint, this is likely underpinned by the maintenance of T-cell responses against VOCs. Therefore, the role of T-cells is essential to understanding the broader adaptive immune response to COVID-19, which has the potential to shape public policies on vaccine protocols and inform future vaccine design. In this review, we survey the literature on the immunology of T-cell responses upon SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with the current FDA-approved and Emergency Use Authorized COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (T.Z.A.); (B.N.S.); (H.S.A.); (A.R.); (J.K.); (K.A.); (A.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-592-362-763
| | - Tarek Z. Arabi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (T.Z.A.); (B.N.S.); (H.S.A.); (A.R.); (J.K.); (K.A.); (A.Y.)
| | - Belal N. Sabbah
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (T.Z.A.); (B.N.S.); (H.S.A.); (A.R.); (J.K.); (K.A.); (A.Y.)
| | - Humzah S. Abdulkader
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (T.Z.A.); (B.N.S.); (H.S.A.); (A.R.); (J.K.); (K.A.); (A.Y.)
| | - Shameel Shafqat
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi, Pakistan;
| | - Adhil Razak
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (T.Z.A.); (B.N.S.); (H.S.A.); (A.R.); (J.K.); (K.A.); (A.Y.)
| | - Junaid Kashir
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (T.Z.A.); (B.N.S.); (H.S.A.); (A.R.); (J.K.); (K.A.); (A.Y.)
| | - Khaled Alkattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (T.Z.A.); (B.N.S.); (H.S.A.); (A.R.); (J.K.); (K.A.); (A.Y.)
| | - Ahmed Yaqinuddin
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (T.Z.A.); (B.N.S.); (H.S.A.); (A.R.); (J.K.); (K.A.); (A.Y.)
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Pilz S, Theiler-Schwetz V, Trummer C, Krause R, Ioannidis JPA. SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: Overview of efficacy and duration of natural and hybrid immunity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112911. [PMID: 35149106 PMCID: PMC8824301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Seroprevalence surveys suggest that more than a third and possibly more than half of the global population has been infected with SARS-CoV-2 by early 2022. As large numbers of people continue to be infected, the efficacy and duration of natural immunity in terms of protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfections and severe disease is of crucial significance for the future. This narrative review provides an overview on epidemiological studies addressing this issue. National surveys covering 2020-2021 documented that a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a significantly reduced risk of reinfections with efficacy lasting for at least one year and only relatively moderate waning immunity. Importantly, natural immunity showed roughly similar effect sizes regarding protection against reinfection across different SARS-CoV-2 variants, with the exception of the Omicron variant for which data are just emerging before final conclusions can be drawn. Risk of hospitalizations and deaths was also reduced in SARS-CoV-2 reinfections versus primary infections. Observational studies indicate that natural immunity may offer equal or greater protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections compared to individuals receiving two doses of an mRNA vaccine, but data are not fully consistent. The combination of a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and a respective vaccination, termed hybrid immunity, seems to confer the greatest protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections, but several knowledge gaps remain regarding this issue. Natural immunity should be considered for public health policy regarding SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pilz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - Verena Theiler-Schwetz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Trummer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Krause
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Population Health, Biomedical Data Science, and Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Dacosta-Aguayo R, Lamonja-Vicente N, Chacón C, Carrasco-Ribelles LA, Montero-Alia P, Costa-Garrido A, García-Sierra R, López-Lifante VM, Moreno-Gabriel E, Massanella M, Puig J, Muñoz-Moreno JA, Mateu L, Prats A, Rodríguez C, Mataró M, Prado JG, Martínez-Cáceres E, Violán C, Torán-Monserrat P. Neurocognitive Profile of the Post-COVID Condition in Adults in Catalonia-A Mixed Method Prospective Cohort and Nested Case-Control Study: Study Protocol. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:849. [PMID: 35746457 PMCID: PMC9230542 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of the post-COVID condition is usually achieved by excluding other diseases; however, cognitive changes are often found in the post-COVID disorder. Therefore, monitoring and treating the recovery from the post-COVID condition is necessary to establish biomarkers to guide the diagnosis of symptoms, including cognitive impairment. Our study employs a prospected cohort and nested case-control design with mixed methods, including statistical analyses, interviews, and focus groups. Our main aim is to identify biomarkers (functional and structural neural changes, inflammatory and immune status, vascular and vestibular signs and symptoms) easily applied in primary care to detect cognitive changes in post-COVID cases. The results will open up a new line of research to inform diagnostic and therapeutic decisions with special considerations for cognitive impairment in the post-COVID condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Dacosta-Aguayo
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimaging Center (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Noemí Lamonja-Vicente
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
| | - Carla Chacón
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
| | - Lucia Amalía Carrasco-Ribelles
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
| | - Pilar Montero-Alia
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society GREMSAS (2017 SGR 917), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre d’Atenció Primària La Riera (Mataró 1), Institut Català de la Salut, 08302 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Costa-Garrido
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
| | - Rosa García-Sierra
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society GREMSAS (2017 SGR 917), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor M. López-Lifante
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
- Palau-Solità Healthcare Centre, Palau-Solità Plegamans Institut Català de la Salut, 08124 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Moreno-Gabriel
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society GREMSAS (2017 SGR 917), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola de Vallès, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.M.); (L.M.); (J.G.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Josep Puig
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimaging Center (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Jose A. Muñoz-Moreno
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.A.M.-M.); (A.P.)
- Facultat de Psicologia i Ciències de l’Educació, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateu
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.M.); (L.M.); (J.G.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.A.M.-M.); (A.P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Anna Prats
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.A.M.-M.); (A.P.)
| | - Carmina Rodríguez
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society GREMSAS (2017 SGR 917), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Fost de Campcentelles Healthcare Centre, Sant Fost de Campcentelles, Institut Català de la Salut, 08105 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Mataró
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Julia G. Prado
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.M.); (L.M.); (J.G.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Cáceres
- Immunology Department, FOCIS Center of Excellence—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
- Immunology Division, Laboratori Clinic Metropolitana Nord (LCMN), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Concepción Violán
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pere Torán-Monserrat
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society GREMSAS (2017 SGR 917), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Percentages of Vaccination Coverage Required to Establish Herd Immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050736. [PMID: 35632492 PMCID: PMC9144560 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic associated with SARS-CoV-2 is a worldwide public health challenge. The WHO has proposed to achieve 70% COVID-19 vaccination coverage in all countries by mid-2022. Nevertheless, the prevention strategy based on COVID-19 vaccination and other applied prevention measures has not been sufficient to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemic waves. This study assessed the vaccination coverage that would be required to establish herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2, taking into account virus transmissibility (Ro values from 1.1 to 10) and COVID-19 vaccination effectiveness. The study found that high percentages of vaccination coverage and high levels of vaccination effectiveness are necessary to block the transmission of Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 variants with greater infectious capacity. COVID-19 vaccination programs could establish herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2, with Ro values ranging from 3 to 10 and levels of COVID-19 vaccination effectiveness of 70–100%. Factors reducing COVID-19 vaccination effectiveness (emergent variants, infections among vaccinated individuals, high risk individuals) and factors increasing SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility (close settings) increased the percentages of vaccination coverage that would be required to establish herd immunity. Two measures should be implemented to establish herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2: (1) achieve ≥ 90% COVID-19 vaccination coverage in all countries worldwide, and (2) increase the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing Omicron infection to at least 88%.
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Pulliam JRC, van Schalkwyk C, Govender N, von Gottberg A, Cohen C, Groome MJ, Dushoff J, Mlisana K, Moultrie H. Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa. Science 2022. [PMID: 35289632 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.11.21266068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
We provide two methods for monitoring reinfection trends in routine surveillance data to identify signatures of changes in reinfection risk and apply these approaches to data from South Africa's severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic to date. Although we found no evidence of increased reinfection risk associated with circulation of the Beta (B.1.351) or Delta (B.1.617.2) variants, we did find clear, population-level evidence to suggest immune evasion by the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant in previously infected individuals in South Africa. Reinfections occurring between 1 November 2021 and 31 January 2022 were detected in individuals infected in all three previous waves, and there has been an increase in the risk of having a third infection since mid-November 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet R C Pulliam
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cari van Schalkwyk
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nevashan Govender
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michelle J Groome
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Dushoff
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Koleka Mlisana
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Harry Moultrie
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Pulliam JRC, van Schalkwyk C, Govender N, von Gottberg A, Cohen C, Groome MJ, Dushoff J, Mlisana K, Moultrie H. Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa. Science 2022. [PMID: 35289632 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6108448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We provide two methods for monitoring reinfection trends in routine surveillance data to identify signatures of changes in reinfection risk and apply these approaches to data from South Africa's severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic to date. Although we found no evidence of increased reinfection risk associated with circulation of the Beta (B.1.351) or Delta (B.1.617.2) variants, we did find clear, population-level evidence to suggest immune evasion by the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant in previously infected individuals in South Africa. Reinfections occurring between 1 November 2021 and 31 January 2022 were detected in individuals infected in all three previous waves, and there has been an increase in the risk of having a third infection since mid-November 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet R C Pulliam
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cari van Schalkwyk
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nevashan Govender
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michelle J Groome
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Dushoff
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Koleka Mlisana
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Harry Moultrie
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Pulliam JRC, van Schalkwyk C, Govender N, von Gottberg A, Cohen C, Groome MJ, Dushoff J, Mlisana K, Moultrie H. Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa. Science 2022; 376:eabn4947. [PMID: 35289632 PMCID: PMC8995029 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 231.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We provide two methods for monitoring reinfection trends in routine surveillance data to identify signatures of changes in reinfection risk and apply these approaches to data from South Africa's severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic to date. Although we found no evidence of increased reinfection risk associated with circulation of the Beta (B.1.351) or Delta (B.1.617.2) variants, we did find clear, population-level evidence to suggest immune evasion by the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant in previously infected individuals in South Africa. Reinfections occurring between 1 November 2021 and 31 January 2022 were detected in individuals infected in all three previous waves, and there has been an increase in the risk of having a third infection since mid-November 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet R. C. Pulliam
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cari van Schalkwyk
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nevashan Govender
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michelle J. Groome
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Dushoff
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Koleka Mlisana
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Harry Moultrie
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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32
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Pulliam JRC, van Schalkwyk C, Govender N, von Gottberg A, Cohen C, Groome MJ, Dushoff J, Mlisana K, Moultrie H. Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa. Science 2022. [PMID: 35289632 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5807591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We provide two methods for monitoring reinfection trends in routine surveillance data to identify signatures of changes in reinfection risk and apply these approaches to data from South Africa's severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic to date. Although we found no evidence of increased reinfection risk associated with circulation of the Beta (B.1.351) or Delta (B.1.617.2) variants, we did find clear, population-level evidence to suggest immune evasion by the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant in previously infected individuals in South Africa. Reinfections occurring between 1 November 2021 and 31 January 2022 were detected in individuals infected in all three previous waves, and there has been an increase in the risk of having a third infection since mid-November 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet R C Pulliam
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cari van Schalkwyk
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nevashan Govender
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michelle J Groome
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Dushoff
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Koleka Mlisana
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Harry Moultrie
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract
COVID-19 has been reported to have caused more than 286 million cases and 5.4 million deaths till date. COVID variants have appeared at regular intervals-alpha, beta, gamma, delta and now omicron. 'Omicron' is driving the current surge of cases in most countries including India and is poised to replace 'delta' the world over. This variant with more than 50 mutations is phylogenetically very different from other variants. The omicron variant spreads rapidly with an average doubling time of two days. The disease so far has been mild as compared with delta. Though previous infection and vaccination offer little or no protection against infection with omicron, they do seem to partially protect against hospitalization and severe disease. Booster vaccinations have not made any notable impact on the spread of omicron and have further worsened global vaccine equity. The indirect consequences of omicron from lockdowns, restrictions, travel bans, economic losses, health care worker infections and overwhelming of health care facilities are likely to be enormous. The direct effects of omicron on children are expected to be mild like with the previous variants. However, the indirect effects on child mental, physical, and social health may be considerable owing to school closures, missed vaccinations, neglect of other diseases, etc. It is, therefore, imperative that governments take rational decisions to navigate the world through this latest crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Singhal
- Department of Pediatrics and Infectious Disease, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400053, India.
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Abstract
The adaptive immune response is a major determinant of the clinical outcome after SARS-CoV-2 infection and underpins vaccine efficacy. T cell responses develop early and correlate with protection but are relatively impaired in severe disease and are associated with intense activation and lymphopenia. A subset of T cells primed against seasonal coronaviruses cross reacts with SARS-CoV-2 and may contribute to clinical protection, particularly in early life. T cell memory encompasses broad recognition of viral proteins, estimated at around 30 epitopes within each individual, and seems to be well sustained so far. This breadth of recognition can limit the impact of individual viral mutations and is likely to underpin protection against severe disease from viral variants, including Omicron. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses that likely contribute to remarkable protection against hospitalization or death, and novel or heterologous regimens offer the potential to further enhance cellular responses. T cell immunity plays a central role in the control of SARS-CoV-2 and its importance may have been relatively underestimated thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Moss
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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SARS-COV-2 Memory B and T Cells Profile in Mild COVID-19 Convalescents subjects. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 115:208-214. [PMID: 34896265 PMCID: PMC8653411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES . Antiviral adaptive immunity involves memory B-(MBC) and T-cells (MTC), however their dynamics in SARS-CoV-2 convalescents warrant further investigation. METHODS . In the cross-sectional and longitudinal study, we evaluated blood-derived MBC- and MTC-responses in 68 anti-spike IgG-positive mild-COVID-19 convalescents at visit 1 between 1-7 months (median 4.1 months) after disease onset. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG was performed by ELISA, MBC by SARS-COV-2 specific receptor binding domain (RBD) Elispot and Interferon gamma (IFNg), interleukin 2 (IL2) and IFNg+IL2 secreting MTC by IFNg and IL2 SARS-CoV-2 FluoroSpot. For 24 patients sampled at first visit, the IgG, MBC and MTC analysis were also performed 3 months later at second visit. RESULTS . Seventy two percent were both MBC- and MTC-positive, 18 % - MBC-positive and MTC-negative, and 10% - MTC-positive and MBC-negative. The peak of MBC-response level was detected at 3 months after COVID-19 onset and persisted up to 7 months post infection. A significant MTC-levels were detected one month after onset in response to S1, S2_N and SNMO peptide pools. The frequency and magnitude of MTC response to SNMO was higher than to S1 and S2_N. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that even when specific humoral immunity declined, the cellular immunity persisted. CONCLUSION . Our findings demonstrate durability of adaptive cellular immunity at least for 7-months after SARS-CoV-2 infection that suggest long-lasting protection.
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Robust and Persistent B- and T-Cell Responses after COVID-19 in Immunocompetent and Solid Organ Transplant Recipient Patients. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112261. [PMID: 34835067 PMCID: PMC8621286 DOI: 10.3390/v13112261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response in immunocompetent (IC) and immunocompromised patients is crucial for long-term protection. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection was analysed in 57 IC and 15 solid organ transplanted (TX) patients. Antibody responses were determined by ELISA and neutralization assay. T-cell response was determined by stimulation with peptide pools of the Spike, Envelope, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins with a 20-h Activation Induced Marker (AIM) and 7-day lymphoproliferative assays. Antibody response was detected at similar levels in IC and TX patients. Anti-Spike IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibodies persisted for at least one year, while anti-Nucleocapsid IgG declined earlier. Patients with pneumonia developed higher antibody levels than patients with mild symptoms. Similarly, both rapid and proliferative T-cell responses were detected within the first two months after infection at comparable levels in IC and TX patients, and were higher in patients with pneumonia. T-cell response persisted for at least one year in both IC and TX patients. Spike, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins elicited the major CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, whereas the T-cell response to Envelope protein was negligible. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody and T-cell responses develop rapidly and persist over time in both immunocompetent and transplanted patients.
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Turabelidze G, Womack AJ, Mobley E, Garikapaty V, Finley S. SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections during the Delta Variant Surge - Missouri, June-October, 2021. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2021; 118:539. [PMID: 34924621 PMCID: PMC8672959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A J Womack
- Division of Community and Public Health, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Evan Mobley
- Division of Community and Public Health, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Venkata Garikapaty
- Division of Community and Public Health, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Sarah Finley
- Division of Community and Public Health, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services Jefferson City, Missouri
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Rovida F, Cassaniti I, Paolucci S, Percivalle E, Sarasini A, Piralla A, Giardina F, Sammartino JC, Ferrari A, Bergami F, Muzzi A, Novelli V, Meloni A, Cutti S, Grugnetti AM, Grugnetti G, Rona C, Daglio M, Marena C, Triarico A, Lilleri D, Baldanti F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections with the alpha variant are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic among health care workers. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6032. [PMID: 34654808 PMCID: PMC8521593 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection has been monitored in 3720 healthcare workers receiving 2 doses of BNT162b2. SARS-CoV-2 infection is detected in 33 subjects, with a 100-day cumulative incidence of 0.93%. Vaccine protection against acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 infection is 83% (95%CI: 58-93%) in the overall population and 93% (95%CI: 69-99%) in SARS-CoV-2-experienced subjects, when compared with a non-vaccinated control group from the same Institution, in which SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs in 20/346 subjects (100-day cumulative incidence: 5.78%). The infection is symptomatic in 16 (48%) vaccinated subjects vs 17 (85%) controls (p = 0.01). All analyzed patients, in whom the amount of viral RNA was sufficient for genome sequencing, results infected by the alpha variant. Antibody and T-cell responses are not reduced in subjects with breakthrough infection. Evidence of virus transmission, determined by contact tracing, is observed in two (6.1%) cases. This real-world data support the protective effect of BNT162b2 vaccine. A triple antigenic exposure, such as two-dose vaccine schedule in experienced subjects, may confer a higher protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rovida
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Paolucci
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Percivalle
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Sarasini
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Giardina
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Josè Camilla Sammartino
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ferrari
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Bergami
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alba Muzzi
- Medical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Viola Novelli
- Medical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Meloni
- Medical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Hygiene, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Cutti
- Medical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Grugnetti
- Health Professions Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Grugnetti
- Health Professions Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Rona
- Medical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marinella Daglio
- Medical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Marena
- Medical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Triarico
- Direzione Sanitaria, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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39
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Griffiths PD. Protection offered by SARS coronavirus 2 vaccines against disease and infection. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2303. [PMID: 34611953 PMCID: PMC8646370 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Griffiths
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College Medical School, London, UK
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Shenai MB, Rahme R, Noorchashm H. Equivalency of Protection From Natural Immunity in COVID-19 Recovered Versus Fully Vaccinated Persons: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis. Cureus 2021; 13:e19102. [PMID: 34868754 PMCID: PMC8627252 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a systematic review and pooled analysis of clinical studies to date that (1) specifically compare the protection of natural immunity in the COVID-recovered versus the efficacy of complete vaccination in the COVID-naive, and (2) the added benefit of vaccination in the COVID-recovered, for prevention of subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using the PRISMA 2020 guidance, we first conducted a systematic review of available literature on PubMed, MedRxIV and FDA briefings to identify clinical studies either comparing COVID vaccination to natural immunity or delineating the benefit of vaccination in recovered individuals. After assessing eligibility, studies were qualitatively appraised and formally graded using the NOS system for observational, case-control and RCTs. Incidence rates were tabulated for the following groups: never infected (NI) and unvaccinated (UV), NI and vaccinated (V), previously infected (PI) and UV, PI and V. Pooling were performed by grouping the RCTs and observational studies separately, and then all studies in total. Risk ratios and differences are reported for individual studies and pooled groups, in 1) NPI/V vs PI/UV and 2) PI/UV vs PI/V analysis. In addition, the number needed to treat (NNT) analysis was performed for vaccination in naïve and previously infected cohorts. Nine clinical studies were identified, including three randomized controlled studies, four retrospective observational cohorts, one prospective observational cohort, and a case-control study. The NOS quality appraisals of these articles ranged from four to nine (out of nine stars). All of the included studies found at least statistical equivalence between the protection of full vaccination and natural immunity; and, three studies found superiority of natural immunity. Four observational studies found a statistically significant incremental benefit to vaccination in the COVID-recovered individuals. In a total pooled analysis, the incidence in NPI/V trended higher than PI/UV groups (RR=1.86 [95%CI 0.77-4.51], P=0.17). Vaccination in COVID-recovered individuals provided modest protection from reinfection (RR=1.82 [95%CI 1.21-2.73], P=0.004), but the absolute risk difference was extremely small (AR= 0.004 person-years [95% CI 0.001-0.007], P=0.02). The NNT to prevent one annual case of infection in COVID-recovered patients was 218, compared to 6.5 in COVID-naïve patients, representing a 33.5-fold difference in benefit between the two populations. COVID-recovered individuals represent a distinctly different benefit-risk calculus. While vaccinations are highly effective at protecting against infection and severe COVID-19 disease, our review demonstrates that natural immunity in COVID-recovered individuals is, at least, equivalent to the protection afforded by complete vaccination of COVID-naïve populations. There is a modest and incremental relative benefit to vaccination in COVID-recovered individuals; however, the net benefit is marginal on an absolute basis. Therefore, vaccination of COVID-recovered individuals should be subject to clinical equipoise and individual preference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph Rahme
- Neurosurgery, St. Barnabas Hospital, New York City, USA
| | - Hooman Noorchashm
- Cardiac/Thoracic/Vascular Surgery • Immunology, American Patient Defense Union, Yardley, USA
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