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Kumar R, Santa Chalarca CF, Bockman MR, Bruggen CV, Grimme CJ, Dalal RJ, Hanson MG, Hexum JK, Reineke TM. Polymeric Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11527-11652. [PMID: 33939409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genome editing has transformed the therapeutic landscape for several debilitating diseases, and the clinical outlook for gene therapeutics has never been more promising. The therapeutic potential of nucleic acids has been limited by a reliance on engineered viral vectors for delivery. Chemically defined polymers can remediate technological, regulatory, and clinical challenges associated with viral modes of gene delivery. Because of their scalability, versatility, and exquisite tunability, polymers are ideal biomaterial platforms for delivering nucleic acid payloads efficiently while minimizing immune response and cellular toxicity. While polymeric gene delivery has progressed significantly in the past four decades, clinical translation of polymeric vehicles faces several formidable challenges. The aim of our Account is to illustrate diverse concepts in designing polymeric vectors towards meeting therapeutic goals of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we highlight several classes of polymers employed in gene delivery and summarize the recent work on understanding the contributions of chemical and architectural design parameters. We touch upon characterization methods used to visualize and understand events transpiring at the interfaces between polymer, nucleic acids, and the physiological environment. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches and methodologies motivated by fundamental questions are key to designing high-performing polymeric vehicles for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Matthew R Bockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rishad J Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K Hexum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Clegg JR, Irani AS, Ander EW, Ludolph CM, Venkataraman AK, Zhong JX, Peppas NA. Synthetic networks with tunable responsiveness, biodegradation, and molecular recognition for precision medicine applications. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax7946. [PMID: 31598554 PMCID: PMC6764836 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax7946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Formulations and devices for precision medicine applications must be tunable and multiresponsive to treat heterogeneous patient populations in a calibrated and individual manner. We engineered modular poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) copolymers, cross-linked into multiresponsive nanogels with either a nondegradable or degradable disulfide cross-linker, that were customized via orthogonal chemistries to target biomarkers of an individual patient's disease or deliver multiple therapeutic modalities. Upon modification with functional small molecules, peptides, or proteins, these nanomaterials delivered methylene blue with environmental responsiveness, transduced visible light for photothermal therapy, acted as a functional enzyme, or promoted uptake by cells. In addition to quantifying the nanogels' composition, physicochemical characteristics, and cytotoxicity, we used a QCM-D method for characterizing nanomaterial degradation and a high-throughput assay for cellular uptake. In conclusion, we generated a tunable nanogel composition for precision medicine applications and new quantitative protocols for assessing the bioactivity of similar platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Clegg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Afshan S. Irani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Eric W. Ander
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine M. Ludolph
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Justin X. Zhong
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, and Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Xie L, Zou Y, Carroll S, Muniz M, Mao G. Layer-By-Layer Film Engineering for Sequential Gene Delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1943:161-176. [PMID: 30838616 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9092-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) films are assembled with poly(amido amine)s (PAAs), a type of polycations containing bioreducible disulfide bond, and DNA plasmids to enable LbL film degradation in physiologic conditions by reacting with glutathione or redox-active membrane proteins. The interior layer structure of the LbL films during assembly and disassembly is studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM), ellipsometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and fluorescence spectroscopy. Insertion of barrier layers in bioreducible LbL films is necessary to stabilize the interior layer structure and slow down the film degradation rate to achieve sequential gene delivery. Localized gene delivery from the LbL films is demonstrated using human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sean Carroll
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Maria Muniz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Dendrimer-grafted bioreducible polycation/DNA multilayered films with low cytotoxicity and high transfection ability. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:737-745. [PMID: 30813078 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlled release of incorporated foreign DNA from multilayered films plays an important role in surface-mediated gene delivery. Herein, multilayered polyelectrolyte complex thin films, composed of dendrimer-grafted bio-reducible cationic poly(disulfide amine) and plasmid DNA, were fabricated via layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly for in vitro localized gene delivery. The UV absorbance and thickness of the LBL films were found to have linear correlation with the numbers of poly(disulfide amine)/DNA bilayers. Although LBL films were stable in PBS buffer, their degradation could be triggered by reducing agents (i.e. glutathione, GSH). The degradation rate of the films is directly proportional to the GSH concentration, which in turn affected the corresponding gene expression. All poly(disulfide amine)/DNA films exhibited lower cytotoxicity and higher transfection activity in comparison with PEI/DNA multilayered films. Moreover, LBL films showed the highest transfection efficiency in the presence of 2.5 mM GSH when cultured with 293T cells, with ~36% GFP-positive 293T cells after 5-days of co-culture. These DNA-containing reducible films could potentially be useful in gene therapy and tissue engineering by controlling the release of incorporated DNA.
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Ghoussoub YE, Schlenoff JB. Flipped polyelectrolyte multilayer films: accessing the buried interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5078-5085. [PMID: 25928108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known concerning the interface between a polyelectrolyte multilayer, PEMU, and its substrate. Recent models suggest that excess polymer charge, compensated by counterions, remains buried within the PEMU, especially for thicker films having a nonlinear component to their growth. We report a novel approach for making free-standing multilayers of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDADMA) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS): after assembly on aluminum substrates, films were released by brief immersion in aqueous alkali. The multilayers were then flipped, allowing access to the initially buried substrate/PEMU interface. Experiments were performed to show that this method of release, one of many established for PEMUs, perturbed the surface and bulk of the film minimally. Film/solution and film/substrate interfaces were compared using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). AFM was used to record topography and perform nanoindentation, while XPS provided surface elemental composition. All three methods revealed data consistent with an excess of PDADMA at the buried interface. This excess PDADMA was then complexed with additional PSS to yield "nanosandwiches" of nonstoichiometric PEMU between layers of stoichiometric PEMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara E Ghoussoub
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Joseph B Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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Perry SL, Neumann SG, Neumann T, Cheng K, Ni J, Weinstein JR, Schaffer DV, Tirrell M. Challenges in nucleic acid-lipid films for transfection. AIChE J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Surekha G. Neumann
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California at Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara; CA; 93106
| | | | - Karen Cheng
- Dept. of Bioengineering; University of California at Berkeley; Berkeley; CA; 94720
| | - Jennifer Ni
- Dept. of Bioengineering; University of California at Berkeley; Berkeley; CA; 94720
| | - John R. Weinstein
- Dept. of Bioengineering; University of California at Berkeley; Berkeley; CA; 94720
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Dept. of Bioengineering and Dept of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of California at Berkeley; Berkeley; CA; 94720
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Aytar BS, Prausnitz MR, Lynn DM. Rapid release of plasmid DNA from surfaces coated with polyelectrolyte multilayers promoted by the application of electrochemical potentials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:2726-34. [PMID: 22551230 PMCID: PMC3359390 DOI: 10.1021/am3003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach to the rapid release of DNA based on the application of electrochemical potentials to surfaces coated with polyelectrolyte-based thin films. We fabricated multilayered polyelectrolyte films (or "polyelectrolyte multilayers", PEMs) using plasmid DNA and a model hydrolytically degradable cationic poly(β-amino ester) (polymer 1) on stainless steel substrates using a layer-by-layer approach. The application of continuous reduction potentials in the range of -1.1 to -0.7 V (vs a Ag/AgCl electrode) to film-coated electrodes in PBS at 37 °C resulted in the complete release of DNA over a period of 1-2 min. Film-coated electrodes incubated under identical conditions in the absence of applied potentials required 1-2 days for complete release. Control over the magnitude of the applied potential provided control over the rate at which DNA was released. The results of these and additional physical characterization experiments are consistent with a mechanism of film disruption that is promoted by local increases in pH at the film/electrode interface (resulting from electrochemical reduction of water or dissolved oxygen) that disrupt ionic interactions in these materials. The results of cell-based experiments demonstrated that DNA was released in a form that remains intact and able to promote transgene expression in mammalian cells. Finally, we demonstrate that short-term (i.e., non-continuous) electrochemical treatments can also be used to promote faster film erosion (e.g., over 1-2 h) once the potential is removed. Past studies demonstrate that PEMs fabricated using polymer 1 can promote surface-mediated transfection of cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo. With further development, the electrochemical approaches reported here could thus provide new methods for the rapid, triggered, or spatially patterned transfer of DNA (or other agents) from surfaces of interest in a variety of fundamental and applied contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu S Aytar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Bechler SL, Lynn DM. Characterization of degradable polyelectrolyte multilayers fabricated using DNA and a fluorescently-labeled poly(β-amino ester): shedding light on the role of the cationic polymer in promoting surface-mediated gene delivery. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:542-52. [PMID: 22224541 PMCID: PMC3278507 DOI: 10.1021/bm2016338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) fabricated from cationic polymers and DNA have been investigated broadly as materials for surface-mediated DNA delivery. One attractive aspect of this "multilayered" approach is the potential to exploit the presence of cationic polymer "layers" in these films to deliver DNA to cells more effectively. Past studies demonstrate that these films can promote transgene expression in vitro and in vivo, but significant questions remain regarding roles that the cationic polymers could play in promoting the internalization and processing of DNA. Here, we report physicochemical and in vitro cell-based characterization of DNA-containing PEMs fabricated using fluorescently end-labeled derivatives of a degradable polycation (polymer 1) used in past studies of surface-mediated transfection. This approach permitted simultaneous characterization of polymer and DNA in solution and in cells using fluorescence-based techniques, and provided information about the locations and behaviors of polymer 1 that could not be obtained using other methods. LSCM and flow cytometry experiments revealed that polymer 1 and DNA released from film-coated objects were both internalized extensively by cells and that they were colocalized to a significant extent inside cells (e.g., ~58% of DNA was colocalized with polymer). Fluorescence anisotropy measurements of solutions containing partially eroded films were also consistent with the presence of aggregates of polymer 1 and DNA in solution (e.g., after release from surfaces, but prior to internalization by cells). Our results support the view that polymer 1, which is incorporated into these materials as "layers" rather than as part of optimized, preformed "polyplexes", can act to promote or enhance surface-mediated DNA delivery. More broadly, our results suggest opportunities to improve the delivery properties of DNA-containing PEMs by incorporation of additional "layers" of other conventional cationic polymers designed to address specific intracellular barriers to transfection, such as endosomal escape, more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane L Bechler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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9
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Wohl BM, Engbersen JF. Responsive layer-by-layer materials for drug delivery. J Control Release 2012; 158:2-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li C, Wang K, Gong YH, Li ZY, Zhang J, Luo GF, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. Fabrication of photosensitive multilayered films vialayer-by-layer assembly with well controlled porous structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm14289e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Chen J, Zehtabi F, Ouyang J, Kong J, Zhong W, Xing MMQ. Reducible self-assembled micelles for enhanced intracellular delivery of doxorubicin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15277k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Peng N, Xue YN, Xia XM, Huang SW, Zhuo RX. Bioreducible cationic micelle/DNA multilayered films for localized gene delivery. J Control Release 2011; 152 Suppl 1:e166-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Xia XM, Yu P, Peng N, Zhang Y, Xue YN, Zhuo RX, Huang SW. Tunable release of biomacromolecules from reductive-responsive multilayered hollow microcapsules. J Control Release 2011; 152 Suppl 1:e101-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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14
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Gui Z, Qian J, He Y, An Q, Wang X, Tian C, Sun W. Tunable disintegration of layer-by-layer assembly multilayer films based on hydrolytical-polybetaine at wide-range time. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 361:122-8. [PMID: 21652045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A cationic hydrolytical-polycarboxybetaine (HPCB), poly(N-ethyl acetate-4-vinylpyridinium bromide) was synthesized by incorporating ester group into the side chain of polycarboxybetaine (PCB). The hydrolytic behaviors of HPCB samples in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) were investigated by FT-IR and (1)H NMR. The layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of HPCB/poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) PSS and the disintegration of HPCB/PSS multilayer films were monitored by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The disintegrated behavior of multilayer films was studied in detail by changing the cationic degree of HPCB and the pH of the immersion solution (PBS) in the disintegration process. The disintegration time of HPCB/PSS multilayer films could be controlled widely from 2 min to 30 days in PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangliang Gui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Chen J, Qiu X, Ouyang J, Kong J, Zhong W, Xing MMQ. pH and reduction dual-sensitive copolymeric micelles for intracellular doxorubicin delivery. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3601-11. [PMID: 21853982 DOI: 10.1021/bm200804j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study develops novel pH and reduction dual-sensitive micelles for the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) delivery owing to the fact that the tumor tissues show low pH and high reduction environment. These sub-100 nm micelles present a core-shell structure under physiological conditions, but quickly release the loaded drugs responding to acidic and reductive stimuli. With disulfide bonds in each repeat unit of poly(β-amino ester)s, the novel copolymer was synthesized via Michael addition polymerization from 2,2'-dithiodiethanol diacrylate, 4,4'-trimethylene dipiperidine, and methoxy-PEG-NH(2). DOX released faster from micelles in a weakly acidic environment (pH 6.5) than at pH 7.4 or in the presence of a higher concentration (5 mM) of reducing agent (DTT). The release is even more effective in a scenario of both stimuli (pH 6.5 and 5 mM DTT). MTT assay showed that the DOX-loaded micelles had a higher cytotoxicity for HepG2 tumor cells than DOX at higher concentrations, and that blank micelles had a very low cytotoxicity to the tumor cells. Confocal microscopy observation showed that the micelles can be quickly internalized, effectively deliver the drugs into nuclei, and inhibit cell growth. These results present the copolymer as a novel and effective pH and reduction dual-responsive nanocarrier to enhance drug efficacy for cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Polymer assemblies for controlled delivery of bioactive molecules from surfaces. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:822-36. [PMID: 21684313 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Localized delivery of bioactive compounds from surfaces of biomedical devices affords significant therapeutic benefits, and often relies on the capability of surface coatings to provide spatial and temporal control over release rate. The layer-by-layer technique presents a unique means to construct surface coatings that can conform to a variety of biomaterial surfaces and serve as matrices enabling controlled delivery of bioactive molecules from surfaces. The versatility of layer-by-layer assembly enables construction of surface coatings of diverse chemistry and internal architecture with controlled release properties. This review focuses on recent developments in constructing such layered matrices using linear polymers, polymer nanoparticles and block copolymer micelles, including micelles with stimuli-responsive cores, as film building blocks and in controlling release rate of therapeutics from these matrices via degradation, application of pH, ionic strength, temperature, light, electric field and chemical or biological stimuli. Challenges and opportunities associated with fabrication of stratified multilayer films capable of multi-stage delivery of multiple drugs are also discussed.
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Dam HH, Caruso F. Construction and degradation of polyrotaxane multilayers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:3026-3029. [PMID: 21567486 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henk H Dam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Sultan Y, DeRosa MC. Target binding influences permeability in aptamer-polyelectrolyte microcapsules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1219-1226. [PMID: 21485004 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aptamer-polyelectrolyte microcapsules are prepared for potential use as triggered delivery vehicles and microreactors. The hollow microcapsules are prepared from the sulforhodamine B aptamer and the polyelectrolytes poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrene-sulfonate), using layer-by-layer (LbL) film deposition templated on a sacrificial CaCO(3) spherical core. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy confirm the formation of spherical CaCO(3) cores and LbL-aptamer microcapsules. Colocalization studies with fluorescently-tagged aptamer and sulforhodamine B verify the ability of the aptamer to recognize its cognate target in the presence of the K(+) ions that are required for its characteristic G-quadruplex formation. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching studies confirms a significant difference in the permeability of the aptamer-polyelectrolyte microcapsules for the sulforhodamine B dye target compared to control microcapsules prepared with a random oligonucleotide. These results suggest that aptamer-based 'smart' responsive films and microcapsules could be applied to problems of catalysis and controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Sultan
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Zhang J, Li C, Xue ZY, Cheng HW, Huang FW, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. Fabrication of lactobionic-loaded chitosan microcapsules as potential drug carriers targeting the liver. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:1665-73. [PMID: 21130904 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates a general approach for fabrication of lactobionic chitosan microcapsules using layer-by-layer assembly via click chemistry. Chitosan was selectively modified with either azide (CHI-Az) or alkyne (CHI-Alk) groups. The growth of the CHI-Az/CHI-Alk click multilayer was studied experimentally by multilayer assembly on planar supports. Linear buildup of the film was observed. The chitosan click capsules were also analyzed with confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Capsules were found to have regular spherical shapes. In addition, (CHI-Az/CHI-Alk)-coated particles were modified with fluorescein isothiocyanate to ensure that the particles can be easily post-functionalized. Finally, lactobionic acid was conjugated onto the (CHI-Az/CHI-Alk)-coated particles and the lactobionic particles exhibited hepatoma cell (HepG2) targeting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Fabrication and stability of porous poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) multilayered films via a cleavable-polycation template. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Wang X, Sun J, Ji J. pH modulated layer-by-layer assembly as a new approach to tunable formulating of DNA within multilayer coating. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sun B, Lynn DM. Release of DNA from polyelectrolyte multilayers fabricated using 'charge-shifting' cationic polymers: tunable temporal control and sequential, multi-agent release. J Control Release 2010; 148:91-100. [PMID: 20678530 PMCID: PMC3005143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach to the design of multilayered polyelectrolyte thin films (or 'polyelectrolyte multilayers', PEMs) that can be used to provide tunable control over the release of plasmid DNA (or multiple different DNA constructs) from film-coated surfaces. Our approach is based upon methods for the layer-by-layer assembly of DNA-containing thin films, and exploits the properties of a new class of cationic 'charge-shifting' polymers (amine functionalized polymers that undergo gradual changes in net charge upon side chain ester hydrolysis) to provide control over the rates at which these films erode and release DNA. We synthesized two 'charge-shifting' polymers (polymers 1 and 2) containing different side chain structures by ring-opening reactions of poly(2-alkenyl azlactone)s with two different tertiary amine functionalized alcohols (3-dimethylamino-1-propanol and 2-dimethylaminoethanol, respectively). Subsequent characterization revealed large changes in the rates of side chain ester hydrolysis for these two polymers; whereas the half-life for the hydrolysis of the esters in polymer 1 was ~200 days, the half-life for polymer 2 was ~6 days. We demonstrate that these large differences in side chain hydrolysis make possible the design of PEMs that erode and promote the surface-mediated release of DNA either rapidly (e.g., over ~3 days for films fabricated using polymer 2) or slowly (e.g., over ~1 month for films fabricated using polymer 1). We demonstrate further that it is possible to design films with release profiles that are intermediate to these two extremes by fabricating films using solutions containing different mixtures of these two polymers. This approach can thus expand the usefulness of these two polymers and achieve a broader range of DNA release profiles without the need to synthesize polymers with new structures or properties. Finally, we demonstrate that polymers 1 and 2 can be used to fabricate multilayered films with hierarchical structures that promote the sequential release of two different DNA constructs with separate and distinct release profiles (e.g., the release of a first construct over a period of ~3 days, followed by the sustained release of a second for a period of ~70 days). With further development, this approach could contribute to the design of functional thin films and surface coatings that provide sophisticated control over the timing and the order of the release of two or more DNA constructs (or other agents) of interest in a range of biomedical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - David M Lynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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Becker AL, Johnston APR, Caruso F. Layer-by-layer-assembled capsules and films for therapeutic delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1836-1852. [PMID: 20715072 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric materials formed via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly have promise for use as drug delivery vehicles. These multilayered materials, both as capsules and thin fi lms, can encapsulate a high payload of toxic or sensitive drugs, and can be readily engineered and functionalized with specific properties. This review highlights important and recent studies that advance the use of LbL-assembled materials as therapeutic devices. It also seeks to identify areas that require additional investigation for future development of the field. A variety of drug-loading methods and delivery routes are discussed. The biological barriers to successful delivery are identified, and possible solutions to these problems are discussed. Finally, state-of-the-art degradation and cargo release mechanisms are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa L Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Zhang M, Xue YN, Liu M, Zhuo RX, Huang SW. Biocleavable Polycationic Micelles as Highly Efficient Gene Delivery Vectors. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2010; 5:1804-1811. [PMID: 21124632 PMCID: PMC2964480 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An amphiphilic disulfide-containing polyamidoamine was synthesized by Michael-type polyaddition reaction of piperazine to equimolar N, N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine with 90% yield. The polycationic micelles (198 nm, 32.5 mV), prepared from the amphiphilic polyamidoamine by dialysis method, can condense foreign plasmid DNA to form nanosized polycationic micelles/DNA polyelectrolyte complexes with positive charges, which transfected 293T cells with high efficiency. Under optimized conditions, the transfection efficiencies of polycationic micelles/DNA complexes are comparable to, or even higher than that of commercially available branched PEI (Mw 25 kDa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ren-Xi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Wen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People’s Republic of China
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Blacklock J, Sievers TK, Handa H, You YZ, Oupický D, Mao G, Möhwald H. Cross-linked bioreducible layer-by-layer films for increased cell adhesion and transgene expression. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:5283-91. [PMID: 20369813 PMCID: PMC2861295 DOI: 10.1021/jp100486h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of cross-linking layer-by-layer (LbL) films consisting of bioreducible poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (rPDMAEMA) and DNA is examined with regard to rigidity, biodegradability, cell adhesion, and transfection activity using 1,5-diiodopentane (DIP) cross-linker. DIP chemically reacts with the tertiary amines of rPDMAEMA, altering the chemical composition of these LbL films. The result is a change in surface morphology, film swelling behavior, and film rigidity, measured with AFM and ellipsometry. It is found that the apparent Young's modulus is increased more than 4 times its original value upon cross-linking. Cross-linking mass is additionally confirmed with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Comprehensive analyses of these experimental values were investigated to calculate the degree of cross-linking using the rubber elasticity theory and the Flory-Rehner theory. Additionally, the Flory-Huggins parameter, chi, was calculated. Good agreement in the two methods yields a cross-linking density of approximately 0.82 mmol/cm(3). The Flory-Huggins parameter increased upon cross-linking from 1.07 to 1.2, indicating increased hydrophobicity of the network and formation of bulk water droplets within the films. In addition, the effects of cross-linking on film disassembly by 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) are found to be insignificant despite the alteration in film rigidity. Mouse fibroblast cells and smooth muscle cells are used to study the effect of cross-linking on cell adhesion and cell transfection activity. In vitro transfection activity up to seven days is quantified using secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) DNA. Film cross-linking is found to enhance cell adhesion and prolong the duration of cellular transfection. These results contribute to the development of bioreducible polymer coatings for localized gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Blacklock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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Xue YN, Liu M, Peng L, Huang SW, Zhuo RX. Improving Gene Delivery Efficiency of Bioreducible Poly(amidoamine)s via Grafting with Dendritic Poly(amidoamine)s. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:404-14. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Delivery of surface-mediated non-viral gene nanoparticles from ultrathin layer-by-layer multilayers. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Boudou T, Crouzier T, Ren K, Blin G, Picart C. Multiple functionalities of polyelectrolyte multilayer films: new biomedical applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:441-67. [PMID: 20217734 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200901327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The design of advanced functional materials with nanometer- and micrometer-scale control over their properties is of considerable interest for both fundamental and applied studies because of the many potential applications for these materials in the fields of biomedical materials, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. The layer-by-layer deposition technique introduced in the early 1990s by Decher, Moehwald, and Lvov is a versatile technique, which has attracted an increasing number of researchers in recent years due to its wide range of advantages for biomedical applications: ease of preparation under "mild" conditions compatible with physiological media, capability of incorporating bioactive molecules, extra-cellular matrix components and biopolymers in the films, tunable mechanical properties, and spatio-temporal control over film organization. The last few years have seen a significant increase in reports exploring the possibilities offered by diffusing molecules into films to control their internal structures or design "reservoirs," as well as control their mechanical properties. Such properties, associated with the chemical properties of films, are particularly important for designing biomedical devices that contain bioactive molecules. In this review, we highlight recent work on designing and controlling film properties at the nanometer and micrometer scales with a view to developing new biomaterial coatings, tissue engineered constructs that could mimic in vivo cellular microenvironments, and stem cell "niches."
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boudou
- Grenoble-INP, LMGP-MINATEC, CNRS UMR 5628 3, Parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
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Becker AL, Zelikin AN, Johnston APR, Caruso F. Tuning the formation and degradation of layer-by-layer assembled polymer hydrogel microcapsules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:14079-14085. [PMID: 20560555 DOI: 10.1021/la901687a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Engineered polymer capsules are finding widespread importance in the delivery of encapsulated toxic or fragile drugs. The effectiveness of polymer capsules as therapeutic delivery vehicles is often dependent on the degradation behavior of the capsules because it is often necessary to release the encapsulated drugs at specific times and in certain locations. Herein we investigate the parameters that govern the formation and degradation of a recently introduced new class of polymer hydrogel capsules based on disulfide cross-linked poly(methacrylic acid). We report a new and efficient method for the synthesis of thiol-functionalized poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA(SH)), the main component of the capsules. Polymeric capsules were synthesized by the layer-by-layer deposition of PMA(SH) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPON) on silica particle templates, followed by cross-linking the PMA(SH) layers and removing PVPON and the template particles. The disulfide cross-links provided a redox-active trigger for degradation that was initiated by a cellular concentration of glutathione. We demonstrate that increasing the degree of PMA(SH) thiol modification affords direct control over the thickness of the polymer film and the degradation rate of the polymer capsules. Furthermore, the degradation rate of the PMA(SH) capsules was independent of film thickness, suggesting a bulk erosion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa L Becker
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Lin QK, Ren KF, Ji J. Hyaluronic acid and chitosan-DNA complex multilayered thin film as surface-mediated nonviral gene delivery system. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 74:298-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang X, Ji J. Postdiffusion of oligo-peptide within exponential growth multilayer films for localized peptide delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11664-11671. [PMID: 19736942 DOI: 10.1021/la9013575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The multilayers of poly(L-lysine) (PLL) and hyaluronic acid (HA) were constructed by alternating deposition of PLL at high pH and HA at low pH. The exponential growth of the multilayer was proved to be amplified by increasing the pH difference between the two deposition solutions. The exponential growth multilayers of PLL/HA assembled at different pH were utilized as reservoirs for loading a trans-activating transcriptional factor (TAT) peptide. The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) results indicated that the FITC-labeled TAT could diffuse throughout the exponentially growing PLL/HA film. The amount of peptide embedded within multilayer could be adjusted by both multilayer assembly pH and the TAT loading pH. Compared with (PLL/HA 6.5/6.5)5 multilayer (PLL/HA a/b means that the multilayer film was constructed by using PLL at pH a and HA at pH b), the (PLL/HA 9.5/2.9)5 film can be loaded with more TAT peptide at the same loading pH 6.5. The excess of positively charged TAT peptide within (PLL/HA 9.5/2.9)5 film could not only be ascribed to its extraordinary thickness but also be attributed to its uncompensated negative charge density enhanced by the pH difference between film buildup and peptide loading process. Increasing of the TAT loading pH from 6.5 to 9.5, which increases the pH difference between multilayer assembly and peptide loading process, enhances the uncompensated charge density within (PLL/HA 9.5/2.9)5 film and elevates the peptide density from 13.8 to 25.0 microg/cm2. Compared with direct layer-by-layer assembly of TAT and HA, the postdiffusion of TAT into (PLL/HA 9.5/2.9)5 film was loaded much more peptide. The postdiffusion of peptide into a rapid growth multilayer can be more favorable to load and sustainedly release functional oligo-peptide. The cell culture results indicated that the TAT embedded within the film maintained the ability to traverse across the Hep G2 cell membrane. The functionalized (PLL/HA 9.5/2.9)5 TAT 9.5 film was more efficient than the equivalent amount of free TAT peptide in the TAT uptake test. The postdiffusion of oligo-peptide within an exponential growth multilayer can serve as an effective approach for localized and sustained peptide delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Bauhuber S, Hozsa C, Breunig M, Göpferich A. Delivery of nucleic acids via disulfide-based carrier systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2009; 21:3286-3306. [PMID: 20882498 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200802453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are not only expected to assume a pivotal position as "drugs" in the treatment of genetic and acquired diseases, but could also act as molecular cues to control the microenvironment during tissue regeneration. Despite this promise, the efficient delivery of nucleic acids to their side of action is still the major hurdle. One among many prerequisites for a successful carrier system for nucleic acids is high stability in the extracellular environment, accompanied by an efficient release of the cargo in the intracellular compartment. A promising strategy to create such an interactive delivery system is to exploit the redox gradient between the extra- and intracellular compartments. In this review, emphasis is placed on the biological rationale for the synthesis of redox sensitive, disulfide-based carrier systems, as well as the extra- and intracellular processing of macromolecules containing disulfide bonds. Moreover, the basic synthetic approaches for introducing disulfide bonds into carrier molecules, together with examples that demonstrate the benefit of disulfides at the individual stages of nucleic acid delivery, will be presented.
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DNA delivery in vitro via surface release from multilayer assemblies with poly(glycoamidoamine)s. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:925-33. [PMID: 19249723 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Localized controlled release of nucleic acid therapeutics could be an effective way to reduce the extracellular barriers associated with systemic delivery. Herein, we have used the layer-by-layer film deposition approach to construct ultrathin multilayer assemblies for in vitro controlled release of plasmid DNA (pDNA). Layer-by-layer assemblies containing alternate layers of cationic poly(l-tartaramidopentaethylenetetramine) (T4), and anionic pDNA were fabricated. The film thickness and the absorbance at 260 nm for different T4/pDNA multilayer assemblies were characterized by ellipsometry and UV-vis spectrophotometry, respectively. The results indicated an increased loading capacity of pDNA with respect to an increase in the number of T4/pDNA bilayers deposited. For the controlled-release studies we incubated the bilayers coated on quartz slides in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 degrees C and collected the media at different incubation time points. The collected PBS samples were characterized for pDNA release by complexing solutions containing the released pDNA with Lipofectamine 2000 and following cellular pDNA uptake via flow cytometry and GFP gene expression assays with HeLa cells. The study showed that the multilayer films started to release pDNA after 1 day of incubation and increased after 7 days of incubation. Assays monitoring green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in HeLa cells indicated that about 20% of the cells were positive for GFP expression at all sample time points up to 11 days. Although an increase in cells positive for Cy5-pDNA was found as the incubation time increased, the number of cells positive for GFP expression remained constant over the same time frame.
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Hollow DNA/PLL microcapsules with tunable degradation property as efficient dual drug delivery vehicles by α-chymotrypsin degradation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Jewell CM, Lynn DM. Surface-Mediated Delivery of DNA: Cationic Polymers Take Charge. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 13:395-402. [PMID: 19956345 PMCID: PMC2621072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The last several years have seen a significant increase in the number of reports describing the use of cationic polymers to design new materials and nanoscale assemblies that promote the surface-mediated delivery of DNA to cells and tissues. In general, these approaches fall into one of two broad categories: (i) methods based upon the physical adsorption of preformed, colloidal aggregates of cationic polymer and DNA (polyplexes) to surfaces, and (ii) methods for the layer-by-layer adsorption of DNA and cationic polymers on surfaces to fabricate multilayered thin films that provide control over the release of DNA into solution or to cells. In this Opinion, we discuss several recent examples of each of these approaches and provide commentary on ways in which the physical and chemical behaviours of cationic polymers have played key roles and present future opportunities to develop new methods for localized and surface-mediated cell transfection in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Jewell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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36
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Dorris AC, Douglas KL, Tabrizian M, Barrett CJ. Control of DNA incorporation into nanoparticles with poly(L-lysine) multilayers. CAN J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles coated with DNA and poly(L-lysine) (PLL) were prepared using a layer-by-layer assembly technique under various solution conditions. Both the level of DNA loading into the materials, the rate and the extent of DNA released from films upon degradation were controlled by varying the pH of polyelectrolyte assembly solutions. To determine optimal conditions for DNA loading, analogous films assembled on flat surfaces were prepared under various pH conditions. Using UV–vis spectroscopy and thin-film ellipsometry, it was found that the extent of DNA incorporation could be varied by more than a factor of two, and that the highest loading was obtained for films built using a combination of DNA and poly(L-lysine) solutions of pH = 4 and pH = 7, respectively. The layers coated onto the silica nanoparticles permitted the surface charge to be characterized by zeta potential electrophoresis. Furthermore, the acid–base dissociation constant measured for PLL on the outermost layer of the DNA/PLL film showed that the pKaof PLL can be shifted by more than three units. Film degradability was investigated via the exposure of films assembled under different pH conditions to α-chymotrypsin. The fraction of DNA released from degraded films can also be increased by a factor of three when films are built under conditions of pH = 4 for the DNA solution. The resultant effect on the transfection ability of pEGFP-N1/PLL coated particles was then measured, and results suggest that the control achieved over the bulk film properties also extends to a strong influence on cell uptake and transfection.Key words: polyelectrolyte multilayer, DNA incorporation, enzymatic degradation, nanoparticles, gene therapy.
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Ariga K, Hill JP, Ji Q. Biomaterials and Biofunctionality in Layered Macromolecular Assemblies. Macromol Biosci 2008; 8:981-90. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200800102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Liu X, Zhang J, Lynn DM. Ultrathin Multilayered Films that Promote the Release of Two DNA Constructs with Separate and Distinct Release Profiles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2008; 20:4148-4153. [PMID: 19890379 PMCID: PMC2613340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David M. Lynn
- X. Liu, J. Zhang, Prof. D. M. Lynn Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin – Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
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Lu G, Tsuchida E, Komatsu T. Human Serum Albumin Nanotubes Comprising Layer-by-layer Assembly with Polycation. CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2008.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Jewell CM, Lynn DM. Multilayered polyelectrolyte assemblies as platforms for the delivery of DNA and other nucleic acid-based therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:979-99. [PMID: 18395291 PMCID: PMC2476211 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Materials that provide spatial and temporal control over the delivery of DNA and other nucleic acid-based agents from surfaces play important roles in the development of localized gene-based therapies. This review focuses on a relatively new approach to the immobilization and release of DNA from surfaces: methods based on the layer-by-layer assembly of thin multilayered films (or polyelectrolyte multilayers, PEMs). Layer-by-layer methods provide convenient, nanometer-scale control over the incorporation of DNA, RNA, and oligonucleotide constructs into thin polyelectrolyte films. Provided that these assemblies can be designed in ways that permit controlled film disassembly under physiological conditions, this approach can contribute new methods for spatial and/or temporal control over the delivery of nucleic acid-based therapeutics in vitro and in vivo. We describe applications of layer-by-layer assembly to the fabrication of DNA-containing films that can be used to provide control over the release of plasmid DNA from the surfaces of macroscopic objects and promote surface-mediated cell transfection. We also highlight the application of these methods to the coating of colloidal substrates and the fabrication of hollow micrometer-scale capsules that can be used to encapsulate and control the release or delivery of DNA and oligonucleotides. Current challenges, gaps in knowledge, and new opportunities for the development of these methods in the general area of gene delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Jewell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Liu X, Zhang J, Lynn DM. Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Fabricated from 'Charge-Shifting' Anionic Polymers: A New Approach to Controlled Film Disruption and the Release of Cationic Agents from Surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:1688-1695. [PMID: 19122876 PMCID: PMC2518400 DOI: 10.1039/b804953j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach to the design of 'charge-shifting' anionic polymers that provides control over the disruption of ultrathin polyelectrolyte multilayers in aqueous media. We demonstrate that the addition of citraconic anhydride to poly(allylamine) yields an anionic, carboxylate-functionalized polymer (polymer 2) that can be converted readily back to cationic poly(allylamine) in acidic environments. The incorporation of polymer 2 into polyelectrolyte multilayers thus provides an approach to the fabrication of films that are stable at neutral pH but that erode over a period of several days in acidic media (e.g., pH ∼5). Experiments using a structural analog of polymer 2 with carboxylate side chains that do not hydrolyze readily provided support for the view that the disruption of these films occurred as a result of polymer side chain hydrolysis and a resulting change in the net charge of the polymers. Because this approach is based upon the use of anionic polymers to induce film instability, it provides a platform for the design of multilayers that can be used to provide control over the release of cationic film components. As proof of concept, we demonstrated that ultrathin films ∼100 nm thick fabricated using polymer 2 sustain the release of fluorescently labeled PAH for up to four days when incubated at pH 5.0. The synthetic approach used here is modular and tunable and can be used to introduce anionic 'charge-shifting' character to a broad range of other polyamines. With further development, this approach could expand significantly the range of different cationic agents (e.g., cationic proteins, peptides, polymers, nanoparticles, etc.) that can be released or delivered from surfaces using polyelectrolyte multilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. E-mail:
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. E-mail:
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. E-mail:
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Lu ZZ, Wu J, Sun TM, Ji J, Yan LF, Wang J. Biodegradable polycation and plasmid DNA multilayer film for prolonged gene delivery to mouse osteoblasts. Biomaterials 2007; 29:733-41. [PMID: 17997482 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sustained release of functional plasmid DNA from the surfaces of materials which support cell adhesion for tissue formation could have a significant impact on gene therapy and tissue engineering. We report here layer-by-layer assembled multilayer film from a degradable cationic poly(2-aminoethyl propylene phosphate) and plasmid DNA encoding for enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) for mouse osteoblast cell adhesion and prolonged gene delivery. Multilayer film growth was monitored by UV spectrophotometry and intensity of absorbance at 260 nm related to incorporated DNA increased in an exponential manner with increase the number of deposited polymer and plasmid layers. It degraded upon incubation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 degrees C and sustained the release of bioactive plasmid DNA up to 2 months. The multilayer film facilitated initial mouse osteoblast cell adhesion onto the surface and enhanced cellular alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium accumulation. It sustained delivering transcriptional active DNA to mouse osteoblast cells cultured on the film, and directly prolonged gene expression in the presence of serum without any exogenous transfection agent. This biodegradable multilayer assembly is promising for the local and sustained delivery of plasmid DNA and such a layer-by-layer system suggests an alternative method for plasmid DNA incorporation which may be useful for surface modification of implanted materials or scaffold for gene therapy and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Lu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
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