1
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Montalbo RCK, Tu HL. Micropatterning of functional lipid bilayer assays for quantitative bioanalysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:031302. [PMID: 37179590 PMCID: PMC10171888 DOI: 10.1063/5.0145997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of the cell with its environment are mediated by the cell membrane and membrane-localized molecules. Supported lipid bilayers have enabled the recapitulation of the basic properties of cell membranes and have been broadly used to further our understanding of cellular behavior. Coupled with micropatterning techniques, lipid bilayer platforms have allowed for high throughput assays capable of performing quantitative analysis at a high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, an overview of the current methods of the lipid membrane patterning is presented. The fabrication and pattern characteristics are briefly described to present an idea of the quality and notable features of the methods, their utilizations for quantitative bioanalysis, as well as to highlight possible directions for the advanced micropatterning lipid membrane assays.
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2
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Berganza E, Boltynjuk E, Mathew G, Vallejo FF, Gröger R, Scherer T, Sekula-Neuner S, Hirtz M. 3D Nanolithography by Means of Lipid Ink Spreading Inhibition. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205590. [PMID: 36538752 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While patterning 2D metallic nanostructures are well established through different techniques, 3D printing still constitutes a major bottleneck on the way to device miniaturization. In this work a fluid phase phospholipid ink is used as a building block for structuring with dip-pen nanolithography. Following a bioinspired approach that relies on ink-spreading inhibition, two processes are presented to build 2D and 3D metallic structures. Serum albumin, a widely used protein with an innate capability to bind to lipids, is the key in both processes. Covering the sample surface with it prior to lipid writing, anchors lipids on the substrate, which ultimately allows the creation of highly stable 3D lipid-based scaffolds to build metallic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider Berganza
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz 3, 29048, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Evgeniy Boltynjuk
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - George Mathew
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Fabio Fernando Vallejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Mecatrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra 45, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Roland Gröger
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Torsten Scherer
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylwia Sekula-Neuner
- n.able GmbH, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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3
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Lowry TW, Kusi-Appiah AE, Fadool DA, Lenhert S. Odor Discrimination by Lipid Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:151. [PMID: 36837654 PMCID: PMC9962961 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Odor detection and discrimination in mammals is known to be initiated by membrane-bound G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The role that the lipid membrane may play in odor discrimination, however, is less well understood. Here, we used model membrane systems to test the hypothesis that phospholipid bilayer membranes may be capable of odor discrimination. The effect of S-carvone, R-carvone, and racemic lilial on the model membrane systems was investigated. The odorants were found to affect the fluidity of supported lipid bilayers as measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The effect of odorants on surface-supported lipid multilayer microarrays of different dimensions was also investigated. The lipid multilayer micro- and nanostructure was highly sensitive to exposure to these odorants. Fluorescently-labeled lipid multilayer droplets of 5-micron diameter were more responsive to these odorants than ethanol controls. Arrays of lipid multilayer diffraction gratings distinguished S-carvone from R-carvone in an artificial nose assay. Our results suggest that lipid bilayer membranes may play a role in odorant discrimination and molecular recognition in general.
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4
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Lin M, Meckes B, Chen C, Teplensky MH, Mirkin CA. Controlling Intracellular Machinery via Polymer Pen Lithography Molecular Patterning. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1282-1289. [PMID: 36188351 PMCID: PMC9523772 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane and the actomyosin cytoskeleton play key roles in controlling how cells sense and interact with their surrounding environment. Myosin, a force-generating actin network-associated protein, is a major regulator of plasma membrane tension, which helps control endocytosis. Despite the important link between plasma membranes and actomyosin (the actin-myosin complex), little is known about how the actomyosin arrangement regulates endocytosis. Here, nanoscopic ligand arrangements defined by polymer pen lithography (PPL) are used to control actomyosin contractility and examine cell uptake. Confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and flow cytometry suggest that the cytoskeletal tension imposed by the nanoscopic ligand arrangement can actively regulate cellular uptake through clathrin- and caveolin-mediated pathways. Specifically, ligand arrangements that increase cytoskeletal tension tend to reduce the cellular uptakes of cholera toxin (CTX) and spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) by regulating endocytic budding and limiting the formation of clathrin- and caveolae-coated pits. Collectively, this work demonstrates how the cell endocytic fate is regulated by actomyosin mechanical forces, which can be tuned by subcellular cues defined by PPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent Lin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
| | - Brian Meckes
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chaojian Chen
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michelle H. Teplensky
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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5
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García-Castro M, Moscoso A, Sarabia F, López-Romero JM, Contreras-Cáceres R, Díaz A. Nanoscale Biocompatible Structures Generated from Fluorinated Tripodal Phenylenes on Gold Nanoprisms. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200007. [PMID: 35324086 PMCID: PMC8944223 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Modification of gold substrates with a stable, uniform and ultrathin layer of biocompatible materials is of tremendous interest for the development of bio-devices. We present the fabrication of hybrid systems consisting of triangular prism gold nanoparticles (Au@NTPs) covalently covered with tripod-shaped oligo(p-phenylenes) featuring trifluoromethyl groups. Their synthesis is accomplished using a biphenyl boronic ester as the key compound. Au@NTPs were prepared through a seedless procedure using 3-butenoic acid and benzyldimethyl ammonium chloride, and modified with aminothiol groups. Coverage of this amine-modified gold substrate with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of tripod-shaped molecules is carried out in ethanolic solution. The hybrid system avoids up to 70 % of protein corona formation, and allows unspecific attachment for bulky adsorbates, providing an optimal biosensing platform. Chemical composition and morphology are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel García-Castro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Moscoso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Sarabia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel López-Romero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael Contreras-Cáceres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Amelia Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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6
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Berganza E, Hirtz M. Direct-Write Patterning of Biomimetic Lipid Membranes In Situ with FluidFM. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50774-50784. [PMID: 34677057 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The creation of biologically inspired artificial membranes on substrates with custom size and in close proximity to each other not only provides a platform to study biological processes in a simplified manner, but they also constitute building blocks for chemical or biological sensors integrated in microfluidic devices. Scanning probe lithography tools such as dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) have opened a new paradigm in this regard, although they possess some inherent drawbacks like the need to operate in air environment or the limited choice of lipids that can be patterned. In this work, we propose the use of the fluid force microscopy (FluidFM) technology to fabricate biomimetic membranes without losing the multiplexing capability of DPN but gaining flexibility in lipid inks and patterning environment. We shed light on the driving mechanisms of the FluidFM-mediated lithography processes in air and liquid. The obtained results should prompt the creation of more realistic biomimetic membranes with arbitrary complex phospholipid mixtures, cholesterol, and potential functional membrane proteins directly patterned in physiological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider Berganza
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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7
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Berganza E, Ebrahimkutty MP, Vasantham SK, Zhong C, Wunsch A, Navarrete A, Galic M, Hirtz M. A multiplexed phospholipid membrane platform for curvature sensitive protein screening. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12642-12650. [PMID: 34268549 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01133b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The curvature of lipid membranes plays a key role in many relevant biological processes such as membrane trafficking, vesicular budding and host-virus interactions. In vitro studies on the membrane curvature of simplified biomimetic models in the nanometer range are challenging, due to their complicated nanofabrication processes. In this work, we propose a simple and low-cost platform for curvature sensitive protein screening, prepared through scanning probe lithography (SPL) methods, where lipid bilayer patches of different compositions can be multiplexed onto substrate areas with tailored local curvature. The curvature is imposed by anchoring nanoparticles of the desired size to the substrate prior to lithography. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that a positive curvature membrane sensitive protein derived from the BAR domain of Nadrin2 binds selectively to lipid patches patterned on substrate areas coated with 100 nm nanoparticles. The platform opens up a path for screening curvature-dependent protein-membrane interaction studies by providing a flexible and easy to prepare substrate with control over lipid composition and membrane curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider Berganza
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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8
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Prommapan P, Brljak N, Lowry TW, Van Winkle D, Lenhert S. Aptamer Functionalized Lipid Multilayer Gratings for Label-Free Analyte Detection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:nano10122433. [PMID: 33291389 PMCID: PMC7762078 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid multilayer gratings are promising optical biosensor elements that are capable of transducing analyte binding events into changes in an optical signal. Unlike solid state transducers, reagents related to molecular recognition and signal amplification can be incorporated into the lipid grating ink volume prior to fabrication. Here we describe a strategy for functionalizing lipid multilayer gratings with a DNA aptamer for the protein thrombin that allows label-free analyte detection. A double cholesterol-tagged, double-stranded DNA linker was used to attach the aptamer to the lipid gratings. This approach was found to be sufficient for binding fluorescently labeled thrombin to lipid multilayers with micrometer-scale thickness. In order to achieve label-free detection with the sub-100 nm-thick lipid multilayer grating lines, the binding affinity was improved by varying the lipid composition. A colorimetric image analysis of the light diffracted from the gratings using a color camera was then used to identify the grating nanostructures that lead to an optimal signal. Lipid composition and multilayer thickness were found to be critical parameters for the signal transduction from the aptamer functionalized lipid multilayer gratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plengchart Prommapan
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (P.P.); (T.W.L.); (D.V.W.)
| | - Nermina Brljak
- Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Troy W. Lowry
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (P.P.); (T.W.L.); (D.V.W.)
- Department of Biological Science and Integrative Nanoscience Institute, Florida State University, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - David Van Winkle
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (P.P.); (T.W.L.); (D.V.W.)
| | - Steven Lenhert
- Department of Biological Science and Integrative Nanoscience Institute, Florida State University, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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9
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Antibody Printing Technologies. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 33237416 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1064-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody microarrays are routinely employed in the lab and in the clinic for studying protein expression, protein-protein, and protein-drug interactions. The microarray format reduces the size scale at which biological and biochemical interactions occur, leading to large reductions in reagent consumption and handling times while increasing overall experimental throughput. Specifically, antibody microarrays, as a platform, offer a number of different advantages over traditional techniques in the areas of drug discovery and diagnostics. While a number of different techniques and approaches have been developed for creating micro and nanoscale antibody arrays, issues relating to sensitivity, cost, and reproducibility persist. The aim of this review is to highlight current state-of the-art techniques and approaches for creating antibody arrays by providing latest accounts of the field while discussing potential future directions.
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10
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Liu HY, Kumar R, Takai M, Hirtz M. Enhanced Stability of Lipid Structures by Dip-Pen Nanolithography on Block-Type MPC Copolymer. Molecules 2020; 25:E2768. [PMID: 32549371 PMCID: PMC7356513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic lipid membranes on solid supports have been used in a plethora of applications, including as biosensors, in research on membrane proteins or as interfaces in cell experiments. For many of these applications, structured lipid membranes, e.g., in the form of arrays with features of different functionality, are highly desired. The stability of these features on a given substrate during storage and in incubation steps is key, while at the same time the substrate ideally should also exhibit antifouling properties. Here, we describe the highly beneficial properties of a 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) copolymer for the stability of supported lipid membrane structures generated by dip-pen nanolithography with phospholipids (L-DPN). The MPC copolymer substrates allow for more stable and higher membrane stack structures in comparison to other hydrophilic substrates, like glass or silicon oxide surfaces. The structures remain highly stable under immersion in liquid and subsequent incubation and washing steps. This allows multiplexed functionalization of lipid arrays with antibodies via microchannel cantilever spotting (µCS), without the need of orthogonal binding tags for each antibody type. The combined properties of the MPC copolymer substrate demonstrate a great potential for lipid-based biomedical sensing and diagnostic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Liu
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (H.-Y.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (H.-Y.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (H.-Y.L.); (R.K.)
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11
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Liu G, Petrosko SH, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. Evolution of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN): From Molecular Patterning to Materials Discovery. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6009-6047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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12
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Synergies between Surface Microstructuring and Molecular Nanopatterning for Controlling Cell Populations on Polymeric Biointerfaces. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030655. [PMID: 32183081 PMCID: PMC7183046 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric biointerfaces are already being used extensively in a wide set of biomedical devices and systems. The possibility of controlling cell populations on biointerfaces may be essential for connecting biological systems to synthetic materials and for researching relevant interactions between life and matter. In this study, we present and analyze synergies between an innovative approach for surface microstructuring and a molecular nanopatterning procedure of recent development. The combined set of techniques used may be instrumental for the development of a new generation of functional polymeric biointerfaces. Eukaryotic cell cultures placed upon the biointerfaces developed, both before and after molecular patterning, help to validate the proposal and to discuss the synergies between the surface microstructuring and molecular nanopatterning techniques described in the study. Their potential role in the production of versatile polymeric biointerfaces for lab- and organ-on-a-chip biodevices and towards more complex and biomimetic co-culture systems and cell cultivation set-ups are also examined.
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13
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Writing Behavior of Phospholipids in Polymer Pen Lithography (PPL) for Bioactive Micropatterns. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050891. [PMID: 31096642 PMCID: PMC6572014 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based membranes play crucial roles in regulating the interface between cells and their external environment, the communication within cells, and cellular sensing. To study these important processes, various lipid-based artificial membrane models have been developed in recent years and, indeed, large-area arrays of supported lipid bilayers suit the needs of many of these studies remarkably well. Here, the direct-write scanning probe lithography technique called polymer pen lithography (PPL) was used as a tool for the creation of lipid micropatterns over large areas via polymer-stamp-mediated transfer of lipid-containing inks onto glass substrates. In order to better understand and control the lipid transfer in PPL, we conducted a systematic study of the influence of dwell time (i.e., duration of contact between tip and sample), humidity, and printing pressure on the outcome of PPL with phospholipids and discuss results in comparison to the more often studied dip-pen nanolithography with phospholipids. This is the first systematic study in phospholipid printing with PPL. Biocompatibility of the obtained substrates with up to two different ink compositions was demonstrated. The patterns are suitable to serve as a platform for mast cell activation experiments.
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14
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Liu G, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Zheng Z. Development of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) and Its Derivatives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900564. [PMID: 30977978 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a unique nanofabrication tool that can directly write a variety of molecular patterns on a surface with high resolution and excellent registration. Over the past 20 years, DPN has experienced a tremendous evolution in terms of applicable inks, a remarkable improvement in fabrication throughput, and the development of various derivative technologies. Among these developments, polymer pen lithography (PPL) is the most prominent one that provides a large-scale, high-throughput, low-cost tool for nanofabrication, which significantly extends DPN and beyond. These developments not only expand the scope of the wide field of scanning probe lithography, but also enable DPN and PPL as general approaches for the fabrication or study of nanostructures and nanomaterials. In this review, a focused summary and historical perspective of the technological development of DPN and its derivatives, with a focus on PPL, in one timeline, are provided and future opportunities for technological exploration in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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15
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Morss Clyne A, Swaminathan S, Díaz Lantada A. Biofabrication strategies for creating microvascular complexity. Biofabrication 2019; 11:032001. [PMID: 30743247 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Design and fabrication of effective biomimetic vasculatures constitutes a relevant and yet unsolved challenge, lying at the heart of tissue repair and regeneration strategies. Even if cell growth is achieved in 3D tissue scaffolds or advanced implants, tissue viability inevitably requires vascularization, as diffusion can only transport nutrients and eliminate debris within a few hundred microns. This engineered vasculature may need to mimic the intricate branching geometry of native microvasculature, referred to herein as vascular complexity, to efficiently deliver blood and recreate critical interactions between the vascular and perivascular cells as well as parenchymal tissues. This review first describes the importance of vascular complexity in labs- and organs-on-chips, the biomechanical and biochemical signals needed to create and maintain a complex vasculature, and the limitations of current 2D, 2.5D, and 3D culture systems in recreating vascular complexity. We then critically review available strategies for design and biofabrication of complex vasculatures in cell culture platforms, labs- and organs-on-chips, and tissue engineering scaffolds, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, challenges and future directions are outlined with the hope of inspiring researchers to create the reliable, efficient and sustainable tools needed for design and biofabrication of complex vasculatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Morss Clyne
- Vascular Kinetics Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
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16
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Buchegger B, Kreutzer J, Axmann M, Mayr S, Wollhofen R, Plochberger B, Jacak J, Klar TA. Proteins on Supported Lipid Bilayers Diffusing around Proteins Fixed on Acrylate Anchors. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12372-12376. [PMID: 30350628 PMCID: PMC6222595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mobility of proteins and lipids plays a major role in physiological processes. Platforms which were developed to study protein interaction between immobilized and mobile proteins suffer from shortcomings such as fluorescence quenching or complicated fabrication methods. Here we report a versatile platform comprising immobilized histidine-tagged proteins and biotinylated proteins in a mobile phase. Importantly, multiphoton photolithography was used for easy and fast fabrication of the platform and allows, in principle, extension of its application to three dimensions. The platform, which is made up of functionalized polymer structures embedded in a mobile lipid bilayer, shows low background fluorescence and allows for mobility of arbitrary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Buchegger
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Johannes Kreutzer
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Axmann
- Institute
of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Mayr
- School
of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Richard Wollhofen
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Birgit Plochberger
- School
of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- School
of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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17
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Zhang Y, Li D, Liu Y, Wittstock G. Inkjet Printing in Liquid Environments. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801212. [PMID: 29808593 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inkjet printing (IJP) is an old but still vivifying technique for flexible and cost-effective printing of various kinds of functional inks. Normally, IJP can only work in gaseous environments. Here, it is shown that traditional piezoelectric IJP can be performed in liquid environments with a totally different droplet dispensing and manipulating mechanism. With the same piezoelectric nozzle, the volume of the droplets printed in a carrier liquid can be thousands of times smaller than those printed in air. Therefore, this work demonstrates a working mode of traditional IJP with a highly improved resolution opening possibilities for novel applications of the IJP technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Science, Center of Interface Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Dege Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, China University of Petroleum, 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, China University of Petroleum, 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- School of Mathematics and Science, Center of Interface Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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18
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Mazur F, Bally M, Städler B, Chandrawati R. Liposomes and lipid bilayers in biosensors. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 249:88-99. [PMID: 28602208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors for the rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of analytes play a vital role in healthcare, drug discovery, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Although a number of sensing concepts and devices have been developed, many longstanding challenges to obtain inexpensive, easy-to-use, and reliable sensor platforms remain largely unmet. Nanomaterials offer exciting possibilities for enhancing the assay sensitivity and for lowering the detection limits down to single-molecule resolution. In this review, we present an overview of liposomes and lipid bilayers in biosensing applications. Lipid assemblies in the form of spherical liposomes or two-dimensional planar membranes have been widely used in the design of biosensing assays; in particular, we highlight a number of recent promising developments of biosensors based on liposomes in suspension, liposome arrays, and lipid bilayers arrays. Assay sensitivity and specificity are discussed, advantages and drawbacks are reviewed, and possible further developments are outlined.
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19
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Kumar R, Urtizberea A, Ghosh S, Bog U, Rainer Q, Lenhert S, Fuchs H, Hirtz M. Polymer Pen Lithography with Lipids for Large-Area Gradient Patterns. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017. [PMID: 28650173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gradient patterns comprising bioactive compounds over comparably (in regard to a cell size) large areas are key for many applications in the biomedical sector, in particular, for cell screening assays, guidance, and migration experiments. Polymer pen lithography (PPL) as an inherent highly parallel and large area technique has a great potential to serve in the fabrication of such patterns. We present strategies for the printing of functional phospholipid patterns via PPL that provide tunable feature size and feature density gradients over surface areas of several square millimeters. By controlling the printing parameters, two transfer modes can be achieved. Each of these modes leads to different feature morphologies. By increasing the force applied to the elastomeric pens, which increases the tip-surface contact area and boosts the ink delivery rate, a switch between a dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) and a microcontact printing (μCP) transfer mode can be induced. A careful inking procedure ensuring a homogeneous and not-too-high ink-load on the PPL stamp ensures a membrane-spreading dominated transfer mode, which, used in combination with smooth and hydrophilic substrates, generates features with constant height, independently of the applied force of the pens. Ultimately, this allows us to obtain a gradient of feature sizes over a mm2 substrate, all having the same height on the order of that of a biological cellular membrane. These strategies allow the construction of membrane structures by direct transfer of the lipid mixture to the substrate, without requiring previous substrate functionalization, in contrast to other molecular inks, where structure is directly determined by the printing process itself. The patterns are demonstrated to be viable for subsequent protein binding, therefore adding to a flexible feature library when gradients of protein presentation are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster , 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Urtizberea
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT) , Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
| | - Uwe Bog
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Quinn Rainer
- Florida State Univ , Dept Biol Sci and Integrat NanoSci Inst, Tallahassee, Florida 32306 United States
| | - Steven Lenhert
- Florida State Univ , Dept Biol Sci and Integrat NanoSci Inst, Tallahassee, Florida 32306 United States
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster , 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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20
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Willems N, Urtizberea A, Verre AF, Iliut M, Lelimousin M, Hirtz M, Vijayaraghavan A, Sansom MSP. Biomimetic Phospholipid Membrane Organization on Graphene and Graphene Oxide Surfaces: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1613-1625. [PMID: 28165704 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Supported phospholipid membrane patches stabilized on graphene surfaces have shown potential in sensor device functionalization, including biosensors and biocatalysis. Lipid dip-pen nanolithography (L-DPN) is a method useful in generating supported membrane structures that maintain lipid functionality, such as exhibiting specific interactions with protein molecules. Here, we have integrated L-DPN, atomic force microscopy, and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation methods to characterize the molecular properties of supported lipid membranes (SLMs) on graphene and graphene oxide supports. We observed substantial differences in the topologies of the stabilized lipid structures depending on the nature of the surface (polar graphene oxide vs nonpolar graphene). Furthermore, the addition of water to SLM systems resulted in large-scale reorganization of the lipid structures, with measurable effects on lipid lateral mobility within the supported membranes. We also observed reduced lipid ordering within the supported structures relative to free-standing lipid bilayers, attributed to the strong hydrophobic interactions between the lipids and support. Together, our results provide insight into the molecular effects of graphene and graphene oxide surfaces on lipid bilayer membranes. This will be important in the design of these surfaces for applications such as biosensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Ainhoa Urtizberea
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea F Verre
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Iliut
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mickael Lelimousin
- CERMAV, CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes , BP 53, Grenoble 38041 Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Aravind Vijayaraghavan
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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21
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Hager R, Halilovic A, Burns JR, Schäffler F, Howorka S. Arrays of Individual DNA Molecules on Nanopatterned Substrates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42075. [PMID: 28198806 PMCID: PMC5304548 DOI: 10.1038/srep42075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrays of individual molecules can combine the advantages of microarrays and single-molecule studies. They miniaturize assays to reduce sample and reagent consumption and increase throughput, and additionally uncover static and dynamic heterogeneity usually masked in molecular ensembles. However, realizing single-DNA arrays must tackle the challenge of capturing structurally highly dynamic strands onto defined substrate positions. Here, we create single-molecule arrays by electrostatically adhering single-stranded DNA of gene-like length onto positively charged carbon nanoislands. The nanosites are so small that only one molecule can bind per island. Undesired adsorption of DNA to the surrounding non-target areas is prevented via a surface-passivating film. Of further relevance, the DNA arrays are of tunable dimensions, and fabricated on optically transparent substrates that enable singe-molecule detection with fluorescence microscopy. The arrays are hence compatible with a wide range of bioanalytical, biophysical, and cell biological studies where individual DNA strands are either examined in isolation, or interact with other molecules or cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hager
- Center for Advanced Bioanalysis GmbH, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Alma Halilovic
- Institute for Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jonathan R. Burns
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Friedrich Schäffler
- Institute for Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Stefan Howorka
- Center for Advanced Bioanalysis GmbH, 4020 Linz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
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22
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Sekula-Neuner S, de Freitas M, Tröster LM, Jochum T, Levkin PA, Hirtz M, Fuchs H. Phospholipid arrays on porous polymer coatings generated by micro-contact spotting. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:715-722. [PMID: 28487815 PMCID: PMC5389190 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) (HEMA-EDMA) is used as a 3D mesh for spotting lipid arrays. Its porous structure is an ideal matrix for lipid ink to infiltrate, resulting in higher fluorescent signal intensity as compared to similar arrays on strictly 2D substrates like glass. The embedded lipid arrays show high stability against washing steps, while still being accessible for protein and antibody binding. To characterize binding to polymer-embedded lipids we have applied Streptavidin as well as biologically important biotinylated androgen receptor binding onto 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(cap biotinyl) (Biotinyl Cap PE) and anti-DNP IgE recognition of 2,4-dinitrophenyl[1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[6-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)amino]hexanoyl] (DNP)] antigen. This approach adds lipid arrays to the range of HEMA polymer applications and makes this solid substrate a very attractive platform for a variety of bio-applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Sekula-Neuner
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Monica de Freitas
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lea-Marie Tröster
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tobias Jochum
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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23
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Arrabito G, Cavaleri F, Montalbano V, Vetri V, Leone M, Pignataro B. Monitoring few molecular binding events in scalable confined aqueous compartments by raster image correlation spectroscopy (CADRICS). LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4666-4676. [PMID: 27812580 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01072e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of scalable liquid compartments for binding assays in array formats constitutes a topic of fundamental importance in life sciences. This challenge can be addressed by mimicking the structure of cellular compartments with biological native conditions. Here, inkjet printing is employed to develop up to hundreds of picoliter aqueous droplet arrays stabilized by oil-confinement with mild surfactants (Tween-20). The aqueous environments constitute specialized compartments in which biomolecules may exploit their function and a wide range of molecular interactions can be quantitatively investigated. Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy (RICS) is employed to monitor in each compartment a restricted range of dynamic intermolecular events demonstrated through protein-binding assays involving the biotin/streptavidin model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arrabito
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - F Cavaleri
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - V Montalbano
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - V Vetri
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy. and Aten Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 18, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - M Leone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy. and Aten Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 18, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - B Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy. and Aten Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 18, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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24
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Chen J, Sun Y, Zhong L, Shao W, Huang J, Liang F, Cui Z, Liang Z, Jiang L, Chi L. Scalable Fabrication of Multiplexed Plasmonic Nanoparticle Structures Based on AFM Lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5818-5825. [PMID: 27553257 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A controllable and scalable strategy is developed to fabricate multiplexed plasmonic nanoparticle structures by mechanical scratching with AFM lithography, which exhibit multiplex plasmonic properties and surface-enhanced Raman scattering responses. It offers an intuitive way to explore the plasmonic effects on the performance of an organic light-emitting diode device integrating with multiplexed plasmonic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yinghui Sun
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Institute of Chemical Power Sources, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Liubiao Zhong
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Weijing Shao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Feng Liang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zequn Cui
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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25
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Hirtz M, Oikonomou A, Clark N, Kim YJ, Fuchs H, Vijayaraghavan A. Self-limiting multiplexed assembly of lipid membranes on large-area graphene sensor arrays. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:15147-51. [PMID: 27494423 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid membranes of different functionalities were simultaneously assembled on arrays of graphene surfaces in a parallel manner using multi-pen lipid dip-pen nano-lithography. The graphene patch facilitates and restricts the spreading of lipids within itself, obviating the need to scan the writing probes and reducing writing time. Binding studies establish that the lipids retain the functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.
| | | | - Nick Clark
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany. and Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Aravind Vijayaraghavan
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, UK and School of Materials, The University of Manchester, UK.
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26
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Chiu YJ, Cai W, Shih YRV, Lian I, Lo YH. A Single-Cell Assay for Time Lapse Studies of Exosome Secretion and Cell Behaviors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:3658-66. [PMID: 27254278 PMCID: PMC5023418 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To understand the inhomogeneity of cells in biological systems, there is a growing demand on the capability of characterizing the properties of individual single cells. Since single-cell studies require continuous monitoring of the cell behaviors, an effective single-cell assay that can support time lapsed studies in a high throughput manner is desired. Most currently available single-cell technologies cannot provide proper environments to sustain cell growth and, proliferation of single cells and convenient, noninvasive tests of single-cell behaviors from molecular markers. Here, a highly versatile single-cell assay is presented that can accommodate different cellular types, enable easy and efficient single-cell loading and culturing, and be suitable for the study of effects of in vitro environmental factors in combination with drug screening. One salient feature of the assay is the noninvasive collection and surveying of single-cell secretions at different time points, producing unprecedented insight of single-cell behaviors based on the biomarker signals from individual cells under given perturbations. Above all, the acquired information is quantitative, for example, measured by the number of exosomes each single-cell secretes for a given time period. Therefore, our single-cell assay provides a convenient, low-cost, and enabling tool for quantitative, time lapsed studies of single-cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jui Chiu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wei Cai
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yu-Ru V. Shih
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ian Lian
- Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas, USA
| | - Yu-Hwa Lo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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27
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Mesquita V, Botton J, Valyaev DA, François C, Patrone L, Balaban TS, Abel M, Parrain JL, Chuzel O, Clair S. Catalytic Scanning Probe Nanolithography (cSPL): Control of the AFM Parameters in Order to Achieve Sub-100-nm Spatially Resolved Epoxidation of Alkenes Grafted onto a Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:4034-4042. [PMID: 27027411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe lithography (SPL) appears to be a reliable alternative to the use of masks in traditional lithography techniques as it offers the possibility of directly producing specific chemical functionalities with nanoscale spatial control. We have recently extend the range of applications of catalytic SPL (cSPL) by introducing a homogeneous catalyst immobilized on the apex of a scanning probe. Here we investigate the importance of atomic force microscopy (AFM) physical parameters (applied force, writing speed, and interline distance) on the resultant chemical activity in this cSPL methodology through the direct topographic observation of nanostructured surfaces. Indeed, an alkene-terminated self-assembled monolayer (alkene-SAM) on a silicon wafer was locally epoxidized using a scanning probe tip with a covalently grafted manganese complex bearing the 1,4,7-triazacyclononane macrocycle as the ligand. In a post-transformation process, N-octylpiperazine was covalently grafted to the surface via a selective nucleophilic ring-opening reaction. With this procedure, we could write various patterns on the surface with high spatial control. The catalytic AFM probe thus appears to be very robust because a total area close to 500 μm(2) was patterned without any noticeable loss of catalytic activity. Finally, this methodology allowed us to reach a lower lateral line resolution down to 40 nm, thus being competitive and complementary to the other nanolithographical techniques for the nanostructuration of surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mesquita
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Botton
- Aix Marseille Université , Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Dmitry A Valyaev
- Aix Marseille Université , Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Cyril François
- Aix Marseille Université , Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Patrone
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
- Institut Supérieur de l'Electronique et du Numérique , CNRS, IM2NP UMR 7334, 83000 Toulon, France
| | - Teodor Silviu Balaban
- Aix Marseille Université , Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Abel
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Parrain
- Aix Marseille Université , Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Chuzel
- Aix Marseille Université , Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Clair
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
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Kim HD, Lee EA, Choi YH, An YH, Koh RH, Kim SL, Hwang NS. High throughput approaches for controlled stem cell differentiation. Acta Biomater 2016; 34:21-29. [PMID: 26884279 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have unique ability to undergo self-renewal indefinitely in culture and potential to differentiate into almost all cell types in the human body. However, the developing a method for efficiently differentiating or manipulating these stem cells for therapeutic purposes remains a challenging problem. Pluripotent stem cells, as well as adult stem cells, require biological cues for their proliferation and differentiation. These cues are largely controlled by cell-cell, cell-insoluble factors (such as extracellular matrix), and cell-soluble factors (such as cytokine or growth factors) interactions. In this review, we describe a state of research on various stem cell-based tissue engineering applications and high throughput strategies for developing synthetic or biosynthetic microenvironments to allow efficient commitments in stem cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Nowadays, pluripotency of stem cells have received much attention to use therapeutic purpose. However, a major difficulty with stem cell therapy is to control its differentiation through desired cells or tissues. In other words, various microenvironment factors are involved during stem cell differentiation, including dimensionality, growth factors, cell junctions, nutritional status, matrix stiffness, matrix composition, mechanical stress, and cell-matrix adhesion. Therefore, researchers have engineered a variety of platforms to enable controlling and monitoring bioactive factors to induce stem cell commitment. In this review, we report on recent advancements in a novel technology based on high-throughput strategies for stem cell-based tissue engineering applications.
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van Weerd J, Karperien M, Jonkheijm P. Supported Lipid Bilayers for the Generation of Dynamic Cell-Material Interfaces. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2743-79. [PMID: 26573989 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLB) offer unique possibilities for studying cellular membranes and have been used as a synthetic architecture to interact with cells. Here, the state-of-the-art in SLB-based technology is presented. The fabrication, analysis, characteristics and modification of SLBs are described in great detail. Numerous strategies to form SLBs on different substrates, and the means to patteren them, are described. The use of SLBs as model membranes for the study of membrane organization and membrane processes in vitro is highlighted. In addition, the use of SLBs as a substratum for cell analysis is presented, with discrimination between cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicry. The study is concluded with a discussion of the potential for in vivo applications of SLBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper van Weerd
- Bioinspired Molecular Engineering; University of Twente; PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Dept. of Developmental BioEngineering; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+; University of Twente; Enschede 7500 AE The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Dept. of Developmental BioEngineering; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- Bioinspired Molecular Engineering; University of Twente; PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+; University of Twente; Enschede 7500 AE The Netherlands
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The past decade has witnessed tremendous progress in surface micropatterning techniques for generating arrays of various types of biomolecules. Multiplexed protein micropatterning has tremendous potential for drug discovery providing versatile means for high throughput assays required for target and lead identification as well as diagnostics and functional screening for personalized medicine. However, ensuring the functional integrity of proteins on surfaces has remained challenging, in particular in the case of membrane proteins, the most important class of drug targets. Yet, generic strategies to control functional organization of proteins into micropatterns are emerging. AREAS COVERED This review includes an overview introducing the most common approaches for surface modification and functional protein immobilization. The authors present the key photo and soft lithography techniques with respect to compatibility with functional protein micropatterning and multiplexing capabilities. In the second part, the authors present the key applications of protein micropatterning techniques in drug discovery with a focus on membrane protein interactions and cellular signaling. EXPERT OPINION With the growing importance of target discovery as well as protein-based therapeutics and personalized medicine, the application of protein arrays can play a fundamental role in drug discovery. Yet, important technical breakthroughs are still required for broad application of these approaches, which will include in vitro "copying" of proteins from cDNA arrays into micropatterns, direct protein capturing from single cells as well as protein microarrays in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang You
- a Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics , University of Osnabrück , Osnabrück 49076 , Germany
| | - Jacob Piehler
- a Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics , University of Osnabrück , Osnabrück 49076 , Germany
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Hirtz M, Brglez J, Fuchs H, Niemeyer CM. Selective Binding of DNA Origami on Biomimetic Lipid Patches. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:5752-5758. [PMID: 26389563 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of biomimetic lipid patches for studying the binding of DNA origami structures can be tailored in size, shape, and composition with the aid of lipid-dip pen nanolithography. This approach allows for analysis of the effects of lipid composition with high throughput which could be applied for the targeted presentation of functional DNA origami structures on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Josipa Brglez
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Bilayer membrane interactions with nanofabricated scaffolds. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 192:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Cohn C, Leung SL, Zha Z, Crosby J, Teng W, Wu X. Comparative study of antibody immobilization mediated by lipid and polymer fibers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 134:1-7. [PMID: 26141437 PMCID: PMC7067562 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibody immobilization and function retention are important to a variety of applications, including proteomics, drug discovery, diagnostics, and biosensors. The present study investigates antibody immobilization mediated by cholesteryl succinyl silane (CSS) fibers, in comparison to hydrophobic polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers and hydrophilic plasma-treated PCL fibers. When incubated with a model protein, the formation of protein aggregates is observed on hydrophobic PCL fibers but not on the more hydrophobic CSS fibers, indicating that CSS fibers immobilize proteins through mechanisms other than hydrophobic interaction. When exposed to a limited amount of antibody, CSS fibers immobilize more antibodies than plasma-treated PCL fibers and no fewer antibodies than PCL fibers. The function retention of antibodies immobilized on the fibers is analyzed using a cell-capture assay, which shows that the antibody-functionalized CSS fibrous matrices capture 6- or 7-fold more cells than the antibody-functionalized PCL or plasma-treated PCL fibrous matrices, respectively. Data collected from the study show that the lipid fiber-mediated immobilization of antibody not only maintains the advantages of physical immobilization such as easiness and rapidness of operation but also improves function retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Cohn
- Biomedical Engineering GIDP, University of Arizona, Thomas W. Keating Bioresearch Building, 1657 E Helen Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Siu Ling Leung
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1130N Mountain Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Zhengbao Zha
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1130N Mountain Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jessica Crosby
- Biomedical Engineering GIDP, University of Arizona, Thomas W. Keating Bioresearch Building, 1657 E Helen Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Weibing Teng
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1130N Mountain Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- Biomedical Engineering GIDP, University of Arizona, Thomas W. Keating Bioresearch Building, 1657 E Helen Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1130N Mountain Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Abstract
The cellular microenvironment is extremely complex, and a plethora of materials and methods have been employed to mimic its properties in vitro. In particular, scientists and engineers have taken an interdisciplinary approach in their creation of synthetic biointerfaces that replicate chemical and physical aspects of the cellular microenvironment. Here the focus is on the use of synthetic materials or a combination of synthetic and biological ligands to recapitulate the defined surface chemistries, microstructure, and function of the cellular microenvironment for a myriad of biomedical applications. Specifically, strategies for altering the surface of these environments using self-assembled monolayers, polymer coatings, and their combination with patterned biological ligands are explored. Furthermore, methods for augmenting an important physical property of the cellular microenvironment, topography, are highlighted, and the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed. Finally, the progress of materials for prolonged stem cell culture, a key component in the translation of stem cell therapeutics for clinical use, is featured.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Ross
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - J. Lahann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Biointerfaces Institute,
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Vafai N, Lowry TW, Wilson KA, Davidson MW, Lenhert S. Evaporative edge lithography of a liposomal drug microarray for cell migration assays. NANOFABRICATION 2015; 2:34-42. [PMID: 27617264 PMCID: PMC5015892 DOI: 10.1515/nanofab-2015-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid multilayer microarrays are a promising approach to miniaturize laboratory procedures by taking advantage of the microscopic compartmentalization capabilities of lipids. Here, we demonstrate a new method to pattern lipid multilayers on surfaces based on solvent evaporation along the edge where a stencil contacts a surface called evaporative edge lithography (EEL). As an example of an application of this process, we use EEL to make microarrays suitable for a cell-based migration assay. Currently existing cell migration assays require a separate compartment for each drug which is dissolved at a single concentration in solution. An advantage of the lipid multilayer microarray assay is that multiple compounds can be tested on the same surface. We demonstrate this by testing the effect of two different lipophilic drugs, Taxol and Brefeldin A, on collective cell migration into an unpopulated area. This particular assay should be scalable to test of 2000 different lipophilic compounds or dosages on a standard microtiter plate area, or if adapted for individual cell migration, it would allow for high-throughput screening of more than 50,000 compounds per plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Vafai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4370, USA
| | - Troy W. Lowry
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4350, USA
| | - Korey A. Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4370, USA
| | - Michael W. Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310-3706, USA
| | - Steven Lenhert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4370, USA
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Förste A, Pfirrmann M, Sachs J, Gröger R, Walheim S, Brinkmann F, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Schimmel T. Ultra-large scale AFM of lipid droplet arrays: investigating the ink transfer volume in dip pen nanolithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:175303. [PMID: 25854547 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/17/175303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There are only few quantitative studies commenting on the writing process in dip-pen nanolithography with lipids. Lipids are important carrier ink molecules for the delivery of bio-functional patters in bio-nanotechnology. In order to better understand and control the writing process, more information on the transfer of lipid material from the tip to the substrate is needed. The dependence of the transferred ink volume on the dwell time of the tip on the substrate was investigated by topography measurements with an atomic force microscope (AFM) that is characterized by an ultra-large scan range of 800 × 800 μm(2). For this purpose arrays of dots of the phospholipid1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine were written onto planar glass substrates and the resulting pattern was imaged by large scan area AFM. Two writing regimes were identified, characterized of either a steady decline or a constant ink volume transfer per dot feature. For the steady state ink transfer, a linear relationship between the dwell time and the dot volume was determined, which is characterized by a flow rate of about 16 femtoliters per second. A dependence of the ink transport from the length of pauses before and in between writing the structures was observed and should be taken into account during pattern design when aiming at best writing homogeneity. The ultra-large scan range of the utilized AFM allowed for a simultaneous study of the entire preparation area of almost 1 mm(2), yielding good statistic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Förste
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Biswas S, Brinkmann F, Hirtz M, Fuchs H. Patterning of Quantum Dots by Dip-Pen and Polymer Pen Nanolithography. NANOFABRICATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/nanofab-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe present a direct way of patterning CdSe/ ZnS quantum dots by dip-pen nanolithography and polymer pen lithography. Mixtures of cholesterol and phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine serve as biocompatible carrier inks to facilitate the transfer of quantum dots from the tips to the surface during lithography. While dip-pen nanolithography of quantum dots can be used to achieve higher resolution and smaller pattern features (approximately 1 μm), polymer pen lithography is able to address intermediate pattern scales in the low micrometre range. This allows us to combine the advantages of micro contact printing in large area and massive parallel patterning, with the added flexibility in pattern design inherent in the DPN technique.
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Ielasi FS, Hirtz M, Sekula-Neuner S, Laue T, Fuchs H, Willaert RG. Dip-Pen Nanolithography-Assisted Protein Crystallization. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 137:154-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja512141k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco S. Ielasi
- Department
of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sylwia Sekula-Neuner
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Laue
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Physical
Institute and Center for Nanotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ronnie G. Willaert
- Department
of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Qiu ZY, Chen C, Wang XM, Lee IS. Advances in the surface modification techniques of bone-related implants for last 10 years. Regen Biomater 2014; 1:67-79. [PMID: 26816626 PMCID: PMC4668999 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbu007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At the time of implanting bone-related implants into human body, a variety of biological responses to the material surface occur with respect to surface chemistry and physical state. The commonly used biomaterials (e.g. titanium and its alloy, Co-Cr alloy, stainless steel, polyetheretherketone, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and various calcium phosphates) have many drawbacks such as lack of biocompatibility and improper mechanical properties. As surface modification is very promising technology to overcome such problems, a variety of surface modification techniques have been being investigated. This review paper covers recent advances in surface modification techniques of bone-related materials including physicochemical coating, radiation grafting, plasma surface engineering, ion beam processing and surface patterning techniques. The contents are organized with different types of techniques to applicable materials, and typical examples are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ye Qiu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Cen Chen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Xiu-Mei Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - In-Seop Lee
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Bog U, Brinkmann F, Kalt H, Koos C, Mappes T, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Köber S. Large-scale parallel surface functionalization of goblet-type whispering gallery mode microcavity arrays for biosensing applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:3863-3868. [PMID: 24990526 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel surface functionalization technique is presented for large-scale selective molecule deposition onto whispering gallery mode microgoblet cavities. The parallel technique allows damage-free individual functionalization of the cavities, arranged on-chip in densely packaged arrays. As the stamp pad a glass slide is utilized, bearing phospholipids with different functional head groups. Coated microcavities are characterized and demonstrated as biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Bog
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Rodda AE, Meagher L, Nisbet DR, Forsythe JS. Specific control of cell–material interactions: Targeting cell receptors using ligand-functionalized polymer substrates. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Custódio CA, Reis RL, Mano JF. Engineering biomolecular microenvironments for cell instructive biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:797-810. [PMID: 24464880 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Engineered cell instructive microenvironments with the ability to stimulate specific cellular responses are a topic of high interest in the fabrication and development of biomaterials for application in tissue engineering. Cells are inherently sensitive to the in vivo microenvironment that is often designed as the cell "niche." The cell "niche" comprising the extracellular matrix and adjacent cells, influences not only cell architecture and mechanics, but also cell polarity and function. Extensive research has been performed to establish new tools to fabricate biomimetic advanced materials for tissue engineering that incorporate structural, mechanical, and biochemical signals that interact with cells in a controlled manner and to recapitulate the in vivo dynamic microenvironment. Bioactive tunable microenvironments using micro and nanofabrication have been successfully developed and proven to be extremely powerful to control intracellular signaling and cell function. This Review is focused in the assortment of biochemical signals that have been explored to fabricate bioactive cell microenvironments and the main technologies and chemical strategies to encode them in engineered biomaterials with biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina A. Custódio
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials; Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, S. Cláudio do Barco; 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas - Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associated Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials; Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, S. Cláudio do Barco; 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas - Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associated Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials; Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, S. Cláudio do Barco; 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas - Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associated Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
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Multiplexed biomimetic lipid membranes on graphene by dip-pen nanolithography. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2591. [PMID: 24107937 PMCID: PMC3826641 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of graphene in sensor devices depends on the ability to appropriately functionalize the pristine graphene. Here we show the direct writing of tailored phospholipid membranes on graphene using dip-pen nanolithography. Phospholipids exhibit higher mobility on graphene compared with the commonly used silicon dioxide substrate, leading to well-spread uniform membranes. Dip-pen nanolithography allows for multiplexed assembly of phospholipid membranes of different functionalities in close proximity to each other. The membranes are stable in aqueous environments and we observe electronic doping of graphene by charged phospholipids. On the basis of these results, we propose phospholipid membranes as a route for non-covalent immobilization of various functional groups on graphene for applications in biosensing and biocatalysis. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate the specific binding of streptavidin to biotin-functionalized membranes. The combination of atomic force microscopy and binding experiments yields a consistent model for the layer organization within phospholipid stacks on graphene. The sensitivity and selectivity of graphene-based biosensors depends on attaching various functional groups to graphene. Hirtz et al. use dip-pen nanolithography to directly write phospholipid membranes on graphene, which enables multiplexed and heterogeneous non-covalent functionalization.
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Giannitelli SM, Abbruzzese F, Mozetic P, De Ninno A, Businaro L, Gerardino A, Rainer A. Surface decoration of electrospun scaffolds by microcontact printing. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Giannitelli
- Tissue Engineering Lab; ‘Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma’; Rome 00128 Italy
- UCBM-CNR Joint Lab for Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences; Rome 00128 Italy
| | - Franca Abbruzzese
- Tissue Engineering Lab; ‘Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma’; Rome 00128 Italy
- UCBM-CNR Joint Lab for Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences; Rome 00128 Italy
| | - Pamela Mozetic
- Tissue Engineering Lab; ‘Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma’; Rome 00128 Italy
- UCBM-CNR Joint Lab for Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences; Rome 00128 Italy
| | - Adele De Ninno
- Tissue Engineering Lab; ‘Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma’; Rome 00128 Italy
- UCBM-CNR Joint Lab for Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences; Rome 00128 Italy
| | - Luca Businaro
- UCBM-CNR Joint Lab for Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences; Rome 00128 Italy
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology-CNR; Rome 00156 Italy
| | - Annamaria Gerardino
- UCBM-CNR Joint Lab for Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences; Rome 00128 Italy
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology-CNR; Rome 00156 Italy
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Tissue Engineering Lab; ‘Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma’; Rome 00128 Italy
- UCBM-CNR Joint Lab for Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences; Rome 00128 Italy
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Howorka S, Hesse J. Microarrays and single molecules: an exciting combination. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:931-41. [PMID: 24651891 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecules positioned at interfaces have spawned many applications in bioanalysis, biophysics, and cell biology. This Highlight describes recent developments in the research areas of protein and DNA arrays, and single-molecule sensing. We cover the ultrasensitive scanning of conventional microarrays as well as the generation of arrays composed of individual molecules. The combination of these tools has improved the detection limits and the dynamic range of microarray analysis, helped develop powerful single-molecule sequencing approaches, and offered biophysical examination with high throughput and molecular detail. The topic of this Highlight integrates several disciplines and is written for interested chemists, biophysicists and nanotechnologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Howorka
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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Oberhansl S, Castaño AG, Lagunas A, Prats-Alfonso E, Hirtz M, Albericio F, Fuchs H, Samitier J, Martinez E. Mesopattern of immobilised bone morphogenetic protein-2 created by microcontact printing and dip-pen nanolithography influence C2C12 cell fate. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10311d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Making meso matter: bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) mesopattern created by dip-pen nanolithography and microcontact printing were applied to cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Oberhansl
- Nanobioengineering group
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina
| | - A. G. Castaño
- Biomimetic systems for cell engineering group
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina
| | - A. Lagunas
- Nanobioengineering group
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina
| | - E. Prats-Alfonso
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB)
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Barcelona
- CIBER-BBN
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - F. Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB)
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Barcelona
- CIBER-BBN
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - H. Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech)
- Münster, Germany
| | - J. Samitier
- Nanobioengineering group
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina
| | - E. Martinez
- Biomimetic systems for cell engineering group
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina
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Arrabito G, Reisewitz S, Dehmelt L, Bastiaens PI, Pignataro B, Schroeder H, Niemeyer CM. Biochips for cell biology by combined dip-pen nanolithography and DNA-directed protein immobilization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:4243-4249. [PMID: 23881817 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A general methodology for patterning of multiple protein ligands with lateral dimensions below those of single cells is described. It employs dip pen nanolithography (DPN) patterning of DNA oligonucleotides which are then used as capture strands for DNA-directed immobilization (DDI) of oligonucleotide-tagged proteins. This study reports the development and optimization of PEG-based liquid ink, used as carrier for the immobilization of alkylamino-labeled DNA oligomers on chemically activated glass surfaces. The resulting DNA arrays have typical spot sizes of 4-5 μm with a pitch of 12 μm micrometer. It is demonstrated that the arrays can be further functionalized with covalent DNA-streptavidin (DNA-STV) conjugates bearing ligands recognized by cells. To this end, biotinylated epidermal growth factor (EGF) is coupled to the DNA-STV conjugates, the resulting constructs are hybridized with the DNA arrays and the resulting surfaces used for the culturing of MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cells. Owing to the lateral diffusion of transmembrane proteins in the cell's plasma membrane, specific recruitment and concentration of EGF receptor can be induced specifically at the sites where the ligands are bound on the solid substrate. This is a clear demonstration that this method is suitable for precise functional manipulations of subcellular areas within living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Arrabito
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto Hahn Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Scuola Superiore di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 9, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Abstract
The challenge of constructing surfaces with nanostructured chemical functionality is central to many areas of biology and biotechnology. This protocol describes the steps required for performing molecular printing using polymer pen lithography (PPL), a cantilever-free scanning probe-based technique that can generate sub-100-nm molecular features in a massively parallel fashion. To illustrate how such molecular printing can be used for a variety of biologically relevant applications, we detail the fabrication of the lithographic apparatus and the deposition of two materials, an alkanethiol and a polymer onto a gold and silicon surface, respectively, and show how the present approach can be used to generate nanostructures composed of proteins and metals. Finally, we describe how PPL enables researchers to easily create combinatorial arrays of nanostructures, a powerful approach for high-throughput screening. A typical protocol for fabricating PPL arrays and printing with the arrays takes 48-72 h to complete, including two overnight waiting steps.
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Yun JM, Ganesan R, Choi JH, Kim JB. Local pH-responsive diazoketo-functionalized photoresist for multicomponent protein patterning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:10253-10259. [PMID: 24053579 DOI: 10.1021/am403053x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Selective surface immobilization of multiple biomolecule components, under mild conditions where they do not denature, is attractive for applications in biosensors and biotechnology. Here, we report on a biocompatible and pH-responsive photoresist containing diazoketo-functionalized methacrylate, methacrylic acid, and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate monomers, where the photolithographic process may be carried out in a local pH range to minimize biomolecular denaturation. The polymer is insoluble or sparsely soluble in pH 6.4 or more acidic solution or deionized water, but soluble in a basic solution, pH 7.9 or more. After UV exposure, however, carboxylic acid groups are generated by Wolff rearrangement and photodissociation of the diazoketo groups in the polymer chain, leading to dissolution of UV-exposed polymer at pH 6.4. Using the property of the pH-solubility switching, we demonstrate dual streptavidin patterning using only biological buffers, pH 6.4 and 7.9 solutions, and double exposure patterning to confirm the sustainability of the diazoketo groups in unexposed regions despite carrying out several wet processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Moon Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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50
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Brinkmann F, Hirtz M, Greiner AM, Weschenfelder M, Waterkotte B, Bastmeyer M, Fuchs H. Interdigitated multicolored bioink micropatterns by multiplexed polymer pen lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3266-3275. [PMID: 23554307 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201203183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexing, i.e., the application and integration of more than one ink in an interdigitated microscale pattern, is still a challenge for microcontact printing (μCP) and similar techniques. On the other hand there is a strong demand for interdigitated patterns of more than one protein on subcellular to cellular length scales in the lower micrometer range in biological experiments. Here, a new integrative approach is presented for the fabrication of bioactive microarrays and complex multi-ink patterns by polymer pen lithography (PPL). By taking advantage of the strength of microcontact printing (μCP) combined with the spatial control and capability of precise repetition of PPL in an innovative way, a new inking and writing strategy is introduced for PPL that enables true multiplexing within each repetitive subpattern. Furthermore, a specific ink/substrate platform is demonstrated that can be used to immobilize functional proteins and other bioactive compounds over a biotin-streptavidin approach. This patterning strategy aims specifically at application by cell biologists and biochemists addressing a wide range of relevant pattern sizes, easy pattern generation and adjustment, the use of only biofriendly, nontoxic chemicals, and mild processing conditions during the patterning steps. The retained bioactivity of the fabricated cm(2) area filling multiprotein patterns is demonstrated by showing the interaction of fibroblasts and neurons with multiplexed structures of fibronectin and laminin or laminin and ephrin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Brinkmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany; Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Germany
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